Timeline / 1860 to 1910 / FINE AND APPLIED ARTS
Date
Country
Theme
1860
Romania
Fine And Applied Arts
7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School
of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i.
1860 - 1870
Italy
Fine And Applied Arts
In opposition to academic painting, the Macchiaioli movement (Telemaco Signorini,
Vincenzo Cabianca and Silvestro Lega) experiments with “spot painting”, based on
the strong contrast between light and shadow.
1860 - 1910
Germany
Fine And Applied Arts
Realism (a backlash to both Classicism and Romanticism) is exemplified by
French artist Gustave Courbet’s Die Steinklopfer (1849), although long before then
Albrecht Dürer had painted his highly realistic Junger Feldhase (1502).
1860 - 1865
Greece
Fine And Applied Arts
Both Nikolaos Gyzis and Nikiphoros Lytras win scholarships to the Royal Academy
of Fine Arts, Munich.
Circa 1870 - Circa 1900
France
Fine And Applied Arts
Impressionist painters capture the effects of light in outdoor and everyday scenes.
1860
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM)
Fine And Applied Arts
The icon “Seven Holy Teachers” (Sedmochislenitzi) is painted by the most
significant representative of Christian religious art in Macedonia, Dicho Krstevic
Zograph, at the peak of his creativity. It represents the Slav missionaries Sts Cyril
and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Nahum, Gorazd, Sabbas and Angelarij
in a solo composition. His icons are distinguished by bright colour and baroque
features.
1860
Spain
Fine And Applied Arts
The Manises pottery begins to produce objects in lustreware.
1862
France
Fine And Applied Arts
The Picnic on the Grass by Édouard Manet marks a transition from Realism to
Impressionism
Date
Country
Theme
1863 - 1885
Italy
Fine And Applied Arts
Opening of applied art schools, often attached to museums: Industrial Museum
of Turin (1863), Artistic Industrial Museum of Rome (1873), Naples (1882) and
Palermo (1885).
1863
Spain
Fine And Applied Arts
The painters Mariano Fortuny y Marsal and Francisco Lameyer travel to North
Africa. Fortuny buys different artworks and textiles for his collection.
1864
Romania
Fine And Applied Arts
Dimitrie Bolintineanu, the Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, organises in
Bucharest an exhibition displaying works of contemporary Romanian artists, the
most important of the time being painters Theodor Aman, Gheorghe Tattarescu
and Carol Popp de Szathmari.
1864
Romania
Fine And Applied Arts
14 November: a School of Fine Arts (which today is the National University of Art)
is founded in Bucharest by painters Gheorghe Tattarescu and Theodor Aman.
1865
Romania
Fine And Applied Arts
The first showing of the “Living Artists Exhibition” (for painters and sculptors),
organised by painter Theodor Aman, takes place in Ia#i. The annual organisation
of such an exhibition is established by a decree issued in December 1864.
1865
Portugal
Fine And Applied Arts
The stuccoes of the corridor of the Monserrate Palace are inspired by those of
Alhambra Palace in Granada. The profusion of columns is considered to recall
those in the Hypostyle Hall of the Cordova Mosque.
1866
Greece
Fine And Applied Arts
Date
Country
Theme
Nikiphoros Lytras takes up a professorship at the School of the Arts in Athens.
1867 - 1885
Germany
Fine And Applied Arts
King Ludwig II of Bavaria sets in motion the building of his second palace,
Linderhof (1869–85), the smallest of the large palaces he had built, and the only
one he lived to see completed. The king’s penchant for the so called Moorish
style can be seen in several elements, such as the Moorish Kiosk (1867) and the
Moroccan House (1878). The King’s House on the Schachen (1869–72), built with
a Turkish Hall by Georg von Dollmann, further attests to Ludwig’s admiration for
the “Oriental” style.
1867
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
The Austrian Museum of Applied Arts purchases the minbar from the Ibn Tulun
Mosque in Cairo.
1872
France
Fine And Applied Arts
Impression, Sunrise by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet.
1872 - 1874
Portugal
Fine And Applied Arts
O Desterrado (The Outcast), a sculpture by António Soares dos Reis (1847–89)
is an idealised self-portrait. It conveys the collective feelings of his contemporary
intellectuals and the feelings of loneliness and longing common to those who
had left their homeland. The sculptor’s romantic sensibility enabled him to shape
feelings and psychological tensions in the marble.
1873
Turkey
Fine And Applied Arts
First art exhibition in #stanbul, organised by #eker Ahmed Pa#a.
1874
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
Kasper von Zumbusch (1830–1915) begins work on a monument to Empress
Maria Theresia, situated on Maria-Theresien-Platz at the Ringstrasse in Vienna.
1876
Romania
Fine And Applied Arts
Date
Country
Theme
19 February: birth of the great Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncu#i, author
of sculptures such as Mademoiselle Pogany, The Kiss, Bird in Space, and The
Endless Column. His works are today exhibited in museums in France, the USA
and Romania.
1876
France
Fine And Applied Arts
Dance at Le moulin de la Galette by the Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste
Renoir.
1877 - 1882
Romania
Fine And Applied Arts
Ion Georgescu, considered to be the first Romanian modern sculptor, studies in
Paris, where he exhibits his first works.
1877
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
The Viennese Stock Market is completed to a design by Theophil Hansen.
1877
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
The Austrian glass manufacture Lobmayr produces glass cups in the Oriental
Style.
1879
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
Hans Makart (1840–84) designs the “Makart Parade” to celebrate the Silver
wedding anniversary of the Imperial couple, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and
Empress Elisabeth (“Sisi”).
1880 - 1890
Tunisia
Fine And Applied Arts
Date
Country
Theme
It was the era of eclecticism. The French Protectorate builds the regency’s
infrastructure in the European classical tradition, constructing monuments in the
impressive Greco-Roman style.
1880 - 1900
Germany
Fine And Applied Arts
The painting by Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde (1893), exemplifies the period in art
known as Post-Imperialism and Symbolism.
1880 - 1900
France
Fine And Applied Arts
Trends in painting in this period include: "Post-Impressionism" (i.e. Cézanne,
Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, van Gogh); Pointillism (i.e. Seurat, Signac);
Symbolism (i.e. Moreau, Puvis de Chavannes, Redon); Les Nabis (i.e. Bonnard,
Denis, Sérusier, Vuillard) and Primitivism (i.e. Matisse, Rousseau).
1881
Spain
Fine And Applied Arts
Birth of Pablo Picasso in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be
established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the
avant-garde style.
1882
Italy
Fine And Applied Arts
Brera Picture Gallery, originally created by Maria Teresa of Austria in 1776,
becomes an independent museum.
1882
Portugal
Fine And Applied Arts
White Houses of Capri by naturalist painter António Carvalho da Silva Porto (1850–
93) represents the new interest in travelling and other cultures.
1882
France
Fine And Applied Arts
The Thinker by the sculptor Auguste Rodin.
1882
Turkey
Fine And Applied Arts
Birth of #brahim Çall# (d. 1960). He was a prominent painter who was sent to Paris
between 1910 and 1914 where he studied in the workshop of Fernand Cormon.
Date
Country
Theme
1883
Italy
Fine And Applied Arts
Inauguration of the National Gallery of Modern Art in Rome, in the Exhibition
Palace by Pio Piacentini. It is intended to focus on “national” art.
1883
Turkey
Fine And Applied Arts
Opening of the School of Fine Arts (Sanâyi-i Nefise Mektebi) by Osman Hamdi
Bey. It consists of sections for painting, sculpture and architecture.
1885
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM)
Fine And Applied Arts
The earliest portrait in Macedonian art that is not part of religious depiction, a
portrait of a child is painted by Dimitar Andonov of Papradishte (1859–1954).
Dimitar Andonov was one of the last Macedonian “zographs” (icon painters) and
the founder of Macedonian profane art.
1885
Portugal
Fine And Applied Arts
O Grupo Do Leão painted by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro is a landmark in 19thcentury painting both for its quality and for its subject matter. The depicted group of
artists in the Leão beer house were linked to the Portuguese Naturalist and Realist
painting movement. This work became famous and marked the beginning of a
period of great artistic activity.
1886
Greece
Fine And Applied Arts
Nikolaos Gyzis, one of Greece’s most important 19th-century painters, becomes
professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich.
1886
Turkey
Fine And Applied Arts
26 February: Mihri Mü#fik Han#m, one of the first female painters of renown, is
born.
1889
France
Fine And Applied Arts
The inauguration of the Eiffel Tower and the use of iron in architectural structures.
1890 - 1910
Germany
Fine And Applied Arts
The paintings by Heinrich Vogeler, Das Konzert (Sommerabend) (1893), and
Gustav Klimt, Der Kuss (1908), exemplify the period in art known as Jugendstil or
Art Nouveau.
1890 - 1900
Tunisia
Fine And Applied Arts
Date
Country
Theme
Construction of public and private buildings in the arabisance style, which proposes
a synthesis of European architectural styles with Arab and Spanish-North African
architecture.
1890
Turkey
Fine And Applied Arts
Müfide Kadri is born (d. 1912). One of the early female painters, she took private
classes from Osman Hamdi Bey.
1891
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
The Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna purchases the Karabakh carpet in Istanbul.
1891
Turkey
Fine And Applied Arts
Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929) arrives in #stanbul as an independent artist. He
receives the title of court painter in 1896.
1894 - 1900
France
Fine And Applied Arts
The Salon des Cent (Salon of the One Hundred) neither focused on any one
school of art nor paid attention to any of the official bodies.
1895
France
Fine And Applied Arts
Castel Béranger by Hector Guimard is in the Art Nouveau style.
1895
France
Fine And Applied Arts
The Maison de l'Art nouveau by Samuel Bing.
1897
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
Gustav Klimt (1867–1918) founds, along with other Viennese artists, the Viennese
Secession, a society of Austrian Art Nouveaux artists.
1897
Romania
Fine And Applied Arts
Date
Country
Theme
The National School of Architecture is founded as a section of the School of Fine
Arts in Bucharest. It becomes an independent institution in 1904, under the name
the Superior School of Architecture.
1897 - 1904
Germany
Fine And Applied Arts
Formation of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (now the Bode Museum), proposed by
Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Ernst von Ihne and Max Hasak.
1900
Greece
Fine And Applied Arts
Foundation of the National Gallery in Athens. Its chief curator is the acclaimed
painter Georgios Iakovidis.
1901
Portugal
Fine And Applied Arts
The Sociedade Promotora de Belas Artes (1861) and the Grémio Artístico (1890)
created by the Grupo do Leão (1880) merge into the National Society of Fine
Arts (SNBA) headed by Malhoa Columbano and António Ramalho. In Porto, the
Centro Artístico Portuense (CAP) (founded in 1870) did not survive the death of the
painter Silva Porto in 1903.
1901
Italy
Fine And Applied Arts
Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo paints The Fourth Estate, showing workers on
strike. The painting will become an icon of the workers’ movement.
1901
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM)
Fine And Applied Arts
One of the founders of Macedonian modern art, Lazar Lichenoski (d. 1964)
is born in Galichnik. After graduating from Belgrade Art School he attended
prestigeous art schools in Paris. He is best known for his landscapes, which reveal
the harmonious beauty of nature through endless views from the peak of Bistra
Mountain. Lichenoski introduced expressionism in Macedonian art.
1903
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM)
Fine And Applied Arts
A founder of contemporary Macedonian art, Nikola Martinoski is born in Krushevo
(d. 1973). He learned painting in the Skopje workshop of the icon painter Dimitar
Andonov, and in Bucharest and Paris. His distinctive expressionist style depicts
Date
Country
Theme
social themes and portraits, influenced by Macedonian frescos and the modern
Parisian school. His outstanding work is the painting "Mother and Child".
1903
Austria
Fine And Applied Arts
The Wiener Werkstätte, an association of designers such as Joseph Hofmann and
Koloman Moser is founded, covering all aspects of design from fashion to furniture.
1907
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM)
Fine And Applied Arts
Gjorgji Zografski paints what is considered to be the earliest depiction of an actual
historic event. It shows the plundering raid on the village of Papradishte near Veles
that occurred in 1884.
1908
Greece
Fine And Applied Arts
An exhibition by members of the Omada Technis (Art Group), which includes
Nikolaos Lytras, Konstantinos Parthenis, Konstantinos Malea and others, reacts to
the conservative academicism of the Munich school.
1909
Italy
Fine And Applied Arts
Filippo Marinetti publishes the Futurist Manifesto in Le Figaro.
1909
Turkey
Fine And Applied Arts
A Turkish group of painters, Association of Ottoman Painters, is founded by
students from the Fine Arts Academy in #stanbul.