Chapter 16 Section 1
Struggle for Change in Latin America
A. The Mexican Revolution
*Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator, and Mexico experienced
tremendous economic growth.
1. Sources of Discontent
a. Peasants living in poverty were restless and angry, seeking better
conditions.
b. Middle class liberals embraced democracy.
2. The Battle Begins
a. Francisco Madero, liberal reformer, demanded free elections.
b. He was arrested, and encouraged a revolt.
c. Diaz left Mexico, and Madero became president of Mexico.
d. Madero would be murdered within two years.
3. A Complex Upheaval.
a. Francisco “Pancho” Villa, a northern rebel, emerged the as a
leader.
b. Emiliano Zapata, a southern peasant, united the peasant villagers
called Zapaistas.
c. Women soldiers were called soldaderas.
B. Reforms in Mexico
*New Constitution addressed three major issues:
a. Breakup of the large estate
b. Restrictions on foreigners owning land
c. Naturalization is the government takeover of resources.
1. Social Change
a. After the Civil War, government began to carry-out reforms
b. Labor Unions and combated illiteracy.
2. The PRI
a. PRI = Institutional Revolutionary Party
b. PRI managed to accommodate all groups in Mexico.
C. Rising Tide of Nationalism
1. Economic Nationalism
a. Great Depression crippled Latin American exports, and prices of
imports rose.
b. Economic Nationalism is the emphasis on domestic control of
the economy.
c. Local industries urged the government to raise tariffs.
2. Cultural Nationalism
a. Rejected European influences, and people developed their own
culture.
b. Cultural Nationalism = pride in one’s own culture.
c. Artists painted on the walls to promote liberty.
D. The “Good Neighbor” Policy
1. US continued to play the role of “international policeman.”
2. In 1916, US invaded Vera Cruz to punish Mexico for
imprisoning several American sailors.
3. Augusto Cesar Sandino led a guerrilla movement against the US
Chapter 16 Section 2
Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East
A. Resistance Colonial Rule
1. Resistance
a. African resisted foreign imperialism, and organized labor unions
that broke the laws of imperialistic nations.
b. Many western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of
imperialism.
c. President Wilson called for self-determination for African
countries.
d. Some read Lenin’s work, and were inspired by socialism.
2. Protests
a. Kenya = Kikuyu protested all aspect of tyranny including their
ID cards. The British arrested their leader but it still continued.
b. In Nigeria, the “Women War,” was a full fledged revolt.
3. Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa
a. From 1910 to 1940, South Africa was racially divided.
b. African property had the right to vote until 1936 when the
government abolished that right.
c. Apartheid = laws that restricted rights of Africans.
d. African National Congress (ANC) protested laws that restricted
the freedom of blacks.
B. Rise of Nationalism
1. Pan-African Congress
a. W.E.B. DuBois organized the first Pan-African Congress.
b. In the Paris Peace Conference, delegates called for charter of
rights for Africans.
c. Even though the Europeans ignored it, PAC established
cooperation among African and African American leaders.
2. Negritude
a. Writers that portrayed image of the African nations.
b. Leopold Senghor wrote poems and stories depicting African
pride and their history.
3. Egyptian Independence
a. During WW I, Egyptians aligned with British forces.
b. After WW I, Wafd Party launched strikes and riots calling for
their independence.
c. British army remained in Egypt guarding the Suez Canal.
d. Muslim Brotherhood rejected western cultures and denounced
widespread corruption in the Egyptian government.
C. Modernization in Turkey and Iran
1. Ataturk
a. Mustafa Kemal, a nationalist, who overthrow the sultan, and
defeated western occupation forces.
b. When Turkey gained their independence, Kemal took the name
ATATURK which mean “father of the Turks.”
c. Ataturk’s goals were to modernize Turkey under western ideas.
2. Westernization
a. Turkey replaced Islamic law with a new law code based on
European models.
b. Polygamy was banned.
c. Some Turkish Muslims rejected his secular government, and the
Quran and Islamic customs provided all needed guidance.
3. Nationalism and Reform in Iran
a. They resented British and Russians influences over their land.
b. Reza Khan, an army officer, overthrew the shah, and created the
Pahlavi dynasty which he calls himself shah.
c. He leads his country to gain its independence from Britain and
Russia. He also begins to modernize Iran.
D. European Mandates and Arab Nationalism
1. Betrayal at the Peace Conference
a. The Middle East countries were promised their independence
with helping the Allies during WW I.
b. Britain and France carved up the Ottoman Empire.
2. Promise in Palestine
a. Allies promised Arabs their own kingdom in former Ottoman
Empire.
b. Balfour Declaration = an idea of setting up a Jewish State.
c. The Document noted: “nothing shall be done which may
prejudice and religious of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine.”
3. A Bitter Struggle
a. There were tensions between the Jewish and Arabs people.
Chapter 16 Section 3
India Seeks Self Rule
A. Moves Toward Independence
1. Amritsar was a massive defeat taken by Indians during
WW I.
2. After Amritsar, the Indians continued to call for
Independence from Britain.
B. Mahandos Ghandi
• Ghandi was a political activist in promoting peace and
equality through India.
1. Nonviolence
a. Ghandi embraced the Hindu tradition known as
AHIMSA. (Nonviolence and reverence for Life)
b. H.D. Thoreau was an American writer, who believed
in civil disobedience when laws were unjust.
c. Ghandi urged for equal rights for all Indians.
2. Ghandi Sets an Example
a. DHOTI = simple white garment traditionally worn by village
Indians.
b. He called for boycotts on a majority of British goods.
c. He wanted to restore pride and traditions among the
Indians.
C. The Salt March
1. Breaking the Law
a. A 240 mile march to the sea, Ghandi picks a piece of sea
salt and said, “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the
British empire.”
b. Ghandi was arrested which led to thousands of other
Indians being arrested.
2. Toward Freedom
a. All around the world, newspapers thundered against
Britain.
D. Looking Ahead
1. A Separate Muslim State
a. Muslim League elected Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
2. World War II
a. The war postponed any further development towards
independence.
Chapter 16 Section 4
Upheavals in China
A. The Chinese Republic
1. Internal Problems
a. President Sun Yixian stepped down, general Yuan
Shikai took over. Tried to make himself emperor.
Little support and opposition to him divided that
nation.
b. Warlords seized power and forced peasants to pay
taxes to support armies. Bad economy, famine, and
fighting.
2. Foreign Imperialism
a. Foreign powers held influence over Chinese affairs.
b. Yuan gives into some of Japans demands in the
Twenty-One demands, which sought to make China a
Japanese protectorate.
c. At Paris Peace conference ending WWI the Allies
gave Japan control over German possessions in China.
This upset Chinese nationalists. Chiang Kai’Shek
3. May 4th Movement
a. In 1919 student protests erupted across China and
they boycotted Japanese goods.
b. As a result of the May 4th Movement Chinese
intellectuals looked to Western traditions, such as
democracy, to end China’s problems.
c. Women played big part in May 4th movement.
Wanted to end traditional practices. Opened doors for
women in education and economy.
4. The Appeal of Marxism
a. Russian Revolution was a model for some Chinese of
how strong communist party could take over the
government. Soviets were willing to train and support
Chinese communists. By 1920 a small communist party
was forming in China.
B. Leaders for a New China
• Sun Yixian and his nationalist party Guomindang planned to
defeat warlords and take over government. Western world
ignored his pleas for help. He turned to Russia for support.
1. Jiang Jieshi
a. Jieshi took over Guomindang when Sun died. He
was an army officer who had little interest in democracy
or communism.
b. Jieshi marched on Northern China to crush
warlords. Also, attacked members of communist party
he saw as a threat to his power.
c. In 1927 he ordered soldiers to kill communist party
members and the workers who supported the party.
2. Mao Zedong (Tse Tung)
a. Mao was young communist who escaped Jieshi’s
attacks. Thought communist party needed support
from peasant masses.
b. Organized peasants, redistributed land, offered
peasants education and healthcare
c. Pursued by the Guomindang.
3. The Long March
a. Jieshi led Guomindang against the communists or
“Red bandits”.
b. In 1934 Mao and followers fled Guomindang in a
retreat known as the Long March. Travelled 6,000
miles while being chased, attacked daily, and many
didn’t survive.
c. The Long March stood a symbol of communist
strength and earned Mao many supporters.
d. Mao enforced strict discipline with his soldiers and
their behavior made them welcome among peasants
who were harmed by the Guomindang.
C. Japanese Invasion
• In 1931 the Japanese invaded Manchuria. Japan’s aggression
made many doubt Jieshi.
• By 1937 Japanese were bombing China and overran all of
Eastern China. Jieshi retreated to the interior of China.
• When Japanese captured the city of Nanjing they brutalized
and killed soldiers and civilians. The cruelty and
destruction become known as the “rape of Nanjing”.
•
Chapter 16 Section 5
Empire of the Rising Sun
A. Liberal Changes of the 1920’s
*Diet = Members of the parliament, who gave all the men the right
to vote
1. Economic Growth
a. Tremendous economic growth during WW I.
b. Zaibatsu’s influence politics through donations to political
parties.
2. Serious problems
a. Economic decline in the 1920’s.
b. Factory workers leaned towards socialist ideas.
c. Problems arose between government and military.
d. Conservatives, mainly military officers, blasted the
government corruption.
B. The Nationalist Reaction
• The Great Depression damaged the economic growth in Japan.
1. A Worsening Crisis
a. Military officials were discontented with politicians for agreeing
to western to stop overseas expansion.
b. They had bitterness towards industrial countries in the way they
were treated.
c. They needed natural resources to continue their rapid growth.
2. The Manchurian Incident
a. Japanese blew up their own railroad tracks blaming the Chinese
for this destruction.
b. The League of Nations condemned Japanese aggression, but
Japan simply left the League of Nations.
C. Militarist in Power
• Ultranationalists were winning support, and many politicians
were killed.
1. Traditional Values Revived
a. Ancient Warrior values were built around a cult around the
emperor.
b. Ultranationalist destroyed any democratic or western ideas.
2. Renewed Expansion
a. Japan took advantage of the Chinese civil war.
b. In 1939, Japan joined the Axis power.