University of Groningen
Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of electron-deficient zirconium and hafnium
polyhydride complexes
Visser, Cindy
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Publication date:
2003
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Visser, C. (2003). Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of electron-deficient zirconium and hafnium
polyhydride complexes Groningen: s.n.
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Download date: 17-06-2017
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ISBN 90-367-1795-7
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