2000-2001 Research Report
Chicken Meat and Egg
Programs
September 2001
RIRDC Publication No 01/073
© 2001 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
All rights reserved.
ISBN 0 642 58295 5
ISSN 1440-6845
“2000-2001 Research Report RIRDC Chicken Meat and Egg Programs”
Publication No 01/073
The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily
those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in
whole or in part on the contents of this report.
This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the
Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Communications
Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.
RIRDC Chicken Meat Program Research Manager
Dr Vivien Kite
RIRDC
PO Box 579
NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059
RIRDC Egg Program Research Manager
Dr Irene Gorman
RIRDC
PO Box 569
HURSTVILLE NSW 2220
Phone: 02 9929 4077
Fax:
02 9925 0627
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 02 9570 9222
Fax:
02 9570 9763
Email: [email protected]
RIRDC Publications Manager
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation
Level 1, AMA House
42 Macquarie Street
BARTON ACT 2600
PO Box 4776
KINGSTON ACT 2604
Phone: 02 6272 3186
Fax:
02 6272 5877
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au
Published in September 2001
Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Union Offset, Canberra
ii
Foreword
This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June 2001, which contains short
summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 2000-2001 for all
of the Corporation’s 20 program areas.
The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at
www.rirdc.gov.au.
The following report is a hardcopy extract covering Sub-Programs 3.1 and 3.2. It contains all
entries from continuing and completed Chicken Meat and Egg research projects funded by
RIRDC. Additional information on other activities funded by these programs in 2000-2001 and
projects and activities to be funded in 2001-2002 have also been included in this publication.
The objective of the Chicken Meat Program is to support increased sustainability and profitability
in the chicken meat industry by focussing on research and development on those areas which will
enable the industry to become more efficient and globally competitive and which will assist in
the development of good industry and product images. The objective of the Egg Program is to
support improved efficiency, sustainability, product quality, education and technology transfer in
the Australian egg industry.
Research reported upon herein was funded from industry revenue which is matched by funds
provided by the Federal Government.
This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of more than 600 research report,
videos and CD-roms of projects supported by RIRDC. Most of our publications are available for
viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website:
•
•
downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm
purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop
Peter Core
Managing Director
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation
iii
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairperson:
Research Manager:
Mr Barry Shay
Executive Director
Meat Branch, Safe Food Production NSW
PO Box A2613
SYDNEY SOUTH NSW 1235
Ph:
(02) 9295 5777
Fax:
(02) 9261 2434
Email: [email protected]
Dr Vivien Kite
RIRDC Chicken Meat Program
PO Box 579
NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059
Ph:
(02) 9929 4077
Fax:
(02) 9929 0627
Email: [email protected]
Committee Members:
Mr Ian Farran
Agribiz Engineering
PO Box 279
GEELONG VIC 3220
Ph:
(03) 5229 7300
Fax:
(03) 5229 7566
Email: [email protected]
Dr Tom Grimes
Grimes Consultancy Pty Ltd
4 Henry Street
LEWISHAM NSW 2049
Ph:
(02) 9569 7436
Fax:
(02) 9569 4183
Email: [email protected]
Dr Ron MacAlpine
Inghams Enterprises Pty Ltd
PO Box 4
LIVERPOOL NSW 2170
Ph:
(02) 9606 5666
Fax:
(02) 9606 6640
Email: [email protected]
Dr Margaret MacKenzie
Inghams Enterprises Pty Ltd
PO Box 1100
BROWNS PLAINS QLD 4118
Ph:
(07) 3297 0222
Fax:
(07) 3297 0578
Email: [email protected]
Dr Harvey Westbury
CSIRO Animal Health
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
Ph:
(03) 5227 5115
Fax:
(03) 5227 5555
Email: [email protected]
Dr Jeff Davis
RIRDC
PO Box 4776
KINGSTON ACT 2604
Ph:
(02) 6272 4152
Fax:
(02) 6272 5877
Email: [email protected]
iv
EGG PROGRAM
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairperson:
Dr Andrew Turner
Andrew Turner Consulting Pty Ltd
Glen Lee
25 Garton Street
PRINCES HILL VIC 3054
Ph:
(03) 9380 1652
Fax:
(03) 9388 8742
Email: [email protected]
Research Manager:
Dr Irene Gorman
RIRDC Egg Program
PO Box 569
HURSTVILLE NSW 2220
Ph:
(02) 9570 9222
Fax:
(02) 9570 9763
Email: [email protected]
Committee Members:
Dr Clive Jackson
Biological Technology Transfer Pty Ltd
2 Victory Avenue
CAMDEN NSW 2570
Ph:
(02) 4655 4007
Fax:
(02) 4655 4008
Email: [email protected]
Mr Noel Kratzmann
DA Hall & Co
PO Box 49
MILLMERRAN QLD 4357
Ph:
(07) 4695 1717
Fax:
(07) 4695 1717
Email [email protected]
Mr Geoff Munzberg
Munzberg & Co. Pty Ltd
PO Box 166
TANUNDA SA 5352
Ph:
(08) 8563 2625
Fax:
(08) 8563 2027
Email: [email protected]
Ms Judith O’Keeffe
Sure-feed Pty Ltd
PO Box 1208
WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2650
Ph:
(02) 6925 6066
Fax:
(02) 6926 5960
Email: [email protected]
Dr Peter Scott
Scolexia Pty Ltd
16 Learmonth Street
MOONEE PONDS VIC 3039
Ph:
(03) 9326 0106
Fax:
(03) 9372 7576
Email: [email protected]
Mr Philip Szepe
Kinross Farm Pty Ltd
2110 Yea Road
KINGLAKE WEST VIC 3757
Ph:
(03) 5780 1242
Fax:
(03) 5780 1238
Email: [email protected]
Dr Jeff Davis
RIRDC, PO Box 4776
KINGSTON ACT 2604
Ph:
(02) 6272 4152
Fax:
(02) 6272 5877
Email: [email protected]
v
INDEX TO PROJECT SUMMARIES
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM - COMPLETED PROJECTS
Flock Health
BTT-2A*
CSA-4J*
CSA-7J*
DAN-159J*
DAQ-244J*
DAW-98A
RMI-6J*
RMI-8J*
UMO-21A
UNE-70A
UTS-3J*
Revision of the AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy document on very virulent Infectious
Bursal Disease ....................................................................................................................... 1
Postgraduate Scholarship – Matthew Rudd: Identification of virulence determinants of
infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV).................................................................................... 3
Therapeutic applications of chicken interferon gamma in poultry .......................................... 5
NDV vaccination strategies aiming to induce high HI titres in elite breeding and layer
flocks ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Investigations into the management of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus
(Panzer).................................................................................................................................. 8
The efficient production of big liver and spleen vaccine antigen.......................................... 10
The development of effective immunisation strategies against Marek’s disease ................ 11
Characterisation of very virulent Australian isolates of Marek’s disease virus .................... 13
Candidate vaccine antigens against Pasteurella multocida................................................. 15
Effects of enzymes on gut microbial status in broiler chickens............................................ 17
Postgraduate scholarship – David Witcombe: Production and characterisation of
recombinant antigens of Eimeria.......................................................................................... 18
Bird Nutrition and Feed Supply
GRD-1J*
UNE-64A
US-68A
Premium Grains for Livestock Program ............................................................................... 20
Postgraduate scholarship- Andreas Kocher: Increasing the nutritive value of grain
legumes for poultry by use of more efficacious enzyme systems........................................ 24
Postgraduate scholarship – Ron Newman: Manipulation of lean tissue deposition in
broiler chickens by altering the sensitivity of tissues to insulin ............................................ 27
Food Safety
DAQ-245A Risk factors for Campylobacter spp. in Australian broilers .................................................. 29
IMVS-1A Molecular basis of benign colonisation of Salmonella Sofia in chickens ............................. 31
RMI-7A
Use of avirulent Campylobacter jejuni strains to control poultry-derived campylobacter
food poisoning ...................................................................................................................... 33
USA-9A
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from poultry .......................................................... 36
Animal Welfare
DAV-162A A welfare audit for the transport and processor sectors of the broiler industry.................... 38
Environmental Management
DAW-94A Conditioning and Analysis of Broiler litter to prevent fly breeding........................................ 41
Other
DAN-142A Production of Trial Distance Learning Materials for the Poultry Industry - Stage III ............ 43
* Indicates a joint Chicken Meat and Egg Program project. These projects will appear in both sections of this report.
vi
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM - RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
Flock Health
CSA-1J*
CSA-10J*
CSA-11J*
CSA-12A
CSA-13J*
CSA-15J*
CSA-16A
DAN-171A
DAQ-259J*
DAQ-273A
MS990-40*
RMI-11A
UM-45J*
UM-49A
UMU-23J*
UNE-75A
US-72J*
Detection of virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus in chickens previously infected
with Australian strains of the virus........................................................................................ 45
Postgraduate scholarship – Ms Louise Hilton: Therapeutic applications of cytokines in
poultry................................................................................................................................... 46
Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus in Australia......................................... 47
Biological control of necrotic enteritis in meat chickens ....................................................... 48
Postgraduate Scholarship - Jacqueline Kattenbelt: Mapping of structure-function
relationships of Newcastle Disease (ND) using reverse genetics........................................ 49
Diagnostic tools for differentiation of vvIBDV and characterisation of Australian strains..... 50
Evaluation of fowlpox (FPV) strains free of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) as vaccines
for use in Australian poultry flocks........................................................................................ 51
Infectious proventriculitis and stunting syndrome of broiler chickens .................................. 52
Attenuation and characterisation of chicken Eimeria for live vaccines ................................ 53
Investigations into the development of a sustainable management strategy for the
darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) in broilers ................................................. 54
National NDV Survey ........................................................................................................... 55
The development of vaccination strategies to control necrotic enteritis in poultry............... 57
Determination of the genomic sequence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum .............................. 58
Avian Leukosis-J (ALV-J) in Australia: laboratory technologies and research needs.......... 59
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens........................................................ 60
Effects of organic acids, prebiotics, and enzymes on control of necrotic enteritis and
performance of broiler chickens ........................................................................................... 61
Enhancing mucosal immunity in chickens by novel in-ovo and postnatal vaccination
techniques ............................................................................................................................ 62
Bird Nutrition and Feed Supply
DAQ-264J* Characterisation of canola meal and cottonseed meal at practical inclusion levels for use
in broiler and layer diets ....................................................................................................... 63
DAQ-277A Estimating lysine availability by slope-ratio chick assay ...................................................... 65
GRD-2J* Inclusion of data for additional livestock species in the Australasian Livestock Feed
Ingredient (ALFI) database................................................................................................... 66
GRD-3J* Premium Grains for Livestock Program (stage 2) ................................................................ 67
SAR-13A Physiological limitations in energy metabolism reduce production efficiency of broilers ..... 68
US-80A
Improving the utilisation of dietary amino acids in meat chickens ....................................... 69
US-104A Use of dietary fatty acids to increase protein accretion in broilers....................................... 70
Food Safety
IMV-3A
UG-3A
Salmonella typing and colonisation of chickens by characterised S. Sofia.......................... 71
Development of campylobacter bio-replacement program and establishment of
campylobacter reference centre........................................................................................... 73
Animal Welfare
DAV-185A Implementation of the RIRDC broiler welfare audit to industry ............................................ 75
Environmental Management
JSC-1A
Sustainability improvements in the Victorian chicken meat industry (phase 1) ................... 76
SAR-33J* Reduction of dust emissions from broiler and caged layer sheds........................................ 78
* Indicates a joint Chicken Meat and Egg Program project. These projects will appear in both sections of this report.
vii
EGG PROGRAM - COMPLETED PROJECTS
Implications of the Changing Economic Environment for the Australian Egg Industry
AEI-8A/
AEI-9A
IMS-3A
National industry databases ................................................................................................. 79
12H
Review of information sources used by Australian rural industries and egg industries
overseas ............................................................................................................................... 81
13H
Flock Health and Disease Management
BIR-1A
BTT-2A*
Layer industry disease and management survey................................................................. 83
Revision of the AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy document on very virulent Infectious
Bursal Disease ..................................................................................................................... 86
CSA-4J*
Postgraduate Scholarship – Matthew Rudd: Identification of virulence determinants of
infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV).................................................................................. 88
CSA-7J*
Therapeutic applications of chicken interferon gamma in poultry ........................................ 90
DAN-159J* NDV vaccination strategies aiming to induce high HI titres in elite breeding and layer
flocks .................................................................................................................................... 92
DAQ-244J* Investigations into the management of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus
(Panzer)................................................................................................................................ 93
RMI-6J*
The development of effective immunisation strategies against Marek’s disease ................ 95
RMI-8J*
Characterisation of very virulent Australian isolates of Marek’s disease virus .................... 97
UM-37A
Development of a live attenuated vaccine for chicken anaemia virus ................................. 99
UTS-3J*
Postgraduate scholarship – David Witcombe: Production and characterisation of
recombinant antigens of Eimeria........................................................................................ 101
14H
15H
16H
17H
18H
19H
120H
12H
12H
123H
Feed Availability and Nutrition
DAQ-241A Alternative protein sources for laying hens ........................................................................ 103
GRD-1J* Premium Grains for Livestock Program ............................................................................. 106
US-54A
Amino acid and energy requirements of imported IsaBrown laying hens .......................... 110
124H
125H
126H
Husbandry and Welfare
US-71A
Development of a non-invasive test of stress in laying hens ............................................. 112
127H
Environmentally Sustainable Management
UNE-59A
Environmentally acceptable land use for chicken meat and egg production ..................... 113
128H
EGG PROGRAM - RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
Implications of the Changing Economic Environment for the Australian Egg Industry
ANU-41A
AEI-11A
The economic impact of changing Australian egg production systems ............................. 115
Options for enhancing industry competitiveness and R&D and marketing efficiency
(EIDF) ................................................................................................................................. 117
129H
130H
New and Existing Markets
DAQ-275A An evaluation of the higher value-added opportunities from the chicken egg ................... 118
13H
* Indicates a joint Chicken Meat and Egg Program project. These projects will appear in both sections of this report.
viii
Public Health
CIF-1A
UNE-71A
Rapid detection of virulent Salmonella in egg and poultry products .................................. 119
Egg and egg shell quality control in the Australian egg industry........................................ 120
13H
Flock Health and Disease Management
AEI-10A
CSA-1J*
Trialing emergency animal disease arrangements in the Australian egg industry (EIDF) . 121
Detection of virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus in chickens previously infected
with Australian strains of the virus...................................................................................... 123
Postgraduate scholarship – Ms Louise Hilton: Therapeutic applications of cytokines in
poultry................................................................................................................................. 124
Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus in Australia....................................... 125
Postgraduate Scholarship - Jacqueline Kattenbelt: Mapping of structure-function
relationships of Newcastle Disease (ND) using reverse genetics...................................... 126
Diagnostic tools for differentiation of vvIBDV and characterisation of Australian strains... 127
Attenuation and characterisation of chicken Eimeria for live vaccines .............................. 128
Studies of cloacal haemorrhage, egg peritonitis, vent trauma and beak trimming in the
laying hen ........................................................................................................................... 129
National NDV Survey ......................................................................................................... 130
Molecular diagnostic tools for wild type and vaccine strains of Marek's disease virus...... 132
Determination of the genomic sequence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum ............................ 133
Investigating sanitation of surface water for poultry using chlorine - IBDV models ........... 134
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens...................................................... 136
Effects of diet composition, gut microbial status and feed forms on cannibalism in
layers .................................................................................................................................. 137
Optimising infectious bronchitis vaccination of laying hens for maximum egg shell
quality ................................................................................................................................. 138
Enhancing mucosal immunity in chickens by novel in-ovo and postnatal vaccination
techniques .......................................................................................................................... 139
134H
135H
CSA-10J*
136H
CSA-11J*
CSA-13J*
137H
138H
CSA-15J*
DAQ-259J*
DAV-170A
139H
140H
14H
MS990-40*
UJC-7A
UM-45J*
UM-51A
UMU-23J*
UNE-72A
142H
143H
14H
145H
146H
147H
UNE-76A
148H
US-72J*
149H
Feed Availability and Nutrition
DAQ-264J* Characterisation of canola meal and cottonseed meal at practical inclusion levels for use in
broiler and layer diets ......................................................................................................... 140
GRD-2J* Inclusion of data for additional livestock species in the Australasian Livestock Feed
Ingredient (ALFI) database................................................................................................. 142
GRD-3J* Premium Grains for Livestock Program (stage 2) .............................................................. 143
UNC-12A Hind gut function in laying hens ......................................................................................... 144
UNE-77A Effects of commercial feed enzymes in wheat-based diets on egg and egg shell quality
in imported strains of laying hen......................................................................................... 145
UWA-61A Evaluation of Lathyrus cicera as a feed ingredient for layers ............................................ 146
150H
15H
152H
153H
154H
15H
Husbandry and Welfare
SAR-34A
SAR-35A
Should claw abrasives be used in cages in Australia? ...................................................... 147
Beak trimming accreditation ............................................................................................... 148
156H
157H
Environmentally Sustainable Management
SAR-33J* Reduction of dust emissions from broiler and caged layer sheds...................................... 149
UQ-93A
The assessment and development of best management practice techniques for
Australian laying hens housed in conventional and alternative laying systems................. 150
UQ-97A
Pilot study on the use of time lapse video to study the behaviour of laying hens in
conventional and modified cages ....................................................................................... 150
158H
159H
* Indicates a joint Chicken Meat and Egg Program project. These projects will appear in both sections of this report.
ix
Training, Information and Technology Transfer
DAN-138A National egg industry newsletter ........................................................................................ 153
DAN-189A Video series - Workplace training for layer farm staff ........................................................ 154
SAR-36A Vaccination training manual ............................................................................................... 155
160H
16H
162H
OTHER SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES ............................................................................ 156
163H
SCHOLARSHIPS...................................................................................................................... 156
164H
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.................................................................................................. 156
165H
TRAVEL/CONFERENCE/WORKSHOPS................................................................................. 157
16H
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002 CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM....... 158
167H
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002 EGG PROGRAM .......................... 160
168H
* Indicates a joint Chicken Meat and Egg Program project. These projects will appear in both sections of this report.
x
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM
COMPLETED PROJECTS
Flock Health
Project Title
Revision of the AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy document
on very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
BTT-2A
Dr Clive Jackson
Biological Technology Transfer
2 Victory Avenue
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4655 4007
(02) 4655 4008
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
In 1998, Dr Jackson developed an AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy Document as
part of a consultancy to the DPIE. That Strategy Document was developed because
of the serious economic impact that very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease (vvIBD)
would have on the poultry industry should it gain entry into Australia. The potential
annual loss was estimated to be in the order of $50 million. A revised Strategy
Document was developed using the Newcastle Disease (ND) Strategy Document as
a model. However, experiences gained through the implementation of that
document in the course of the 1998-2000 outbreak of virulent ND in NSW resulted
in the need for further revision of the Disease Strategy document for vvIBD.
Research
The revision was undertaken with the assistance of a corresponding committee of
Australian scientific experts on IBD. The Strategy Document was rewritten to
incorporate decisions from a government/industry meeting held on 19 August 1999.
The revised Strategy Document also considered the role played by government and
industry during the 1998-2000 eradication of virulent Newcastle disease in NSW. It
also considered the new cost-sharing agreement for exotic disease control and
eradication.
Outcomes
A revised Disease Strategy document has been developed for review by RIRDC Egg
and Chicken Meat Programs and industry. The revised Strategy Document should
provide the industry and government with a contemporary document on which to
base an eradication program. The Strategy Document takes into account the current
To revise the AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy document on very virulent
infectious bursal disease.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
1
funding arrangements for exotic disease control in Australia. It attempts to define
the resources required by industry and government. It also provides industry with
guidance in undertaking a risk analysis of the benefits to be derived from pursuing
eradication with limited resources and funding.
Implications
The existence of a Disease Strategy document focuses the attention of the industry
on the need to remain vigilant against the entry of vvIBDV. It emphasises the need
to continue to develop rapid diagnostic tests to detect the presence of any very
virulent viruses as early as possible. It also demands the availability of funds and
resources to undertake any eradication program.
Publications
Jackson, C.A.W. (2001) AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy for very virulent
infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) eradication. Proc. AVPA Scientific
Meeting 6-7.2.01 University of Sydney, p15.
Jackson, C.A.W. (2001) A Disease Strategy for the prevention and eradication of
very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). Proc. XIIth International
Congress of the WVPA, Cairo, 17-21.9.01 (Abstract) (Submitted for
publication).
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
2
Project Title
Postgraduate Scholarship – Matthew Rudd: Identification
of virulence determinants of infectious bursal disease
virus (IBDV)
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-4J
Mr Matthew Rudd and Dr Jagoda Ignjatovic
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3213
(03) 5227 5769
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
To characterise and sequence a very virulent (vv) exotic strain of infectious
bursal disease virus (IBDV) and identify genomic region(s) which may
influence pathogenesis.
To compare and contrast the pathogenicity of attenuated and very virulent IBDV
(vvIBDV) strains in vivo, and identify criteria which might differentiate between
the two strains.
To establish a reverse genetics system for the recovery of infectious IBDV from
cell culture, embryonating eggs and/or directly from SPF chickens.
To swap genomic material between attenuated and vvIBDV strains and assess
the impact of such manipulations on pathogenicity in vivo.
Background
Since first reported in 1989, vvIBDV has spread rapidly throughout Europe, Asia,
and many other countries. Australia is currently free of such strains. This project
seeks to identify potential virulence markers of IBDV for the development of rapid
and highly accurate diagnostic tests which could be used to detect any incursion of
exotic vvIBDV strains, should this ever occur.
Research
An Indonesian vvIBDV strain was completely sequenced and the deduced amino
acid sequences were aligned with the corresponding sequences of published IBDV
strains to identify amino acids which are conserved solely in very virulent strains.
An endemic attenuated IBDV strain (002-73) and an Indonesian vvIBDV strain
(Tasik94) were both extensively characterised in vivo, and the ability of several
biological assays to differentiate between the two strains were assessed.
Genomic material, corresponding to a portion of the VP2 protein, was swapped
between the attenuated 002-73 and very virulent Indonesian Tasik94 strains to
generate recombinant IBDV. A reverse genetics system will be used to recover
infectious recombinant virus. Pathogenicity testing of the recombinant virus will be
used to assess the significance of putative virulence determinants identified and to
provide valuable information which will assist in the development of a diagnostic
assay.
Implications
Further work needs to be conducted to recover and assess recombinant virus(es).
The successful identification of virulence determinants is a prerequisite for
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
3
developing diagnostic tests needed to monitor the field situation of IBDV in
Australia.
Publications
Rudd, M.F., Heine, H.G., Parede, L., Sapats, S.I., Ignjatovic, J. (2001)
Characterisation of an Indonesian strain of very virulent infectious bursal disease
virus (vvIBDV). Proc. Int. Symp. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Chicken
Anemia. In press.
Currently in preparation:
Rudd, M.F., Heine, H.G., Middleton, D., Lowther, S., Ignjatovic, J. Differentiation
between endemic and exotic strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV).
Poster in preparation for presentation at the 3rd Veterinary Virology Conference,
26-28th September 2001.
Rudd, M.F., Heine, H.G., Sapats, S.I., Ignjatovic, J. Identification of putative
virulence determinants of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Manuscript in
preparation for submission to Virus Research.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
4
Project Title
Therapeutic applications of chicken interferon gamma in
poultry
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-7J
Dr John Lowenthal
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3213
(03) 5227 5759
(03) 5227 5531
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
Safe, natural alternatives to antibiotics for the maintenance of optimal growth rates
and flock health in chickens are being sought by the poultry industry worldwide.
Cytokines are natural proteins that are produced by the body’s immune system
during infection. Their ability to protect against disease make them excellent
candidates as naturally occurring therapeutics.
Research
Previous studies on chicken interferon gamma (ChIFN-γ) identified it as having
therapeutic potential. In this project, the ability of ChIFN-γ to act as a growth
promoter and vaccine adjuvant was assessed in trials using broiler chickens under
commercial conditions.
Outcomes
An Escherichia coli expression system was developed for the large scale production
of recombinant ChIFN-γ protein. The recombinant ChIFN-γ was found to be
biologically active. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and an ELISA was
developed for the detection of ChIFN-γ. Treatment of broilers with ChIFNγ resulted in enhanced weight gain over a period of up to eight weeks compared to
control birds. ChIFN-γ treatment also reduced weight loss suffered by birds
following infection with Eimeria acervulina.
Implications
Rapid transfer of this technology to the Australian poultry industry is anticipated.
These results show the feasibility of using cytokines as natural therapeutics and
adjuvants.
Additional cytokines have recently been identified, including
interleukins -2, -6, -15 and -18. These are now available for a similar type of
assessment. The particular activities of these new cytokines make them attractive
new treatments for diseases such as coccidiosis, Marek’s disease and infectious
bronchitis.
Publications
Lowenthal, J.W., O'Neil, T.E., Strom, A.D.G., and Andrew, M.E. (1999) Cytokine
therapy: a natural alternative for disease control. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72,
183-188.
To enhance disease resistance and vaccine efficacy in poultry by administering
therapeutic doses of chicken interferon-gamma to commercial broilers and
layers.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
5
Lowenthal, J.W., Lambrecht, B, van den Berg, T.P., Andrew, M.E., Strom, A.D.G., and
Bean, A.G.D. (2000) Avian cytokines – the natural approach to therapeutics. Dev.
Comp. Immunol. 24, 355-365.
Lowenthal, J.W. (2001) Therapeutic applications of cytokines - what can the chicken
teach us? Avian Dis. (in press).
Lowenthal, J.W., Richards, G.G., Bean A.D.G., O’Neil T.E., Hilton L.S., Tyac S.,
Pooley, C., and Johnson M.A. (2001) New vaccination strategies for control of
coccidiosis. Avian Dis. (in press).
Hilton, L.S., Bean, A,G.D., and Lowenthal, J.W. (2001) Recent advances in avian
cytokines. Vet. Immunol. Immunopatol. (Invited Review – in press).
Lowenthal, J.W. et al. Chicken interferons: natural therapeutics in poultry. Avian
Immunology Research Group Meeting, Turku, Finland 1998.
Lowenthal, J.W. Cytokine therapy – a natural alternative for disease control. 4th Asia
Pacific Health Conference, Melbourne, 1998.
Lowenthal, J.W. Cytokine therapy – a natural alternative for disease control. 5th
International Veterinary Immunology Symposium, India, 1998.
Lowenthal, J.W. Practical applications of chicken cytokines. 11th Australian Poultry
and Feed Convention, Gold Coast. 1999.
Lowenthal, J.W. et al. New strategies for enhancing immunity to Eimeria: interferon
gamma is the natural approach to disease control. Vaccines against Coccidioses
conference, Dublin, 2000.
Lowenthal, J.W. Therapeutic applications of cytokines - what can the chicken teach
us? Avian Immunology Research Meeting, Cornell University, USA, 2000.
Lowenthal, J.W. et al. New vaccination strategies for control of coccidiosis. Avian
Immunology Research Meeting, Cornell University, USA, 2000.
Lowenthal, J.W. et al., Cytokines are the next generation of therapeutics. AVAP
Meeting, Attwood, Vic. Oct 2000.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
6
Project Title
NDV vaccination strategies aiming to induce high HI titres
in elite breeding and layer flocks
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAN-159J
Dr George Arzey
NSW Department of Agriculture
Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI)
PMB 8
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4640 6333
(02) 4640 6300
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
The recent availability of inactivated ND vaccines in Australia has broadened the
scope for effective long-term protection of birds against Newcastle disease.
However, no sound data was previously available on the HI titres elicited when V4
was used as the priming vaccine. The present study was undertaken in order to
assess a range of vaccination strategies in caged layers with the use of V4 as the
priming agent
Research
Ten different vaccination strategies were evaluated by monitoring the NDV HI
response over a period of 28 weeks in serologically negative 18 weeks old pullets
housed in commercial cages.
Outcomes
Any of the combinations of live V4 plus inactivated vaccine trialled should protect a
flock against clinical Newcastle disease. For protection against a drop in egg
production, the strategies in which V4 was followed by inactivated vaccine four
weeks later can be considered protective up to 24 weeks post initial vaccination.
Protection against infection for up to three months (as determined by reduced
shedding of a virulent virus) can be expected with V4 delivered orally followed with
inactivated vaccine four weeks later. The studies also confirmed the poor ability of
V4 to spread in flocks.
Implications
The study demonstrated that V4 used as a priming vaccine with a selective
combination of an inactivated vaccine can produce high and persistent NDV HI titres
that are comparable to those elicited by other live overseas vaccines in combination
with inactivated vaccines.
To identify strategies capable of producing the highest and most persistent mean
HI titres in vaccinated flocks.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
7
Project Title
Investigations into the management of the darkling beetle,
Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer)
RIRDC Project No:
Researchers:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-244J
Mr Trevor Lambkin and Mr MC Cameron
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Farming Systems Institute
80 Meiers Rd
INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068
(07) 3896 9434
(07) 3896 9446
[email protected], [email protected]
Objectives
•
•
To review the relevant literature pertaining to A. diaperinus research and
thereby develop an improved understanding of the ecology of the pest.
To develop an insecticide resistance testing method for A. diaperinus and
subsequently survey and test broiler shed and egg barn pest populations in south
east Queensland for insecticide resistance.
Background
The darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) is a common cosmopolitan
insect pest of poultry houses, in particular broiler sheds and egg barns, and is
capable of transmitting a large number of poultry diseases and parasites. In recent
concern has been expressed about increasing beetle numbers in broiler sheds and the
pest’s potential to breach farm bio-security. In spite of the occurrence of the pest on
almost every Australian poultry farm, no previous Australian research has been
undertaken to determine the pest’s behaviour and its insecticide resistance status.
Research commenced in 1998 to address these gaps in our understanding of the pest;
in particular, to develop a better understanding of the ecology of the pest and to
determine if resistance to fenitrothion (Folithion®) and cyfluthrin (Tugon®) has
occurred in pest populations.
Research
A review of scientific literature on darkling beetle research was undertaken to
provide improved knowledge of the pest’s ecology, published research results and
possible control strategies. Work was undertaken towards the development of an
effective and efficient laboratory culture method for A. diaperinus, in order to
provide a constant and adequate supply of beetles for laboratory research and testing
with insecticides. A laboratory insecticide-resistance testing method was developed
to provide the tools necessary to identify and characterise any insecticide resistance
in A. diaperinus populations. A survey was undertaken of local broiler shed and egg
barn beetle populations and these populations were subsequently tested with
fenitrothion (and some with cyfluthrin). Each population tested was compared to a
susceptible reference population and from this comparison a level of resistance was
determined.
Outcomes
The scientific literature review and project field studies have indicated that the pest’s
ability to avoid contact with insecticides contributes to A. diaperinus control failures.
This behaviour, together with predominantly clay-floored sheds in most broiler
sheds contributes to problems with control after clean-outs, as many individuals stay
concealed in the floor and do not receive a lethal dose of insecticide. The
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
8
development of a laboratory culture method has provided adequate numbers of some
test insects. Problems with the culture method arose during the latter part of the
project due to mite infestations, and these have hindered the availability of insects
for testing. The development of fenitrothion and cyfluthrin resistance testing
methods has been successful. Test results have shown that insects from south east
Queensland broiler systems have strong fenitrothion resistance and some cyfluthrin
resistance, and preliminary results indicate that populations of A. diaperinus from
some production areas, for example Armidale and the Atherton Tablelands, have
quite weak fenitrothion resistance. Insecticide resistance levels in insects from other
intensive livestock systems, including egg barns are generally weaker, and all levels
of resistance are directly related to duration and frequency of insecticide use.
Implications
Insecticide resistance is not the major factor that determines beetle population sizes
in broiler sheds. There is no relationship between anecdotal estimates of broiler
beetle numbers and fenitrothion and cyfluthrin resistance levels, ie- population sizes
of insects in different broiler sheds, with similar levels of insecticide resistance, can
be very different. Results of testing A. diaperinus from the only south east
Queensland egg barn studied show that the insects are still susceptible to fenitrothion
and a rotation of fenitrothion and cyfluthrin may be done on alternate clean outs.
Whether these egg barn results are typical for all is not known.
For broiler sheds in general it is suggested that the application of cyfluthrin may be
reduced to every second clean out (part or full) or just used over the summer period.
This may delay the development of stronger resistance. Preliminary results for the
broiler production areas of Armidale and the Atherton Tablelands indicate that
fenitrothion may be included with cyfluthrin in an insecticide rotation.
In summary, as development of strong insecticide resistance in all areas is inevitable
given time, a closer examination is needed of the other major factors that control
population sizes in broiler sheds. When this is known, studies of currently registered
insecticides, alternative control strategies and the interaction of both can be properly
evaluated.
Publications
Lambkin, T.A. (1998) Controlling black beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) in chicken
sheds. Proceedings 1998 Poultry Exchange Surfers Paradise 19-21 April 1998,
33-37.
Lambkin, T.A. and Cameron, M.C. (1999) Darkling beetle control-current
difficulties and future prospects. Proceedings 11th Australian Poultry & Feed
Convention 10-13 October 2000, 184-192.
Lambkin, T.A. & Cameron, M.C. (2000) Darkling beetle control in Australian
broilers - a new direction. Proceedings 2000 Poultry Exchange Surfers Paradise
9-11 April 2000, 97-102.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
9
Project Title
The efficient production of big liver and spleen vaccine
antigen
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
DAW-98A
Dr Sarah Plant
Agriculture Western Australia
3 Baron Hay Court
SOUTH PERTH WA 6151
(08) 9368 3873
(08) 9474 2408
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
Background
Earlier RIRDC-funded projects developed highly specific and sensitive diagnostic
tests for big liver and spleen (BLS) infection and identified a candidate vaccine for
BLS disease of broiler breeder hens. The vaccine was shown to generate a
satisfactory response to BLS and vaccinated birds demonstrated the ability to clear a
BLS infection faster than unvaccinated birds. The production of this vaccine is
cumbersome and not economically suitable for large scale commercialisation.
Research
Two methods of producing a less expensive BLS vaccine were examined. One
method used a small protein (peptide) selected for its antigenic similarity to the BLS
protein (phage library). This peptide was expressed on a bacteriophage (bacterial
virus) which was simple and inexpensive to produce in large quantities. The second
method attempted to express the BLS protein in an insect cell culture system.
To assess alternative methods of BLS antigen production.
To reduce the financial losses associated with BLS through the development and
assessment of efficient techniques for the production of BLS vaccine antigen.
The bacteriophage-expressed protein was inoculated into hens as a synthetic peptide
and as expressed on the bacteriophage in a small-scale vaccine trial, where antibody
responses were monitored.
Outcomes
A peptide was identified which had antigenic similarity with the BLS protein. Hens
inoculated with a synthetic preparation of this peptide demonstrated increased
antibody titres to the peptide following inoculation. This increase in antibody titre
was not observed in hens inoculated with the peptide expressed on the
bacteriophage. No BLS protein was produced in the insect cell culture system.
Implications
This project showed that the bacteriophage system selected peptides with antigenic
similarity to the BLS protein. The vaccine study also showed encouraging antibody
responses in the synthetic peptide inoculated birds. Future work should determine if
the vaccinated birds demonstrate an improved ability to clear BLS viral infection.
The peptide vaccine may represent a more cost-effective means of BLS vaccine
production.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
10
Project Title
The development of effective immunisation strategies
against Marek’s disease
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
RMI-6J
Prof Greg Tannock
RMIT University
Virology Laboratory
PO Box 71
BUNDOORA VIC 3083
(03) 9925 7142
(03) 9925 7110
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Background
To improve the performance of existing Marek’s disease vaccines using suitable
adjuvants.
To characterise MDV strains after adaptation to continuous cell lines.
To develop a MDV serotype 1 specific probe to use in a dot-blot hybridisation
technique.
For almost 30 years, Marek’s disease (MD) has been largely controlled by the use of
intensive vaccination with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), either alone or in
combination. However, in recent years HVT vaccines have shown to be much less
effective against emerging field strains of MDV of increasing virulence.
Adjuvants are used to improve the immunogenicity of a vaccine without increasing
the amount of infectious virus in the vaccine. An adjuvant enhancing the
performance of the HVT vaccine would be a value-added benefit to a cheap and
readily available existing vaccine.
The adaptation of MDVs to growth in a continuous cell line could be useful for
vaccine production, compared with the labour and reagent intensive CEF cultures
that are currently used.
Because of limitations associated with current detection techniques for MDV
serotype 1 virus, a MDV1 specific probe used in a rapid identification assay which is
less expensive and more specific than those currently available, would be very useful
for field diagnosis and important in vaccine evaluation.
Research
Commercial broiler chickens were used to assess the possible role of γ-inulin as an
adjuvant to improve the efficiency of HVT vaccination against MD. Chickens were
administered vaccine with or without γ-inulin using three vaccination procedures: (i)
in-ovo, by Inovoject®, (ii) in ovo by hand, or (iii) subcutaneously (sc) at day old.
All birds were challenged with a virulent MDV 1 challenge virus at three days of
age. Effective vaccination by HVT was assessed by the development of viraemia.
HVT and MDV1 were adapted to the Vero continuous cell line (Jaikumar, 2001) and
were characterised by immunological and molecular techniques.
A probe labelled with digoxigenin (DIG) was developed for the detection of MDV 1
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
11
by dot-blot hybridisation. The probe was labelled by the incorporation of DIG in a
PCR reaction product that consisted of the amplified 132 bp repeat located within
the inverted repeat long region of the MDV 1 genome. The sensitivity and
specificity of virus isolation and dot-blot hybridisation were compared with PCR,
which was used as the reference procedure.
Outcomes
In the vaccination trial, MD was present in all treatment groups but its incidence in
groups treated with γ-inulin was not significantly different from non-treated groups.
Differences in the percentages of MD in groups administered γ-inulin using the
Inovoject® method or sc at day 1 were also non-significant. No adverse effects due
to γ-inulin were noted in any group.
HVT grew more rapidly and produced more extensive CPE and higher virus yields
in Vero cell lines than MDV1. When the genome of adapted serotype 1 viruses was
examined, an expansion of the 132 bp DR sequence indicated that the infected cell
line contained serotype 1 MDV DNA. The presence of intact DNA with a size of
approximately 180 kb in both serotype 1- and HVT-infected Vero cells after
isolation and characterisation indicated that whole copies of both types of DNA were
present and provided further evidence for adaptation to growth of the serotype 1
virus. This is the first report of the growth of either virus in a continuous line.
Highest sensitivity rates were achieved by dot-blot hybridisation using the 132 bp
PCR probe, compared with virus isolation and identification by immunoperoxidase
or immunofluorescence. Despite their much lower sensitivity, higher specificity was
obtained by both culture detection methods than for the dot-blot hybridization
Implications
This project has shown that γ-inulin did not appear to function as an adjuvant when
administered with HVT vaccine. The presence of intact DNA with a size of
approximately 180 kb in both serotype 1- and HVT-infected Vero cells after
isolation and subsequent analysis in a pulsed-field gel indicates that whole copies of
both types of DNA were present and provides further support for adaptation to
growth of the serotype 1 virus, thus would be useful for new and improved vaccine
production procedures.
The dot-blot hybridisation technique using the DIG-labelled probe specific for MDV
1 was shown to be potentially very useful as a rapid and economical test to detect
MDV.
Publications
Cipriani, T. L. (2000) The development of two digoxigenin-labelled probes for the
detection of Marek’s disease virus by dot-blot hybridisation. B. App.Sc.Honours
Thesis.
Jaikumar, D. (1998) Propagation and molecular characterisation of Marek’s disease
virus. Master of App.Sc. Thesis.
Jaikumar, D. (2001) Adaptation of Marek’s disease virus to the Vero continuous cell
line. Veterinary Microbiology 70, 75-82.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
12
Project Title
Characterisation of very virulent Australian isolates of
Marek’s disease virus
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
RMI-8J
Prof Greg Tannock
RMIT University
Virology Laboratory
PO Box 71
BUNDOORA VIC 3083
(03) 9925 7142
(03) 9925 7110
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
To collect and maintain a repository of serotype 1 strains of Marek’s disease
virus (MDV) representative of Australia and to characterise them for future
reference.
To determine optimum methods for standardising Marek’s disease (MD)
vaccines.
To prepare and maintain reference preparations of NDV for use in vaccine
assays.
To provide an independent, reliable vaccine assay facility for use by Australian
vaccine manufacturers in harmony with requirements set by NATA.
To continually maintain and supply MDV challenge preparations for use by the
industry.
Background
MD is currently a significant economic problem for the Australian chicken industry.
Current, locally developed vaccines appear to provide very little protection against
recently isolated very virulent strains of MDV. The availability of new vaccines
increases the need for a reliable assay system to evaluate their effectiveness.
Previously, vaccine assays were carried out by individual manufacturers without
access to standard reference preparations. A repository will allow study trends in the
evolution of MDV to be studied.
Research
Blood samples were collected from flocks in different parts of the country that have
been experiencing MD losses. These samples were screened for the presence of
serotype 1 MDV. Positive samples were stored in liquid nitrogen for future
reference.
In consultation with vaccine manufacturers and industry representatives, the
Virology Laboratory set up a vaccine assay facility and is seeking accreditation with
the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA). During the establishment
phase of the assay, a nominal cell count and virus titre, with maximum and
minimum limits, were set for two reference preparations and were revised after their
substantial use to monitor the stability of the assay.
Studies were carried out in response to industry concerns about possible losses to
vaccine potency from the widely used practice of using chilled diluent whilst
administering vaccines. Another study assessed the differences between operators
whilst performing vaccine assays.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
13
Outcomes
Some 300 blood samples were collected, of which 86 were positive for serotype 1
MDV. Characterisation studies did not commence within the project’s time frame.
However, despite their pre-characterisation status, the samples remain as a viable
repository of MDV isolates and will be available for comparative purposes in the
future.
A liquid overlay procedure was adopted for the vaccine assay and over 1000 assays
have been conducted since the establishment of the facility in January 1998. Few
manufacturers have used the facility despite its availability to all Australian
manufacturers. An impending move to a new purpose-built facility and its audit,
will take place before registration with NATA.
The revised cell count and virus titre results indicated the stability of each reference
preparation and thus validated the nominal virus titres used throughout the assay
procedure. The use of diluent held at room temperature substantially decreases virus
titre loss (as opposed to holding diluent at 4°C). Therefore, it is critical to maintain
diluent at room temperature whilst administrating MD vaccines to maintain their
potency. Differences in vaccine titre of parallel assays of two operators were non
significant and, consequently, did not affect the assay result.
Publications
Two presentations on the functions of the vaccine assay facility were given at
meetings of the Australian Veterinary Poultry Association at Surfers’ Paradise in
April 1999 and the Victorian Poultry Health and Welfare Liaison Group in
September 1999.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
14
Project Title
Candidate vaccine antigens against Pasteurella multocida
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UMO-21A
Prof Ben Adler
Monash University
Department of Microbiology
Wellington Road
CLAYTON VIC 3800
(03) 9905 4815
(03) 9905 4811
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
To evaluate the potential of genes of Pasteurella multocida as candidates for
attenuating mutations for the construction of live vaccines.
To assess the capacity of expressed recombinant antigens to protect against
infection in chickens.
To make recommendations with respect to vaccine choice and development
against fowl cholera.
Background
Fowl cholera caused by infection with the bacteria P. multocida is a cause of
economic loss in the poultry industry in Australia and other countries. Available
vaccines are undefined, empirically derived and of variable efficacy. There is a lack
of knowledge of the basic mechanisms of immunity and pathogenesis (ability to
cause disease) in P. multocida infections.
Research
Several candidate antigens of P. multocida were expressed in recombinant form,
purified and then tested for their ability to stimulate immunity against infection in
the mouse model and in the natural chicken host. The outer-most component of the
bacterial surface (termed the capsule) is critical in allowing bacteria to cause
infection. The role of capsule in P. multocida infection and immunity was evaluated
by the construction of defined acapsular mutants.
Outcomes
Levels of immunity varied widely depending upon the antigen studied. The best
prospect for a vaccine antigen appears to be the outer membrane protein Oma87. The
capsule of P. multocida was shown to be a key virulence factor. Immunity could be
stimulated by acapsular bacteria, indicating that recombinant vaccines based on
protein antigens are feasible.
Implications
The project has shown that it is possible to stimulate protective immunity against
fowl cholera with either recombinant outer membrane proteins or with genetically
attenuated bacteria. Further research is required for detailed evaluation of these
approaches.
Publications
Hunt, M.L., Boucher, D.J., Boyce, J.D. and Adler, B. (2001) In vivo expressed genes
of Pasteurella multocida. Infect. Immun. In Press.
Chung, J.Y., Wilkie, I., Boyce, J.D., Townsend, K.M., Frost, A.J. and Adler, B.
(2001) The role of capsule in the pathogenesis of fowl cholera caused by
Pasteurella multocida serogroup A. Infect. Immun. In Press.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
15
Boyce, J.D. and Adler, B. (2001) Acapsular Pasteurella multocida B:2 can stimulate
protective immunity against pasteurellosis. Infect. Immun. 69, 1943-1946.
Townsend, K.M., Chung, J.Y., Boyce, J.D., Frost, A.J. and Adler, B. (2001) Genetic
organisation of all Pasteurella multocida cap loci and its application in the
development of a multiplex PCR typing system. J Clin Microbiol. In Press.
Hunt, M.L., Cox, A.J., Ruffolo, C.G., Rajakumar, K. and Adler, B. (2000)
Characterisation of a Pasteurella multocida esterase gene which confers a
haemolytic phenotype in Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions. FEMS
Microbiol. Lett. 192, 249-256.
Boyce, J.D. and Adler, B. (2000) The role of capsule in the pathogenesis of
Pasteurella multocida B:2. Infect. Immun., 68, 3463-3468.
Boyce, J.D., Chung, J.Y. and Adler, B. (2000) Pasteurella multocida capsule:
composition, function and genetics. J Biotechnol. 83, 153-160.
Boyce, J.D., Chung, J.Y. and Adler, B. (2000) Genetic organisation of the capsule
biosynthetic locus of Pasteurella multocida M1404 (B:2). Vet Microbiol., 72,
121-134.
Mitchison, M., Wei, L., Kwang, J., Wilkie, I. and Adler, B. (2000) Overexpression
and immunogenicity of the Oma87 outer membrane protein of Pasteurella
multocida. Vet Microbiol., 72, 91-96.
Doughty, S.W., Ruffolo, C.G. and Adler, B. (2000) The type 4 fimbrial subunit
gene of Pasteurella multocida, Vet Microbiol., 72, 79-90.
Cox, A., Ruffolo, C.G. and Adler, B. (2000) A Pasteurella multocida gene, ahpA,
which confers haemolytic phenotype upon Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol., 72,
135-152.
Hunt, M.L., Adler, B. and Townsend, K.M. (2000) The molecular biology of
Pasteurella multocida. Vet Microbiol., 72, 3-25.
Adler, B., Bulach, D., Chung, J., Doughty, S., Hunt, M., Rajakumar, K., Serrano,
M., van Zanden, A., Zhang, Y. and Ruffolo, C. (1999) Candidate vaccine
antigens and genes in Pasteurella multocida. J Biotechnol., 73, 83-90.
Chung, J.Y., Zhang, Y., Adler, B. (1998) The capsule biosynthetic locus of
Pasteurella multocida A:1. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 166, 289-296.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
16
Project Title
Effects of enzymes on gut microbial status in broiler
chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNE-70A
Dr Mingan Choct
University of New England
School of Rural Science and Natural Resources - Animal Science
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
(02) 6773 5121
(02) 6773 3275
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
Broilers fed diets based on viscous grains such as wheat and barley appear to be
more prone to necrotic enteritis than those fed non-viscous cereals such as corn and
sorghum. It is hypothesised that the soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)
create a gut environment which encourages the proliferation of Clostridium
perfringens, the causative agent for necrotic enteritis. Degradation of the NSP using
enzymes thus may disrupt this environment, leading to reduced risk of necrotic
enteritis outbreak.
Research
A number of experiments was conducted to induce necrotic enteritis under
experimental conditions and to examine the effect of xylanase supplementation on
the gut microflora, including C. perfringens in broilers fed wheat based diets.
Outcomes
Introduction of a low metabolisable energy (ME) wheat diet at the end of the starter
phase of broilers led to a large increase in the number of C. perfringens.
To identify opportunities for using commercial enzymes in broilers to modify
gut microbial status in a beneficial way to the host, in particular, in reduction of
Clostridium perfringens.
Xylanase supplementation markedly reduced the number of C. perfringens both in
the ileum and the caeca.
An experimental model system to induce necrotic enteritis required inoculation of
both Eimeria spp and C. perfringens. The success rate of such a model was at best
60%.
Implications
Change of diet at the end of the starter phase without antibiotics will leave the birds
highly susceptible to an outbreak of necrotic enteritis. Use of appropriate enzymes
may alleviate this problem should restrictions on the use of antibiotics in feed be
implemented.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
17
Project Title
Postgraduate scholarship – David Witcombe: Production
and characterisation of recombinant antigens of Eimeria
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email :
UTS-3J
Mr David Witcombe and Nicholas Smith
University of Technology
Molecular Parasitology Unit
Dept of Cell and Molecular Biology
PO Box 123
BROADWAY NSW 2007
(02) 9514 4013
(02) 9514 4026
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
Background
To prepare recombinant versions of a putative subunit vaccine candidate from
Eimeria, the 230 kDa merozoite protein.
To explore the potential molecular relationships between this protein and
gametocyte proteins of Eimeria.
To determine the importance of glycosylation of these proteins for induction of
immunity.
To determine how the genes encoding these antigens are organised and
expressed in the genome and whether they undergo antigenic variation or
diversification.
To assess whether combination immunoprophylaxis (eg vaccination with
merozoite and gametocyte antigens) is more efficacious than vaccination with
antigens from one developmental stage alone.
Coccidiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite, Eimeria, is a major pathogenic
disease of poultry worldwide. Coccidiosis costs the poultry industry internationally
over $1 billion per year. The resistance of the parasite to anticoccidials, the high cost
of development of new anticoccidials and the demands by the public for chemicalfree meat drive the quest for a vaccine to control coccidiosis.
Young chickens are protected against Eimeria by the transfer of antibodies from
their mothers into the egg yolk, which is absorbed by hatchlings. These maternal
antibodies have been used to identify proteins for inclusion in a vaccine.
Exploration into the molecular composition of these proteins of Eimeria will allow
deduction of the minimal components required for an effective vaccine. The
development of a maternally-delivered vaccine against coccidiosis will benefit the
poultry industry by allowing reduced use of chemotherapy, potentially effecting a
significant cost reduction and satisfying consumer demand for residue-free meat.
Research
The 230 kDa merozoite antigen of Eimeria maxima has been purified and Nterminal and internal tryptic digest amino-acid sequences determined. Using these
sequences, the genetic code for the protein has been determined. Expression and
production of recombinant proteins are underway.
The sequences of gametocyte antigens (amino acid and genetic sequences) do not
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
18
appear to be related to the sequence of the 230kDa protein.
There are several potential glycosylation sites in the 230 kDa merozoite protein.
Similar sequences appear to be found in several species of Eimeria.
Immunogenicity and efficacy trials using purified native and recombinant versions
of the 230 kDa E. maxima merozoite protein will commence shortly.
Implications
The results obtained to date suggest that the 230 kDa protein of E. maxima is a
stage-specific molecule (found in asexual stages only). However, the observation
that this protein is present in more than one species of Eimeria suggests that it has
some conserved and important function in the development of the parasite.
Therefore, it is a logical target for use in a subunit vaccine against coccidiosis.
Publications
Witcombe, D., Belli, S., Wallach, M. and Smith, N. (2000) Western blot analyses
and purification of an immunodominant asexual stage protein from Eimeria
maxima. New Zealand and Australian Societies for Parasitology, Annual
Scientific and General Meeting, Wellington, September.
Belli, S., Witcombe, D., Padula, M., Wallach, M. and Smith, N. (1999) The use of
SDS-PAGE and 2-D PAGE in the analysis of parasite derived antigens.
Australian Electrophoresis Society Sixth Annual Conference, Melbourne,
October.
Witcombe, D., Belli, S., Wallach, M. and Smith, N. (1999) Characterisation of an
immunodominant merozoite antigen from Eimeria maxima. Vaccines Against
Animal Coccidioses, Interlaken, Switzerland, November.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
19
Bird Nutrition and Feed Supply
Project Title
Premium Grains for Livestock Program
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
GRD-1J
Dr John Black
John L Black Consulting
Locked Bag 21
WARRIMOO NSW 2774
(02) 4753 6231
(02) 4753 6295
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Background
To identify the reasons for and magnitude of differences between grains in their
nutritional value for ruminants, pigs and poultry so that improvements in grain
quality can be achieved by plant breeding and through grain processing and
storage.
To develop rapid tests, suitable for the site of grain receipt and/or use, to
measure the nutritional value of grains so that they can be priced in accordance
with their suitability as an animal feed.
To develop a computer simulation model for ruminants to predict accurately the
consequences of grain characteristics and of grain processing and storage on the
productivity of feedlot cattle.
The Program involved collaborative funding from the Grains, Pig and Dairy R&D
Corporations, Meat and Livestock Australia and the Chicken Meat and Egg
Programs of RIRDC.
The Program is expected to improve the quality of grains available to the animal
industries and to provide a more rational basis for trading feed grains based on
measurement of the nutritional characteristics of grains determining their quality for
different livestock enterprises.
Research
Over 2000 grain samples covering the widest possible range in chemical and
physical characteristics that may influence animal performance have been collected.
The samples have been derived from germplasm collections, plant breeders,
specially grown crops and commercial grains suspected of having extremes in
nutritional values because of severe drought, frost damage or germination. All
samples collected have been scanned with near infrared spectrometry (NIR).
Approximately 115 analyses of chemical and physical characteristics thought to
influence nutritional value have been conducted on all grains fed to animals. These
involved analyses for individual carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid
components, α- and β-amylase and anti-nutritional factors such as lectins, tannins
and phytic acid. Physical properties included measurement of grain weight,
hydration capacity, seed colour, seed diameter, seed size distribution, seed hardness
index and profile, and the viscosity of whole grain, starch extract and acid soluble
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
20
extract. Light and electron microscopy has been used to examine the physical
structure of some grains that differ markedly in their nutritional value.
Many grains, including all those fed to animals have been examined using in vitro
systems simulating both rumen fermentation and intestinal digestion. These analyses
have been extremely useful for identifying grains that potentially have large
differences in nutritional value for different classes of livestock and for screening
potential processing procedures. A relatively small number of grains (approximately
100) covering the range identified in chemical and physical characteristics have been
fed to sheep, cattle, pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens to determine the digestion
of energy, individual grain compounds and, in some animal species, amino acids.
The effects of processing and storage on the nutritional value of grain for different
animal species have been evaluated using the in vitro systems.
Development of rapid and accurate analytical tests for measuring the most important
chemical and physical characteristics that determine nutritional value of feed grains
has commenced. Preliminary analyses using NIR have been developed for
predicting the digestible energy content of grains for pigs, apparent metabolisable
energy (AME) for broiler chickens and whole animal dry-matter digestibility for
sheep. In addition, NIR procedures have been used for predicting the major
chemical components of grains and for predicting the in vitro digestion of various
grain components.
Outcomes
Results show that there is a wide variation in energy availability both within and
between cereal grain species and between animal types. For example, the observed
range in AME (MJ/kg) for broiler chickens for the grains examined in the Program
is 15.4-16.1 for sorghum, 13.2-14.7 for wheat, 11.2-13.2 for barley, 11.2-14.4 for
triticale, 12.6-13.4 for normal oat grain and 14.6 for naked oats. Naked oats had an
AME value of 16.2 for laying hens. Sorghum has a much lower available energy
content for cattle at 9.7 MJ/kg than for pigs (14.6 MJ/kg) or broiler chickens (15.9
MJ/kg). The energy value of waxy sorghum is enhanced considerable for cattle to
13.2 MJ/kg, but there was only a marginal increase of 0.1 to 0.5 MJ/kg for pigs and
poultry.
Implications
Several hypotheses about the factors determining the nutritional value of cereal
grains for different animal types have been established and are being evaluated in the
current Project GRD-3J.
Publications
Balogun, R., Bird, S. H. and Rowe, J. B. (2000) Improving the nutritive value of
sorghum grain by germination. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 13
(supp): 160.
Bird, S. H., Rowe, J. B., Choct, M., Stachiw, S., Tyler, P. and Thompson, R. D.
(1999) In vitro fermentation of grain and enzymatic digestion of starch. Recent
Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia (Editor J. L. Corbett), 12: 53-61.
Black, J. L. (1999) Nutritional value of cereal grains for animals. Chemistry in
Australia. 66: 7-9.
Black, J. L. (1999) The Premium Grains for Livestock Program. In: The Eleventh
Australian Poultry & Feed Convention, Royal Pines Resort Gold Coast,
Australia. pp. 226-32.
Black, J. L. (2001) Variation in nutritional value of cereal grains across livestock
species. Australian Poultry Science Symposium, University of Sydney, Sydney,
Australia 13: 22-9.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
21
Choct, M., Hughes, R. J., Perez-Maldonado, R. and van Barneveld, R. J. (2001) The
metabolisable energy value of sorghum and barley for broilers and layers.
Australian Poultry Science Symposium, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
13: 39-42.
Dixon, R. M. and Stockdale, C. R. (1999) Associative effects between grains and
forages: consequences for feed utilisation. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research 50: 757-73.
Evers, A. D., Blakeney, A. B. and O’Brien, L. (1999) Cereal structure and
composition. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 629-50.
Farrell. D. J. (1999) In vivo and in vitro techniques for the assessment of the energy
content of feed grains for poultry: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research 50: 881-8.
Flinn, P. C. (2000) Current and potential use of NIR in the fodder and grain
industries: a ruminant’s perspective. In: Reading more from the spectrum, 9th
Australian Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference, Horsham, VIC, Apr 2000.
Flinn, P. C. (2000) Rapid methods for the quality assessment of grains for animal
nutrition. In: Chemical aspects of grain in human and animal nutrition., Cereal
Chemistry Division Symposium, 11th RACI Convention, Canberra, ACT, Feb
2000, p15.
Flinn, P. C., Heazlewood, P. G. and Dalton, S. L. (2000) Recent developments in
improving the prediction of digestibility of feed grains. In: 9th International
Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy Verona, Italy, Jun 1999 (in press).
Hogan, J. P. and Flinn, P. C. (1999) An assessment by in vivo methods of grain
quality for ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 843-54.
Hughes, R. J. and Choct, M. (1999) Chemical and physical characteristics of grains
related to variability in energy and amino acid availability in poultry. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 689-701.
Hughes, R. J., Choct, M. and van Barneveld, R. J. (2001) Factors influencing the
energy values of Australian cereal grains fed to broilers. Australian Poultry
Science Symposium, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 13: 30-8.
Kaiser, A. G. (1999) Increasing the utilisation of grain when fed whole to ruminants.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 737-56.
Kitessa, S., Flinn, P. C. and Irish, G. G. (1999) Comparison of methods used to
predict the in vivo digestibility of feeds in ruminants: A review. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 825-41.
Kruk, J. A. and van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Near infra-red spectrophotometry
predictions of digestible energy in cereals for pigs. In: Manipulating Pig
Production VII (submitted, Editor P. D. Cranwell) Australasian Pig Science
Association, Werribee, VIC.
Nagorka, B. N. (2000) A ruminant model to estimate the nutritive value of grains in
cattle feedlots. International Report, CSIRO CLI.
Nagorka, B. N., Gordon, G. L. R. and Dynes, R. A. (2000) Towards a more accurate
representation of fermentation in mathematical models of the rumen. Modelling
Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals (Editors McNamara, J. P., France, J. and
Beever, D. E.) CAB International, London (in press).
Moughan, P. J. (1999) In vitro techniques for the assessment of the nutritive value of
feed grains for pigs: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50:
871-9.
O’Brien, L. (1999) Genotype and environment effects on feed grain quality.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 703-19.
O’ Brien, L. (2000) Genotype and environment effects on feed grain quality. Royal
Chemical Institute, 11th National Convention, Canberra, ACT, Feb 2000.
O’Brien, L. and Blakeney, A. B. (2000) Genetic variation for components of dietary
fibre in wheat and barley grains. 11th Cereals and Bread Congress, Gold Coast,
Sept 2000.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
22
O’Brien, L. and Blakeney, A. B. (2000) Opportunities for genetically improving the
dietary fibre content of wheat and barley. International Dietary Fibre Congress,
Dublin, Ireland, May 2000.
O’Brien, L., Tredea, A. M., van Barneveld, R., Bird, S. and Rowe, J. (2000)
Genotype and environment effects on measures of feed grain quality in wheat,
barley and oats. 11th Cereals and Bread Congress, Gold Coast, Sept 2000.
Petterson, D. S., Harris, D. J., Rayner, C. J., Blakeney, A. B. and Choct, M. (1999)
Methods for the analysis of premium livestock grains. Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research 50: 775-87.
Ravindran, V. and Bryden, W. L. (1999) Amino acid availability in poultry – in vitro
and in vivo measurements. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 889908.
Rowe, J. B., Choct, M. and Pethick, D. W. (1999) Processing cereal grains for
animal feeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 721-36.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999). Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related
to variability in energy and amino acid availability in pigs: a review. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 667-87.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Controlling the nutritional quality of stockfeed
ingredients. VICTAM Feed Ingredients and Grain Processing Asia ’99.
Bangkok, Thailand, 3-5 November, 1999.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Physical and chemical contaminants in grains used in
livestock feeds. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 807-23.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Strategies for the assessment of livestock feed ingredient
quality. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 12: 63-72.
van Barneveld, R. J., Ru, Y. J., Wyatt, G. F. and Pluske, J. R. (2000) Relationship
between the ileal and faecal digestible energy content of pig diets containing
Australian barley cultivars. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (in
press).
van Barneveld, R. J., Ru, Y. J., Szarvas, S. R. and Wyatt, G. F. (1999) Range in
digestible energy and true ileal digestible lysine content of 11 barley samples. In:
Manipulating Pig Production VII (submitted, Editor P. D. Cranwell) Australasian
Pig Science Association, Werribee, VIC.
van Barneveld, S. (1999) Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related to
variability in energy and amino acid availability in ruminants: a review.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 651-66.
White, C.L. and Ashes, J. R. (1999) A review of methods for assessing the protein
value of grain fed to ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50:
855-69.
Wrigley, C. M. (1999) Potential methodologies and strategies for the rapid
assessment of feed-grain quality. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
50: 789-805.
Zarrinkalam, M. R., van Barneveld, R. J., Tivey, D. R. and Choct, M. (1999
Predicting energy availability in barley for pigs and poultry using rapidly
determined fibre content. In: Manipulating Pig Production VII (submitted, Editor
P. D. Cranwell) Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Vic.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
23
Project Title
Postgraduate scholarship- Andreas Kocher: Increasing
the nutritive value of grain legumes for poultry by use of
more efficacious enzyme systems
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNE-64A
Mr Andreas Kocher and Dr Mingan Choct
Universtiy of New England
School of Rural Sciences
ARMIDALE NSW 2350
(02) 6773 5121
(02) 6773 3275
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
Grain legumes and oilseed meals are already widely used as the main protein source
in pig and poultry diets. However, the high content of indigestible carbohydrates
such as oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in these ingredients
will reduce their nutritive value for broiler chickens. In diets based on wheat and
barley, high levels of soluble NSP raise digesta viscosity in the intestine of chickens
leading to reduced starch, protein and lipid digestion.
To investigate the effect of commercial feed enzymes on the nutritive value of
grain legumes.
The addition of commercial feed pentosanases and β-glucanases to these diets
generally results in a significant reduction in intestinal viscosity and subsequently in
an increase in growth performance. There is only limited documentation available
on the anti-nutritive effects of NSP in legumes and oilseed meals and the possible
benefits from the addition of commercial feed enzymes. The objectives of the work
reported in this PhD project were to investigate the effects of commercial feed
enzymes on the nutritive value of vegetable proteins. In particular, this study has
focused on the effects of feed enzymes on the utilisation of neutral non-starch
polysaccharides of lupins, soybean, canola and sunflower seeds.
Research
A preliminary study investigated the effects of feed enzymes designed to hydrolyse
NSP in vegetable proteins on the utilisation of NSP in a low NSP cereal (sorghum).
In four separate studies the effects of commercial enzyme products on the nutritive
value of lupins (L. angustifolius and L. albus), canola meal, sunflower meal and
soyabean meal were investigated. These studies were designed to determine the
effects of enzyme addition on the performance and nutrient utilisation of broilers, as
well as on the composition of NSP in the jejunum and ileum of broilers fed diets
containing a minimum of 35% legumes with or without enzyme supplementations.
Outcomes
The addition of commercial feed enzymes designed to utilise NSP of legumes had no
effects on broiler performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and the
composition of NSP in the intestine of broilers fed a sorghum/casein basal diet. It
was concluded that, in future experiments, any differences between diets with or
without enzymes would be entirely due to the vegetable protein component.
In diets with L. Angustifolius the addition of enzymes with a high level of
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
24
polygalacturonase activity significantly (P<0.001) raised digesta viscosity and
increased the concentration of soluble NSP in all sections of the intestine. The
structures of NSP isolates from ileal digesta were characterised using size-exclusion
chromatography and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The structural composition of isolates
obtained from diets with or without enzyme supplementation revealed that the
enzyme solubilised parts of the pectic backbone, most likely the main pectic
polymer, rhamnogalacturonan in lupins. The actual cleavage point of the enzyme
was found to be in the less branched regions of the pectic backbone.
Enzymes tended to reduce the water-soluble NSP fraction in the upper intestine of
broilers fed diets high in canola meal, sunflower meal and soya bean meal.
However, only the addition of these enzymes at a very high dosage (five times the
recommended dosage) led to a significant (p<0.05) improvement in AME and
nutrient digestibility. Benefits of enzyme addition to commercially formulated
broiler diets with high levels of canola meal were found in improved drip loss, dress
yield and breast meat.
Implications
Commercial feed enzymes with increased polygalacturonase activities have
noticeable effects on the carbohydrate components of the vegetable proteins.
However, actual commercial benefits were only evident when enzymes were added
at very high dosage level (five times the recommended dosage).
The results of this project demonstrated that soluble NSP of vegetable proteins do
not exhibit strong anti-nutritive effects and can be largely utilised throughout the gut
by microbial digestion. The benefit of feed enzyme addition lies in the increase in
efficiency of using NSP as energy sources in broiler diets. The depolymerisation of
pectins by exogenous enzymes in the upper intestine will give the bird access to
intracellular entrapped nutrients as well as provide a more efficient energy
utilisation.
Publications
Kocher, A., Hughes, R.J., Choct, M. and Broz, J. (2000) Effect of food enzyme
addition on utilisation of lupin carbohydrates by broilers. British Poultry
Science, 41: 75-82.
Kocher, A. and Choct, M. (2000) Enzyme supplementation of diets containing high
levels of legumes. Proceedings of the 12th Australian Poultry Science
Symposium, 12: 159-163.
Kocher, A. and Choct, M. (2000) Lupin non-starch polysaccharides: Utilisation by
chickens in the presence of feed enzymes. Dietary Fibre 2000, Dublin Ireland, p.
105.
Choct, M. and Kocher, A. (2000) Use of enzymes in non-cereal grain feedstuff.
Proceedings of the World Poultry Science Congress, 11: S1.10.04.
Choct, M. and Kocher, A. (2000) Non-starch polysaccharides: Digestion and its
secondary effects in monogastrics. Proceedings of the 24th annual scientific
meeting of the Nutrition Society of Australia, 24: 31-38.
Kocher, A., Choct M., Porter, M.D. and Broz, J. (2000) The effects of enzyme
addition to broiler diets containing high levels of canola and sunflower meal.
Poultry Science, 79: 1767-1774.
Kocher, A. and Choct, M. (2001) Do enzymes improve the nutritive value of
soybeans in broiler diets? Proceedings of the 13th Australian Poultry Science
Symposium 13:204-207.
Kocher, A., Choct, M., Morrisroe, L. and Broz, J. (2001) Effects of enzyme
supplementation on the replacement value of canola meal for soybean meal in
broiler diets. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54: 447-452.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
25
Kocher, A., Choct, M., Porter, M.D. and Broz, J. (2001) Effect of food enzyme
addition on utilisation of soybean carbohydrates by broiler. British Poultry
Science, (in press).
Kocher, A. (2001) Enzymatic Degradation of Non-Starch Polysaccharides in
Vegetable Proteins in Poultry Diets. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in
Australia ‘2001 (in press).
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
26
Project Title
Postgraduate scholarship – Ron Newman: Manipulation of
lean tissue deposition in broiler chickens by altering the
sensitivity of tissues to insulin
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
US-68A
Mr Ron Newman and A/Prof Wayne L Bryden
University of Sydney
Department of Animal Science
Werombi Road
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4655 0658
(02) 4655 0693
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
The selection for rapid growth of the modern broiler strains has been accompanied
by increased fat deposition. Glucose-insulin balance has been suggested as the main
reason for the increased adiposity in broilers. It has been shown that dietary fatty
acid profile can alter adiposity in mammals by changing tissue insulin sensitivity and
this was studied in birds in the project.
Research
Studies were designed to examine the effects of n-3 (fish oil) and n-6 (sunflower oil)
polyunsaturated fatty acids in comparison to a saturated fat (tallow) on physiological
and morphological characteristics of broilers.
Outcomes
Research undertaken showed that broilers fed either of the polyunsaturated fats (fish
or sunflower oils) had a significant reduction in fat pad mass and an increase in
breast muscle weight compared to broilers fed tallow. The changes in body
composition were without penalty on weight gain and feed conversion efficiency.
The n-3 and n-6 fats achieved reduced lipid deposition through different
mechanisms.
Implications
The project has shown that simple dietary manipulation can alter carcass
composition and potentially have a positive impact on the economics of broiler
production, especially the further processing trade. Further studies are required to
determine the optimal fatty acid or combination of fatty acids that reduce lipid
deposition.
Publications
Newman, R.E., Downing, J.A., Dehon, J.A. and Bryden, W.L. (1998) Manipulation
of glucose metabolism in the broiler chicken with dietary fatty acids. Proc. Aust.
Poult. Sci. Symp. 10: 210.
Newman, R.E., Downing, J.A., Bryden, W.L., Fleck, E., Buttemer, W.A. and
Storlien, L.H. (1998) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 and the n-6
series reduce abdominal fat in the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Proc. Nutr. Soc.
Aust. 22: 54.
To investigate strategies, based on altering the fatty acid composition of the diet,
for reducing fat deposition and increasing lean meat deposition in broilers.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
27
Newman, R.E., Downing, J.A., Jackson, C.M. and Bryden, W.L. (1999) Differences
in glucose metabolism between broiler and layer chickens. Proc. Aust. Poult. Sci.
Symp. 11: 164.
Newman, R.E., Fleck, E., Downing, J.A., Ashes, J.R., Storlien, L.H. and Bryden,
W.L. (1999) Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alter avian glucose
metabolism. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 23: 62.
Bryden, W.L., Newman, R.E. and Downing, J.A. (1999) The changing role of fat in
poultry nutrition. 4th Technical Symposia, Novus International, Leura, NSW,
pp.10.
Newman, R.E. (1999) Manipulation of growth in animals and poultry. 40th
Anniversary Seminar, Poultry Research Foundation, University of Sydney, p. 9.
Newman, R.E., Downing, J.A., Storlien, L.H., Fleck, E., Ashes, J.A. and Bryden,
W.L. (2000) Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids alter pituitary sensitivity to GHRH
infusion but not to LFRH infusion in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus).
Proc. AAAP-ASAP 2000 Congress, Sydney. (In press).
Newman, R.E., Downing, J.A., Storlien, L.H., Fleck, E., Ashes, J.A. and Bryden,
W.L. (2000) Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids alter pituitary sensitivity to GHRH
infustion but not to LHRH infusion in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus).
Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. (Supplement A) 13: 213.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
28
Food Safety
Project Title
Risk factors for Campylobacter spp. in Australian broilers
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-245A
Ms Jeanette Miflin
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Animal Research Institute
Locked Mail Bag No 4
MOOROOKA QLD 4105
(07) 3362 9520
(07) 3362 9429
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
Campylobacter spp. are a major human health concern, as they are the leading cause
of food-borne gastroenteritis in Australia. Raw or undercooked poultry meat is
considered to be an important source of human infection. In order to control the level
of contamination of poultry products, the industry needs to understand when and
how campylobacters gain access to poultry flocks.
Research
A survey of 56 broiler farms was conducted to determine the prevalence of
Campylobacter spp. prior to partial depopulation. Longitudinal studies were then
undertaken to address questions relating to source and spread of Campylobacter
colonisation within broiler flocks. Study farms were sampled weekly or more
frequently from placement until final slaughter. Samples were collected from
chickens (23,465) as well as from potential sources inside and outside the shed.
Isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli were subjected to a DNA typing procedure (flaA
typing).
Outcomes
More than 50% of farms were Campylobacter-free until partial depopulation. When
farms became colonised before partial depopulation, first positive samples were only
detected when the chickens were 24 days or older. The within-shed rate of spread
was rapid, with the number of positive samples increasing from 1/100 to 99/100
within three days. Vertical transmission from broiler breeders to day-old chicks did
not occur.
To reduce the levels of Campylobacter spp. in Australian broilers by the
development of on-farm HACCP plans that are based on risk factors relevant to
Australian conditions.
Within-shed sources such as drinking water and darkling beetles were not the
primary source of introduction to the flock, although they were important agents of
spread within the flock. Litter re-use from batch to batch may have played a role in
carryover of the organism in some instances.
Multiple sources of the organism external to the shed were identified. Waterbirds,
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
29
mice and domestic animals (cattle and sheep) were shown to carry C. jejuni.
The use of flaA typing provided conclusive proof that crates used at partial
depopulation introduced the organism to previously negative flocks.
Farms with good biosecurity can maintain Campylobacter-free status at least to
partial depopulation. During the course of the study, three farms remained
Campylobacter-free to final slaughter. The project demonstrated that good
biosecurity (in particular the use of properly maintained footbaths), and good crate
cleaning procedures, can prevent C. jejuni colonisation of broiler flocks under
Australian production conditions.
Implications
It is possible for Australian growers to produce Campylobacter-free chickens
provided that adequate on-farm biosecurity is maintained and that pick-up crates are
free of contamination.
Publications
Miflin, J.K. (1999) Prevalence of, and risk factors for, Campylobacter in meat
chickens. Food Safety Risk Analysis Workshop for Primary Industries, Canberra.
Miflin, J.K, Blackall, P.J. and More, S.J. (1999) Preliminary epidemiological studies
on Campylobacter spp. in meat chickens in Queensland, Australia. 10th
International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms,
Baltimore, USA.
Miflin, J.K. and More, S.J. (2000) Campylobacter and the meat chicken industry.
Poultry Information Exchange, Gold Coast, Queensland.
Miflin, J.K., Templeton, J.M. and More, S.J. (2000) The epidemiology of
Campylobacter spp. in poultry. Scientific Meeting, Australian Veterinary Poultry
Association, Gold Coast, Queensland.
Miflin, J.K. and More, S.J. (2000) Campylobacters, poultry and people. Annual
Scientific Meeting, Australian Society for Microbiology, Cairns, Queensland.
Miflin, J.K., Templeton, J.M. and More, S.J. (2000) Longitudinal studies of
Campylobacter spp. on broiler farms in South East Queensland. Queensland
Poultry Science Symposium, Gatton, Queensland.
Miflin, J.K., Templeton, J.M. and More, S.J. (2001) Epidemiological studies of
Campylobacter colonisation of broiler flocks in South East Queensland.
Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
30
Project Title
Molecular basis of benign colonisation of Salmonella Sofia
in chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
IMVS-1A
Dr Michael Heuzenroeder, Mr Christopher Murray, Ms Rina Dalcin and
Dr Mary Barton
Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science
Infectious Diseases Laboratories
Box 14 Rundle Mall P.O.
ADELAIDE SA 5000
(08) 8222 3275
(08) 8222 3543
[email protected]
Objectives
•
Organisation:
•
•
To continue to offer to industry the conventional and molecular typing service
developed in the course of previous RIRDC projects.
To evaluate Salmonella Sofia strains that have been characterised genetically
(ie. rationally chosen) for their ability to colonise and competitively exclude
virulent serovars eg. Typhimurium.
To identify the bacterial factors involved in the efficient colonisation of
chickens by S Sofia and to genetically characterise them by DNA sequence
analysis.
Background
Contamination of poultry products by Salmonella can cause public health problems.
Because of this challenge, the development of rapid typing methods for Salmonella
in conjunction with classical methods was initiated. Molecular methods offer
greater discriminating power between human and poultry isolates for
epidemiological studies of disease transmission. It had also been observed that
Salmonella Sofia has become the major isolate from chickens, but is rarely seen in
humans. This suggests that this organism is non disease causing and could be
naturally excluding disease causing Salmonella from chickens.
Research
Conventional and molecular typing methods (pulsed field gel electrophoresis or
PFGE) were used to process relevant isolates from industry sources for monitoring
of Salmonella in chicken flocks. S. Sofia strains able to colonise chickens for
extended periods (up to 36 days) were identified. It was shown that S. Sofia strain
MH76 could co-colonise chickens with S. Typhimurium but not exclude it. The
mechanism of colonisation of chickens by S. Sofia is most probably determined by
factors on the bacterial cell surface. DNA sequences potentially encoding genes for
colonisation factors may explain the ability of S. Sofia to colonise chickens.
Outcomes
Other than for the observation that S. Virchow is being found with increasing
frequency in the southern states, the distribution of other serovars remains largely
unchanged. S. Sofia does not appear as a competitive exclusion agent for some
pathogenic Salmonella. S. Sofia strain MH76 has been identified as a strain that
could be a potential carrier for antibacterial products. Novel genes for colonisation
factors in S. Sofia have also been identified.
Implications
Epidemiological and scientific evidence continues to support the notion that S. Sofia,
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
31
which remains the most common Salmonella colonising chickens used for chicken
meat production, is of low virulence to humans. The discovery of a gene not
predicted to be present in a S. Sofia is very interesting. These genes encode factors
implicated in the invasion of the lymphoid tissue in the gut by virulent Salmonella. It
could be hypothesised that the presence of these genes may partially explain the
continued colonisation of Australian chickens with S. Sofia.
Publications
Heuzenroeder, M.W. (1998) Salmonella Sofia Colonisation Factors. Australian
Veterinary Poultry Association Seminar Series. Surfers Paradise, 22-23rd April
1998.
Heuzenroeder M.W. et al. (1998) Molecular typing of Salmonella. Is there a phage
in the ointment? Proceedings of the Fourth Asia Pacific Poultry Health
Conference, page 144 Melbourne 1998
Heuzenroeder, M.W. (2000) Beneficial Salmonella Sofia colonisation of Australian
chickens? Society for Applied Microbiology News 1:32 March 2000
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
32
Project Title
Use of avirulent Campylobacter jejuni strains to control
poultry-derived campylobacter food poisoning
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
RMI-7A
Dr V Korolik* and Professor PJ Coloe
RMIT University
Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology
GPO Box 2476V
MELBOURNE VIC 3001
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Internet:
*Griffith University
School of Health Science
PMB 50
GOLD COAST MAIL CENTRE QLD 9726
(07) 5594 8321
(07) 5594 8908
[email protected]
http://www.gu.edu.au/home/home.html
Objectives
•
•
To detect and identify those strains of Campylobacter jejuni that colonise
chickens but do not constitute a disease problem in humans.
To identify or construct a selection of non-virulent strains which are able to
colonise chickens, but not cause disease and to fully characterise those strains
and test them for their ability to exclude other, potentially virulent strains.
Background
Campylobacter species are now well recognised as one of the major causes of
enteric disease in humans. Indeed Campylobacter species, in particular C jejuni, are
now the most common cause of food borne disease in the developed world and have
surpassed Salmonella and Shigella spp as causes of lost production in the workplace.
Campylobacter disease is zoonotic since the organisms are widespread in animals
and birds where, by and large, they are commensals. However, the processing of
poultry and other animal food products often leads to contamination of the end
product and consumption of undercooked meats leads to the transfer of
campylobacter disease to humans
Research
Previous work demonstrated that there are differences between strains of C.jejuni in
their ability to colonise chickens. Some strains do not colonise chickens while others
not only colonise, but are able to displace resident strains. One such strain was
shown to be a very strong coloniser of the chicken intestine, could displace other,
well established colonising campylobacters and also once established in the chicken
intestinal tract, this strain could not be displaced by other strains. A chick
colonisation model that can be used to determine the ability of isolates to colonise and
to persist in chickens and to displace other isolates had also been developed.
A range of Campylobacter strains from both humans and chickens was tested for
their ability to invade human intestinal cells in tissue culture and established a set of
characterised invasive and a set of non invasive strains.
A DNA based Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test that can detect minute
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
33
numbers of Campylobacter bacteria in faeces and on poultry destined for human
consumption was developed. The assay is quick and accurate and can be applied at
any stage in the production and marketing stage.
Outcomes
Molecular identification tests were developed to detect, identify and differentiate
C.jejuni strains from chicken and human sources. Chicken colonisation models have
been established and a super-colonising C.jejuni strain was assessed. Establishment
of characterised sets of Campylobacter strains for colonisation and invasion.
Isolation of C.jejuni virulence determinants and genes encoding invasion.
Implications
An alternative approach to total exclusion of normal flora campylobacters from
chickens is to use an avirulent strain of C.jejuni, which has been fully characterised
and which presents no danger to humans, to establish continuing infection in
chickens that does no present danger to humans.
A PCR detection test for C.jejuni was developed that could be used to quickly and
accurately to screen human faecal samples in the hospital pathology labs and chicken
flocks for presence of Campylobacter spp, differentiation of C.jejuni from other
campylobacters and to determine to which polymorphic group the strains belong.
Publications
Korolik, V., Fry, B.N., Alderton, M.R, van der Zeijst, B.A.M. and Coloe P.J. (1997)
The expression of Campylobacter hyoilei lipooligosaccharide (LOS) antigens in
Escherichia coli. Microbiology, 143: 3481-3489.
Korolik, V., and Coloe, P.J. (1997) Tummy ache bugs. 1997. Microbiology
Australia, 18:16-17.
Korolik, V., Alderton, M.R., Chang, J., Smith, S.S. and Coloe, P.J. (1998) Isolation
and molecular analysis of colonising and Non-colonising strains of
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli following experimental infection
of young chickens. Veterinary Microbiology, 60: 239-249.
Fry, B.N., Korolik, V., Pennings, M.T., ten Brinke, J.A., Coloe, P.J., and van der
Zeijst, B.A.M. (1998) Identification and characterization of the
Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis locus of Campylobacter jejuni 81116.
Microbiology 144: 2049-2061.
Korolik, V., Chang, J. and Coloe, P.J. (1998) Differences in colonisation potential
of Campylobacter jejuni strains in chickens In: Campylobacter IX. Ed: Lasovica,
AJ. and Newell, D.G. 365-368.
Fry, B.N., ten Brinke, J.A., Korolik, V. and van der Zeijst, B. (1998) The
lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis locus of Campylobacter jejuni 81116. In:
Campylobacter IX. Ed: Lasovica, AJ. and Newell, D.G. :503-508.
Lee, A., Smith, S.C., Michalski, W., Shiells, B., Korolik, V. and Coloe, P.J. (1998)
Purification and characterisation of a novel Campylobacter jejuni cytotoxin. In:
Campylobacter IX. Ed: Lasovica, AJ. and Newell, D.G. : 300-303.
Clow, K., Park, S.F., Hawtin, P.R., Korolik, V. and Newell D.G. (1998) The
genotypic and phenotypic comparison of Campylobacter jejuni strains from
poultry and humans. In: Campylobacter IX. Ed: Lasovica, AJ. and Newell, D.G. :
368-369.
Fry B.N., Yuen-Yuen Chen, S.F., Newell, D.G., Coloe, P.J. and Korolik, V. (2000)
The galE gene of Campylobacter jejuni is involved in LPS synthesis and
virulence. Infection and Immunity, 68: 2594-26091.
Fry, B.N., Oldfield, N.J., Korolik, V., Coloe, P.J. and Ketley, J.M. (2000) The
genetics of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis of Campylobacter. In:
Campylobacter 2nd Edition. Eds: I. Nachamkin and M.J. Blaser. 381-403.
ISBN: 1-55581-165-5.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
34
Smith, M.A., Finel, M., Korolik, V. and Mendz G. L. (2000) Characteristics of the
NDH-1 complex and terminal oxidases of the microaerophilic bacteria C. jejuni
and H. pylori. Archives of Biochemistry, In press.
Dep, M.S., Mendz , G.L., Smith, M.A., Coloe, P.J., Fry, B., and Korolik, V. (2000)
Differentiation between Campylobacter hyoilei and Campylobacter coli using
genotypic and phenotypic analyses. Accepted to Journal of Systematic and
Environmental Microbiology.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
35
Project Title
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from poultry
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
USA-9A
A/Prof Mary Barton
University of South Australia
School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
GPO Box 2471
ADELAIDE SA 5001
(08) 8302 2933
(08) 8302 2389
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria that can potentially cause disease in humans is of
major concern world-wide. Although most resistance relates to misuse and overuse
of antibiotics in hospitals and the community generally, there is concern about
transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria from animals to humans via the food chain or
direct contact. Some antibiotics may be withdrawn from use in animals because of
concerns about resistance and this presents some problems in the control of necrotic
enteritis in particular.
Research
Strains of salmonella, Escherichia coli, campylobacter and enterococci and
Clostridium perfringens were isolated from chicken carcass rinse samples and
chicken intestines. They were assessed for resistance against a range of antibiotics
used to treat and prevent infections in chickens and people and against some growth
promotants and coccidiostats with antibacterial activity, including those of concern
to medical authorities. Carcass rinse samples came from two company laboratories
and intestinal samples from a company processing plant. Salmonella isolates were
also obtained from a reference laboratory.
Outcomes
Antibiotic resistance was found to be quite widespread in all the isolates tested.
Overall, resistance patterns were not dissimilar to those reported overseas but
detailed comparisons are of limited value because of the differences in antibiotic use
regimes. No fluoroquinolone resistance was detected and, although not surprising as
no fluoroquinolones are registered for use in poultry or livestock, the finding was
pleasing because this is a key human antibiotic. Vancomycin resistant enterococci
(VRE) of the type predominant in Europe was found – again not unexpected as
avoparcin which selects for this type of resistance has been used in meat chickens in
Australia. The type of VRE which causes the majority of human infections in
Australia was not detected. Resistance to virginiamycin, which is closely related to
dalfopristin/quinupristin (a human antibiotic), was also detected. Clostridium
perfringens isolates were resistant to most of the growth promotant and coccidiostat
antibiotics tested.
Implications
The chicken industry needs to continue to promote responsible use of antibiotics by
companies and growers. Resistant strains of salmonella and campylobacter which
To assess the resistance to antibiotics of bacteria from chicken carcasses and to
investigate the antibiotic resistance patterns of Clostridium perfringens, the
cause of necrotic enteritis in chickens.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
36
are recognised causes of food poisoning are present in Australian chickens and,
although antibiotics are rarely used to treat food poisoning, it is not a desirable
situation for the industry. VRE are also present but numbers should decline as
avoparcin is no longer available in Australia. Virginiamycin resistance in
enterococci is a potential problem and could lend weight to the arguments of those
who would like to see it banned in animals. Antibiotic treatment is clearly not a
long-term option for control of necrotic enteritis as C. perfringens strains in this
study have already acquired resistance to most of those available. Salinomycin,
narasin and avilamycin may be useful in the short to medium term.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
37
Animal Welfare
Project Title
A welfare audit for the transport and processor sectors of
the broiler industry
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAV-162A
Dr John Barnett
Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)
Agriculture Victoria
VIAS (Animal Welfare Centre)
Private Bag 7, Sneydes Road
WERRIBEE VIC 3030
(03) 9742 0433
(03) 9742 0400
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
To provide audit documentation for the pick-up, transport and processor sectors
of the chicken meat industry and thereby complete audit documentation for all
sectors of the chicken meat industry.
To finalise draft audit documentation from previous project DAV-147A on the
hatchery, broiler, breeding and pullet rearing sectors of the chicken meat
industry, following industry consultation and feedback.
To evaluate audit documentation already completed in project DAV-147A at
commercial farms.
Background
Quality Assurance programs within the chicken meat industry predominantly focus
on animal health and food safety and there was a need, coinciding with a more
informed and demanding customer base, to expand these programs to include animal
welfare issues so that industry remains sustainable into the next century. A large
number of the issues that producers/unit managers focus on daily, including animal
health, production and food safety, also relate to animal welfare, although this
information was not previously formalised within one document. Audit
documentation provides some certainty for all staff involved, so that they, the
company, consulting veterinarians, the public and any internal or external auditors
are asking the same questions in terms of animal care. Broiler companies already
provide considerable information on maintaining high levels of animal welfare and
producers, in their daily tasks, already largely implement this information. One
purpose of this project was to put all this information together and add additional
information from the literature and experts in Australia. This project on the pick-up,
transport and processing sectors of the industry completes the industry audit
documentation. This audit for the Australian chicken meat industry is the first
comprehensive welfare audit for an industry that has been developed to cover all
sectors.
Research
The details of the audit documentation were directed and determined by a
management group including researchers and people with technical expertise in
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
38
broiler production, welfare issues in the industry, general community views on
welfare issues and legal requirements. The management group developed a set of
audit questions and supporting material relating to welfare in the commercial
environment that could be completed by a yes/no answer with appropriate
documentation for the required record keeping. The documentation was evaluated
in a study at 12 treatment and 12 control broiler farms for three batches of birds.
Outcomes
The documentation for auditing welfare for the chicken meat industry is complete. It
covers all sectors of the industry: hatchery, broilers, broiler rearers, broiler layers
and pick-up, transport and processing. It is available from RIRDC as a hard copy
and on CD-rom. The evaluation trial showed improved record keeping and lower
mortality in the first week after placement at the treatment farms, indicating the
benefits of implementing the audit process.
Implications
There are some short term and long term benefits of the project. The short term
benefits are those to be gained from advertising industry’s proactive position on
animal welfare to the community generally. The long term benefits will only be
achieved by implementation of the audit process. These benefits will include an
ability by industry to demonstrate compliance with relevant Codes of Practice and
many targets that are of a higher standard than the Codes of Practice, improvements
in compliance levels with targets over time, an ability to identify and solve problems
on individual farms and where necessary initiate industry education on specific
issues and by these actions a reassurance for the public on welfare standards within
the chicken meat industry.
Publications
Barnett, J.L. (1999) A welfare audit for the broiler industry. Final report to the Rural
Industry Research and Development Corporation, project number 147A.
Barnett, J., Glatz, P. and Almond, A. (1999) A welfare audit for the grower, hatchery
and laying sectors of the chicken meat industry in South Eastern Australia.
Proceedings South Australian Pig and Poultry Fair,Roseworthy, p. 44.
Barnett, J., Glatz, P. and Almond, A. (1999) A welfare audit for the transport and
processing sectors of the chicken meat industry – research in progress.
Proceedings South Australian Pig and Poultry Fair, Roseworthy, p. 45.
Barnett, J.L. (2000) A welfare audit for the broiler industry: A model for other
animal industries. Agriculture Victoria Institute Group Research Conference,
Poster 1-21.
Barnett, J.L. (2000) Practical lessons learned from the development of Chicken Meat
QA. Layer Hen Housing Conference (July, Gold Coast, Qld), (AFFA, Canberra),
Attachment N.
Barnett, J.L., Almond, A. and Glatz, P.C. (2000) Implementation of a broiler welfare
audit to industry. South Australian Pig and Poultry Fair, pp. 42.
Barnett, J.L., Almond, A. and Glatz, P.C. (2000) A welfare audit for the chicken
meat industry in South Eastern Australia. South Australian Pig and Poultry Fair,
pp. 41.
Barnett, J..L., Glatz, P.C. and Almond, A. (2000) A welfare audit for the broiler
industry. Proceedings Australian Poultry Science Symposium, 12: 213.
Barnett, J..L., Glatz, P.C. and Almond, A. (2000) A welfare audit for the broiler
industry: A project in progress. Poultry Information Exchange, (Poultry
Information Exchange Organising Committee, Caboolture, Queensland), pp.
195-196.
Barnett, J.L., Glatz, P.C. and Almond, A. (2001) Welfare standards comprehensive
welfare audit for the Australian broiler industry's quality assurance program.
Proceedings Australian Poultry Veterinary Association, pp. 5-6.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
39
Barnett, J.L., Glatz, P.C. and Almond, A. (2001) A welfare audit for the broiler
industry: pick-up, transport and processing. Final Report to the Rural Industries
Research and Development Corporation, project DAV-162A.
Barnett, J.L., Glatz, P.C., Almond, A., Hemsworth, P.H., Cransberg, P.H.,
Parkinson, G.B. and Jongman, E.C. (2001) A Welfare Audit for the Chicken
Meat Industry. (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation,
Canberra, Australia).
Barnett, J.L., Glatz, P.C., Almond, A., Hemsworth, P.H., Cransberg, P.H.,
Parkinson, G.B. and Jongman, E.C. (2001) A Welfare Audit for the Chicken
Meat Industry. (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation,
Canberra, Australia) (CD-rom).
Barnett, J.L., Glatz, P.C. and Almond, A. (2001) The development of a
comprehensive welfare audit for the Australian chicken meat industry and its
evaluation. Proceedings 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare,
Zollikofen, Switzerland. (in press).
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
40
Environmental Management
Project Title
Conditioning and Analysis of Broiler litter to prevent fly
breeding
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAW-94A
Dr David Cook
Agriculture Western Australia
3 Baron Hay Court
SOUTH PERTH WA 6151
(08) 9368 3250
(08) 9368 3223
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Background
To determine the critical requirements of the conditioning process needed to
prevent fly breeding in poultry litter.
To evaluate the agronomic performance of conditioned poultry litter (CPL)
relative to raw poultry litter and compost in crop production (pre and postplant).
To network key stakeholder groups to a) provide commercial input into the field
research and development of the treatment process, and b) direct communication
strategies to ensure industry usage of CPL.
The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) has become an increasingly serious economic
threat to the beef cattle and horse industries around the Perth metropolitan area.
Outbreaks of this pest have forced cattle and horse owners to either relocate or agist
their animals away from affected areas. As few as 20 flies per animal reduces daily
weight gain and disrupts marketing plans. In addition, human lifestyle has been
affected in rural residential areas.
Usage of poultry litter (poultry manure plus an organic sawdust base) as a fertilizer
and soil conditioner in horticultural crop production is a significant contributor to
both stable fly and house fly (Musca domestica L.) populations in Perth. As a
consequence of the unacceptable levels of fly breeding, application of raw poultry
litter to land in horticulture will be banned in Western Australia.
The conditioning (ie. daily watering and turning) of raw broiler litter represents a
viable, industry alternative both in terms of process requirements and cost to endusers. However, details on the conditioning process must be finalised to ensure that
no fly breeding occurs when conditioned poultry litter is used as a horticultural
fertiliser; and that conditioned poultry litter has agronomic benefits comparable to
raw broiler litter.
Research
Conditioned poultry litter (CPL) was produced over summer, winter and spring
months from litter with either a jarrah sawdust, pine sawdust or chopped straw base
and evaluated for its fly breeding potential and agronomic performance compared to
that of raw, untreated litter.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
41
Outcomes
Broiler litter conditioned over summer for 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 weeks was exposed to flies
in the field and resulted in an 80, 86, 92, 95 and 96% (respectively) reduction in
nuisance flies respectively relative to raw poultry litter. Storage of either 4, 6 or 8
week CPL for 2-8 weeks did not result in increased levels of fly breeding.
Broiler litter conditioned over winter from 4-8 weeks was exposed to flies in the
field and resulted in an 80, 86, 92, 95 and 96% reduction in nuisance flies
respectively relative to raw poultry litter. Storage of either 4, 6 or 8 week CPL for 28 weeks did not result in increased levels of fly breeding.
Broiler litter conditioned over spring from 4-8 weeks was exposed to flies in the
field and resulted in an 80, 86, 92, 95 and 96% reduction in nuisance flies
respectively relative to raw poultry litter. Storage of either 4, 6 or 8 week CPL for 28 weeks did not result in increased levels of fly breeding.
CPL manure has generally performed as well or better than equivalent applications
of raw poultry litter in ten agronomic trials on commercial properties (involving both
pre and post-plant application of CPL to vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, onions,
cauliflower and potatoes), turf and strawberries.
CPL can be used at half the currently accepted best practice rate (30 cu metres/ha)
for raw poultry litter, providing additional nitrogen is applied (20-25kg of Agran per
week). Poultry manure applications >30 cu metres/ha, did not increase yields and
actually depressed yield.
Implications
The agronomic advantages of CPL were demonstrated by this research. While
conditioning of poultry litter had a very significant impact on the numbers of
nuisance flies bred in the material (as compared to raw, untreated poultry litter), fly
breeding was not completely prevented by any conditioning treatment applied.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
42
Other
Project Title
Production of Trial Distance Learning Materials for the
Poultry Industry - Stage III
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAN-142A
Mr Geoff Creek
NSW Department of Agriculture
Murrumbidgee College of Agriculture
PMB
YANCO NSW 2703
(02) 6951 2699
(02) 6951 7580
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Background
To produce distance education material suitable for managers of chicken meat
enterprises.
To evaluate the distance learning materials.
To arrange accreditation for the distance education course ‘Commercial Meat
Chicken Management’.
The poultry industry has limited access to specialised training. Experience on the job
is the predominant method of training. Lack of adequate training may leave many
supervisors and managers ill-prepared to undertake the wide range of tasks which are
needed in a modern enterprise.
Distance learning materials allow managers and supervisors to undertake training
without leaving the workplace.
This project was undertaken to complete the development of all distance learning
materials required to finalise the course “Commercial Meat Chicken Management”.
Research
Production of these materials involved analysis of current material, confirmation of
exact training needs, development of information into tables, graphs, examples and
exercises, collection of suitable photographs and diagrams, and building these
resources into easy to use resource packs.
Information used in the material was obtained from recognised industry experts in the
relevant fields and current poultry textbooks.
Outcomes
All required modules of the distance learning materials have now been developed and
are available through Murrumbidgee College of Agriculture. The College provides
courses under the National Agriculture Training Package that has been endorsed by
the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA). The training package contains a
number of Poultry Production modules/competencies. Students who are assessed to
have successfully completed the distance learning modules can gain credit for a
number of the level three and four poultry competencies.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
43
Implications
The industry now has available to it a complete set of distance learning materials
specifically developed to improve the competencies and skills of new and existing
farm and hatchery managers/supervisors. The modules have been promoted through
a series of brochures that have been distributed widely around NSW in the first
instance, and through other channels. Industry has already begun to adopt and adapt
these materials for their own requirements. As a result, poultry supervisors now have
the opportunity to undertake formal training in specific poultry topics from their place
of employment. At the same time, as these materials are taken up by industry,
chicken meat producers will have increased access to staff who require less time for
instruction due to the availability of relevant training materials.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
44
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
Flock Health
Project Title
Detection of virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus in
chickens previously infected with Australian strains of the
virus
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-1J
01/07/97
30/06/01
Dr Harvey Westbury
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5115
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
A conventional virus capture ELISA (vELISA) for Newcastle disease virus was
developed using a specific polyclonal antiserum as the capture antibody and a
mixture of three monoclonal antibodies as the detection system. Positive/negative
levels in the test were assessed and the best target tissues in chickens infected with
virulent strains of NDV determined. These were found to be bone marrow, spleen
and kidney, though regular detection was also obtained from blood and lung
samples. The vELISA was also able to detect virulent ND virus in the tissues of
chickens immune to the disease following earlier immunisation with ND vaccine.
Immune chickens were challenged with either the virulent Herts, Texas or
Australian virulent ND virus strains. These virus strains could be detected in the
tissues of immune chickens for up to 21 days after challenge, with most detection
occurring between 4 and 10 days after challenge. The test was used on tissues of
chickens naturally infected with virulent ND virus that were collected during the
Australian epidemic. Results obtained from testing these samples were not as clearcut as those obtained with tissues from experimentally infected chickens. The
reasons for this difference are being examined.
To increase the speed, efficiency and confidence of detection of virulent strains
of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in flocks previously infected with endemic,
lentogenic strains of the virus.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
45
Project Title
Postgraduate scholarship – Ms Louise Hilton: Therapeutic
applications of cytokines in poultry
RIRDC Project No.:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-10J
06/06/99
05/06/02
Ms Louise Hilton and Dr John Lowenthal
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5759
(03) 5227 5531
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Cytokines are proteins that are naturally produced by the body’s immune system
immediately following an infection. Cytokines protect against disease by
controlling the immune response to infection or vaccination and therefore represent
excellent, naturally occurring therapeutics.
To enhance disease resistance and vaccine efficacy in poultry by
administration of cytokine therapy.
Previous poultry trials conducted by this research team have shown that treatment
with a cytokine, interferon gamma, led to improvements in health and resulted in
improved weight gains of the order of five to ten per cent. This cytokine also
helped protect birds against coccidiosis infection. It is hoped that a range of
therapeutics, using various types of cytokines, can be developed to provide
producers with an alternative to in-feed antibiotics.
This project has focused on the cytokine, chicken interleukin-2 (ChIL-2).
Biologically active recombinant ChIL-2 was produced and its effects on the
chicken immune system assessed. Tools were developed to investigate the
activities of ChIL-2, including monoclonal antibodies which are used in an ELISA
for measuring the level of this cytokine. ChIL-2 treatment of birds resulted in
proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ populations of T cells. This effect indicated
that ChIL-2 may be able to enhance cell mediated immunity, resulting in greater
protection against a variety of viral and parasitic diseases. Currently, commercial
trials are underway to study the ability of ChIL-2 to enhance vaccine efficacy in
protection against infectious bronchitis virus and coccidiosis.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
46
Project Title
Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus in
Australia
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-11J
01/06/99
30/06/02
Dr Allan Gould
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5119
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To develop a better understanding of the epidemiology of Newcastle disease
virus (NDV) within Australia.
To develop a better understanding of the mutation rates as well as disease
potential of Australian NDV isolates at the molecular level.
Investigation of isolates associated with the outbreaks of Newcastle disease in
NSW between 1998 and 2000 have shown that the progenitor virus for the outbreak
arose, not from and exotic incursion of virulent virus, but from mutation of an
avirulent, Australian precursor virus.
Gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Australian NDVs isolated from 1932
to 2001 has identified one locus as a predictor of viral lineage and the likely
ancestor virus for the progenitor virus has been identified.
Viruses involved in the summer respiratory disease syndrome have been identified
as belonging to two separate clades and virulent virus has been isolated from both
clades.
The entire genomes of eight viruses from these outbreaks have been sequenced and
the genetic stability of these isolates determined. Selection pressure has been
shown to be greatest for the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase, matrix and
phosphoprotein genes.
Analysis of the quasi-species or individual gene sequences present (at a low
frequency) in field isolates has shown that virulent viruses were present in a
background of avirulent progenitor virus. Variants in the fusion protein cleavage
site (which determines virus virulence) have been isolated and characterised.
Quasi-species analysis of virulent and avirulent plaque purified viruses have shown
that two to three passages in vivo or in vitro were needed to attain the same genetic
diversity as that identified in field isolates.
Studies of mechanisms for the natural selection of virulent viruses from field
isolates have commenced.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
47
Project Title
Biological control of necrotic enteritis in meat chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-12A
01/10/99
30/09/02
Dr Robert Moore
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5760
(03) 5227 5790
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Significant progress has been made towards demonstrating that bacteriocins
(naturally occurring bactericidal proteins) have the potential to be used in chickens
to kill Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis. A series of
synthetic bacteriocin genes have been constructed and expressed in Escherichia
coli. It has been demonstrated that the recombinant protein from four of these
bacteriocins has killing activity against C. perfringens. Four trials in chickens
aimed at developing a suitable disease model for necrotic enteritis, were conducted.
Although some encouraging results have been obtained further work needs to be
done to develop a consistent, useable model. As a prelude to testing in chickens,
one of the recombinant bacteriocin proteins was used in a mouse/listeria disease
model to demonstrate greater than 99% reduction in pathogen load following
treatment. Large doses of the recombinant bacteriocin protein had no deleterious
effect on mice, demonstrating the safety of the product. A range of different
bacteria are being considered for use as live vectors to deliver the active
bacteriocins to chickens and research undertaken has shown that good levels of
expression of active recombinant bacteriocin can be achieved in some of these
potential vector strains.
To control necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens using a cost effective, userfriendly, environmentally sustainable, biological control strategy.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
48
Project Title
Postgraduate Scholarship - Jacqueline Kattenbelt:
Mapping of structure-function relationships of Newcastle
Disease (ND) using reverse genetics
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-13J
01/07/00
30/06/03
Ms Jacqueline Kattenbelt and Dr Allan Gould
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3213
(03) 5227 5119
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To develop a viable DNA construct containing Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
genome and separate clones of NDV nucleocapsid, protein (N),
phosphoprotein (P) and polymerase (L).
To establish a reverse genetics system to allow recovery of recombinant NDV.
To recover NDV mutants with substitutions in precise sites within the matrix
protein to give strictly defined molecular mutants.
To map structure-function relationships of viral proteins within infected cells
and to study viral morphogenesis, virulence factor and tissue trophism
determinants essential for NDV replication and infection using electron
microscopy.
Long overlapping fragments from the Peats Ridge NDV (precursor of the virulent
virus which was responsible for outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) in Australia)
have been generated and clones confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
screening and sequencing. These fragments are currently being joined at shared
restriction sites to form a contiguous DNA fragment.
Separate clones of nucleocapsid protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P) and RNA
directed RNA polymerase (L) have been generated and cloned into expression
plasmids containing an internal ribosomal entry site allowing cap independent
translation.
The matrix (M) gene is currently in the process of being manipulated to insert
unique restriction sites to enable the gene to be cut out and a modified M reinserted.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
49
Project Title
Diagnostic tools for differentiation of vvIBDV and
characterisation of Australian strains
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
CSA-15J
01/07/00
30/06/03
Dr Jagoda Ignjatovic
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag No 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5769
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To introduce and compare RFLP methods developed by other research groups.
To test the specificity of Crab-88 and Crab-cos recombinant antibodies for
very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV)
To compare soluble, purified & phage expressed antibody for their suitability
as ELISA reagents.
The RFLP method was introduced and evaluated using the following overseas
strains available at AAHL: classical 52/70, 1/68 and APHIS, variants E and GLS,
and vvIBDV strains CS88 and Tasik. Restriction profiles generated for each virus
using restriction enzymes BstN1, MboI and SspI were identical to those produced
by the Jackwood and Sommer researchers who developed this method. Australian
strains used in the study of Jackwood were obtained from the same source. The
RFLP profile for these as well as for all other Australian strains was obtained.
None of Australian strain contained an SspI site characteristic of vvIBDV strains.
The specificity of the antibody Crab88 for vvIBDV strains was tested in two
overseas laboratories, France and the USA. Crab88 reacted only with vvIBDV
strains and did not react with any of the other classical or variant strains, including
ten vaccine strains. This indicates that Crab88 is specific for all vvIBDV strains.
Two other recombinant antibodies reacted with all IBDV strains, including the
USA variants.
Crab88 expressed as phage and soluble antibody was evaluated for use in ELISA.
Higher absorbances were obtained with phage than soluble antibodies. Reagents to
produce phage antibodies were cheaper and ELISA based on phage antibodies was
faster and simpler.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
50
Project Title
Evaluation of fowlpox (FPV) strains free of
reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) as vaccines for use in
Australian poultry flocks
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-16A
01/04/00
31/05/02
Dr David Boyle
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5018
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
A commercial partner for this project has been identified and an agreement has
been concluded. An appropriate technical staff member has been appointed and
experimental work commenced in April 2001. The first vaccination and challenge
experiment has been completed. This experiment has confirmed the REV-free
status of the derived strains. From the challenge component of this experiment one
of the strains has been identified as suitable for further development as a
commercial vaccine candidate. Master seed and an experimental vaccine stock will
be produced under production conditions for this strain prior to the conduct of
safety and adventitious agent testing. These tests will be conducted as a
preliminary to an application for a limited field evaluation of the strain.
To undertake vaccine efficacy, safety and adventitious agent testing on
reticuloendotheliosis (REV) free fowlpox virus (FPV) strains derived from S
(Standard vaccine strain) and two field strains, FPV 59vac and FPV 62vac.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
51
Project Title
Infectious proventriculitis and stunting syndrome of
broiler chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAN-171A
01/07/98
30/09/01
Dr Rod Reece
NSW Department of Agriculture
Regional Veterinary Laboratory
Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute
PMB 8
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4640 6309
(02) 4640 6400
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
A few field cases of infectious proventriculitis were studied and conformed to
previous descriptions. Homogenate known to induce transmissible proventriculitis
was inoculated into a wide range of cell cultures, including HRT-18 (human rectal
tumour) and HD-10 (chicken macrophage) cell cultures, and passaged. No
cytopathic effects were noted and inoculated cell cultures were negative for
immunoreactivity using convalescent chicken sera (inoculated with the same
homogenate). Homogenate free of enveloped virus by chloroform treatment and
free of bacteria by filtration, was inoculated into chicken embryos. The viscera of
the embryos were harvested and inoculated orally into chickens but proventriculitis
was not induced.
To understand the cause of infectious proventriculitis and stunting and to
develop relevant control strategies.
Five electron-microscopic grids of transmissible proventriculitis were received
from Athens, Georgia, USA, and hexagonal virus-like particles were readily
observed in the nucleus and adjacent cytoplasm of proventricular alveolar epithelial
cells of young chickens. At about the same time, electron-microscopic examination
of proventriculi from our experimental cases at four days post-inoculation revealed
similar particles. Similar particles were observed on examination of homogenate
from one affected field case - this yielded reovirus on tissue culture.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
52
Project Title
Attenuation and characterisation of chicken Eimeria for
live vaccines
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-259J
01/11/99
31/12/02
Dr Wayne Jorgensen
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Animal Research Institute
Locked Mail Bag No 4
MOOROOKA QLD 4105
(07) 3362 9455
(07) 3362 9429
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To develop attenuated lines of E. mitis, E. brunetti and E. praecox for
incorporation in an efficacious, live vaccine, protective against all seven
species of Eimeria in Australian chickens.
To develop a trial technique to evaluate coccidiostat resistance.
The sensitivity of two strains of Eimeria mitis (Jorgensen and Kelly) to the
coccidiostats Toltrazuril, Amprolium or Sulphaquinoxaline has been evaluated in
trials. Both strains were sensitive to Toltrazuril and Amprolium. Each has since
undergone selection for precocious development by passage (Jorgensen strain: 9
passages with a 20 hour drop in prepatent period; Kelly strain: 13 passages with a
14 hour drop in prepatent period). The Jorgensen strain was chosen for further
characterisation studies and has been successfully tested for virulence, reproductive
potential and protection against homologous challenge. A trial to assess the strain’s
protection against heterologous challenge was aborted early and has now been
repeated. The results of the new trial are now awaiting statistical analysis. Both
strains of E. mitis have passed quality control and DNA testing for purity.
The sensitivity of two strains of Eimeria brunetti (Monarto and Bowden) to the
coccidiostats Toltrazuril, Amprolium or Sulphaquinoxaline has been evaluated in
trials. Both strains were sensitive to Toltrazuril and Amprolium and are currently
underging selection for precocious development by passage.
The sensitivity of one strain of Eimeria praecox (Kelly) to the coccidiostats
Toltrazuril, Amprolium or Sulphaquinoxaline has been evaluated in a trial.
One potentially coccidiostat resistant isolate has been collected at Pitsworth, South
East Queensland and cryopreserved for future study.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
53
Project Title
Investigations into the development of a sustainable
management strategy for the darkling beetle, Alphitobius
diaperinus (Panzer) in broilers
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-273A
01/07/00
31/07/03
Mr Trevor Lambkin
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Entomology Building, Indooroopilly Research Centre
80 Meiers Road
INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068
(07) 3896 9434
(07) 3896 9446
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Research undertaken this last year has entailed the laboratory testing of ten east
coast broiler beetle populations for resistance to cyfluthrin (Tugon®) and population
dynamics and cyfluthrin efficacy studies of six south east Queensland broiler farms.
To investigate sustainable management practices for the darkling beetle,
Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), in broiler systems which will aim at reducing
pest numbers, identifying current inefficiencies in insecticide applications,
sustainedly managing currently registered insecticides, developing novel
control strategies and understanding better beetle population dynamics.
Insecticide resistance test results show that mostly low levels of cyfluthrin
resistance occur in beetle populations tested from Sydney, south east Queensland
and the Atherton Tableland (ie less than 10% survival at the discriminating dose).
Field studies of the spatial distribution of beetle populations in six clay-floored
broiler sheds have found that almost all beetles that occur in the clay floors are
confined to the brooder sections of the sheds. Furthermore, within the brooder
sections, the majority of beetles are found under the feed pans and to a lesser extent
under the drinking pans.
Despite cyfluthrin showing good efficacy in laboratory tests, field studies indicate
that it has no effect on beetles that harbour in the ground between clean-outs.
These studies show that mortality of these beetle populations does not increase after
application and that just as many live beetles occur after the application as before.
In summary, results of research thus far indicate that despite many beetle
populations still being susceptible to Tugon® it does little in controlling beetles that
occur in clay floors. As well, if a more efficient compound is developed to treat
floors it may be strategically applied to the areas only under the feed and drinking
lines, which is where the majority of beetles occur.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
54
Project Title
National NDV Survey
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
MS990-40
10/04/00
31/07/01
Dr Vivien Kite
Chicken Meat Program of RIRDC
PO Box 579
NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059
(02) 9929 4077
(02) 9925 0627
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To collect information on the type and distribution of Newcastle disease
viruses in Australian poultry flocks.
To collect information on the sero-prevalaence of NDV positive flocks across
the Australian commercial poultry indsutries and to identify risk factors for
exposure to NDVs on Australian poultry farms.
To identify possible risk factors for exposure to NDVs on Australian poultry
farms.
The survey was designed to collect information on the sero-revalence of NDV
positive flocks across the Australian commercial poultry industries, to identify
possible risk factors for exposure to NDVs, and to collect information on the type
and distribution of NDVs in Australian poultry flocks.
The survey sampling strategy was designed to ensure comprehensive coverage of
all sectors of the Australian commercial poultry industry. A total of 754 farms,
across eleven regions of Australia, were sampled as part of the survey. Four types
of commercial poultry enterprise were included in the survey viz. layer farms, meat
chicken farms, breeder (meat and layer) farms, and dedicated pullet rearing farms.
In each region, a minimum of 25% of layer farms (50% in NSW) and 30% of meat
chicken farms represented in the region were included in the survey. All currently
active breeder and pullet rearing farms in each region were included in the survey,
except where the birds were too young.
The survey was conducted in three phases. Initially, blood samples were collected
and tested to establish the serological status of farms. Tracheal and cloacal swabs
were then collected from seropositive farms for attempted virus isolation. Viruses
isolated were genetically characterised (‘typed’), with typing based on nucleotide
sequencing of the cleavage site of the gene that codes the fusion protein of NDV.
A total of 259 confirmed NDV isolates were characterised, representing farms in
Queensland, NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The majority of these
isolates have come from Victorian farms.
No virulent NDV isolates were detected. No precursor-like viruses (such as Peat’s
Ridge or Somersby-type variants) were detected. All viruses detected have been
V4-like viruses. Some minor genetic diversity was seen in these V4-like viruses,
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
55
but all are genetically distinct from the virulent virus.
A full analysis of the results of the survey is currently underway.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
56
Project Title
The development of vaccination strategies to control
necrotic enteritis in poultry
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
RMI-11A
01/01/00
31/05/02
Prof Peter J Coloe
RMIT University
Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology
Bundoora West Campus
Plenty Road
BUNDOORA VIC 3083
(03) 9925 7104
(03) 9925 7110
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Three trials have been completed with moderate success. Visible lesions were
produced, consistent with necrotic enteritis, in the jejunum and ileum of birds. At
post mortem, tissue from birds were given a score ranging from 0-4; 0 for no
change and 4 for major tissue damage. Over the three trials the percentage of birds
having a score greater than 1 from a challenge with Cl. perfringens strain 61 was:
To develop an effective vaccine against necrotic enteritis and to evaluate the
vaccine against a challenge model of the disease. This vaccine will be orally
deliverable, cost effective to manufacture and deliverable within established
farming practices.
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
79%
68% - 88%
58% - 61%
Fifty histological sections of the jejunum and ileum from challenged birds have
been prepared, stained with haematoxylin and eosin and are currently being read.
Some of the histological data collected from these birds suggest that challenge with
Cl. perfringens may not always result in necrotic tissue manifesting as visible
lesions. There may be more subtle changes of the gut that will only be detected
from histological examination.
The main objective for the next six months is to improve the current protocol to
obtain a consistently reproducible model. To do this, the following parameters from
the current protocol will be changed: diet and age of infection. A formalin-killed
whole-cell Cl. perfringens vaccine will be tested on the current chicken model and
assess its effectiveness in reducing mortality, severity of lesions and histological
changes.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
57
Project Title
Determination of the genomic sequence of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
UM-45J
01/06/99
15/06/01
Dr Glenn Browning
The University of Melbourne
Veterinary Preclinical Centre
PARKVILLE VIC 3052
(03) 8344 7342
(03) 8344 7374
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
A library of clones has been constructed for sequencing. Draft coverage of the
genome, with an estimated three fold redundancy, has been obtained to date.
Although this data has been useful it is not in a form that can be dispersed yet, as it
comprises numerous small contigs.
To determine the complete genomic sequence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
To facilitate identification of genes which are likely to play a role in virulence.
To lay a foundation for subsequent studies to improve the performance of
mycoplasma vaccines and to improve diagnosis of mycoplasmosis.
A few gaps will remain to be closed after the completion of the random cloning
phase and that is expected to take another several months to complete. The
annotation will begin after that time.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
58
Project Title
Avian Leukosis-J (ALV-J) in Australia: laboratory
technologies and research needs
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UM-49A
01/03/01
31/07/03
Dr Trevor Bagust
The University of Melbourne
Faculty of Veterinary Science, Pre-Clinical Centre
Cnr Park Drive & Flemington Road
PARKVILLE VIC 3052
(03) 9344 9676
(03) 9344 9675
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Over 100 field samples have been screened for the presence of ALV-J. Such
samples include vaginal swabs, whole blood and tumour tissues. Avian leukosis
virus has been isolated from four tumour samples representing four different broiler
breeders placed in two separate poultry operations. One additional isolate was
obtained from a second Australian laboratory, where ALV-J was isolated from
tumours detected in broiler breeders. The current number of ALV-J isolates being
studied in our laboratory amounts to five.
To develop the most appropriate laboratory technologies and reagents for
detection of avian leukosis subgroup J (ALV-J) and its associated disease
effects for Australia's chicken meat industry.
Identification of ALV-J has been confirmed for all five viruses using molecularbased methods.
Two different sets of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
oligonucleotide primers have been used for molecular identification of ALV-J
directly from tumour tissue and from infected cells (secondary chicken embryo
fibroblasts) in culture. One of the PCR primer sets amplifies specifically part of the
polymerase/integrase and envelope genes. The second PCR primer set amplifies
specifically part of the integrase gene, the entire envelope gene, various genetic
sequences located downstream of the envelope gene, and part of the 3’ long
terminal repeat (3’LTR).
Virus stocks have been prepared for all five ALV-J isolates, and each of the stocks
is in the process of being titrated. These stocks will be used for in vivo assays and
for the production of polyclonal antiserum to be used for serological assays.
Sequencing of the entire envelope gene and of the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR)
is under way and the data will be used for phylogenetic comparisons of Australian
isolates against published genetic sequences of foreign isolates. The sequence
information will also be used to optimise molecular-based diagnostic assays.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
59
Project Title
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UMU-23J
01/06/99
30/08/01
Prof David Hampson
Murdoch University
Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
MURDOCH WA 6150
(08) 9360 2287
(08) 9310 4144
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Studies have been conducted to determine in vitro antimicrobial drug sensitivities
of spirochaete isolates from Australian chickens, and to test in vivo antimicrobial
activity in experimentally infected layer and broiler breeder birds.
To identify new and appropriate means to control infection by the intestinal
spirochaetes, Brachyspira intermedia and Brachyspira pilosicoli, recently
recognised and common pathogens causing significant economic loss in
Australia layer and broiler breeder flocks.
Testing of 66 spirochaete strains revealed a similar spectrum of sensitivity to
antimicrobial drugs as porcine spirochaetes. Resistance was seen against a number
of drugs, with the least resistance recorded for tiamulin. In vivo, tiamulin at
25mg/kg body weight cleared experimental infection with Brachyspira intermedia
in layer hens. Birds in an infected room, however, became re-infected after
treatment ceased. This suggests that it may be better to use continual low level
therapy to control these infections, or to use therapeutic levels of drugs combined
with a thorough environmental cleaning program.
Continued in-feed supplementation with zinc bacitracin at 100 ppm inhibited
proliferation of B. intermedia in experimentally infected birds, whilst at 50 ppm
zinc bacitracin encouraged proliferation of Brachyspira pilosicoli. It is uncertain
whether these differences are due to the different spirochaete species investigated,
or to the dose rates of zinc bacitracin used. Overall, these conflicting results
suggest that there are complex interactions between the intestinal microflora and
pathogenic intestinal spirochaete species, and that control will require careful
monitoring.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
60
Project Title
Effects of organic acids, prebiotics, and enzymes on
control of necrotic enteritis and performance of broiler
chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNE-75A
01/10/00
30/09/03
Dr Mingan Choct
University of New England
School of Rural Science and Natural Resources - Animal Science
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
(02) 6773 5121
(02) 6773 3275
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To demonstrate the effect of using organic acids, prebiotics and enzymes in
broilers as alternatives to antibiotic growth promotants to maintain feed
efficiency and general bird health.
To investigate the effects of these alternative products on the prevention of
necrotic enteritis.
The initial stages of this project concentrate on the development of a successful and
repeatable disease model for necrotic enteritis (NE). Models described in the
literature suggest that a dual infection of birds with Eimeria and Clostridium
perfringens (CP) type A fed a diet high in wheat, fishmeal and dietary zinc will
give the highest occurrence of NE in broilers.
In a series of three experiments, the possibility of artificially introducing NE here at
was determined.
The first two experiments established that infection of three week old broiler
chickens with a dosage of 7000 sporulated oocytes of Eimeria acervuline and E.
brunetti will result in a subclinical coccidiosis infection with visible sings of lesions
in the upper and lower intestine but only a small reduction in growth performance.
A third experiment was designed to introduce NE in three- to four-week-old broiler
chickens after a dual infection with coccidiosis (E. acervuline and E. brunetti 7000
oocyst each) and CP (three consecutive infections with 1ml of CP 109 CFU/ml).
The result of this experiment showed that birds infected with Eimeria and CP had
significantly reduced growth and feed intake and less efficient feed conversion. A
future trial will have to be conducted to verify these data and identify NE on the
basis of lesion scoring and bacterial enumeration.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
61
Project Title
Enhancing mucosal immunity in chickens by novel in-ovo
and postnatal vaccination techniques
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
US-72J
01/01/99
31/12/01
Prof Alan Husband
The University of Sydney
Dept of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY NSW 2006
(02) 9351 3127
(02) 9351 7349
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Initial contact with and colonisation of the intestinal mucosa by pathogens is
impeded by IgA antibody located at the intestinal surface. Appropriate vaccination
procedures will stimulate intestinal IgA production, protecting the host from these
pathogens. Such IgA antibody production can be increased through the use of
immunoenhancers. Studies undertaken have investigated the immunoenhancing
potential of vitamin E (VE) or the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), (a communicator
of the immune system, whose mammalian counterpart increases IgA production) to
increase IgA antibody levels following vaccination in chickens.
To induce long-term immunoenhancement in chickens following early priming
of the avian immune system via in-ovo immunisation through:
− development of naked DNA or recombinant constructs of antigen and/or
cytokines;
− evaluation of delivery vehicles such as liposomes or biodegradable
microspheres;
− assessment of immunoregulators for non-specific upregulation of the
immune system; and
− evaluation of immunisation protocols for enhancing immune responses to
routine vaccinations and providing protection from disease challenges
such as Salmonella Typhimurium.
Dietary VE supplementation, from day old, increased antigen-specific intestinal
IgA antibody titres following immunisation with either tetanus toxoid or whole
killed Salmonella Typhimurium. At some dose rates, in-ovo delivery of VE with
killed S. Typhimurium antigen elicited an increase (not statistically significant) in
anti-S. Typhimurium IgA antibody levels post-hatch.
Repeated oral delivery of IL-6 to chickens immunised with either tetanus toxoid or
whole killed S. Typhimurium increased anti-antigen IgA at the intestinal surface. A
live S. Typhimurium challenge model is being established to examine the ability of
IL-6 induced increases in IgA antibody following immunisation, to protect chickens
from a challenge of S. Typhimurium.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
62
Bird Nutrition and Feed Supply
Project Title
Characterisation of canola meal and cottonseed meal at
practical inclusion levels for use in broiler and layer diets
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-264J
01/07/99
31/12/01
Dr Rider A Perez-Maldonado
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre
PO Box 327
CLEVELAND QLD 4163
(07) 3824 3081
(07) 3824 4316
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To measure the variability of glucosinolates, sinapines, condensed tannins
(CT), total phenolics (TP), sulphur and phytic acid levels in canola meal (CM)
and CT, TP and free and bound gossypol levels in cottonseed meal (CSM).
Pesticide residue levels in CSM; AME, amino acid and proximate composition
of CM and CSM will be determined in samples from major processing sites,
three times a year.
To evaluate the ratio of iron to free gossypol in CSM to optimise production in
both broilers and layers.
To determine the upper limits of inclusion of both CM and CSM separately
and in combination in broiler and layer diets.
To make recommendations to the poultry industries on the nutritional value of
both CM and CSM when included in least-cost poultry diets at levels close to
their upper limit.
During 2000/01 several experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of
CSM or CM fed at levels of 10, 20, 30 or 40% of the diet to broilers and laying
hens. At 21 d chicks fed CSM showed a reduced feed intake (FI) from the 20%
level. Liveweight gain (LWG) was also reduced at 20 and 30% CSM in the diet but
not at the 10 and 40% levels. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was only affected at
the 20% level, where it was poorer. After 37 d LWG and FCR were not affected by
any level of CSM, indicating that older birds were capable of overcoming any
negative effect of CSM observed in younger birds.
The results for CM indicated that after 21 d chicks fed Pinjarra CM had improved
FCR at all levels, with a reduced FI but a good LWG at all but the 40% level. After
37 d a similar pattern of bird performance was observed. After 21d chicks fed
Numurkah CM had a reduced FI from the 20% level but there was no effect on
FCR and LWG even at the 30% level. After 37 days birds showed a similar FI and
LWG response but with significantly improved FCR at all levels. After 21 d
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
63
Newcastle CM resulted in a poorer FCR from the 30% level but a good LWG and
FI was observed at all levels except the 40% level. However, after 37d the birds
overall FI and LWG was reduced from the 20 and 30% level, respectively, without
affecting the overall FCR. After 21 d Melbourne CM resulted in a reduction in
LWG and FI from the 20 and 30 % levels, respectively. However, after 37d an
improved FCR was observed at all levels, even though FI and LWG were reduced
from 20% level. Oil processing conditions and the presence of anti-nutritional
factors may have influenced the overall performance in these meals. Although these
results demonstrate that substantial amounts of CSM and CM can be used in broiler
diets, more detailed studies are being undertaken to confirm the above findings. In
the layer experiments, good performance was obtained when feeding CSM or
different sources of CM at levels of 10, 15, or 20% of the diet. However,
preliminary observations made to evaluate fresh and stored eggs derived from the
above experiments indicated that an abnormal odour (fishy taint) was detected in
raw eggs derived from brown layers on all CM diets. Due to the importance of this
observation, further work is being undertaken using an expert sensory panel to
evaluate eggs derived from hens fed CM and CSM diets.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
64
Project Title
Estimating lysine availability by slope-ratio chick assay
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-277A
01/10/00
30/09/01
Dr Rider Perez-Maldonado
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
PO Box 327
CLEVELAND QLD 4163
(07) 3824 3081
(07) 3824 4316
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To establish and validate a slop-ratio chick assay to determine the availability
of lysine in selected samples of canola meal and cottonseed meal.
To compare lysine availability values with ileal apparent digestibility values
determined in the same samples of canola meal and cottonseed meal.
Samples of canola meal (CM) from Newcastle, Melbourne, Numurkah, and Pinjarra
and cottonseed meal (CSM) from Narrabri were obtained during 1999-2000 from
Australian oilseed processors. Every CM and CSM samples was chemically
analysed with an AME determination in broiler and layers, and a digestible amino
acid determination made using broilers birds.
During April-May 2001 a broiler experiment using canola meal was conducted to
obtain information on the effect of formulating diets on a digestible and a total
amino acid basis. The experiment was carried out in two phases, from 0-21 days
(starter diets) and from 22-42 days of age (finisher diets). Dietary treatments
included CM from each source which were fed at three dietary levels (20, 30 and
40%). The results of this experiment are under evaluation. A similar experiment
will be conducted using cottonseed meal. It is expected that the chick assay to
determine the availability of lysine in CM and CSM samples will be carried out
later next year.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
65
Project Title
Inclusion of data for additional livestock species in the
Australasian Livestock Feed Ingredient (ALFI) database
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
GRD-2J
01/04/99
30/06/01
Dr Robert van Barneveld
Grains Research and Development Corporation
C/- Barneveld Nutrition Pty Ltd
PO Box 42
LYNDOCH SA 5351
(08) 8524 6477
(08) 8524 6577
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
The Australasian Livestock Feed Ingredient (ALFI) database now contains more
than 22,332 sample entries on the chemical composition of feed ingredients and the
nutritional value of these ingredients for pigs, poultry (layers and broilers) and
aquaculture species. ALFI also incorporates a vast range of information contained
in recent literature and other relevant databases.
To improve knowledge of the nutritional value of feed grains and the
efficiency of use of these grains by the egg and chicken meat industries
through development of a commercial version of the Australasian Livestock
Feed Ingredient (ALFI) database containing data for pigs, poultry (layers and
broilers) and aquaculture species.
The re-programmed version of ALFI has been tested by the major stakeholders and
the programming of the database is now complete. A business plan has been
prepared for commercialisation of the ALFI database based on distribution to endusers as a subscription service via the internet or as a CD-ROM. Final negotiations
with stakeholders on commercialisation are under way.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
66
Project Title
Premium Grains for Livestock Program (stage 2)
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
GRD-3J
01/07/00
30/06/03
Dr John Black
John L Black Consulting
Locked Bag 21
WARRIMOO NSW 2774
(02) 4753 6231
(02) 4753 6295
[email protected]
Objective
•
This project is the second stage of a major research program for improving
feed grains quality and marketing that has been negotiated in response to
identified industry needs. It has five integrated component projects:
1) coordination
2) production, storage and distribution of grain samples
3) rapid and objective analytical tests for assessing feed grains quality
4) enhancing grain nutritional value through breeding and processing and
5) modelling feed grain quality.
Current Progress
Several hypotheses about the factors determining the nutritional value of cereal
grains for ruminants, pigs and poultry were established in the predecessor Project
GRD-1J. The relative proportion of the main chemical components of a grain is the
major determinant of nutritional value for all classes of livestock. However, other
grain characteristics can significantly affect energy availability and these differ
between ruminants, pigs and poultry. Prediction of AME in poultry based on an
assumed constant digestion of individual gross chemical components of grains
show close agreement with observed values for sorghum and oats, but not for wheat
or barley. The accuracy of predictions for triticale was intermediate between
sorghum and barley. Further analyses showed that some of the difference between
predicted and observed AME values could be explained by the viscosity of ileal
digesta. However, other factors such as grain hardness and hydration capacity
appear to be associated with the variation in AME between grains. In addition,
starch characteristics such as granule size and distribution, amylose:amylopectin
ratio and gelatinisation temperature may influence the extent of starch digestion in
the small intestines of poultry and therefore energy availability. These hypotheses
will be tested further in poultry over the coming year.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
67
Project Title
Physiological limitations in energy metabolism reduce
production efficiency of broilers
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
SAR-13A
31/10/98
31/03/02
Mr Bob Hughes
South Australian Research and Development Institute
Nutrition Laboratory
PPPI, Roseworthy Campus
ROSEWORTHY SA 5371
(08) 8303 7788
(08) 8303 7975
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To develop non-invasive methods for measuring gut function in chickens.
To define the role of gut structure and function in limiting energy metabolism.
To identify the mechanism(s) by which physical and chemical properties of
feed promote sub-optimal digestion of energy.
To develop a clearer understanding of the physiological limitations of digestion
which will under-pin opportunities for development of specific strategies to
reduce the cost of production of lean chicken meat.
Key findings to date are that gut morphology and bacterial colonisation of the gut
are at least partially dependent on the sex of the chicken. Clearly, gut microflora
have a highly significant impact on between-bird variation in energy metabolism in
broilers. This has very important commercial implications in the nutrition and
management of broilers. Sex-related differences may be important in utilisation of
energy and other nutrients, in responses to anti-nutritional factors (such as nonstarch polysaccharides) and various feed additives including enzymes, and in
efficacy of vaccines and medication to treat gut pathogens.
Up to one third of the variation in apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was
associated with physical features of the small intestinal mucosa. Ileal crypt depth was
the single most important feature of the small intestinal mucosa associated with
variation in AME. Villus heights of the mucosa in the jejunum and ileum were
significantly affected by the breed and sex of chicken, respectively. Remodeling of
the villus/crypt axis, presumably in response to dietary non-starch polysaccharides in
the wheat, differed in male chickens depending on breed, but there were no
differences observed in female chickens.
Changes in hydrogen and methane concentrations in breath during two metabolism
studies were highly variable. However, observed variation between individual
birds in AME was not directly associated with breath hydrogen concentration.
However, elevated levels of hydrogen in breath were associated with significant
reductions in growth rate and feed efficiency due to losses of energy and other
nutrients through proliferation of gut bacteria.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
68
Project Title
Improving the utilisation of dietary amino acids in meat
chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
US-80A
01/04/99
31/03/02
A/Prof Wayne Bryden
The University of Sydney
Dept of Animal Science
Werombi Road
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4655 0658
(02) 4655 0693
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Studies have been completed in which broiler diets were formulated for the
growing cycle (starter, grower and finisher) using both total and digestible amino
acid values. The results demonstrate clearly that using digestible amino acid values
can significantly improve bird performance (growth rate, feed intake, feed
conversion), breast meat yield and reduce abdominal fat pad mass.
To improve the efficiency of utilisation of amino acids in meat chickens by
formulating diets on a digestible amino acid basis; determining ideal digestible
amino acid requirements; and identifying factors that influence endogenous
amino acid losses.
Determination of the ileal amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients used in the
poultry industry is ongoing and has been extended to evaluate the effect of feed
enzymes (xylanase, phytase), individually or in combination. The results suggest
that the strategic dietary inclusion of exogenous enzymes will improve apparent
amino acid digestibility.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
69
Project Title
Use of dietary fatty acids to increase protein accretion in
broilers
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
US-104A
01/02/01
30/04/04
A/Prof Wayne Bryden
The University of Sydney
Dept of Animal Science
Werombi Road
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4655 0658
(02) 4655 0693
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Studies have commenced with fish oil (n-3 fatty acids), and sunflower oil (n-6 fatty
acids) in comparison with tallow (saturated fatty acids) to determine the dietary
concentration and duration of feeding required of the two polyunsaturated fat
sources to change carcass composition and reduce fat deposition in broiler
chickens.
To develop a simple feed technology to reduce fat deposition and increase
muscle protein accretion in broilers by manipulating dietary fatty acid intake to
alter tissue sensitivity to the metabolic hormones involved in lipid and protein
metabolism.
The studies will be extended to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid on
carcass composition and performance of broilers.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
70
Food Safety
Project Title
Salmonella typing and colonisation of chickens by
characterised S. Sofia
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
E-mail:
IMV-3A
01/07/00
01/07/03
Dr Michael Heuzenroeder
Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science
Infectious Diseases Laboratories
PO Box 14 Rundle Mall
ADELAIDE SA 5000
(08) 8222 3275
(08) 8222 3543
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To continue to provide industry with a conventional and, where appropriate,
molecular based, typing service would which will generate valuable data on the
distribution of Salmonella serovars in chickens that will contribute to food
safety and public health.
To test the feasibility of AFLP typing as an epidemiological tool to replace
PFGE as the preferred molecular typing method.
To characterise by DNA sequence analysis the temperate (lysogenic) phage
found in S. Typhimurium phage type 64, which is a common phage type found
in chickens and humans.
To investigate Sofia MH76 colonisation of chickens using different methods of
inoculation and S. Typhimurium challenge.
The Infectious Diseases Laboratory has continued to receive specimens from the
industry in comparable numbers to previous years. In 2000 Salmonella Sofia was
the most common isolate (56.9%) from chickens. Serovars Typhimurium (20%),
Kiambu (5.1%) and Virchow (4.5%) were other common Salmonella isolates. S.
Sofia is still rarely isolated from humans.
The PFGE (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis) procedure has been shortened from
six to three days. This is a great advantage as this method is used extensively in
organism tracing.
The AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) procedure has been
established in the laboratory, this method is more rapid, more discriminatory and
easier to analyse than PFGE. AFLP is currently undergoing comparison with other
molecular methods.
The DNA sequence of two lysogenic bacteriophages ST64T and ST64B carried by
S. Typhimurium PT64 has now been fully determined. These bacteriophages have
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
71
been shown to mediate phage type conversion in S. Typhimurium, which
potentially may have serious epidemiological consequences. A new molecular
method for typing non-typable S. Typhimurium isolates has been developed using
the sequence from these phages and is yielding promising results.
Colonisation studies using S. Sofia MH76 are currently being undertaken in
conjunction with the Victorian Institute of Animal Science.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
72
Project Title
Development of campylobacter bio-replacement program
and establishment of campylobacter reference centre
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UG-3A
01/07/00
31/07/03
Dr Victoria Korolik
Griffith University, Queensland
School of Health Sciences, Gold Coast Campus
PMB 50
GOLD COAST MAIL CENTRE QLD 4217
(07) 5552 8321
(07) 5552 8908
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To evaluate and refine the model system has been developed for colonisation
of chickens with selected Campylobacter strains.
To determine the ability of selected strains to "displace" a selection of known
campylobacter isolates that are colonising chickens and to evaluate the longterm ability of the strains to maintain a stable colonisation within a flock.
To develop and utilise molecular methods to determine the ‘virulence
potential’ of the known colonising strains.
To further evaluate as potential bio-replacement strains for application in the
chicken industry, those isolates that are shown to be negative to all identified
virulence factors.
To provide a Campylobacter reference laboratory based on molecular
technology for identification of virulent and non-virulent campylobacters,
which can be used for epidemiological tracing of specific strains.
Campylobacter spp are now the most common cause of human enteritis worldwide
and it is well established that chicken meat can be a major source of human
infection. Campylobacter spp also have a relatively low infectious dose and so it is
not only essential that the risk of transfer of Campylobacter spp to humans via
chicken meat is minimised, but it is also important to identify those strains that
have greater potential to cause disease in humans.
To identify the relative potential of different Campylobacter strains to cause
gastroenteritis in humans, an animal model to test virulence was assessed by the
intranasal infection method using the criteria of illness or death of animals as an
indication of virulence. In this test, the gastrointestinal tract of 70% of inoculated
mice were colonised by a known virulent C.jejuni strain, with the challenge strain
also being found in the liver, spleen and lungs of some mice. However, none of the
mice showed any sign of disease or discomfort. None of the other strains tested,
including those isolated from patients with campylobacteriosis, could consistently
colonise mice in this model. It was therefore decided to use a different strain of
mice, with specific defects in mucus production in the gastrointestinal tract, which
have been reported to be more sensitive to bacterial infections. This model is
currently being established.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
73
In addition, a two-day-old chick model was used to determine the colonisation
patterns of the C. jejuni strains. There were five different colonisation types
observed, viz. (i) immediate colonisation and prolonged excretion of viable C.
jejuni bacteria; (ii) delayed colonisation and prolonged excretion of viable C. jejuni
after several days; (iii) immediate colonisation with slowly clearing excretion of
viable C. jejuni bacteria; (iv) delayed colonisation and slowly clearing excretion of
viable C. jejuni bacteria; and (v) no colonisation of the intestines with C. jejuni
bacteria. Colonisation type (i) and (ii) led to sustained colonisation of the intestines
of the chickens.
The maximum colonisation of C. jejuni strains before and following a passage in
vivo was also determined. Colonisation ability of campylobacters isolated directly
from chicken faeces has been shown to dramatically increase compared with
laboratory strains or strains in a stationary phase. An increase in colonisation, of
1,000-10,000 fold, for each strain tested was observed after a single passage in vivo,
but colonisation pattern type, such as immediate or delayed, remain unchanged.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
74
Animal Welfare
Project Title
Implementation of the RIRDC broiler welfare audit to
industry
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAV-185A
30/11/00
31/12/01
Dr John Barnett
Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)
Animal Welfare Centre
600 Sneydes Road
WERRIBEE VIC 3030
(03) 9742 0433
(03) 9742 0400
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To facilitate the adoption of audit procedures for welfare by 4 out of 6
companies in Victoria and 2 of 3 companies in SA.
To achieve participation rates in the audit program of 20% of growers and
transporters and 40% of breeder farms, rearing farms, hatcheries and
processing plants in Victoria and SA by the end of the project.
This project involves implementing a recently completed welfare audit. The audit
has been developed for all sectors of the chicken meat industry (hatchery, broilers,
broiler rearers, broiler layers and pick-up, transport and processing) and is the first
comprehensive welfare audit for any animal industry. Because it was developed
collaboratively between researchers, industry, welfare groups and legislators it
should provide for a period of certainty for the industry.
The challenge with all such documents is to achieve industry adoption. The
research team is currently working with several companies in Victoria, New South
Wales and South Australia who are enthusiastic about implementing the audit, its
role being one of encouragement and facilitation. A CD-rom is being prepared to
promote the benefits of the audit to industry and this will shortly be sent out to all
companies to use at appropriate producer meetings. An issue that has arisen with
all companies is the need for a single and simple recording sheet/checklist.
It is anticipated that the users of the audit will provide considerable input into
redesigning company recording systems. Other issues to be addressed are a system
of rewards/acknowledgement for participants and development of a method for
capturing and publishing national compliance data.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
75
Environmental Management
Project Title
Sustainability improvements in the Victorian chicken meat
industry (phase 1)
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
JSC-1A
15/04/01
30/11/01
Mr Jim Smith
James Smith Consulting
55 Sims Street
SANDRINGHAM VIC 3191
(03) 9598 8717
(03) 9598 8717
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To identify best practices in environmental, health, safety and community
liaison for chicken meat farming and provide tools to assist their
implementation by growers.
To establish an ongoing process to identify and address key community
concerns and issues.
To identify areas for research or technical trials required to resolve community
concerns not covered by the implementation of current best practice operations.
The Victorian meat chicken industry is growing at four percent per year requiring
the equivalent of approximately twenty new sheds annually. Community
expectations for protection of the environment and neighbour amenity and for
prescriptive controls enforced by state and local government authorities are
growing. Although less than ten percent of the 220 broiler farms in Victoria have
received complaints from neighbours regarding odour or other amenity loss issues,
the drive for environmental improvement throughout the industry is strengthening
and applications for new broiler sheds are frequently opposed. Programs used
effectively in several other industries are therefore being adapted in the formation
of the Chicken Care environmental improvement initiative for the Victorian broiler
industry. In addition to helping meet community expectations, Chicken Care is
expected to save Victorian growers over $3 million per year by reduced project
delays, reduced legal and appeals costs and by the reduction of some unnecessary
capital expenditures as conditions of new shed or farm permit approvals.
The project will establish a management system for both broiler farms and the
overall industry, which will demonstrate continuous improvement in the
environmental performance of farms, identify and address broad community
concerns and assist the meat chicken industry to grow without undue development
constraints.
Work on the project began in February 2001. A Community Advisory Panel has
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
76
been formed, met once, agreed its charter and begun identifying and advising the
industry on a range of issues. A survey of grower implementation of the current
Best Practice Model is underway. A database of the first thirty farm responses
indicates compliance with over fifty percent of the practices and work-in-progress
on a further twenty percent of the Model. The database is beginning to identify
industry-wide areas of strength and areas in need of research or further support.
Training workshops have been provided for a further thirty growers, bringing the
total formally trained in the program to sixty percent of the industry growers.
Initial inputs for an update to the Best Practice Model have been received to date
from the Community Advisory Panel and from growers. Guidance notes on Best
Practice methods for dead bird disposal, temporary litter stockpiling and
contingency response plans have been developed and the topics for several other
such notes have been identified.
An initial set of eleven key performance indicators have been agreed by the
Community Advisory Panel and the industry. Their collection by growers will
begin in June 2001. Three of eight planned government briefings have been held so
far with local Shire Councils and the Victorian EPA.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
77
Project Title
Reduction of dust emissions from broiler and caged layer
sheds
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
SAR-33J
01/01/01
31/12/02
Mr Thomes Banhazi
South Australian Research and Development Institute
Pig & Poultry Insititute
GPO Box 397
ADELAIDE SA 5001
(08) 8303 7781
(08) 8303 7689
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To determine the major risk factors associated with increased concentrations of
dust within, and dust emissions from, naturally and mechanically ventilated
poultry houses.
To develop strategies that will reduce both interior dust levels and dust
emissions from buildings, resulting in more sustainable housing systems for
egg and broiler production in semi-urban and more densely settled areas and
reduced OH&S risks for staff.
The project is progressing well and according to the predetermined project
timetable. The location of sheds and sampling points for measuring air quality in
layer and broiler sheds (dust, ammonia etc) has been determined, including the time
and season of sampling. Consultation is taking place to confirm these sampling
points between the research team and Dr H. Takai of Denmark, an international
expert in dust related issues in animal houses.
Five different types of buildings will be studied, viz. naturally and mechanically
ventilated layer and broiler sheds and tunnel ventilated broiler buildings. A
questionnaire on housing for industry participants to complete has been developed.
The first three farm visits for monitoring air quality was completed in late May
2001. Meanwhile discussion is also taking place with a SA based engineering firm
to jointly design and evaluate a simple dust trap to be used at the air outlets of
mechanically ventilated poultry sheds.
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
78
EGG PROGRAM
COMPLETED PROJECTS
Implications of the Changing Economic Environment for the
Australian Egg Industry
Project Title
National industry databases
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
AEI-8A and AEI-9A
Mr Hugh McMaster
Australian Egg Industry Association (AEIA)
PO Box 569
HURSTVILLE NSW 1481
(02) 9570 9222
(02) 9570 9763
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
To provide the industry with important statistics by the continuation of existing
databases
To analyse and interpret the outlook for the industry on the basis of more
comprehensive and timely data and therefore the opportunity to provide the
industry with more relevant information on the market outlook
To collect and collate information of national relevance to the Australian egg
industry
To disseminate information collated to egg producers, marketing organisations,
egg products manufacturers and government personnel
Background
The Australian egg industry has few available resources for the development of
nationally based statistics. The manner in which egg production is planned and the
inelastic demand for eggs means the industry is extremely vulnerable to volatile
swings in profitability. The development of statistics will assist in providing a better
understanding of the market environment. This will assist in the development of
appropriate strategic responses through revised production planning aimed to
increase industry profitability.
Outcomes
Improved industry statistics due to the continuation of existing databases and the
production of an annual statistical publication. Also the opportunity to analyse and
interpret the outlook for the industry on the basis of more comprehensive data and,
therefore, the opportunity to provide the industry with more relevant information on
the market outlook.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
79
Benefits
It is expected that the entire Australian industry will benefit from these databases.
This is because information to be collected is considered to be relevant to the
industry and is capable of regular dissemination. Possible indirect benefits may arise
on the basis that a more profitable and less volatile industry may create a more
certain investment climate and, thereby, facilitate adoption of more environmentally
sustainable production methods.
Communication
The chick placements data was communicated to the industry on a monthly basis
through the RIRDC – Egg Program newsletter “Focus on Research”. Analysis of the
economic outlook was presented verbally to the industry at a series of meetings
throughout the country. The annual statistical publication and the final report for the
project will be made available as RIRDC publications.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
80
Project Title
Review of information sources used by Australian rural
industries and egg industries overseas
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
IMS-3A
Mr John O’Connor
Industry Management Services Pty Ltd
Level 2 470 Collins Street
MELBOURNE VIC 3000
(03) 9629 6287
(03) 9629 2289
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
To prepare a review of information sources used by rural industries in Australia
and by egg industries overseas.
To prepare a presentation and attend an industry databases workshop to be
held in Sydney on 7 May 2001.
Background
As with other agricultural industries, the egg industry needs certain statistical
collections for the purposes of business planning and policy analysis. There is a
particular need for statistics that assist with production forecasting because egg price
fluctuations are mainly caused by fluctuations in supply, not fluctuations in demand.
The purpose of this project is to provide some of the information that will assist the
industry to make decisions about the statistical collections to be made in the future,
and the methods to be used to collect and publish those collections.
Research
The main part of the report is a comprehensive listing of statistics collected for the
Australian pig, dairy and wool industries, and for the egg industries of New Zealand,
the UK, the USA and the Netherlands.
Outcomes
The above listed examples confirm that the Australian egg industry compares
unfavourably with other industries in the extent of its statistical collections and the
availability of economic information such as farm physical and financial data.
In the UK, the USA and the Netherlands, the egg industries are supplied with
comprehensive statistical services by government agencies. In the UK and the USA,
these are supplied entirely at the governments’ expense. In the Netherlands the cost
is split between the government and the industry. In addition to the statistical
collections, there is a substantial amount of information about farm costs, returns
and performance benchmarks in these three countries. In New Zealand, the situation
is much like that in Australia, with minimal contribution from the government and a
very limited range of collections.
The other Australian industries reported also have more extensive collections than
the egg industry. To some extent this is because they are treated more generously by
government agencies, but the main reason is that these industries organise and fund
collections from their own resources.
In some circumstances, valuable statistical series can be collected at moderate cost
by using a properly constructed sample survey rather than a full survey of firms in
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
81
the relevant sector.
Implications
This report provides a comprehensive illustration of the options available as
demonstrated by other industries. The next, and more difficult stage, is for the
industry to make judgements about the purposes for various collections and whether
the cost can be justified in terms of the benefits they might confer.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
82
Flock Health and Disease Management
Project Title
Layer industry disease and management survey
RIRDC Project No:
Researchers:
Organisation:
BIR-1A
Dr Peter Groves
Birling Avian Laboratories
642 Great Western Highway
PENDLE HILL NSW 2145
(02) 9842 1105
(02) 9688 4015
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Dr George Arzey
NSW Agriculture
EMAI
MENANGLE NSW 2568
(02) 4640 6402
[email protected]
To provide prevalence information on diseases present in the layer industry.
To look for epidemiologic associations between disease and
management/environmental factors.
To look for correlations between disease prevalence, stress, performance and
management factors.
To provide industry with a better appreciation of the value of performance
recording, disease monitoring and interactions of management practices and
flock health and welfare.
Background
This survey was conducted over a two year period (July 1995 through June 1997)
across the layer industry in NSW and Victoria. Particular disease agents chosen for
attention were Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS) , Infectious
Bronchitis virus (IBV) and Avian Encephalomyelitis virus (AEV). Attempts at
assessing stress levels existent in flocks were also included within the survey’s data
collection (differential white blood cell counts and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio).
Information was also collected on nutritional specifications, lighting programs,
coccidiosis control, feed and water space allowances, vaccination histories, cage
stocking densities, bird breed, beak trimming severity, egg production and mortality.
Research
A random selection of 24 farms across NSW and Victoria was made, stratified
across geographic locations. The farms selected were visited 3 times over a twelve
month period and up to 5 age groups were examined on each visit on each farm.
Each visit consisted of a clinical assessment of flock health and individual bird
weights were measured on 30 to 60 birds in each age group. 12 blood samples were
collected each time and tested for antibodies to MG, MS, IBV and AEV and
differential white blood cell (WBC) count. If clinical disease signs were present,
samples for other pathogens as deemed appropriate were also collected. A pooled
faecal sample was collected and examined for presence of helminth eggs or coccidia.
Cage dimensions were measured, feed and water space recorded and light intensity
at the feeder trough level measured. Visual estimates of the severity of beak trim,
the level of feather cover and findings from palpation of the ribs were recorded on
each bird weighed. A visual estimate of shell quality (colour and presence of
abnormalities) was made at each visit. A questionnaire covering feed specifications,
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
83
vaccination history, egg production and mortality history was completed over the 3
visits to each farm.
Outcomes
Descriptive statistics on many factors were obtained. The period of study was
notably affected by a number of epidemics, Marek’s Disease (MD) and Egg Drop
Syndrome ’76 (EDS) in particular. Performance differences between the existing
local breeds and the more recent imported brown egg breeds were observed.
Differences in body weights of these breeds highlighted the importance of attention
to welfare codes based solely on floorspace per bird rather than accounting for
differences in weight per unit of floorspace. Differences in serological responses of
the breeds were also shown. Some differences in performance between different
production systems were also seen. Numbers of birds per cage had little influence
on feather cover, shell quality or heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios. Floor
production systems (free range or barn lay) elicited higher H:L ratios than did cage
systems, possibly indicating higher stress levels in the former management systems.
Rib scores (a measure of osteoporosis) rose with age indicating skeletal calcium
depletion with length of laying period. Serological results indicated that MG entered
flocks consistently in the early lay period, at a time when deleterious effects of
infection could be considered to be the most serious. Many farms were encouraged
to adopt MG vaccination programs as a result. IBV titres rose consistently during
the laying period to a peak around 30-36 weeks of age indicating the presence of
disease challenge in lay. The introduction of continual IBV vaccination was an
obvious recommendation from this finding. The pattern developed for AEV
serology raised concern as many farms do not vaccinate for this disease believing
natural exposure in rearing provides protection. Many flocks were found to
seroconvert to AEV during lay. Recommendations for proper protection by
appropriate AEV vaccination was an obvious outcome.
Associations between protein and calcium levels in some rearing rations with later
production parameters (peak production and persistence of lay) were found.
Cage space was found to be associated with flock uniformity and osteoporosis (as
measured by rib palpation), surprisingly more space per bird giving poorer results.
Conversely, higher weight to space ratio was associated with poorer feather cover.
More severe beak trimming was associated with a later onset of lay and on an
individual cage basis, more severely trimmed birds were lighter than their cage
mates.
Stress levels (H:L ratio) and poor feather cover were shown to be associated leading
to an hypothesis that poor feather cover may be a strong contributor to stress in layer
chickens.
Implications
The survey provided backing for the need for importation of new vaccines (Marek’s
Disease and EDS’76) to cope with the widespread outbreaks that occurred during the
study period.
The importance of considering bird weight in relation to cage density regulations for
bird welfare was highlighted.
The variances in serology and haematology may reflect a higher or more consistent
exposure to pathogens with birds kept on the floor.
The need for proper attention to vaccination was highlighted, especially in relation to
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
84
the patterns seen with MG, AEV and IBV in layer flocks.
Cage density appears to have considerable effects, with more room per bird being
deleterious in regard to egg production, uniformity of body weights and
osteoporosis.
Consistency and severity of beak trimming appears to have enormous effects on bird
welfare and commercial performance. Due attention to the quality of this procedure
would give enormous benefits to both concerns and should be given the highest
priority of any bird management practice.
Publications
The industry needs to recognise that poor feather cover is a major welfare issue, as
well as being associated with poorer performance. This area needs much more
concentrated research to understand the factors involved.
Publication of results has been concentrated on feed-back to the industry:
Layer disease and management survey. Scientific Meeting of the Australian
Veterinary Assoc., Poultry Information Exchange, Surfer’s Paradise, April, 1996.
Survey on poultry health and management in the layer industry. Queensland Poultry
Science Symposium, Vol 5. University of Qld. Gatton, July, 1996.
Factors affecting osteoporosis as measured by rib score in the layer industry survey.
Victorian Layer Production Seminar, VIAS, Attwood, Victoria, September 1997.
Layer disease and management survey 1995-97: lifting our game. Poultry
Information Exchange, Surfer’s Paradise, April, 1998.
Layer disease and performance survey - infectious bronchitis. Victorian Layer
Production Seminar, VIAS, Attwood, Vic, September, 1999.
Layer industry survey - stress management in layers. Victorian Layer Production
Seminar, VIAS, Attwood, Vic, September, 2000.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
85
Project Title
Revision of the AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy document
on very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
BTT-2A
Dr Clive Jackson
Biological Technology Transfer
2 Victory Avenue
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4655 4007
(02) 4655 4008
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
In 1998, Dr Jackson developed an AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy Document as
part of a consultancy to the DPIE. That Strategy Document was developed because
of the serious economic impact that very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease (vvIBD)
would have on the poultry industry should it gain entry into Australia. The annual
loss was estimated to be in the order of $50 million. A revised Strategy Document
was developed using the Newcastle Disease (ND) Strategy Document as a model.
However, experiences gained through the implementation of that document to the
1998-2000 outbreak of virulent ND in NSW resulted in further revision of the
Disease Strategy document for vvIBD.
Research
The revision was undertaken with the assistance of a corresponding committee of
Australian scientific experts on IBD. The Strategy Document was rewritten by the
Principal Investigator to incorporate decisions from a Government/Industry meeting
held on 19 August 1999. The revised Strategy Document also considered the role
player by government and industry during the 1998-2000 eradication of virulent
Newcastle disease in NSW. It also considered the new cost-sharing agreement for
exotic disease control and eradication.
Outcomes
A revised Disease Strategy document has been developed for review by RIRDC Egg
and Chicken Meat Programs. The revised Strategy Document should provide the
industry and government with a contemporary document on which to base an
eradication program. The Strategy Document takes into account the current funding
arrangements for exotic disease control in Australia. It attempts to define the
resources required by industry and government. It also provides industry with
guidance in undertaking a risk analysis of the benefits to be derived from pursuing
eradication with limited resources and funding.
Implications
The existence of a Disease Strategy document focuses the attention of the industry
on the need to remain vigilant against the entry of vvIBDV. It emphasises the need
to continue to develop rapid diagnostic tests to detect the viruses as early as possible.
It also demands the availability of funds and resources to undertake the eradication
program.
To revise the AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy document on very virulent
infectious bursal disease.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
86
Publications
Jackson, CAW (2001) AUSVETPLAN Disease Strategy for Very Virulent
Infectious Bursal Disease virus (vvIBDV) Eradication. Proc. AVPA Scientific
Meeting 6-7.2.01 University of Sydney, p15.
Jackson, CAW (2001) A Disease Strategy for the Prevention and Eradication of
Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (vvIBDV). Proc. XIIth
International Congress of the WVPA, Cairo, 17-21.9.01 (Abstract) (Submitted
for publication).
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
87
Project Title
Postgraduate Scholarship – Matthew Rudd: Identification
of virulence determinants of infectious bursal disease
virus (IBDV)
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-4J
Mr Matthew Rudd and Dr Jagoda Ignjatovic
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3213
(03) 5227 5769
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
To characterise and sequence a very virulent (vv) exotic strain of infectious
bursal disease virus (IBDV) and identify genomic region(s) which may
influence pathogenesis.
To compare and contrast the pathogenicity of attenuated and very virulent IBDV
(vvIBDV) strains in vivo, and identify criteria which might differentiate between
the two strains.
To establish a reverse genetics system for the recovery of infectious IBDV from
cell culture, embryonating eggs and/or directly from SPF chickens.
To swap genomic material between attenuated and vvIBDV strains and assess
the impact of such manipulations on pathogenicity in vivo.
Background
Since first reported in 1989, vvIBDV has spread rapidly throughout Europe, Asia,
and many other countries. Australia is currently free of such strains. This project
seeks to identify potential virulence markers of IBDV for the development of rapid
and highly accurate diagnostic tests which could be used to detect any incursion of
exotic vvIBDV strains, should this ever occur.
Research
An Indonesian vvIBDV strain was completely sequenced and the deduced amino
acid sequences were aligned with the corresponding sequences of published IBDV
strains to identify amino acids which are conserved solely in very virulent strains.
An endemic attenuated IBDV strain (002-73) and an Indonesian vvIBDV strain
(Tasik94) were both extensively characterised in vivo, and the ability of several
biological assays to differentiate between the two strains were assessed.
Genomic material, corresponding to a portion of the VP2 protein, was swapped
between the attenuated 002-73 and very virulent Indonesian Tasik94 strains to
generate recombinant IBDV. A reverse genetics system will be used to recover
infectious recombinant virus. Pathogenicity testing of the recombinant virus will be
used to assess the significance of putative virulence determinants identified and to
provide valuable information which will assist in the development of a diagnostic
assay.
Implications
Further work needs to be conducted to recover and assess recombinant virus(es).
The successful identification of virulence determinants is a prerequisite for
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
88
developing diagnostic tests needed to monitor the field situation of IBDV in
Australia.
Publications
Rudd, M.F., Heine, H.G., Parede, L., Sapats, S.I., Ignjatovic, J. (2001)
Characterisation of an Indonesian strain of very virulent infectious bursal disease
virus (vvIBDV). Proc. Int. Symp. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Chicken
Anemia. In press.
Currently in preparation:
Rudd, M.F., Heine, H.G., Middleton, D., Lowther, S., Ignjatovic, J. Differentiation
between endemic and exotic strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV).
Poster in preparation for presentation at the 3rd Veterinary Virology Conference,
26-28th September 2001.
Rudd, M.F., Heine, H.G., Sapats, S.I., Ignjatovic, J. Identification of putative
virulence determinants of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Manuscript in
preparation for submission to Virus Research.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
89
Project Title
Therapeutic applications of chicken interferon gamma in
poultry
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-7J
Dr John Lowenthal
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3213
(03) 5227 5759
(03) 5227 5531
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
Safe, natural alternatives to antibiotics for the maintenance of optimal growth rates
and flock health in chickens are being sought by the poultry industry worldwide.
Cytokines are natural proteins that are produced by the body’s immune system
during infection. Their ability to protect against disease make them excellent
candidates as naturally occurring therapeutics.
Research
Previous studies on chicken interferon gamma (ChIFN-γ) identified it as having
therapeutic potential. In this project, the ability of ChIFN-γ to act as a growth
promoter and vaccine adjuvant was assessed in trials using broiler chickens under
commercial conditions.
Outcomes
An Escherichia coli expression system was developed for the large scale production
of recombinant ChIFN-γ protein. The recombinant ChIFN-γ was found to be
biologically active. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and an ELISA was
developed for the detection of ChIFN-γ. Treatment of broilers with ChIFNγ resulted in enhanced weight gain over a period of up to eight weeks compared to
control birds. ChIFN-γ treatment also reduced weight loss suffered by birds
following infection with Eimeria acervulina.
Implications
Rapid transfer of this technology to the Australian poultry industry is anticipated.
These results show the feasibility of using cytokines as natural therapeutics and
adjuvants.
Additional cytokines have recently been identified, including
interleukins -2, -6, -15 and -18. These are now available for a similar type of
assessment. The particular activities of these new cytokines make them attractive
new treatments for diseases such as coccidiosis, Marek’s disease and infectious
bronchitis.
Publications
Lowenthal, J.W., O'Neil, T.E., Strom, A.D.G., and Andrew, M.E. (1999) Cytokine
therapy: a natural alternative for disease control. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72,
183-188.
To enhance disease resistance and vaccine efficacy in poultry by administering
therapeutic doses of chicken interferon-gamma to commercial broilers and
layers.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
90
Lowenthal, J.W., Lambrecht, B, van den Berg, T.P., Andrew, M.E., Strom, A.D.G., and
Bean, A.G.D. (2000) Avian cytokines – the natural approach to therapeutics. Dev.
Comp. Immunol. 24, 355-365.
Lowenthal, J.W. (2001) Therapeutic applications of cytokines - what can the chicken
teach us? Avian Dis. (in press).
Lowenthal, J.W., Richards, G.G., Bean A.D.G., O’Neil T.E., Hilton L.S., Tyac S.,
Pooley, C., and Johnson M.A. (2001) New vaccination strategies for control of
coccidiosis. Avian Dis. (in press).
Hilton, L.S., Bean, A,G.D., and Lowenthal, J.W. (2001) Recent advances in avian
cytokines. Vet. Immunol. Immunopatol. (Invited Review – in press).
Lowenthal, J.W. et al. Chicken interferons: natural therapeutics in poultry. Avian
Immunology Research Group Meeting, Turku, Finland 1998.
Lowenthal, J.W. Cytokine therapy – a natural alternative for disease control. 4th Asia
Pacific Health Conference, Melbourne, 1998.
Lowenthal, J.W. Cytokine therapy – a natural alternative for disease control. 5th
International Veterinary Immunology Symposium, India, 1998.
Lowenthal, J.W. Practical applications of chicken cytokines. 11th Australian Poultry
and Feed Convention, Gold Coast. 1999.
Lowenthal, J.W. et al. New strategies for enhancing immunity to Eimeria: interferon
gamma is the natural approach to disease control. Vaccines against Coccidioses
conference, Dublin, 2000.
Lowenthal, J.W. Therapeutic applications of cytokines - what can the chicken teach
us? Avian Immunology Research Meeting, Cornell University, USA, 2000.
Lowenthal, J.W. et al. New vaccination strategies for control of coccidiosis. Avian
Immunology Research Meeting, Cornell University, USA, 2000.
Lowenthal, J.W. et al., Cytokines are the next generation of therapeutics. AVAP
Meeting, Attwood, Vic. Oct 2000.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
91
Project Title
NDV vaccination strategies aiming to induce high HI titres
in elite breeding and layer flocks
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAN-159J
Dr George Arzey
NSW Department of Agriculture
Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI)
PMB 8
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4640 6333
(02) 4640 6300
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
The recent availability of inactivated ND vaccines in Australia has broadened the
scope for effective long-term protection of birds against Newcastle disease.
However, no sound data was previously available on the HI titres elicited when V4
was used as the priming vaccine. The present study was undertaken in order to
assess a range of vaccination strategies in caged layers with the use of V4 as the
priming agent
Research
Ten different vaccination strategies were evaluated by monitoring the NDV HI
response over a period of 28 weeks in serologically negative 18 weeks old pullets
housed in commercial cages.
Outcomes
Any of the combinations of live V4 plus inactivated vaccine trialled should protect a
flock against clinical Newcastle disease. For protection against a drop in egg
production, the strategies in which V4 was followed by inactivated vaccine four
weeks later can be considered protective up to 24 weeks post initial vaccination.
Protection against infection for up to three months (as determined by reduced
shedding of a virulent virus) can be expected with V4 delivered orally followed with
inactivated vaccine four weeks later. The studies also confirmed the poor ability of
V4 to spread in flocks.
Implications
The study demonstrated that V4 used as a priming vaccine with a selective
combination of an inactivated vaccine can produce high and persistent NDV HI titres
that are comparable to those elicited by other live overseas vaccines in combination
with inactivated vaccines.
To identify strategies capable of producing the highest and most persistent mean
HI titres in vaccinated flocks.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
92
Project Title
Investigations into the management of the darkling beetle,
Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer)
RIRDC Project No:
Researchers:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-244J
Mr Trevor Lambkin and Mr MC Cameron
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Farming Systems Institute
80 Meiers Rd
INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068
(07) 3896 9434
(07) 3896 9446
[email protected], [email protected]
Objectives
•
•
To review the relevant literature pertaining to A. diaperinus research and
thereby develop an improved understanding of the ecology of the pest.
To develop an insecticide resistance testing method for A. diaperinus and
subsequently survey and test broiler shed and egg barn pest populations in south
east Queensland for insecticide resistance.
Background
The darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) is a common cosmopolitan
insect pest of poultry houses, in particular broiler sheds and egg barns, and is
capable of transmitting a large number of poultry diseases and parasites. In recent
concern has been expressed about increasing beetle numbers in broiler sheds and the
pest’s potential to breach farm bio-security. In spite of the occurrence of the pest on
almost every Australian poultry farm, no previous Australian research has been
undertaken to determine the pest’s behaviour and its insecticide resistance status.
Research commenced in 1998 to address these gaps in our understanding of the pest;
in particular, to develop a better understanding of the ecology of the pest and to
determine if resistance to fenitrothion (Folithion®) and cyfluthrin (Tugon®) has
occurred in pest populations.
Research
A review of scientific literature on darkling beetle research was undertaken to
provide improved knowledge of the pest’s ecology, published research results and
possible control strategies. Work was undertaken towards the development of an
effective and efficient laboratory culture method for A. diaperinus, in order to
provide a constant and adequate supply of beetles for laboratory research and testing
with insecticides. A laboratory insecticide-resistance testing method was developed
to provide the tools necessary to identify and characterise any insecticide resistance
in A. diaperinus populations. A survey was undertaken of local broiler shed and egg
barn beetle populations and these populations were subsequently tested with
fenitrothion (and some with cyfluthrin). Each population tested was compared to a
susceptible reference population and from this comparison a level of resistance was
determined.
Outcomes
The scientific literature review and project field studies have indicated that the pest’s
ability to avoid contact with insecticides contributes to A. diaperinus control failures.
This behaviour, together with predominantly clay-floored sheds in most broiler
sheds contributes to problems with control after clean-outs, as many individuals stay
concealed in the floor and do not receive a lethal dose of insecticide. The
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
93
development of a laboratory culture method has provided adequate numbers of some
test insects. Problems with the culture method arose during the latter part of the
project due to mite infestations, and these have hindered the availability of insects
for testing. The development of fenitrothion and cyfluthrin resistance testing
methods has been successful. Test results have shown that insects from south east
Queensland broiler systems have strong fenitrothion resistance and some cyfluthrin
resistance, and preliminary results indicate that populations of A. diaperinus from
some production areas, for example Armidale and the Atherton Tablelands, have
quite weak fenitrothion resistance. Insecticide resistance levels in insects from other
intensive livestock systems, including egg barns are generally weaker, and all levels
of resistance are directly related to duration and frequency of insecticide use.
Implications
Insecticide resistance is not the major factor that determines beetle population sizes
in broiler sheds. There is no relationship between anecdotal estimates of broiler
beetle numbers and fenitrothion and cyfluthrin resistance levels, ie- population sizes
of insects in different broiler sheds, with similar levels of insecticide resistance, can
be very different. Results of testing A. diaperinus from the only south east
Queensland egg barn studied show that the insects are still susceptible to fenitrothion
and a rotation of fenitrothion and cyfluthrin may be done on alternate clean outs.
Whether these egg barn results are typical for all is not known.
For broiler sheds in general it is suggested that the application of cyfluthrin may be
reduced to every second clean out (part or full) or just used over the summer period.
This may delay the development of stronger resistance. Preliminary results for the
broiler production areas of Armidale and the Atherton Tablelands indicate that
fenitrothion may be included with cyfluthrin in an insecticide rotation.
In summary, as development of strong insecticide resistance in all areas is inevitable
given time, a closer examination is needed of the other major factors that control
population sizes in broiler sheds. When this is known, studies of currently registered
insecticides, alternative control strategies and the interaction of both can be properly
evaluated.
Publications
Lambkin, T.A. (1998) Controlling black beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) in chicken
sheds. Proceedings 1998 Poultry Exchange Surfers Paradise 19-21 April 1998,
33-37.
Lambkin, T.A. and Cameron, M.C. (1999) Darkling beetle control-current
difficulties and future prospects. Proceedings 11th Australian Poultry & Feed
Convention 10-13 October 2000, 184-192.
Lambkin, T.A. & Cameron, M.C. (2000) Darkling beetle control in Australian
broilers - a new direction. Proceedings 2000 Poultry Exchange Surfers Paradise
9-11 April 2000, 97-102.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
94
Project Title
The development of effective immunisation strategies
against Marek’s disease
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
RMI-6J
Prof Greg Tannock
RMIT University
Virology Laboratory
PO Box 71
BUNDOORA VIC 3083
(03) 9925 7142
(03) 9925 7110
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Background
To improve the performance of existing Marek’s disease vaccines using suitable
adjuvants.
To characterise MDV strains after adaptation to continuous cell lines.
To develop a MDV serotype 1 specific probe to use in a dot-blot hybridisation
technique.
For almost 30 years, Marek’s disease (MD) has been largely controlled by the use of
intensive vaccination with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), either alone or in
combination. However, in recent years HVT vaccines have shown to be much less
effective against emerging field strains of MDV of increasing virulence.
Adjuvants are used to improve the immunogenicity of a vaccine without increasing
the amount of infectious virus in the vaccine. An adjuvant enhancing the
performance of the HVT vaccine would be a value-added benefit to a cheap and
readily available existing vaccine.
The adaptation of MDVs to growth in a continuous cell line could be useful for
vaccine production, compared with the labour and reagent intensive CEF cultures
that are currently used.
Because of limitations associated with current detection techniques for MDV
serotype 1 virus, a MDV1 specific probe used in a rapid identification assay which is
less expensive and more specific than those currently available, would be very useful
for field diagnosis and important in vaccine evaluation.
Research
Commercial broiler chickens were used to assess the possible role of γ-inulin as an
adjuvant to improve the efficiency of HVT vaccination against MD. Chickens were
administered vaccine with or without γ-inulin using three vaccination procedures: (i)
in-ovo, by Inovoject®, (ii) in ovo by hand, or (iii) subcutaneously (sc) at day old.
All birds were challenged with a virulent MDV 1 challenge virus at three days of
age. Effective vaccination by HVT was assessed by the development of viraemia.
HVT and MDV1 were adapted to the Vero continuous cell line (Jaikumar, 2001) and
were characterised by immunological and molecular techniques.
A probe labelled with digoxigenin (DIG) was developed for the detection of MDV 1
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
95
by dot-blot hybridisation. The probe was labelled by the incorporation of DIG in a
PCR reaction product that consisted of the amplified 132 bp repeat located within
the inverted repeat long region of the MDV 1 genome. The sensitivity and
specificity of virus isolation and dot-blot hybridisation were compared with PCR,
which was used as the reference procedure.
Outcomes
In the vaccination trial, MD was present in all treatment groups but its incidence in
groups treated with γ-inulin was not significantly different from non-treated groups.
Differences in the percentages of MD in groups administered γ-inulin using the
Inovoject® method or sc at day 1 were also non-significant. No adverse effects due
to γ-inulin were noted in any group.
HVT grew more rapidly and produced more extensive CPE and higher virus yields
in Vero cell lines than MDV1. When the genome of adapted serotype 1 viruses was
examined, an expansion of the 132 bp DR sequence indicated that the infected cell
line contained serotype 1 MDV DNA. The presence of intact DNA with a size of
approximately 180 kb in both serotype 1- and HVT-infected Vero cells after
isolation and characterisation indicated that whole copies of both types of DNA were
present and provided further evidence for adaptation to growth of the serotype 1
virus. This is the first report of the growth of either virus in a continuous line.
Highest sensitivity rates were achieved by dot-blot hybridisation using the 132 bp
PCR probe, compared with virus isolation and identification by immunoperoxidase
or immunofluorescence. Despite their much lower sensitivity, higher specificity was
obtained by both culture detection methods than for the dot-blot hybridization
Implications
This project has shown that γ-inulin did not appear to function as an adjuvant when
administered with HVT vaccine. The presence of intact DNA with a size of
approximately 180 kb in both serotype 1- and HVT-infected Vero cells after
isolation and subsequent analysis in a pulsed-field gel indicates that whole copies of
both types of DNA were present and provides further support for adaptation to
growth of the serotype 1 virus, thus would be useful for new and improved vaccine
production procedures.
The dot-blot hybridisation technique using the DIG-labelled probe specific for MDV
1 was shown to be potentially very useful as a rapid and economical test to detect
MDV.
Publications
Cipriani, T. L. (2000) The development of two digoxigenin-labelled probes for the
detection of Marek’s disease virus by dot-blot hybridisation. B. App.Sc.Honours
Thesis.
Jaikumar, D. (1998) Propagation and molecular characterisation of Marek’s disease
virus. Master of App.Sc. Thesis.
Jaikumar, D. (2001) Adaptation of Marek’s disease virus to the Vero continuous cell
line. Veterinary Microbiology 70, 75-82.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
96
Project Title
Characterisation of very virulent Australian isolates of
Marek’s disease virus
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
RMI-8J
Prof Greg Tannock
RMIT University
Virology Laboratory
PO Box 71
BUNDOORA VIC 3083
(03) 9925 7142
(03) 9925 7110
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
To collect and maintain a repository of serotype 1 strains of Marek’s disease
virus (MDV) representative of Australia and to characterise them for future
reference.
To determine optimum methods for standardising Marek’s disease (MD)
vaccines.
To prepare and maintain reference preparations of NDV for use in vaccine
assays.
To provide an independent, reliable vaccine assay facility for use by Australian
vaccine manufacturers in harmony with requirements set by NATA.
To continually maintain and supply MDV challenge preparations for use by the
industry.
Background
MD is currently a significant economic problem for the Australian chicken industry.
Current, locally developed vaccines appear to provide very little protection against
recently isolated very virulent strains of MDV. The availability of new vaccines
increases the need for a reliable assay system to evaluate their effectiveness.
Previously, vaccine assays were carried out by individual manufacturers without
access to standard reference preparations. A repository will allow study trends in the
evolution of MDV to be studied.
Research
Blood samples were collected from flocks in different parts of the country that have
been experiencing MD losses. These samples were screened for the presence of
serotype 1 MDV. Positive samples were stored in liquid nitrogen for future
reference.
In consultation with vaccine manufacturers and industry representatives, the
Virology Laboratory set up a vaccine assay facility and is seeking accreditation with
the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA). During the establishment
phase of the assay, a nominal cell count and virus titre, with maximum and
minimum limits, were set for two reference preparations and were revised after their
substantial use to monitor the stability of the assay.
Studies were carried out in response to industry concerns about possible losses to
vaccine potency from the widely used practice of using chilled diluent whilst
administering vaccines. Another study assessed the differences between operators
whilst performing vaccine assays.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
97
Outcomes
Some 300 blood samples were collected, of which 86 were positive for serotype 1
MDV. Characterisation studies did not commence within the project’s time frame.
However, despite their pre-characterisation status, the samples remain as a viable
repository of MDV isolates and will be available for comparative purposes in the
future.
A liquid overlay procedure was adopted for the vaccine assay and over 1000 assays
have been conducted since the establishment of the facility in January 1998. Few
manufacturers have used the facility despite its availability to all Australian
manufacturers. An impending move to a new purpose-built facility and its audit,
will take place before registration with NATA.
The revised cell count and virus titre results indicated the stability of each reference
preparation and thus validated the nominal virus titres used throughout the assay
procedure. The use of diluent held at room temperature substantially decreases virus
titre loss (as opposed to holding diluent at 4°C). Therefore, it is critical to maintain
diluent at room temperature whilst administrating MD vaccines to maintain their
potency. Differences in vaccine titre of parallel assays of two operators were non
significant and, consequently, did not affect the assay result.
Publications
Two presentations on the functions of the vaccine assay facility were given at
meetings of the Australian Veterinary Poultry Association at Surfers’ Paradise in
April 1999 and the Victorian Poultry Health and Welfare Liaison Group in
September 1999.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
98
Project Title
Development of a live attenuated vaccine for chicken
anaemia virus
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UM-37A
Dr Glenn Browning
The University of Melbourne
Veterinary Preclinical Centre
PARKVILLE VIC 3052
(03) 8344 7342
(03) 8344 7374
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
The role of chicken anaemia virus (CAV) in immunosuppressive diseases has
become more evident in recent years.
It contributes not only to severe
immunosuppression in progeny from recently exposed parents, but also to high
mortality from Marek’s disease virus associated with donor progeny susceptible to
CAV, both in Australia and overseas. Increasing attention is now being paid to
declining immunity in donor flock dams, which result in variable to poor progeny
performance.
To improve control of CAV related disease in chickens by:
ƒ Performing directed mutagenesis on the genome of chicken anaemia virus
(CAV) to develop attenuated mutants
ƒ Assessment of attenuated mutants of CAV as live vaccines for
administration to breeder flocks, broilers and pullets
ƒ Assessment of the suitability of DNA vaccination with these attenuated
mutants.
Control of disease due to CAV currently relies predominantly on controlled
exposure of breeder birds to virulent virus. This strategy will not control subclinical
disease that results from exposure of older birds with waning immunity, leading to
an increased risk of vertical transmission. Furthermore, this method has the problem
of perpetuating the presence of virulent CAV in the environment.
The need for a safe immunogenic, universally available attenuated CAV vaccine is
clearly evident.
Research
In order to develop an attenuated vaccine suitable for administration to all birds we
have produced an infectious clone of the genome of an Australian isolate of CAV
and have been introducing mutations into specific regions of the gene for VP2, one
of the three viral proteins. The regions targeted are predicted to play a role in the
function of VP2 during viral infection.
Outcomes
Thus far we have produced a series of mutant viruses and have assessed the degree
of attenuation in chick embryos. All mutants were significantly attenuated in their
capacity to cause lesions in the thymus, spleen and bursa of embryos. Further
studies (RIRDC Project UM-55A) are now examining the extent of attenuation in
day old chicks and the protection afforded by vaccination with these mutants.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
99
The full technical report for this project is commercial-in-confidence and is not
available for general publication.
Implications
The feasibility of using site specific mutagenesis to produce attenuated strains of
CAV has been demonstrated. Furthermore, some vaccine candidates have been
produced. Further work is needed to assess the extent of attenuation achieved, and
additional mutagenesis may be needed to produce a strain that is suitable for use as a
vaccine. Work still needs to be done to assess the protective immunity induced by
these strains, and further work is needed to assess the potential of DNA vaccination.
Publications
Brown, H. K., Browning, G. F., Scott, P. C. and Crabb, B. S. (2000) Full-length
infectious clone of a pathogenic Australian isolate of chicken anaemia virus.
Aust. Vet. J., 78:637-640
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
100
Project Title
Postgraduate scholarship – David Witcombe: Production
and characterisation of recombinant antigens of Eimeria
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email :
UTS-3J
Mr David Witcombe and Nicholas Smith
University of Technology
Molecular Parasitology Unit
Dept of Cell and Molecular Biology
PO Box 123
BROADWAY NSW 2007
(02) 9514 4013
(02) 9514 4026
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
Background
To prepare recombinant versions of a putative subunit vaccine candidate from
Eimeria, the 230 kDa merozoite protein.
To explore the potential molecular relationships between this protein and
gametocyte proteins of Eimeria.
To determine the importance of glycosylation of these proteins for induction of
immunity.
To determine how the genes encoding these antigens are organised and
expressed in the genome and whether they undergo antigenic variation or
diversification.
To assess whether combination immunoprophylaxis (eg vaccination with
merozoite and gametocyte antigens) is more efficacious than vaccination with
antigens from one developmental stage alone.
Coccidiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite, Eimeria, is a major pathogenic
disease of poultry worldwide. Coccidiosis costs the poultry industry internationally
over $1 billion per year. The resistance of the parasite to anticoccidials, the high cost
of development of new anticoccidials and the demands by the public for chemicalfree meat drive the quest for a vaccine to control coccidiosis.
Young chickens are protected against Eimeria by the transfer of antibodies from
their mothers into the egg yolk, which is absorbed by hatchlings. These maternal
antibodies have been used to identify proteins for inclusion in a vaccine.
Exploration into the molecular composition of these proteins of Eimeria will allow
deduction of the minimal components required for an effective vaccine. The
development of a maternally-delivered vaccine against coccidiosis will benefit the
poultry industry by allowing reduced use of chemotherapy, potentially effecting a
significant cost reduction and satisfying consumer demand for residue-free meat.
Research
The 230 kDa merozoite antigen of Eimeria maxima has been purified and Nterminal and internal tryptic digest amino-acid sequences determined. Using these
sequences, the genetic code for the protein has been determined. Expression and
production of recombinant proteins are underway.
The sequences of gametocyte antigens (amino acid and genetic sequences) do not
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
101
appear to be related to the sequence of the 230kDa protein.
There are several potential glycosylation sites in the 230 kDa merozoite protein.
Similar sequences appear to be found in several species of Eimeria.
Immunogenicity and efficacy trials using purified native and recombinant versions
of the 230 kDa E. maxima merozoite protein will commence shortly.
Implications
The results obtained to date suggest that the 230 kDa protein of E. maxima is a
stage-specific molecule (found in asexual stages only). However, the observation
that this protein is present in more than one species of Eimeria suggests that it has
some conserved and important function in the development of the parasite.
Therefore, it is a logical target for use in a subunit vaccine against coccidiosis.
Publications
Witcombe, D., Belli, S., Wallach, M. and Smith, N. (2000) Western blot analyses
and purification of an immunodominant asexual stage protein from Eimeria
maxima. New Zealand and Australian Societies for Parasitology, Annual
Scientific and General Meeting, Wellington, September.
Belli, S., Witcombe, D., Padula, M., Wallach, M. and Smith, N. (1999) The use of
SDS-PAGE and 2-D PAGE in the analysis of parasite derived antigens.
Australian Electrophoresis Society Sixth Annual Conference, Melbourne,
October.
Witcombe, D., Belli, S., Wallach, M. and Smith, N. (1999) Characterisation of an
immunodominant merozoite antigen from Eimeria maxima. Vaccines Against
Animal Coccidioses, Interlaken, Switzerland, November.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
102
Feed Availability and Nutrition
Project Title:
Alternative protein sources for laying hens
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
DAQ-241A
David Robinson
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
The Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre
PO Box 327
CLEVELAND QLD 4163
(07) 3824 3081
(07) 3824 4316
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objective
• To broaden the base of locally available vegetable protein sources that can be
profitably included in the diet of layers. A literature review of alternative
protein sources was first conducted, with special reference to grain legumes and
suitability for conditions in northern Australia. Suitable recently introduced
cultivars of grain legumes were identified and evaluated in laying hen trials.
The nutritional profiles of these legumes were established and levels of common
ANFs in the legumes were determined. Implications for the industry were
discussed and recommendations with regard to further development and usage
were then made, including safe maximum concentrations of the legumes in layer
diets.
Background
Traditional ingredients in poultry diets are forecast to be in short supply within ten
years. Inevitably there will be an increase in the world-wide demand for protein
feed which is expected to be met largely by legumes and canola. As total feedgrain
production in Australia is forecast to decline over the medium term, there is a risk of
becoming more reliant on imports. While grain legume production in Australia is
increasing, most of this harvest is grown in the southern states, primarily for human
consumption. It would be highly advantageous to shift some of this production
northwards, both to meet the demands of the livestock industry in this region more
economically and to provide more agronomic diversity in the region. Some legume
varieties are well suited to subtropical regions and show promise as competitive
sources of protein for livestock. Agronomists recognise that increased cultivation of
grain legumes would make a valuable contribution to sustainable agriculture.
Developments
A review of alternative protein sources for layers, with special consideration for
grain legumes, was completed and accompanies this report. Three varieties of
chickpea, two of mung bean, two of cowpea and one of lablab were selected for
evaluation for laying hens, and batches of Queensland-grown grain of each variety
were obtained. Nutrient analyses, metabolisable energy determinations and
measurements of a range of ANFs were completed for all these materials. Three
successive rounds of laying hen performance trials (each of approximately four
months duration) were conducted, using IsaBrown layers. In each trial, several
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
103
cultivars were included in nutritionally balanced layer diets at a range of
concentrations determined on the basis of the laboratory information and existing
knowledge of layer (or broiler) responses to the species of legume being tested. All
cultivars were studied in untreated form using mash diets, but the effects of steam
pelleting and decortication were also investigated with selected cultivars.
Outcomes
Varieties of the same legume species were nutritionally similar, except that total
sulphur amino acid levels were much lower in Amethyst chickpea than in Barwon or
Dooen. Trypsin inhibitor activity was higher in chickpea and lablab than in mung
bean, and higher in Amethyst than in Barwon chickpea. However, bird performance
appeared to be unrelated to ANF levels, which therefore did not provide a useful
indicator of safe maximum concentrations of legume in the diet. Diet composition
(legume type and level) did not significantly affect mortality, and reduced mean egg
weight in only one case (400 g/kg lablab). In trial 1, diets containing 450 g/kg Delta
or Emerald mung bean or 300 g/kg Barwon chickpea resulted in 7-9% fewer eggs, 45 g/d lower egg mass and 9-10% poorer feed conversion than the control diet.
Bodyweight gain over the trial period was depressed by 90-150 g in four of the six
chickpea treatments. Trends in the data suggested that both Amethyst and Barwon
chickpea had a depressing effect on egg mass output when included in the diet at
concentrations above 100 g/kg. In trial 2, Koala lablab at 400 g/kg in mash or
pelleted diets resulted in markedly lower egg number, egg mass output and feed
intake and poorer feed conversion than any other treatment but did not affect body
weight gain. In this trial none of the chickpea (Amethyst) or mung bean (Emerald)
treatments differed significantly from the mash or pellet control treatment in respect
of egg number, feed intake or feed conversion. However, birds given 450 g/kg
mung bean as mash produced less egg mass but gained more bodyweight than the
control birds. Egg weight was 0.87 g higher when birds were fed pelleted instead of
mash diets. Mung bean at 450 g/kg in the pelleted diet resulted in 14% more eggs
than the control pellets. Although there were no interactions between diet form and
diet composition, diets containing 200 or 300 g/kg chickpea tended to depress
performance when fed as mash but not when fed as pellets. In trial 3, moderate
levels of Caloona or Red Caloona cowpea (125-250 g/kg) or Dooen chickpea (175
g/kg) tended to increase egg number and egg mass output compared to the control
diet or diets containing high levels (350-375 g/kg) of these legumes. Decortication
of Dooen chick pea tended to adversely affect egg mass output. Body weight gain
consistently declined (or body weight loss increased) with increasing dietary levels
of legumes. The average yolk colour score of eggs from birds given 375 g/kg Red
Caloona cowpea was substantially higher (P<0.001) than that of the control
treatment.
The results overall suggest that safe dietary concentrations for long term feeding of
untreated grain legumes in mash diets for laying hens are (g/kg): Barwon and
Amethyst chickpea 100, Dooen chickpea 175, mung bean 300, lablab <100, Caloona
cowpea 150, Red Caloona 100. These levels may be increased for short term
feeding or if the diet is steam pelleted.
Implications
By providing information on nutrient composition, ANF levels and safe maximum
dietary concentrations for a range of grain legume varieties, this research will
primarily benefit stockfeed manufacturers. Mung beans were of greatest value,
followed by cowpeas and chickpeas. Benefits to the egg industry will flow through
mainly from the lower cost diets that will ensue from the wider variety of feed
ingredients and higher usage levels of these ingredients. The performance results
provided some suggestion that inclusion of certain grain legumes at low to moderate
concentrations in layer diets may improve production. ANF profiles did not provide
a reliable guide to maximum inclusion rates.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
104
This research plays an important part in the promotion of locally grown products as
substitutes for imported protein meals. The grain legumes studied in this project
also show potential for export growth, while at the same time they will command
strong interest by the livestock feed sector. Increased knowledge of the particular
limitations of different species and cultivars in poultry nutrition should encourage
plant breeders to apply appropriate selection pressures to further improve the
varieties suited to poultry. Grain growers should be aware that Koala lablab appears
to be less suitable for poultry feeding than the other grain legumes investigated in
this project.
The greatest impact of this project on the Australian economy is probably its
influence on the reduction of imports, expansion of exports, development of local
agriculture and the long-term sustainability of the grain industry. To achieve these
benefits to the fullest extent it is important to do research within the poultry sector,
but the direct benefits to that sector, though significant, may turn out to be
comparatively small.
Publications
Robinson, D. and Datugan, M.J. (1999) Untreated chick pea and mung bean in layer
diets. Queensland Poultry Science Symposium 8, pp 14-1 – 14-5.
Robinson, D., Datugan, M.J., Singh, D.N. and Barram, K.M. (2000) Evaluation of
untreated grain legume varieties for laying hens. Australian Poultry Science
Symposium 12: 205.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
105
Project Title
Premium Grains for Livestock Program
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
GRD-1J
Dr John Black
John L Black Consulting
Locked Bag 21
WARRIMOO NSW 2774
(02) 4753 6231
(02) 4753 6295
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Background
To identify the reasons for and magnitude of differences between grains in their
nutritional value for ruminants, pigs and poultry so that improvements in grain
quality can be achieved by plant breeding and through grain processing and
storage.
To develop rapid tests, suitable for the site of grain receipt and/or use, to
measure the nutritional value of grains so that they can be priced in accordance
with their suitability as an animal feed.
To develop a computer simulation model for ruminants to predict accurately the
consequences of grain characteristics and of grain processing and storage on the
productivity of feedlot cattle.
The Program involved collaborative funding from the Grains, Pig and Dairy R&D
Corporations, Meat and Livestock Australia and the Chicken Meat and Egg
Programs of RIRDC.
The Program is expected to improve the quality of grains available to the animal
industries and to provide a more rational basis for trading feed grains based on
measurement of the nutritional characteristics of grains determining their quality for
different livestock enterprises.
Research
Over 2000 grain samples covering the widest possible range in chemical and
physical characteristics that may influence animal performance have been collected.
The samples have been derived from germplasm collections, plant breeders,
specially grown crops and commercial grains suspected of having extremes in
nutritional values because of severe drought, frost damage or germination. All
samples collected have been scanned with near infrared spectrometry (NIR).
Approximately 115 analyses of chemical and physical characteristics thought to
influence nutritional value have been conducted on all grains fed to animals. These
involved analyses for individual carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid
components, α- and β-amylase and anti-nutritional factors such as lectins, tannins
and phytic acid. Physical properties included measurement of grain weight,
hydration capacity, seed colour, seed diameter, seed size distribution, seed hardness
index and profile, and the viscosity of whole grain, starch extract and acid soluble
extract. Light and electron microscopy has been used to examine the physical
structure of some grains that differ markedly in their nutritional value.
Many grains, including all those fed to animals have been examined using in vitro
systems simulating both rumen fermentation and intestinal digestion. These analyses
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
106
have been extremely useful for identifying grains that potentially have large
differences in nutritional value for different classes of livestock and for screening
potential processing procedures. A relatively small number of grains (approximately
100) covering the range identified in chemical and physical characteristics have been
fed to sheep, cattle, pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens to determine the digestion
of energy, individual grain compounds and, in some animal species, amino acids.
The effects of processing and storage on the nutritional value of grain for different
animal species have been evaluated using the in vitro systems.
Development of rapid and accurate analytical tests for measuring the most important
chemical and physical characteristics that determine nutritional value of feed grains
has commenced. Preliminary analyses using NIR have been developed for
predicting the digestible energy content of grains for pigs, apparent metabolisable
energy (AME) for broiler chickens and whole animal dry-matter digestibility for
sheep. In addition, NIR procedures have been used for predicting the major
chemical components of grains and for predicting the in vitro digestion of various
grain components.
Outcomes
Results show that there is a wide variation in energy availability both within and
between cereal grain species and between animal types. For example, the observed
range in AME (MJ/kg) for broiler chickens for the grains examined in the Program
is 15.4-16.1 for sorghum, 13.2-14.7 for wheat, 11.2-13.2 for barley, 11.2-14.4 for
triticale, 12.6-13.4 for normal oat grain and 14.6 for naked oats. Naked oats had an
AME value of 16.2 for laying hens. Sorghum has a much lower available energy
content for cattle at 9.7 MJ/kg than for pigs (14.6 MJ/kg) or broiler chickens (15.9
MJ/kg). The energy value of waxy sorghum is enhanced considerable for cattle to
13.2 MJ/kg, but there was only a marginal increase of 0.1 to 0.5 MJ/kg for pigs and
poultry.
Implications
Several hypotheses about the factors determining the nutritional value of cereal
grains for different animal types have been established and are being evaluated in the
current Project GRD-3J.
Publications
Balogun, R., Bird, S. H. and Rowe, J. B. (2000) Improving the nutritive value of
sorghum grain by germination. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 13
(supp): 160.
Bird, S. H., Rowe, J. B., Choct, M., Stachiw, S., Tyler, P. and Thompson, R. D.
(1999) In vitro fermentation of grain and enzymatic digestion of starch. Recent
Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia (Editor J. L. Corbett), 12: 53-61.
Black, J. L. (1999) Nutritional value of cereal grains for animals. Chemistry in
Australia. 66: 7-9.
Black, J. L. (1999) The Premium Grains for Livestock Program. In: The Eleventh
Australian Poultry & Feed Convention, Royal Pines Resort Gold Coast,
Australia. pp. 226-32.
Black, J. L. (2001) Variation in nutritional value of cereal grains across livestock
species. Australian Poultry Science Symposium, University of Sydney, Sydney,
Australia 13: 22-9.
Choct, M., Hughes, R. J., Perez-Maldonado, R. and van Barneveld, R. J. (2001) The
metabolisable energy value of sorghum and barley for broilers and layers.
Australian Poultry Science Symposium, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
13: 39-42.
Dixon, R. M. and Stockdale, C. R. (1999) Associative effects between grains and
forages: consequences for feed utilisation. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research 50: 757-73.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
107
Evers, A. D., Blakeney, A. B. and O’Brien, L. (1999) Cereal structure and
composition. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 629-50.
Farrell. D. J. (1999) In vivo and in vitro techniques for the assessment of the energy
content of feed grains for poultry: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research 50: 881-8.
Flinn, P. C. (2000) Current and potential use of NIR in the fodder and grain
industries: a ruminant’s perspective. In: Reading more from the spectrum, 9th
Australian Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference, Horsham, VIC, Apr 2000.
Flinn, P. C. (2000) Rapid methods for the quality assessment of grains for animal
nutrition. In: Chemical aspects of grain in human and animal nutrition., Cereal
Chemistry Division Symposium, 11th RACI Convention, Canberra, ACT, Feb
2000, p15.
Flinn, P. C., Heazlewood, P. G. and Dalton, S. L. (2000) Recent developments in
improving the prediction of digestibility of feed grains. In: 9th International
Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy Verona, Italy, Jun 1999 (in press).
Hogan, J. P. and Flinn, P. C. (1999) An assessment by in vivo methods of grain
quality for ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 843-54.
Hughes, R. J. and Choct, M. (1999) Chemical and physical characteristics of grains
related to variability in energy and amino acid availability in poultry. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 689-701.
Hughes, R. J., Choct, M. and van Barneveld, R. J. (2001) Factors influencing the
energy values of Australian cereal grains fed to broilers. Australian Poultry
Science Symposium, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 13: 30-8.
Kaiser, A. G. (1999) Increasing the utilisation of grain when fed whole to ruminants.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 737-56.
Kitessa, S., Flinn, P. C. and Irish, G. G. (1999) Comparison of methods used to
predict the in vivo digestibility of feeds in ruminants: A review. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 825-41.
Kruk, J. A. and van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Near infra-red spectrophotometry
predictions of digestible energy in cereals for pigs. In: Manipulating Pig
Production VII (submitted, Editor P. D. Cranwell) Australasian Pig Science
Association, Werribee, VIC.
Nagorka, B. N. (2000) A ruminant model to estimate the nutritive value of grains in
cattle feedlots. International Report, CSIRO CLI.
Nagorka, B. N., Gordon, G. L. R. and Dynes, R. A. (2000) Towards a more accurate
representation of fermentation in mathematical models of the rumen. Modelling
Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals (Editors McNamara, J. P., France, J. and
Beever, D. E.) CAB International, London (in press).
Moughan, P. J. (1999) In vitro techniques for the assessment of the nutritive value of
feed grains for pigs: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50:
871-9.
O’Brien, L. (1999) Genotype and environment effects on feed grain quality.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 703-19.
O’ Brien, L. (2000) Genotype and environment effects on feed grain quality. Royal
Chemical Institute, 11th National Convention, Canberra, ACT, Feb 2000.
O’Brien, L. and Blakeney, A. B. (2000) Genetic variation for components of dietary
fibre in wheat and barley grains. 11th Cereals and Bread Congress, Gold Coast,
Sept 2000.
O’Brien, L. and Blakeney, A. B. (2000) Opportunities for genetically improving the
dietary fibre content of wheat and barley. International Dietary Fibre Congress,
Dublin, Ireland, May 2000.
O’Brien, L., Tredea, A. M., van Barneveld, R., Bird, S. and Rowe, J. (2000)
Genotype and environment effects on measures of feed grain quality in wheat,
barley and oats. 11th Cereals and Bread Congress, Gold Coast, Sept 2000.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
108
Petterson, D. S., Harris, D. J., Rayner, C. J., Blakeney, A. B. and Choct, M. (1999)
Methods for the analysis of premium livestock grains. Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research 50: 775-87.
Ravindran, V. and Bryden, W. L. (1999) Amino acid availability in poultry – in vitro
and in vivo measurements. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 889908.
Rowe, J. B., Choct, M. and Pethick, D. W. (1999) Processing cereal grains for
animal feeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 721-36.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999). Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related
to variability in energy and amino acid availability in pigs: a review. Australian
Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 667-87.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Controlling the nutritional quality of stockfeed
ingredients. VICTAM Feed Ingredients and Grain Processing Asia ’99.
Bangkok, Thailand, 3-5 November, 1999.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Physical and chemical contaminants in grains used in
livestock feeds. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 807-23.
van Barneveld, R. J. (1999) Strategies for the assessment of livestock feed ingredient
quality. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 12: 63-72.
van Barneveld, R. J., Ru, Y. J., Wyatt, G. F. and Pluske, J. R. (2000) Relationship
between the ileal and faecal digestible energy content of pig diets containing
Australian barley cultivars. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia (in
press).
van Barneveld, R. J., Ru, Y. J., Szarvas, S. R. and Wyatt, G. F. (1999) Range in
digestible energy and true ileal digestible lysine content of 11 barley samples. In:
Manipulating Pig Production VII (submitted, Editor P. D. Cranwell) Australasian
Pig Science Association, Werribee, VIC.
van Barneveld, S. (1999) Chemical and physical characteristics of grains related to
variability in energy and amino acid availability in ruminants: a review.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 651-66.
White, C.L. and Ashes, J. R. (1999) A review of methods for assessing the protein
value of grain fed to ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50:
855-69.
Wrigley, C. M. (1999) Potential methodologies and strategies for the rapid
assessment of feed-grain quality. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
50: 789-805.
Zarrinkalam, M. R., van Barneveld, R. J., Tivey, D. R. and Choct, M. (1999
Predicting energy availability in barley for pigs and poultry using rapidly
determined fibre content. In: Manipulating Pig Production VII (submitted, Editor
P. D. Cranwell) Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Vic.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
109
Project Title:
Amino acid and energy requirements of imported IsaBrown
laying hens
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
US-54A
D Balnave* and D Robinson**
*University of Sydney, Department of Animal Science, Camden, NSW 2570 and
**The Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre, Cleveland, Qld 4163
*(02) 4655 0677
**(07) 3824 3081
*(02) 4655 0693
**(07) 3824 4316
*[email protected]
**[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
During the past decade egg producers in Australia have to a large extent discarded
established layer strains in favour of new coloured overseas genotypes. These
imported brown-egg strains produce considerably more egg mass and generally
convert feed to egg mass more efficiently than local strains, so it might be expected
that their nutritional requirements are more exacting than those of local strains.
However, no estimates of the nutritional requirements of these “imported” strains
have been made in Australia using Australian diets. Previous attempts to evaluate
the performance and to determine the dietary nutrient specifications of these
overseas strains in the Australian environment have been impeded by a high
mortality problem related to Marek’s disease and cannibalism. The recent reduction
in the incidence of Marek’s disease provided an opportunity to evaluate the nutrient
requirements of these imported stock under Australian conditions.
Research
Long term laying trials were conducted with IsaBrown laying hens in which
variations in dietary energy, protein, lysine and methionine concentrations were
examined in separate studies.
Measures of production, egg quality and
immunological status were determined to help identify the optimum dietary
concentrations of these nutrients.
Outcomes
The IsaBrown hen appeared to be rather inefficient at adjusting feed intake to meet
energy requirements.
Results suggested that a minimum dietary apparent
metabolisable energy of 11.4 MJ/kg appeared to be required for optimal biological
efficiency. This agrees with current breeder recommendations. The lysine and
methionine requirements for hens in single cages were lower than for hens in
multiple 5-bird cages. The requirements of the latter hens are more applicable to the
commercial situation and were shown to approximate 19.5 g crude protein/day, 970
mg lysine/day and 430 mg methionine/day. At a dietary concentration of 11.25
MJ/kg these intakes would be attained with approximate dietary concentrations of
160 g crude protein/kg, 7.75 g lysine/kg and 3.33 g methionine/kg. These
determined requirements for crude protein and methionine were similar to breeder
recommendations but the determined lysine requirement was considerably higher
(970 vs 880 mg/day).
Implications
These results suggest that, for the IsaBrown laying hen, diets with a low to medium
energy content supplying 970 mg lysine and 430 mg methionine daily will be
To improve the economic value of imported commercial brown layer strains by
defining their protein, amino acid and energy requirements under Australian
conditions.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
110
satisfactory for egg production.
Publications
Balnave, D., Gill, R.J., Li, Xiuhua and Bryden, W.L. (2000) Lysine dose response
study with IsaBrown laying hens housed in single or multiple cages. Aust. Poult.
Sci. Symp. 12: 201.
Balnave, D., Gill, R.J., Li, Xiuhua and Bryden, W.L. (2000) Responses of IsaBrown
laying hens to a pre-layer diet containing additional calcium and to dietary
protein and lysine concentrations during lay. Aust. J. Agric. Res.(In press).
Robinson, D., Schermer, M. and Datugan, M.J. (2000) Effects of dietary energy
level and cage stocking density on performance of IsaBrown laying hens. Aust.
Poult. Sci. Symp. 12: 105-108.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
111
Husbandry and Welfare
Project Title
Development of a non-invasive test of stress in laying hens
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
US-71A
A/Professor Wayne Bryden
University of Sydney
Dept of Animal Science
Werombi Road
CAMDEN NSW 2570
(02) 4655 0658
(02) 4655 0693
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
Of increasing concern to the egg industry is the growing public perception that
laying birds exist in a state of chronic stress for the duration of their productive life.
In view of the public concern of the welfare issues associated with egg production it
is important to try to identify or define what is a contented bird exposed to minimum
stress.
Research
In a series of studies the relationship between circulating concentrations of stress
hormones (corticosterone and catecholamines), and their sequestering into egg
albumen was determined under normal conditions and experimentally induced
stress.
Outcomes
Corticosterone levels in egg albumen increase when hens are exposed to stressors.
Moreover, corticosterone is easily measured in albumen and sample processing is
relatively inexpensive, both important aspects of a rapid assay method. In contrast,
catecholamines are difficult to measure and no evidence was found to indicate that
egg albumen levels of these hormones are increased by stressors, which influence
corticosterone levels. It is concluded that catecholamine levels in albumen fail to
provide a non-invasive measure of stress in hens.
Implications
The project has shown that a more extensive evaluation of albumen corticosterone
concentrations as a measure of stress in hens is warranted and should provide a very
useful tool in assessing the effects of husbandry and housing on hen welfare.
Publications
Downing, J.A. and Bryden, W.L. (1999) Stress, hen husbandry and welfare.
Literature Review of Stress in Poultry, for RIRDC/Egg Program. p.58.
Downing, J.A., Fraser, D.R. and Bryden, W.L. (2001) Development of a noninvasive test for stress in laying hens. Proc.Aust.Poult.Sci.Symp. 13 (In press).
Downing, J.A. and Bryden, W.L. (2001) Egg albumen corticosterone concentration
in hens exposed to high temperature. Proc.Aust.Poult.Sci.Symp. 13 (In press).
To develop a non-invasive test of stress in laying hens for the assessment of bird
welfare. Specifically to determine if hormones released in response to specific
stressors are sequestered from systemic circulation into egg albumen.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
112
Environmentally Sustainable Management
Project Title
Environmentally acceptable land use for chicken meat and
egg production
RIRDC Project No:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNE-59A
Dr Roger Epps
University of New England
School of Human and Environmental Studies
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
(02) 6773 2904, (02) 6773 3360
(02) 6773 3030
[email protected]
Objective
•
Background
The Australian poultry industries have undergone a rapid process of intensification
since the 1960s. Intensification may negatively impact on neighbouring property
owners, where odour, noise and other externalities are produced. Because the
poultry industries have traditionally been located on the urban fringe, land use
conflict has increased in recent decades as Australia’s main urban centres have
expanded outwards.
Research
The focus was on the urban fringe of Perth, WA and Sydney, NSW. Interviews
were conducted with: poultry farmers; egg companies and chicken meat processors;
farmer association leaders; local government officials and state government
agencies.
Outcomes
The nature of conflict was similar between Perth and Sydney, with the chicken meat
industry attracting a higher level of complaint (especially odour and night time
noise) and farmers facing increasing difficulty in developing new farms in outer
fringe areas. Although local governments in both States had attached tougher
consent conditions on shed approval, the regulatory approach to conflict varied. The
WA Government and the WA broiler industry have been more proactive in dealing
with conflict compared to NSW where local government initiatives have received
inadequate support.
Implications
The political balance in rural areas is changing such that claiming ‘existing rights’
may hold little weight when councillors are lobbied by a large number of local
residents. It is critical that the industry gives greater attention to scientific research
and to addressing community concerns. Local government must become more
aware of conflict, because farmers may not relocate at the first sign of complaint.
The main objective of this research project was to review the nature of land use
conflict on the urban fringe by focusing on the Australian poultry industries.
Additional objectives included investigating how government regulates the offsite impact of poultry farms, possible implications for agricultural production
and alternative conflict management strategies.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
113
Greater importance must be given to strategic planning, especially to avoid conflict
simply being relocated into rural areas. State government must recognise the
potential for conflict on the urban fringe, and, where necessary, provide greater
support for buffer distances or explore options that may assist the relocation process.
If land is to be designated for agriculture, minimum performance standards need to
be established, which, if achieved, should simplify the approval process and help to
avoid politically motivated decisions. If a proactive approach is adopted, then fewer
resources may need to be directed to regulating complaints in the future.
Alternatively, if farmers consider relocation to be difficult, in terms of obtaining
approval, and financially costly, given the increasing number of consent conditions,
then they may decide to continue operating on the urban fringe, while awaiting
retirement – a decision that may simply prolong land use conflict.
Publications
Henderson, S.R. (2001) ‘Farmer Experiences of Land use Conflict and the Role of
Mediation in Conflict Resolution’, Paper presented at the joint conference of the
New Zealand Geographical Society and the Institute of Australian Geographers,
Univ. of Otago, Dunedin, 29 Jan - 2 Feb.
Henderson, S.R. (1999) ‘Land Use Conflict on the Urban Fringe: Definitions and
Dimensions’, Paper presented at the Inst. of Aust. Geographers Conference,
Univ. of Sydney, 27 Sep - 1 Oct.
Henderson, S.R. (1999) ‘Agri-food production on the urban fringe – environmental
issues facing the Australian poultry Industry’, Paper to VII Agri-Food Conf,
Univ. of Sydney, 15-16 July.
Henderson, S. and Epps, R. (1999) ‘Rural land use change and the ‘Ratchet’ effect’,
in Geodiversity: Readings in Australian Geography at the Close of the 20th
Century, Special Publ. Series No. 6, Canberra, ACT, School of Geography and
Oceanography, ADFA, pp 457-466.
Henderson, S. and Epps, R. (1998) ‘Sustainability and intensive agriculture in the
rural-urban continuum’, in Sustaining Rural Systems in the Context of Global
Change, Proc. Conf. of the IGU CSRS and LUCC, UNE, 5 -12 July 1997, R.
Epps (ed) SHES, UNE, Armidale, pp. 197-204.
Henderson, S. and Epps, R. (1997) ‘Implications of expanding intensive agricultural
production: two contrasting regional studies’, Paper to, ANZRSA Conf., Univ. of
Victoria, NZ, 8-12 Dec.
EGG PROGRAM – COMPLETED PROJECTS
114
EGG PROGRAM
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
Implications of the Changing Economic Environment for the
Australian Egg Industry
Project Title
The economic impact of changing Australian egg
production systems
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
ANU-41A
18/05/00
31/05/01
Dr Ray Trewin
Australian National University
Australia-Japan Research Centre (AJRC)
Building 13
CANBERRA ACT 0200
(02) 6125 0134
(02) 6125 0767
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
The project started early in mid May 2000 to enable preparation of an Issues paper
for a July Hen Housing conference that was called at short notice. The paper was
discussed with industry, government officials and other Australian researchers prior
to the closed conference. The Issues paper was also discussed with international
researchers at the International Association of Agricultural Economics Conference
in Berlin in August 2000. Further discussions took place with other researchers,
industry and government officials in the UK and Switzerland during a study tour
following the Conference when relevant material such as the National Farmers
The key deliverables will be the production of RIRDC and other publications,
and their wide presentation including to industry, governments and researchers.
The publications will cover key issues concerning the socio-economic impact
of changing Australian egg production systems such as the costs and benefits
of possible future scenarios to industry, consumers, and society. The
publications, which will be widely distributed, will assist Australian policy
agencies and businesses to make decisions based on the full socio-economic
consequences of possible changes in Australian egg production systems. The
outcome of the proposed research will be more informed decisions by
Australian policy agencies and businesses in relation to Australian egg
production systems.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
115
Union survey of producers and estimates of welfare benefits were obtained. A
Management Committee was formed and met in early November 2000 to discuss a
redraft of the Issues paper and to provide advice on the industry data collection
stage. An extended paper was presented to the Australian Agricultural and
Resource Economics Society Conference in Adelaide in January 2001. A
foresighting exercise of the industry was undertaken in May before preparation of
the final report with estimates of economic costs and benefits of changing
Australian egg production systems for early June 2001.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
116
Project Title
Options for enhancing industry competitiveness and R&D
and marketing efficiency (EIDF)
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
AEI-11A
06/04/01
30/11/01
Mr Alan Newton
Australian Egg Industry Association (AEIA)
PO Box 569
HURSTVILLE NSW 1481
(02) 9570 9222
(02) 9570 9763
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Enhancement of the Australian egg industry international competitiveness and
capacity to relate effectively with government.
Appropriate innovation, marketing, and policy capabilities to equip the
industry to meet the above.
Specific deliverables are:
• Reports to industry on analysis of options for enhancing industry
competitiveness and for delivering more efficient egg innovation, marketing,
communication and policy outcomes.
• Subject to industry decisions on the above, the preparation of appropriate
proposal(s) for submission to government.
• A comprehensive process of industry consultation and reporting to progress the
above.
• Assistance in the full development and implementation of any formulation
agreed by industry and government.
Current Progress
Project supported out-of-session. Insufficient progress to warrant a progress report
at the time of preparing this publication.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
117
New and Existing Markets
Project Title
An evaluation of the higher value-added opportunities
from the chicken egg
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-275A
01/11/00
30/11/01
Dr Craig Davis
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Centre for Food Technology
19 Hercules Street
HAMILTON QLD 4007
(07) 3406 8611
(07) 3406 8677
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Report not received.
To conduct a comprehensive desktop investigation to determine the current and
potential uses of extracts and by-products produced during egg processing.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
118
Public Health
Project Title
Rapid detection of virulent Salmonella in egg and poultry
products
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CIF-1A
01/07/00
30/11/03
Dr Jason Wan
CRC for International Food Manufacture and Packaging Science
Private Bag 16
WERRIBEE VIC 3030
(03) 9742 0320
(03) 9742 0201
[email protected]
Objectives
•
Current Progress
A comprehensive literature and genomic database review on virulence determinants
has been completed and a reference culture collection of 54 relevant Salmonella
strains has been compiled. Multiple gene sequences in the Salmonella genome have
been identified as potential targets for differentiation and characterisation of
Salmonella isolates. Multiple pairs of oligonucleotide primers targeting specific
regions of a virulent determinant have been synthesised for PCR differentiation of
Salmonella species into the major sero-groups (B, C1, C2-3 and D) and for
correlation with sero-typing results. In addition, PCR systems are also being
developed for amplification of common gene targets in all Salmonella species, and
the PCR products are being sequenced using a DNA sequencer for analysis of S.
Sofia-specific regions. The sequence information generated will fill the knowledge
gaps in genetic information for local isolates of S. Sofia and will be used as
additional targets for differentiation of S. Sofia from other Salmonella species.
To develop multiple PCR systems to target a spectrum of multiple (at least 6)
gene sequences for rapid characterisation and differentiation of Salmonella spp.
of economic and public health significance in egg and poultry products and
environmental samples, and correlation of the genetic information with serotyping and phage-typing data.
• To develop simple sample preparation techniques for the isolation and
concentration of Salmonella spp. from egg products for use in combination with
the multiple PCR systems.
• To apply the developed detection and identification systems for differentiation
of non-pathogenic S. sofia and pathogenic non-S. sofia isolates and S.
Enteriditis (SE) PT4 (a major poultry pathogen in Europe & USA) and other
Salmonella spp. of industry importance.
• To develop user-friendly systems such as "BioChips" (DNA micro-array
systems) and colorimetric detection systems for the detection of multiple PCR
products.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
119
Project Title
Egg and egg shell quality control in the Australian egg
industry
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNE-71A
01/07/99
31/07/02
A/Prof Juliet Roberts
University of New England
Dept of Animal Physiology
School of Rural Science and Natural Resources
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
(02) 6773 2506
(02) 6773 3234
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Some flocks of birds are still being analysed for the longitudinal studies, where
individual flocks of birds are followed throughout their laying life. However, the
emphasis of the project has now shifted to the cross-sectional studies, where flocks
are sampled from eggs delivered to egg grading and washing facilities. For the
longitudinal studies, eggs have been received from six locations, twenty-nine flocks
representing four strains, three types of caged housing systems as well as free
range, across all seasons of the year and at a total of sixteen different ages of hen.
For the cross-sectional studies, eggs have been received from eleven locations,
fifty-five flocks, representing four strains, across all seasons and at thirty different
ages of hen. Preliminary analysis of some of the data indicates that there is a
degree of variation for egg and egg shell quality measures from flocks of the same
age. In order to explain this variation, data will be analysed in relation to location,
strain, climatic conditions, production system (cage, free range), housing system
(sawtooth shed, hi-rise, controlled environment shed), diet (mash/pellet; home
mix/commercial; enzymes/no enzymes; cereal on which diet based, for both the
longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.
To provide a data base and bench marks for egg and egg shell quality in the
Australian egg industry. The relationship between laboratory measurements
and the commercial situation (proportion of eggs lost or downgraded before
and during grading) will be established by compiling data obtained from
grading floors and egg marketing organisations along with data obtained from
the field and the laboratory. The results will be summarised in a "userfriendly" booklet which will provide graphs of egg and egg shell quality values
for different strains of birds at different ages, under different conditions. The
booklet will be marketed through RIRDC.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
120
Flock Health and Disease Management
Project Title
Trialing emergency animal disease arrangements in the
Australian egg industry (EIDF)
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
AEI-10A
01/11/00
30/09/01
Mr Malcolm Peacock
Australian Egg Industry Association (AEIA)
PO Box 569
HURSTVILLE NSW 1481
(02) 9570 9222
(02) 9570 9763
enquiries @aeia.org
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To complete a trial of new emergency animal disease arrangements
To evaluate the role and effectiveness of AEIA in the management and
operation of an emergency animal disease response
To facilitate an earlier return of Australia's poultry health status to one which is
recognised internationally as being free of virulent Newcastle disease virus
Background
Virulent Newcastle disease virus has been found on five commercial layer farms in
NSW since the eradication programs undertaken on Mangrove Mountain and in
Sydney in 1999. One farm is located in Tamworth (Tamworth Designated Risk
Area) and four in Western Sydney (Cumberland Designated Risk Area). Within the
Cumberland Designated Risk Area (DRA) there is also a "Dangerous Contact" farm
and a "Suspect" farm. Government cost sharing arrangements used to fund
eradication in 1999 were not activated in 2000 and consequently these farms
remained infected. New cost sharing arrangements involving industry and the
Commonwealth, State and Territories Governments are currently under negotiation.
This project was designed to use the current situation to trial the proposed new cost
sharing arrangements and to evaluate the roles of industry and government under
these arrangements.
Management of the Project
It was decided by the National Newcastle Disease Management Committee
(chaired by the Secretary of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Australia) to set up
a Newcastle Disease Implementation Committee to manage these new
arrangements, to be chaired by the Project Controller, Malcolm Peacock (Industry)
and to include representatives of the Standing Committee on Agriculture and
Resource Management, NSW Agriculture, the chicken meat and egg industries and
the Industry Site Controllers for each DRA.
All technical matters are referred to the Newcastle Disease Technical Committee,
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
121
which is made up of the Chief Veterinary Officers for the Commonwealth and the
States and the technical advisers for the chicken meat and egg industries.
NSW Agriculture and the Egg Industry are responsible for financial management of
the project with all expenditure requiring approval of both parties.
Operational Tasks
Finalise depopulation and clean-up arrangements for the infected farms in
accordance with AUSVETPLAN and the established Standard Operating
Procedures.
Develop replacement programs and egg supply arrangements for the infected farms.
Appoint Industry Site Controllers for the Tamworth and Cumberland DRAs to
monitor and complete effective audits of depopulation and clean-up procedures in
conjunction with NSW Agriculture.
Appoint an independent valuer for compensation claims.
Provide ongoing reports to the Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal
Diseases (CCEAD), RIRDC and Industry.
Progress
All of the infected farms have voluntarily been depopulated and cleaned-up.
Owners of infected farms have received compensation.
Final confirmation of satisfactory clean up through monitoring of sentinel birds is
expected in early June 2001.
Sentinel birds have been placed on the Dangerous Contact Farm and the Suspect
Farm and test results should also be completed in early June 2001.
A program of surveillance will continue for 6 months in the DRAs to substantiate
freedom from virulent Newcastle Disease.
Arrangements are being made to appoint a consultant to evaluate the management
and operation of this emergency disease response and to prepare a full report on the
exercise for RIRDC and CCEAD.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
122
Project Title
Detection of virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus in
chickens previously infected with Australian strains of the
virus
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-1J
01/07/97
30/06/01
Dr Harvey Westbury
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5115
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
A conventional virus capture ELISA (vELISA) for Newcastle disease virus was
developed using a specific polyclonal antiserum as the capture antibody and a
mixture of three monoclonal antibodies as the detection system. Positive/negative
levels in the test were assessed and the best target tissues in chickens infected with
virulent strains of NDV determined. These were found to be bone marrow, spleen
and kidney, though regular detection was also obtained from blood and lung
samples. The vELISA was also able to detect virulent ND virus in the tissues of
chickens immune to the disease following earlier immunisation with ND vaccine.
Immune chickens were challenged with either the virulent Herts, Texas or
Australian virulent ND virus strains. These virus strains could be detected in the
tissues of immune chickens for up to 21 days after challenge, with most detection
occurring between 4 and 10 days after challenge. The test was used on tissues of
chickens naturally infected with virulent ND virus that were collected during the
Australian epidemic. Results obtained from testing these samples were not as clearcut as those obtained with tissues from experimentally infected chickens. The
reasons for this difference are being examined.
To increase the speed, efficiency and confidence of detection of virulent strains
of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in flocks previously infected with endemic,
lentogenic strains of the virus.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
123
Project Title
Postgraduate scholarship – Ms Louise Hilton: Therapeutic
applications of cytokines in poultry
RIRDC Project No.:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-10J
06/06/99
05/06/02
Ms Louise Hilton and Dr John Lowenthal
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5759
(03) 5227 5531
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Cytokines are proteins that are naturally produced by the body’s immune system
immediately following an infection. Cytokines protect against disease by
controlling the immune response to infection or vaccination and therefore represent
excellent, naturally occurring therapeutics.
To enhance disease resistance and vaccine efficacy in poultry by
administration of cytokine therapy.
Previous poultry trials conducted by this research team have shown that treatment
with a cytokine, interferon gamma, led to improvements in health and resulted in
improved weight gains of the order of five to ten per cent. This cytokine also
helped protect birds against coccidiosis infection. It is hoped that a range of
therapeutics, using various types of cytokines, can be developed to provide
producers with an alternative to in-feed antibiotics.
This project has focused on the cytokine, chicken interleukin-2 (ChIL-2).
Biologically active recombinant ChIL-2 was produced and its effects on the
chicken immune system assessed. Tools were developed to investigate the
activities of ChIL-2, including monoclonal antibodies which are used in an ELISA
for measuring the level of this cytokine. ChIL-2 treatment of birds resulted in
proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ populations of T cells. This effect indicated
that ChIL-2 may be able to enhance cell mediated immunity, resulting in greater
protection against a variety of viral and parasitic diseases. Currently, commercial
trials are underway to study the ability of ChIL-2 to enhance vaccine efficacy in
protection against infectious bronchitis virus and coccidiosis.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
124
Project Title
Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus in
Australia
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-11J
01/06/99
30/06/02
Dr Allan Gould
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5119
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To develop a better understanding of the epidemiology of Newcastle disease
virus (NDV) within Australia.
To develop a better understanding of the mutation rates as well as disease
potential of Australian NDV isolates at the molecular level.
Investigation of isolates associated with the outbreaks of Newcastle disease in
NSW between 1998 and 2000 have shown that the progenitor virus for the outbreak
arose, not from and exotic incursion of virulent virus, but from mutation of an
avirulent, Australian precursor virus.
Gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Australian NDVs isolated from 1932
to 2001 has identified one locus as a predictor of viral lineage and the likely
ancestor virus for the progenitor virus has been identified.
Viruses involved in the summer respiratory disease syndrome have been identified
as belonging to two separate clades and virulent virus has been isolated from both
clades.
The entire genomes of eight viruses from these outbreaks have been sequenced and
the genetic stability of these isolates determined. Selection pressure has been
shown to be greatest for the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase, matrix and
phosphoprotein genes.
Analysis of the quasi-species or individual gene sequences present (at a low
frequency) in field isolates has shown that virulent viruses were present in a
background of avirulent progenitor virus. Variants in the fusion protein cleavage
site (which determines virus virulence) have been isolated and characterised.
Quasi-species analysis of virulent and avirulent plaque purified viruses have shown
that two to three passages in vivo or in vitro were needed to attain the same genetic
diversity as that identified in field isolates.
Studies of mechanisms for the natural selection of virulent viruses from field
isolates have commenced.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
125
Project Title
Postgraduate Scholarship - Jacqueline Kattenbelt:
Mapping of structure-function relationships of Newcastle
Disease (ND) using reverse genetics
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
CSA-13J
01/07/00
30/06/03
Ms Jacqueline Kattenbelt and Dr Allan Gould
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24
GEELONG VIC 3213
(03) 5227 5119
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To develop a viable DNA construct containing Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
genome and separate clones of NDV nucleocapsid, protein (N),
phosphoprotein (P) and polymerase (L).
To establish a reverse genetics system to allow recovery of recombinant NDV.
To recover NDV mutants with substitutions in precise sites within the matrix
protein to give strictly defined molecular mutants.
To map structure-function relationships of viral proteins within infected cells
and to study viral morphogenesis, virulence factor and tissue trophism
determinants essential for NDV replication and infection using electron
microscopy.
Long overlapping fragments from the Peats Ridge NDV (precursor of the virulent
virus which was responsible for outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) in Australia)
have been generated and clones confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
screening and sequencing. These fragments are currently being joined at shared
restriction sites to form a contiguous DNA fragment.
Separate clones of nucleocapsid protein (NP), phosphoprotein (P) and RNA
directed RNA polymerase (L) have been generated and cloned into expression
plasmids containing an internal ribosomal entry site allowing cap independent
translation.
The matrix (M) gene is currently in the process of being manipulated to insert
unique restriction sites to enable the gene to be cut out and a modified M reinserted.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
126
Project Title
Diagnostic tools for differentiation of vvIBDV and
characterisation of Australian strains
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
CSA-15J
01/07/00
30/06/03
Dr Jagoda Ignjatovic
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag No 24
GEELONG VIC 3220
(03) 5227 5769
(03) 5227 5555
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To introduce and compare RFLP methods developed by other research groups.
To test the specificity of Crab-88 and Crab-cos recombinant antibodies for
very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV)
To compare soluble, purified & phage expressed antibody for their suitability
as ELISA reagents.
The RFLP method was introduced and evaluated using the following overseas
strains available at AAHL: classical 52/70, 1/68 and APHIS, variants E and GLS,
and vvIBDV strains CS88 and Tasik. Restriction profiles generated for each virus
using restriction enzymes BstN1, MboI and SspI were identical to those produced
by the Jackwood and Sommer researchers who developed this method. Australian
strains used in the study of Jackwood were obtained from the same source. The
RFLP profile for these as well as for all other Australian strains was obtained.
None of Australian strain contained an SspI site characteristic of vvIBDV strains.
The specificity of the antibody Crab88 for vvIBDV strains was tested in two
overseas laboratories, France and the USA. Crab88 reacted only with vvIBDV
strains and did not react with any of the other classical or variant strains, including
ten vaccine strains. This indicates that Crab88 is specific for all vvIBDV strains.
Two other recombinant antibodies reacted with all IBDV strains, including the
USA variants.
Crab88 expressed as phage and soluble antibody was evaluated for use in ELISA.
Higher absorbances were obtained with phage than soluble antibodies. Reagents to
produce phage antibodies were cheaper and ELISA based on phage antibodies was
faster and simpler.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
127
Project Title
Attenuation and characterisation of chicken Eimeria for
live vaccines
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-259J
01/11/99
31/12/02
Dr Wayne Jorgensen
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Animal Research Institute
Locked Mail Bag No 4
MOOROOKA QLD 4105
(07) 3362 9455
(07) 3362 9429
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To develop attenuated lines of E. mitis, E. brunetti and E. praecox for
incorporation in an efficacious, live vaccine, protective against all seven
species of Eimeria in Australian chickens.
To develop a trial technique to evaluate coccidiostat resistance.
The sensitivity of two strains of Eimeria mitis (Jorgensen and Kelly) to the
coccidiostats Toltrazuril, Amprolium or Sulphaquinoxaline has been evaluated in
trials. Both strains were sensitive to Toltrazuril and Amprolium. Each has since
undergone selection for precocious development by passage (Jorgensen strain: 9
passages with a 20 hour drop in prepatent period; Kelly strain: 13 passages with a
14 hour drop in prepatent period). The Jorgensen strain was chosen for further
characterisation studies and has been successfully tested for virulence, reproductive
potential and protection against homologous challenge. A trial to assess the strain’s
protection against heterologous challenge was aborted early and has now been
repeated. The results of the new trial are now awaiting statistical analysis. Both
strains of E. mitis have passed quality control and DNA testing for purity.
The sensitivity of two strains of Eimeria brunetti (Monarto and Bowden) to the
coccidiostats Toltrazuril, Amprolium or Sulphaquinoxaline has been evaluated in
trials. Both strains were sensitive to Toltrazuril and Amprolium and are currently
underging selection for precocious development by passage.
The sensitivity of one strain of Eimeria praecox (Kelly) to the coccidiostats
Toltrazuril, Amprolium or Sulphaquinoxaline has been evaluated in a trial.
One potentially coccidiostat resistant isolate has been collected at Pitsworth, South
East Queensland and cryopreserved for future study.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
128
Project Title
Studies of cloacal haemorrhage, egg peritonitis, vent
trauma and beak trimming in the laying hen
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAV-170A
01/07/99
31/07/01
Dr Greg Parkinson
Department of Natural Resources & Environment (Vic)
Victorian Institute of Animal Science
475-485 Mickleham Road
ATTWOOD VIC 3049
(03) 9217 4200
(03) 9217 4299
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To develop management strategies that ameliorates the incidence of egg
peritonitis, prolapse and picking behaviours (vent trauma and cannibalism) in
the laying hen.
To reduce flock mortalities from approximately 10% to 7% by strategic control
of prolapse, egg peritonitis and vent trauma (picking).
To stimulate the adoption of improved beak trimming practice.
Laboratory models have indicated that oviduct haemorrhage and/or picking
behaviours in commercial layers are not uniformly distributed across the life of the
laying flock. These problems are accentuated at stages that correspond to periods of
high metabolic pressure (peak production and peak egg mass). Comparative studies
with single-bird cage flocks indicates that approximately 50% of the cloacal
haemorrhage can occur independently of picking behaviours. Furthermore, the
incidence of cloacal haemorrhage appears correlated with low body weights in
early lay and production of disproportionately large eggs. Birds that experience
cloacal haemorrhage in early lay can continue to manifest the problem, whilst some
birds repair the damaged oviduct very rapidly. Superior management of the
transition from pullet to layer and more attention to body weight management will
reduce the extent of cloacal haemorrhage.
Two large Victorian Egg Farms with controlled environment shedding have been
experimenting with non-beak trimmed flocks. In both instances annual mortality
patterns have been at acceptable standards ( 5-7% ), but it is clear that a more
uniform distribution of shed light intensity at 10-20 lux will lower mortality by an
additional 1-2%.
In the future, a combination of improved body weight management together with
control over onset of sexual maturity, and uniform shed light intensities of 10-20
lux will significantly lower flock mortalities. Successful application of these
approaches will facilitate the elimination of beak trimming as a routine husbandry
practice.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
129
Project Title
National NDV Survey
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
MS990-40
10/04/00
31/07/01
Dr Vivien Kite
Chicken Meat Program of RIRDC
PO Box 579
NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059
(02) 9929 4077
(02) 9925 0627
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To collect information on the type and distribution of Newcastle disease
viruses in Australian poultry flocks.
To collect information on the sero-prevalaence of NDV positive flocks across
the Australian commercial poultry indsutries and to identify risk factors for
exposure to NDVs on Australian poultry farms.
To identify possible risk factors for exposure to NDVs on Australian poultry
farms.
The survey was designed to collect information on the sero-revalence of NDV
positive flocks across the Australian commercial poultry industries, to identify
possible risk factors for exposure to NDVs, and to collect information on the type
and distribution of NDVs in Australian poultry flocks.
The survey sampling strategy was designed to ensure comprehensive coverage of
all sectors of the Australian commercial poultry industry. A total of 754 farms,
across eleven regions of Australia, were sampled as part of the survey. Four types
of commercial poultry enterprise were included in the survey viz. layer farms, meat
chicken farms, breeder (meat and layer) farms, and dedicated pullet rearing farms.
In each region, a minimum of 25% of layer farms (50% in NSW) and 30% of meat
chicken farms represented in the region were included in the survey. All currently
active breeder and pullet rearing farms in each region were included in the survey,
except where the birds were too young.
The survey was conducted in three phases. Initially, blood samples were collected
and tested to establish the serological status of farms. Tracheal and cloacal swabs
were then collected from seropositive farms for attempted virus isolation. Viruses
isolated were genetically characterised (‘typed’), with typing based on nucleotide
sequencing of the cleavage site of the gene that codes the fusion protein of NDV.
A total of 259 confirmed NDV isolates were characterised, representing farms in
Queensland, NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The majority of these
isolates have come from Victorian farms.
No virulent NDV isolates were detected. No precursor-like viruses (such as Peat’s
Ridge or Somersby-type variants) were detected. All viruses detected have been
V4-like viruses. Some minor genetic diversity was seen in these V4-like viruses,
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
130
but all are genetically distinct from the virulent virus.
A full analysis of the results of the survey is currently underway.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
131
Project Title
Molecular diagnostic tools for wild type and vaccine
strains of Marek's disease virus
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UJC-7A
01/09/99
30/09/02
Dr Graham Burgess
James Cook University
Dept of Microbiology and Immunology
TOWNSVILLE QLD 4811
(07) 4781 5472
(07) 4781 6833
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To develop improved procedures, which can detect genome of Type 1 Marek's
diseases virus (MDV) in the blood of infected or vaccinated birds. Develop
sensitive specific PCR procedures for detecting types 2 and 3 Marek's disease
viruses.
To identify sequences that can be used to differentiate wild type and vaccine
strains of Type 1 Marek's disease virus.
To develop and evaluate simplified sample collection techniques and indicator
systems that match the requirements and capabilities of the Australian poultry
industry and transfer these to relevant Australian laboratories.
A number of blood sample collection methods have been trialed and untreated filter
paper has been eliminated as a viable media. We have successfully developed a
treated paper product and used capillary tubes to separate lymphocytes for transfer
to filter paper.
We currently have a semi-nested PCR for type 1, single and nested sets for HVT
and working primers for type 2. The type 1 primers have detected CVI 988
(Rispens) following vaccination in layer birds. HVT primers are capable of
detecting down to one quarter dose in broilers as a nested PCR and full dose as a
single set, both using treated filter paper media. Half dose HVT vaccination can
also be detected with a single primer set and the capillary tube collection system.
We can now differentiate between CVI 988 and Australian strains using the meq
gene of extracted and purified DNA. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis is underway to
separate viral genome in pure form for restriction digestion and cloning. This will
be used for sequencing and as a plasmid DNA library for Australian strains of
MDV.
An ELISA format for product detection has been chosen and we are currently
designing probes for all three serotypes and several optimising blocking reagents.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
132
Project Title
Determination of the genomic sequence of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
UM-45J
01/06/99
15/06/01
Dr Glenn Browning
The University of Melbourne
Veterinary Preclinical Centre
PARKVILLE VIC 3052
(03) 8344 7342
(03) 8344 7374
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
A library of clones has been constructed for sequencing. Draft coverage of the
genome, with an estimated three fold redundancy, has been obtained to date.
Although this data has been useful it is not in a form that can be dispersed yet, as it
comprises numerous small contigs.
To determine the complete genomic sequence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
To facilitate identification of genes which are likely to play a role in virulence.
To lay a foundation for subsequent studies to improve the performance of
mycoplasma vaccines and to improve diagnosis of mycoplasmosis.
A few gaps will remain to be closed after the completion of the random cloning
phase and that is expected to take another several months to complete. The
annotation will begin after that time.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
133
Project Title
Investigating sanitation of surface water for poultry using
chlorine - IBDV models
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
UM-51A
01/07/00
31/07/01
Dr Trevor Bagust
The University of Melbourne
Faculty of Veterinary Science, Pre-Clinical Centre
Cnr Park Drive & Flemington Road
PARKVILLE VIC 3052
(03) 9344 9676
(03) 9344 9675
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
To increase biosecurity for poultry production sites, which use surface water.
To gather objective pilot-scale scientific data about procedures required for the
most economical yet effective inactivation of important poultry viruses in
surface water of varying qualities.
To scale-up the above pilot system as a step towards enabling cost-effective on
farm use.
Ensuring that the water supplies used in poultry production are adequately sanitised
is central to site biosecurity. Surface waters, which may include dams, lakes, rivers
or creeks are widely used in rural Australia as water sources. However, as these are
also open to access by waterfowl, there is significant risk for potential
contamination with poultry pathogens (disease-causing micro-organisms). Of
continuing concern at present are the viruses of Newcastle Disease, avian influenza
and egg-drop syndrome adenovirus, all of which may spread with migratory ducks.
A further threat, which has emerged over the last decade, are very virulent
pathotypes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Now spread throughout Asia,
these are of much greater pathogenicity for chickens than our endemic IBDV
strains .The scientific literature has no data on the effectiveness of commonly-used
water treatments e.g chlorine or its derivatives, for these poultry viruses.
Research studies being progressed here during the last year have determined that:
(1) Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) diluted to 100-1000 infectious units per ml in
potable drinking water, pH 7.0, can be effectively inactivated by treatment levels of
1ppm free chlorine within 1 hr, providing that this level of sanitation is maintained
e.g. using a chlorine injector- batch treatment system.
(2) Near-instantaneous drops in free chlorine concentrations, to sub-effective
sanitation levels, have been detected to have occurred within 1 minute when
attempting to sanitise water supplies containing even low levels (to be quantified)
of protein.
(3) Chlorine dioxide at a starting treatment concentration of 1ppm is also
completely effective in inactivating NDV in drinking water, but continues to be
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
134
effective at lower residual levels than chlorine.
(4) Laboratory Australian strains of IBDV have been examined for sensitivity to
chlorine, using the standardised treatment and chlorine-monitoring systems
developed during these studies.
Preliminary results obtained with IBDV strain GT101 indicate that IBDV virus in
drinking water would appear to be much more resistant to the inactivating effects of
chlorine than is NDV.
We are now undertaking the preparation of concentrated purified IBDV stocks, in
order to enable closer quantifying of dose-inactivation of Cl for IBDV in drinking
water. We will compare these with ClO2, then move to extend sanitation treatments
to testing in samples of surface water.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
135
Project Title
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UMU-23J
01/06/99
30/08/01
Prof David Hampson
Murdoch University
Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
MURDOCH WA 6150
(08) 9360 2287
(08) 9310 4144
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Studies have been conducted to determine in vitro antimicrobial drug sensitivities
of spirochaete isolates from Australian chickens, and to test in vivo antimicrobial
activity in experimentally infected layer and broiler breeder birds.
To identify new and appropriate means to control infection by the intestinal
spirochaetes, Brachyspira intermedia and Brachyspira pilosicoli, recently
recognised and common pathogens causing significant economic loss in
Australia layer and broiler breeder flocks.
Testing of 66 spirochaete strains revealed a similar spectrum of sensitivity to
antimicrobial drugs as porcine spirochaetes. Resistance was seen against a number
of drugs, with the least resistance recorded for tiamulin. In vivo, tiamulin at
25mg/kg body weight cleared experimental infection with Brachyspira intermedia
in layer hens. Birds in an infected room, however, became re-infected after
treatment ceased. This suggests that it may be better to use continual low level
therapy to control these infections, or to use therapeutic levels of drugs combined
with a thorough environmental cleaning program.
Continued in-feed supplementation with zinc bacitracin at 100 ppm inhibited
proliferation of B. intermedia in experimentally infected birds, whilst at 50 ppm
zinc bacitracin encouraged proliferation of Brachyspira pilosicoli. It is uncertain
whether these differences are due to the different spirochaete species investigated,
or to the dose rates of zinc bacitracin used. Overall, these conflicting results
suggest that there are complex interactions between the intestinal microflora and
pathogenic intestinal spirochaete species, and that control will require careful
monitoring.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
136
Project Title
Effects of diet composition, gut microbial status and feed
forms on cannibalism in layers
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNE-72A
01/07/99
01/11/02
Dr Mingan Choct
University of New England
School of Rural Science and Natural Resources - Animal Science
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
(02) 6773 5121
(02) 6773 3275
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To examine the interaction between diet composition and the incidence of
cannibalism
To investigate the effect of the gut microbial status on cannibalism in layers
A total of four experiments have been conducted to examine the effects of rearing
conditions (low light and natural light), beak-trimming and diet composition on the
onset of cannibalism in ISA Brown layers. Rearing conditions had no effect,
whereas beak-trimming had a profound effect, with cannibalism occurring
predominantly in untrimmed birds. In conventionally-housed, untrimmed birds,
feeding high fibre diets (e.g., millrun, rice hulls) was not only effective in
preventing the onset of cannibalism but also in alleviating cannibalism mortality in
flocks already having problems. The mechanism of this action is not known. We
have found that digesta transit rate is faster in birds fed high fibre diets, which
coincides with a lower gut viscosity, a reduced incidence of pecking, and an
increased frequency of feeding. Dietary energy density does not appear to be a
cause because diluting the diet with sand had no preventative effect. However, diet
form is important, as mash diets are more preventative than pellets, in particular
when the diet has a low fibre content. Two more experiments are currently
underway to investigate (1) whether these findings are repeatable, and (2) the effect
of “behavioural conditioning” during rearing on cannibalism during lay in a barn
system.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
137
Project Title
Optimising infectious bronchitis vaccination of laying
hens for maximum egg shell quality
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
UNE-76A
01/07/00
31/07/03
A/Prof Juliet Roberts
University of New England
Dept of Animal Physiology
School of Rural Science and Natural Resources
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
(02) 6773 2506
(02) 6773 3234
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objective
• To provide to the Australian Egg Industry recommendations concerning best
practice in infectious bronchitis vaccination protocols
Current Progress
A preliminary study was conducted to assess the age at first vaccination (day-old or
two weeks of age) and the route of vaccination using the VicS strain infectious
bronchitis (IB) virus vaccine. The negative control group remained free from IB
whereas the antibody titres were similar for all vaccinated birds. The first trial of
the main project commenced in October 2000 using Isa Brown laying hens. All
birds were vaccinated initially at day-old and again at 4 weeks, except for the
control group, using either VicS or A3 strains of vaccine and delivering the vaccine
via one of three routes: eye drop, coarse spray or in water. There is no evidence
that the A3 vaccine virus is too harsh for day-old birds. All birds, including the
controls, were vaccinated using VicS by eye drop at 12 weeks. Half of the birds
(Poultry Shed C) will receive no further vaccination for IB whereas the other half
(Poultry Shed B) are being revaccinated every eight weeks. Egg production, body
weight, feed intake, blood electrolytes, IB antibody titres, manure moisture, egg
and egg shell quality are being monitored at regular intervals. All mortalities are
being autopsied. Birds are currently 30 weeks of age.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
138
Project Title
Enhancing mucosal immunity in chickens by novel in-ovo
and postnatal vaccination techniques
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
US-72J
01/01/99
31/12/01
Prof Alan Husband
The University of Sydney
Dept of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY NSW 2006
(02) 9351 3127
(02) 9351 7349
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Initial contact with and colonisation of the intestinal mucosa by pathogens is
impeded by IgA antibody located at the intestinal surface. Appropriate vaccination
procedures will stimulate intestinal IgA production, protecting the host from these
pathogens. Such IgA antibody production can be increased through the use of
immunoenhancers. Studies undertaken have investigated the immunoenhancing
potential of vitamin E (VE) or the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), (a communicator
of the immune system, whose mammalian counterpart increases IgA production) to
increase IgA antibody levels following vaccination in chickens.
To induce long-term immunoenhancement in chickens following early priming
of the avian immune system via in-ovo immunisation through:
− development of naked DNA or recombinant constructs of antigen and/or
cytokines;
− evaluation of delivery vehicles such as liposomes or biodegradable
microspheres;
− assessment of immunoregulators for non-specific upregulation of the
immune system; and
− evaluation of immunisation protocols for enhancing immune responses to
routine vaccinations and providing protection from disease challenges
such as Salmonella Typhimurium.
Dietary VE supplementation, from day old, increased antigen-specific intestinal
IgA antibody titres following immunisation with either tetanus toxoid or whole
killed Salmonella Typhimurium. At some dose rates, in-ovo delivery of VE with
killed S. Typhimurium antigen elicited an increase (not statistically significant) in
anti-S. Typhimurium IgA antibody levels post-hatch.
Repeated oral delivery of IL-6 to chickens immunised with either tetanus toxoid or
whole killed S. Typhimurium increased anti-antigen IgA at the intestinal surface. A
live S. Typhimurium challenge model is being established to examine the ability of
IL-6 induced increases in IgA antibody following immunisation, to protect chickens
from a challenge of S. Typhimurium.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
139
Feed Availability and Nutrition
Project Title
Characterisation of canola meal and cottonseed meal at
practical inclusion levels for use in broiler and layer diets
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAQ-264J
01/07/99
31/12/01
Dr Rider A Perez-Maldonado
Department of Primary Industries (Qld)
Queensland Poultry Research and Development Centre
PO Box 327
CLEVELAND QLD 4163
(07) 3824 3081
(07) 3824 4316
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To measure the variability of glucosinolates, sinapines, condensed tannins
(CT), total phenolics (TP), sulphur and phytic acid levels in canola meal (CM)
and CT, TP and free and bound gossypol levels in cottonseed meal (CSM).
Pesticide residue levels in CSM; AME, amino acid and proximate composition
of CM and CSM will be determined in samples from major processing sites,
three times a year.
To evaluate the ratio of iron to free gossypol in CSM to optimise production in
both broilers and layers.
To determine the upper limits of inclusion of both CM and CSM separately
and in combination in broiler and layer diets.
To make recommendations to the poultry industries on the nutritional value of
both CM and CSM when included in least-cost poultry diets at levels close to
their upper limit.
During 2000/01 several experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of
CSM or CM fed at levels of 10, 20, 30 or 40% of the diet to broilers and laying
hens. At 21 d chicks fed CSM showed a reduced feed intake (FI) from the 20%
level. Liveweight gain (LWG) was also reduced at 20 and 30% CSM in the diet but
not at the 10 and 40% levels. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was only affected at
the 20% level, where it was poorer. After 37 d LWG and FCR were not affected by
any level of CSM, indicating that older birds were capable of overcoming any
negative effect of CSM observed in younger birds.
The results for CM indicated that after 21 d chicks fed Pinjarra CM had improved
FCR at all levels, with a reduced FI but a good LWG at all but the 40% level. After
37 d a similar pattern of bird performance was observed. After 21d chicks fed
Numurkah CM had a reduced FI from the 20% level but there was no effect on
FCR and LWG even at the 30% level. After 37 days birds showed a similar FI and
LWG response but with significantly improved FCR at all levels. After 21 d
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
140
Newcastle CM resulted in a poorer FCR from the 30% level but a good LWG and
FI was observed at all levels except the 40% level. However, after 37d the birds
overall FI and LWG was reduced from the 20 and 30% level, respectively, without
affecting the overall FCR. After 21 d Melbourne CM resulted in a reduction in
LWG and FI from the 20 and 30 % levels, respectively. However, after 37d an
improved FCR was observed at all levels, even though FI and LWG were reduced
from 20% level. Oil processing conditions and the presence of anti-nutritional
factors may have influenced the overall performance in these meals. Although these
results demonstrate that substantial amounts of CSM and CM can be used in broiler
diets, more detailed studies are being undertaken to confirm the above findings. In
the layer experiments, good performance was obtained when feeding CSM or
different sources of CM at levels of 10, 15, or 20% of the diet. However,
preliminary observations made to evaluate fresh and stored eggs derived from the
above experiments indicated that an abnormal odour (fishy taint) was detected in
raw eggs derived from brown layers on all CM diets. Due to the importance of this
observation, further work is being undertaken using an expert sensory panel to
evaluate eggs derived from hens fed CM and CSM diets.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
141
Project Title
Inclusion of data for additional livestock species in the
Australasian Livestock Feed Ingredient (ALFI) database
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
GRD-2J
01/04/99
30/06/01
Dr Robert van Barneveld
Grains Research and Development Corporation
C/- Barneveld Nutrition Pty Ltd
PO Box 42
LYNDOCH SA 5351
(08) 8524 6477
(08) 8524 6577
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
The Australasian Livestock Feed Ingredient (ALFI) database now contains more
than 22,332 sample entries on the chemical composition of feed ingredients and the
nutritional value of these ingredients for pigs, poultry (layers and broilers) and
aquaculture species. ALFI also incorporates a vast range of information contained
in recent literature and other relevant databases.
To improve knowledge of the nutritional value of feed grains and the
efficiency of use of these grains by the egg and chicken meat industries
through development of a commercial version of the Australasian Livestock
Feed Ingredient (ALFI) database containing data for pigs, poultry (layers and
broilers) and aquaculture species.
The re-programmed version of ALFI has been tested by the major stakeholders and
the programming of the database is now complete. A business plan has been
prepared for commercialisation of the ALFI database based on distribution to endusers as a subscription service via the internet or as a CD-ROM. Final negotiations
with stakeholders on commercialisation are under way.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
142
Project Title
Premium Grains for Livestock Program (stage 2)
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
GRD-3J
01/07/00
30/06/03
Dr John Black
John L Black Consulting
Locked Bag 21
WARRIMOO NSW 2774
(02) 4753 6231
(02) 4753 6295
[email protected]
Objective
•
This project is the second stage of a major research program for improving
feed grains quality and marketing that has been negotiated in response to
identified industry needs. It has five integrated component projects:
1) coordination
2) production, storage and distribution of grain samples
3) rapid and objective analytical tests for assessing feed grains quality
4) enhancing grain nutritional value through breeding and processing and
5) modelling feed grain quality.
Current Progress
Several hypotheses about the factors determining the nutritional value of cereal
grains for ruminants, pigs and poultry were established in the predecessor Project
GRD-1J. The relative proportion of the main chemical components of a grain is the
major determinant of nutritional value for all classes of livestock. However, other
grain characteristics can significantly affect energy availability and these differ
between ruminants, pigs and poultry. Prediction of AME in poultry based on an
assumed constant digestion of individual gross chemical components of grains
show close agreement with observed values for sorghum and oats, but not for wheat
or barley. The accuracy of predictions for triticale was intermediate between
sorghum and barley. Further analyses showed that some of the difference between
predicted and observed AME values could be explained by the viscosity of ileal
digesta. However, other factors such as grain hardness and hydration capacity
appear to be associated with the variation in AME between grains. In addition,
starch characteristics such as granule size and distribution, amylose:amylopectin
ratio and gelatinisation temperature may influence the extent of starch digestion in
the small intestines of poultry and therefore energy availability. These hypotheses
will be tested further in poultry over the coming year.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
143
Project Title
Hind gut function in laying hens
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNC-12A
20/09/99
21/09/01
Dr Robert Taylor
The University of Newcastle
Nutrition & Dietetics
Level 3 Medical Sciences Building
CALLAGHAN NSW 2308
(02) 4921 5638
(02) 4921 6984
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
The possibility of acidosis in the digestive tract of the chicken, as found in other
livestock species, was discounted in a recent publication. The consequences for the
bird productivity, efficiency and/or health, if acidosis was produced by rapid
fermentation of carbohydrate, would be profound. The project aimed to determine
if a pH reduction in the “hindgut” of the bird could be produced. Experiments were
based on wheat, rice, barley and sorghum diets in birds raised from day-old and fed
commercial starter, grower and layer diets. Birds were used at different points in
the production cycle from young growers to layers at peak production. The cereals
were incorporated in the diets in various forms (standard grind versus whole grain
incorporation into crumbles); commercial feed enzymes were used and diet
presentation was varied by feeding “meals” and wet mash. Initial results suggest
that digesta pH in the lower segments of the digestive tract can attain low pH within
the first 48 h of changing feed type and processing. Additional work with broiler
birds confirmed that gut pH can rapidly decrease and may attain levels consistent
with those in animals suffering acidosis. The mechanism is unclear. Further, it
appears that the quantity of feed is important at the particular stage of life i.e.
greater feed intake consistent with mature body size and production level influences
the response to diet change. The weather conditions at the time of feed change may
interact with the cereal type fed change to exacerbate the condition. Specifically, in
hot weather, increased water intake may induce more rapid throughput of feed
leading to greater substrate for fermentation in the lower gut. Short chain fatty acid
production in the caeca, ileum and other gut segments indicates that fermentation
may occur high in the intestinal tract and may result in ratios of
acetate:propionate:butyrate that are different in commercial poultry than other
classes of animals. The presence of iso- forms of SCFA indicated that protein
fermentation may occur through the intestinal tract. Analysis of samples and data is
continuing.
The project is designed to provide evidence of hind gut acidosis in laying birds
and to determine strategies to reduce or eliminate this condition.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
144
Project Title
Effects of commercial feed enzymes in wheat-based diets
on egg and egg shell quality in imported strains of laying
hen
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UNE-77A
01/07/00
31/07/02
A/Prof Juliet Roberts
University of New England
Dept of Animal Physiology
School of Rural Science and Natural Resources
ARMIDALE NSW 2351
(02) 6773 2506
(02) 6773 3234
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
Isa Brown pullets, 16 weeks of age, were transferred to the university farm in
November 2000. Birds received prelayer diet initially, layer diet at 19 weeks and
one of ten experimental diets at 25 weeks of age. Diets are based on one of two
types of wheat: “standard” or “pinched” wheat. For each wheat type, diets
contained either no enzyme (control) or one of four different types of commercial
feed enzyme preparations. Eggs were collected for analysis at 27 weeks and 30
weeks, then at 5 weekly intervals (ongoing). Apparent Metabolisable Energy
(AME), feed intake, manure moisture and body weight were measured at 30 weeks
and then at 5 weekly intervals (ongoing). Analysis of the two wheats showed that
they were similar for soluble, insoluble and total non-starch polysaccharides,
although the “pinched” wheat had a higher protein level. At 35 weeks of age, the
AME value for the control birds was lower for the pinched wheat. However the
addition of feed enzymes increased the AME value of the pinched wheat to that of
the standard wheat. Egg and egg shell quality appear to be influenced by both the
wheat type and the addition of enzymes.
To provide, to the Australian Egg Industry, recommendations concerning the
advantages and disadvantages of the use of commercial enzyme preparations in
layer feed.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
145
Project Title
Evaluation of Lathyrus cicera as a feed ingredient for
layers
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UWA-61A
01/07/00
31/12/01
Dr Colin Hanbury
University of Western Australia
Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture (CLIMA)
NEDLANDS WA 6907
(08) 9638 3744
(08) 9368 2165
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
The project is divided into 3 parts, an initial long term trial, a large layer production
trial and a final long term study. The initial long term feeding trial was completed
in December 2000 and was designed to look for residues of ODAP (a toxin) in eggs
and bird tissues when fed cv Chalus (a cultivar known to have very low levels of
ODAP). It was demonstrated that there was no carry over of ODAP into eggs or
tissue. Despite not being a production study the initial trial indicated that egg
production and feed intake results were typical for birds of this breed and age and
that 15% cv Chalus and possibly up to 30% could be included in the diet without
detriment to performance. Following the successful outcome of the initial trial a
larger trial of layer production was commenced in May 2001, the purpose being to
evaluate layer performance and egg quality characteristics. To date there have been
no significant differences in laying rates between controls and the range of
inclusion levels of cv. Chalus (5, 10, 15, 25, 30%) in the diet. The complete data for
this trial will not be available for analysis until July 2001.
To establish Lathyrus cicera cultivar Chalus as a low cost grain legume of
sufficient quality to be included in layer hen rations. This will be an evaluation
of layer performance, visual observation, egg quality and incidence of soiled
eggs at inclusion rates up to 30% Lathyrus.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
146
Husbandry and Welfare
Project Title
Should claw abrasives be used in cages in Australia?
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
SAR-34A
01/01/01
31/01/02
Dr Phil Glatz
South Australian Research and Development Institute
PIRSA/SARDI Research Funds Coordinator
LSA Building, PPPI
Roseworthy Campus
ROSEWORTHY SA 5371
(08) 8303 7786
(08) 8303 7689
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
Current Progress
To determine the effect of abrasive strips and abrasive paint in layer cages on
claw length and sharpness, foot condition, feather cover, body scratches and
mortality of a Hyline Brown strain.
To determine if claw abrasives should be used in the Australian egg industry.
A trial is being conducted in the layer unit of the PPPI at Roseworthy Campus to
determine the effect of abrasive strips and abrasive paint in layers cages on claw
length and claw sharpness, foot condition, feather cover, body scratches and
mortality of Hyline Brown hens. A previous study with Hyline Gold hens found
that hen mortality from prolapse and cannibalism was significantly higher in cages
fitted with abrasives. The current trial has been in progress for 3 months, without
any signs of mortality from cannibalism or prolapse. The foot and body condition
measurements were made on the birds prior to exposure to the abrasives. Average
claw length at housing was 18.4 mm, which was similar to the claw length recorded
for Hyline Gold hens (18.7 mm) in the earlier project. The body condition
measurements will be repeated at the end of the trial in December 2001.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
147
Project Title
Beak trimming accreditation
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
SAR-35A
01/04/01
28/02/02
Dr Phil Glatz
South Australian Research and Development Institute
Livestock Systems Alliance Building
Roseworthy Campus
ROSEWORTHY SA 5371
(08) 8303 7786
(08) 8303 7977
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
Project supported out-of-session. Insufficient progress to warrant a progress report
at the time of preparing this publication.
To develop quality assurance documentation to improve beak trimming.
To develop an accredited beak trimming course.
To prepare best practice beak trimming training manuals.
To assist the egg industry to achieve consistent beak trimming.
To improve public perception of beak trimming by accrediting beak trimmers.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
148
Environmentally Sustainable Management
Project Title
Reduction of dust emissions from broiler and caged layer
sheds
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
SAR-33J
01/01/01
31/12/02
Mr Thomes Banhazi
South Australian Research and Development Institute
Pig & Poultry Insititute
GPO Box 397
ADELAIDE SA 5001
(08) 8303 7781
(08) 8303 7689
[email protected]
Objectives
•
To determine the major risk factors associated with increased concentrations of
dust within, and dust emissions from, naturally and mechanically ventilated
poultry houses.
To develop strategies that will reduce both interior dust levels and dust
emissions from buildings, resulting in more sustainable housing systems for
egg and broiler production in semi-urban and more densely settled areas and
reduced OH&S risks for staff.
•
Current Progress
The project is progressing well and according to the predetermined project
timetable. The location of sheds and sampling points for measuring air quality in
layer and broiler sheds (dust, ammonia etc) has been determined, including the time
and season of sampling. Consultation is taking place to confirm these sampling
points between the research team and Dr H. Takai of Denmark, an international
expert in dust related issues in animal houses.
Five different types of buildings will be studied, viz. naturally and mechanically
ventilated layer and broiler sheds and tunnel ventilated broiler buildings. A
questionnaire on housing for industry participants to complete has been developed.
The first three farm visits for monitoring air quality was completed in late May
2001. Meanwhile discussion is also taking place with a SA based engineering firm
to jointly design and evaluate a simple dust trap to be used at the air outlets of
mechanically ventilated poultry sheds.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
149
Project Title
The assessment and development of best management
practice techniques for Australian laying hens housed
in conventional and alternative laying systems
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UQ-93A
01/04/00
30/06/02
Mr Geoff Stewart
The University of Queensland
School of Animal Studies
GATTON QLD 4343
(07) 5460 1417
(07) 5460 1444
[email protected]
Objectives
•
Current Progress
By RIRDC direction, the first stage of this project (The National Layer Survey)
has been delayed due to political considerations associated with the invited
involvement of RSPCA Australia.
Comparison of existing housing systems via a national survey of
commercial flocks and development of best management practices through
quantitative research for free range, barn and cage production systems in
relation to welfare, production, economics, air quality, egg quality, food
safety, health and parasite control.
• Publish manuals for best practice in free range, barn and cage production
systems in Australia.
• Provide written draft material to educate producers to enable them to
achieve best practice.*
• Prepare extensive reviews on hen welfare, production, egg quality, air
quality, OH & S, food safety, parasitology and economics for free range,
barn and cage production systems.
• Provide material for use in educational campaigns to inform the community
on the relative advantages and disadvantages of various egg production
systems.*
*Note: the extension and educational components are not part of the scope of
the proposed project but need to be developed as part of the outcomes for this
project.
Furthermore, RIRDC originally directed that the second stage of this project (A
quantitative comparison of conventional and alternative egg production
systems) was not to commence until Part 1 is complete and has been discussed
by the project’s National Advisory and Technical Committees. However, due
to the delay in the commencement of the first stage of the project RIRDC has
reconsidered this position and commencement of both stages of the project will
be discussed at an Advisory Committee meeting planned to be held on Monday
23 April 2001. This meeting is expected to discuss the conduct of the National
Layer Survey, the format of the ‘farmer attitude survey’ which will provide key
indicators about the attitude of farmers and their staff to the welfare and
management of their stock and the housing systems they employ. It is expected
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
150
that the National Co-ordinator will be directed to proceed immediately with Part
1 of this project following this NAC meeting.
In addition to the above, it is expected that the NAC at its 23APR01 meeting
will inspect facilities to be used at UQ Gatton for Part 2 of this project and will
make recommendations for the acquisition of appropriate infrastructure to
provide ‘worlds best practice’ facilities in which to conduct the quantitative
comparative studies of the four major layer housing systems used in Australia
(free range, barn, conventional cage and controlled environment cage). It is
expected that it will take in the order of 6 months to order equipment, build and
outfit three new free range facilities, convert the existing University broiler shed
in to a three replicate barn layer shed, and refurbish part of an existing layer
shed into a controlled environment shed.
Given the RIRDC instruction not to proceed with the project National Survey or
the subsequent Comparative Analysis of Layer housing Systems, the project
National Co-ordinator has used the time since appointment to the project to
collect literature review information regarding the project, and to physically
prepare the University Poultry Unit facilities and site for ‘best practice’
refurbishment as to be directed by the National Advisory Committee.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
151
Project Title
Pilot study on the use of time lapse video to study the
behaviour of laying hens in conventional and modified
cages
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
UQ-97A
01/02/01
30/08/01
Mr Geoff Stewart
School of Animal Studies
University of Queensland
GATTON QLD 4343
(07) 5460 1417
(07) 5460 1444
[email protected]
Objectives
•
•
•
•
Current Progress
To determine, via video review and analysis, the behaviour of laying hens and
their interaction with cage resources in conventional and modified cages.
To quantify problems in the use of time lapse videos as a method of studying
hen behaviour in cages.
To prepare demonstration video tapes of various behaviours to enhance the
welfare debate about cage and modified cage welfare.
To provide scientific data that can be utilised by all sectors of society to better
understand how laying hens use cage resources in conventional and modified
cages.
As a pilot study, video footage of a light and a heavy bodyweight strain of
commercial laying hen housed in conventional or modified laying cages is being
analysed to compare behaviour and to investigate the use of the perch, nest and
litter box supplied in the modified cage.
Behaviours in each cage type and of each layer strain, including how cage spaces
are used and how much different spaces are used, are being measured and the data
summarised to look for trends. Individual variability is also being measured to
assess the welfare impact for all individuals in the cage and to assess how many
replicates would be needed for statistical analysis of this type of data. The video
tapes cover a full 24-hour period. Data is being collected at a range of times
throughout the day, including the first and last half hour, a half hour period every
two hours during the light period and a half hour period following topping up of the
food trough. Where egg laying is observed, the activity of the hen concerned is
recorded for approximately the previous 2 hours and the following 10 minutes. The
entire tape is viewed for use of nest and litter box by each individual. Data is
collected by two methods – by scanning and by noting the time of start and stop of
continuous behaviours such as sitting, and bouts of sporadic behaviours such as
feather pecking.
The range of behaviours being measured includes: feeding, drinking, preening,
sitting, standing, position changes, non-aggressive feather pecking, aggressive
pecking, other pecking, comfort movements (stretch, ruffle, wing stretch) and dustbathing.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
152
Training, Information and Technology Transfer
Project Title
National egg industry newsletter
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAN-138A
01/07/96
31/12/01
Mr Gerry Bolla
NSW Department of Agriculture
Gosford Horticultural Research & Advisory Station
Locked Bag 26
GOSFORD NSW 2250
(02) 4348 1900
(02) 4348 1910
[email protected]
Objective
•
Current Progress
The Winter, 2000 issue No. 9 was completed and mailed out in June, 2000 and
included information on better housing for layers, training in the egg industry and
an update on welfare issues and alternative production systems in Europe. Also
included was the latest update on developments from the latest ARMCANZ
meeting.
To maintain production of the biannual national egg industry newsletter “In an
Eggshell”. The newsletter will focus on the dissemination of latest research
findings from around Australia with a special focus on improving the standard
of layer housing and environmental management, bird welfare and the
adoption of world's best practice in these areas.
The Summer, 2000 issue No. 10, completed in December, 2000, contained a
number of RIRDC funded project results including the nutritional value of pearl
millet, the impact of farm practices on egg shell quality, review of beak trimming
methods and improving the competitiveness of the Australian egg industry.
The ARMCANZ decision on the future of laying cages in Australia was also
published to allow producers to familiarise themselves with this important
milestone ruling to assist in future farm planning and development.
The Winter, 2001 issue No. 11 is well underway and will be mailed out in June,
2001. Mailing lists have been updated following each mailout and the index of
publications reduced to one page as suggested by the RIRDC Egg Program
Manager.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
153
Project Title
Video series - Workplace training for layer farm staff
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
DAN-189A
01/11/00
31/08/02
Mr Michael Bourke
NSW Department of Agriculture
Locked Bag 21
ORANGE NSW 2800
(02) 6391 3209
(02) 6391 3244
[email protected]
Objectives
•
Current Progress
A project brief has been produced during 2000-2001. This document provides a
comprehensive outline for the project including the video series structure and
content areas. The project brief ensures that the researchers, RIRDC and the film
production company all clearly understand the project’s messages and desired
outcomes.
The outcome of the project will be the facilitation of workplace training for egg
farm workers that is aligned with the National Agriculture Training Package.
The objectives of the project are:
ƒ To develop video scripts that are aligned with National Agriculture
Training Package competencies and Murrumbidgee College of
Agriculture's distance education materials on Layer Management.
ƒ To produce a series of video training materials for the egg industry.
The project brief was developed with input from the RIRDC Egg Committee and
egg producers. It identifies a series of four videos targeted at new employees and is
linked to the industry's proposed QA program. The video titles are:
• Producing Quality Eggs (an introduction to QA)
• Routine Checking (stockmanship involved with observation)
• Handling Birds (stockmanship involved with animal husbandry practices)
• Farm Practices (other activities carried out by employees)
Themes in each video will include bird welfare, QA, biosecurity and consumer
concerns. These have been incorporated into a draft script for the Producing Quality
Eggs video that is being refined before going to the Egg Committee for comment.
Preparation of a draft script for the Routine Checking video has also commenced.
Liaison with two film production companies has taken place with the intention of
obtaining quotes from each to produce the videos. An audit of current training
materials has commenced while ideas for the workplace training guidelines have
been investigated.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
154
Project Title
Vaccination training manual
RIRDC Project No:
Start Date:
Finish Date:
Researcher:
Organisation:
SAR-36A
01/04/01
31/05/02
Dr Phil Glatz
South Australian Research and Development Institute
Livestock Systems Alliance Building
Roseworthy Campus
ROSEWORTHY SA 5371
(08) 8303 7786
(08) 8303 7977
[email protected]
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Objectives
•
•
•
Current Progress
Project supported out-of-session. Insufficient progress to warrant a progress report
at the time of preparing this publication.
To document best practice vaccination procedures.
To prepare vaccination training materials.
To assist the egg industry to achieve effective vaccination programs.
EGG PROGRAM – RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
155
OTHER SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES
SCHOLARSHIPS
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM
UNE-64A
US-68A
Postgraduate scholarship - Andreas Kocher: Increasing the nutritive value of grain legumes for
poultry by use of more efficacious enzyme systems Refer to report page 24
Postgraduate scholarship - Ron Newman: Manipulation of lean tissue deposition by altering the
sensitivity of tissues to the metabolic hormones Refer to report page 27
CHICKEN MEAT AND EGG PROGRAMS
CSA-4J
CSA-10J
CSA-13J
UTS-3J
Postgraduate scholarship - Matthew Rudd: Identification of virulence determinants of infectious bursal
disease virus (IBDV) Refer to report page 3
Postgraduate scholarship - Ms Louise Hilton: Therapeutic applications of cytokines in poultry Refer to
report page 46
Postgraduate scholarship - Jacqueline Kattenbelt: Analysis of virulence determinants of Newcastle
disease virus Refer to report page 49
Postgraduate scholarship - David Witcombe: Production and characterisation of recombinant
antigens of Eimeria and their potential use in a maternally-delivered vaccine against poultry
coccidiosis Refer to report page 18
EGG PROGRAM
UM-46A
UNS-13A
Postgraduate scholarship - Ms Michelle Peters: Molecular biology of chicken anaemia virus
Scholarship - Wei Leng (Belinda) Chung: Defined probiotic preparations for competitive exclusion of
enteropathogens from poultry
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM
DAV-159A
Animal Welfare Centre
EGG PROGRAM
BGC-1A
MS001-02
MS001-17
Development of a national quality assurance program for the Australian egg industry
Development of a biosecurity code for the commercial egg industry
Computer use and training survey
OTHER SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES
156
TRAVEL/CONFERENCE/WORKSHOPS
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM
TA001-03
The Second International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations (Air Pollution 2000),
Iowa, USA, October 2000 – Mr John Jiang
CHICKEN MEAT AND EGG PROGRAMS
TA001-10
TA001-20
TA001-24
TA001-30
TA001-46
TA001-47
TA001-48
Annual Conference of American Association of Avian Pathology, Utah, USA, 12-17 July 2000 - Dr Peter
Kirkland
2001 Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, Feb 2001
Australian Veterinarian Poultry Association (AVPA) Scientific Meeting, Attwood, 15-16 November 2000 Dr Mike Alcorn
Australian Veterinary Poultry Association Meeting, Sydney, February 2001- Dr M Folden Jansen
7th International Poultry Welfare Symposium, Switzerland, Aug 2001 - Prof John Barnett
2nd International Symposium on IBD and Chicken Anaemia, Germany, June 2001 - Mr Matthew Rudd
Visit to Australia, August 2001 - Dr Daniel Todd
EGG PROGRAM
MS001-59
TA001-23
TA001-26
TA001-28
TA001-32
TA001-54
TA001-59
TA001-60
WS990-20
WS001-08
Meeting costs for the Layer Welfare Research Management Group
International Egg Commission Annual Production and Marketing Conference, USA, September 2000 Mr Hugh McMaster (EIDF)
EUROTIER International Exhibition for Livestock and Poultry Production, Germany, November 2000 Mr Andrew Almond
Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, 7-9 February 2001 – Dr Phil Glatz
6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Switzerland, September 2000 – Dr Phil Glatz
Visit to Australia, May 2000 - Professor Jorg Hartung
6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Switzerland, Sept 2001 - Mr Peter Bell
Visit to Australia, August 2001 - Mr Andrew Joret
Benchmarking strategy workshop
Industry Databases Workshop
OTHER SUPPORTED ACTIVITIES
157
Bird Nutrition and Feed Supply
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002
CHICKEN MEAT PROGRAM
Flock Health
Project No
CME01-05J
CSA-10J
CSA-11J
CSA-12A
CSA-13J
Principal Investigator
Dr Nicholas Smith
Dr John Lowenthal
Dr Allan Gould
Dr Robert Moore
Dr Allan Gould
Organisation
University of Technology, Sydney
CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Phone No
(02) 9514 4013
(03) 5227 5759
(03) 5227 5119
(03) 5227 5760
(03) 5227 5119
CSA-15J
CSA-16A
Dr Jagoda Ignjatovic
Dr David Boyle
CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSIRO Livestock Industries
(03) 5227 5769
(03) 5227 5018
CSA-18J
Dr Peter Daniels
CSIRO Livestock Industries
(03) 5227 5272
DAN-171A
DAQ-259J
DAQ-273A
Dr Rod Reece
Dr Wayne Jorgensen
Dr Trevor Lambkin
NSW Dept of Agriculture
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
(02) 4640 6309
(07) 3362 9455
(07) 3896 9434
MS001-57
RMI-11A
Dr Trevor Bagust
Prof Peter Coloe
(03) 9344 9676
(03) 9925 2481
Molecular evaluation of responses to vaccination and challenge by Marek's disease virus
RMI-12J
Professor Greg Tannock
Determination of the genomic sequence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Avian Leukosis-J (ALV-J) in Australia: laboratory technologies and research needs
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens
Effects of organic acids, prebiotics, and enzymes on control of necrotic enteritis and
performance of broiler chickens
Typing of Pasteurella multocida
Enhancing mucosal immunity in chickens by novel in-ovo and postnatal vaccination
techniques
UM-45J
UM-49A
UMU-23J
UMU-29J
UNE-75A
Dr Glenn Browning
Dr Trevor Bagust
A/Prof David Hampson
Professor David Hampson
Dr Mingan Choct
University of Melbourne
Royal Melbourne Institute of
Technology
Royal Melbourne Institute of
Technology
University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Murdoch University
Murdoch University
University of New England
(03) 8344 7342
(03) 9344 9676
(08) 9360 2287
(08) 9360 2287
(02) 6773 5121
UQ-100J
US-72J
A/Professor Linda Blackall
Prof Alan Husband
University of Queensland
University of Sydney
(07) 3365 4645
(02) 9351 3127
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002
(03) 9925 3088
Project No
DAQ-264J
Principal Investigator
Dr Rider Perez-Maldonado
Organisation
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Phone No
(07) 3824 3081
DAQ-277A
GRD-3J
Dr Rider Perez-Maldonado
Dr John Black
(07) 3824 3081
(02) 4753 6231
Physiological limitations in energy metabolism reduce production efficiency of broilers
SAR-13A
Mr Bob Hughes
Improving the utilisation of dietary amino acids in meat chickens
Use of dietary fatty acids to increase protein accretion in broilers
US-80A
US-104A
A/Prof Wayne Bryden
A/Prof Wayne Bryden
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Grains Research & Development
Corporation
South Australian Research and
Development Institute
University of Sydney
University of Sydney
Project No
IMV-3A
Principal Investigator
Dr Michael Heuzenroeder
Phone No
(08) 8222 3275
Dr Victoria Korolik
Organisation
Institute of Medical & Veterinary
Science
Griffith University
(07) 5552 8321
Dr Victoria Korolik
Griffith University
(07) 5552 8321
Project No
DAQ-282A
NMR-1A
Principal Investigator
Ms Jeanette Miflin
Ms Carole Yeomans
Organisation
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Newspoll Market Research
Phone No
(07) 3362 9520
(02) 9281 8100
Project No
DAV-185A
Principal Investigator
Prof John Barnett
Organisation
Dept of Natural Resources &
Environment (Vic)
Phone No
(03) 9742 0433
Project No
FSE-1A
JSC-1A
PAE-1A
Principal Investigator
Mr Eugene McGahan
Mr Jim Smith
Mr Robin Omerod
Organisation
FSA Environmental
James Smith Consulting
Pacific Air & Environment Pty Ltd
Phone No
(07) 4632 8230
(03) 9598 8717
(07) 3844 6400
SAR-33J
Mr Themes Banhazi
South Australian Research and
Development Institute
(08) 8303 7781
(08) 8303 7788
(02) 4655 0658
(02) 4655 0658
Food Safety
Project Title
Salmonella typing and colonisation of chickens by characterised S. Sofia
Development of campylobacter bio-replacement program and establishment of campylobacter UG-3A
reference centre
Isolation of genes responsible for Campylobacter jejuni colonisation of the chicken intestinal UG-4A
tract
159
158
Project Title
Efficacy trials of a maternally-delivered recombinant vaccine against coccidiosis
Postgraduate scholarship - Ms Louise Hilton: Therapeutic applications of cytokines in poultry
Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus in Australia
Biological control of necrotic enteritis in meat chickens
Postgradute Scholarship - Jacqueline Kattenbelt: Analysis of virulence determinants of
Newcastle disease virus
Diagnostic tools for differentiation of vvIBDV and characterisation of Australian strains
Evaluation of fowlpox (FPV) strains free of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) as vaccines for
use in Australian poultry flocks
The effect of Newcastle disease vaccination with strain V4 on the course of infections with the
Peats Ridge strain of Newcastle disease virus
Infectious proventriculitis and stunting syndrome of broiler chickens
Attenuation and characterisation of chicken Eimeria for live vaccines
Investigations into the development of a sustainable management strategy for the darkling
beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) in broilers
Masters in avian health - Dr Rubite
The development of vaccination strategies to control necrotic enteritis in poultry
Project Title
Characterisation of canola meal and cottonseed meal at practical inclusion levels for use in
broiler and layer diets
Estimating lysine availability by slope-ratio chick assay
Premium grains for livestock program (stage 2)
Consumer and Community Perceptions
Project Title
On-farm reduction strategies for Campylobacter spp.
Chicken meat usage study
Animal Welfare
Project Title
Implementation of the RIRDC broiler welfare audit to industry
Environmental Management
Project Title
National environmental management system for the meat chicken industry
Sustainability improvements in the Victorian chicken meat industry (phase 1)
Preparation of a database of envrionmental data relevant to chicken meat farms and
assessment of odour control strategies
Reduction of dust emissions from broiler and caged layer sheds
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002
EGG PROGRAM
Implications of the Changing Economic Environment for the Australian Egg Industry
Project Title
Options for enhancing industry competitiveness and R&D and marketing efficiency
Masters in avian health - Dr Rubite
Molecular evaluation of responses to vaccination and challenge by Marek's disease virus
MS001-57
RMI-12J
Dr Trevor Bagust
Professor Greg Tannock
Molecular diagnostic tools for wild type and vaccine strains of Marek's disease virus
Determination of the genomic sequence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Postgraduate scholarship - Ms Michelle Peters - Molecular biology of chicken anaemia virus
Investigating sanitation of surface water for poultry using chlorine - IBDV models
Improving mycoplasma vaccines - targets for defined attenuation
Further development of a live attenuated vaccine for chicken anaemia virus
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens
Control of intestinal spirochaete infections in chickens
Effects of diet composition, gut microbial status and feed forms on cannibalism in layers
Optimising infectious bronchitis vaccination of laying hens for maximum egg shell quality
Typing of Pasteurella multocida
Enhancing mucosal immunity in chickens by novel in-ovo and postnatal vaccination
techniques
UJC-7A
UM-45J
UM-46A
UM-51A
UM-54A
UM-55A
UMU-23J
UMU-29J
UNE-72A
UNE-76A
UQ-100J
US-72J
(07) 4781 5472
(03) 8344 7342
(03) 8344 7342
(03) 9344 9676
(03) 8344 7363
(03) 8344 7342
(08) 9360 2287
(08) 9360 2287
(02) 6773 5121
(02) 6773 2506
(07) 3365 4645
(02) 9351 3127
Project No
DAQ-264J
Principal Investigator
Dr Rider Perez-Maldonado
Organisation
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Phone No
(07) 3824 3081
DAQ-280A
EGG01-32J
GRD-3J
Mr David Robinson
Dr John Dingle
Dr John Black
(07) 3824 3081
(07) 5460 1250
(02) 4753 6231
UNC-12A
UNC-14A
UNE-77A
Dr Robert Taylor
Dr Robert Taylor
A/Prof Juliet Roberts
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
University of Queensland
Grains Research & Development
Corporation
University of Newcastle
University of Newcastle
University of New England
UWA-61A
Dr Colin Hanbury
University of Western Australia
(08) 9638 3744
Project No
DAQ-279A
DAQ-283A
EGG01-21
Principal Investigator
Mr Geofrey Runge
Mr David Robinson
Dr John Barnett
Organisation
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Dept of Natural Resources &
Environment (Vic)
South Australian Research and
Development Institute
South Australian Research and
Development Institute
Phone No
(07) 5495 1511
(07) 3824 3081
(03) 9742 0433
Project No
AEI-11A
Principal Investigator
Mr Alan Newton
Organisation
Australian Egg Industry Association
Phone No
(02) 6295 7251
Project No
DAQ-275A
Principal Investigator
Dr Craig Davis
Organisation
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Phone No
(07) 3406 8611
Project Title
To raise awareness of eggs, cholesterol and health issues
Rapid detection of virulent Salmonella in egg and poultry products
Project No
AEI-12A
CIF-1A
Principal Investigator
Ms Nola Komis
Dr Jason Wan
Phone No
(02) 9570 9222
(03) 9742 0320
Eggs with increased arachidonic acid for infant formulas
Is total egg avoidance really necessary for egg allergy treatment?
Enriching the iron content of eggs to fulfil niche markets
Egg and egg shell quality control in the Australian egg industry
CNR-1A
CNR-2A
UA-56A
UNE-71A
Dr Robert Gibson
Dr Maria Makrides
Dr Dean Revell
A/Prof Juliet Roberts
Organisation
Australian Egg Industry Association
CRC for International Food
Manufacture and Packaging Science
Child Health Research Institute
Child Health Research Institute
University of Adelaide
University of New England
Project No
AEI-10A
CSA-10J
CSA-11J
CSA-13J
Principal Investigator
Mr Malcolm Peacock
Dr John Lowenthal
Dr Allan Gould
Dr Allan Gould
Organisation
Australian Egg Industry Association
CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Phone No
(02) 9570 9222
(03) 5227 5759
(03) 5227 5119
(03) 5227 5119
CSA-15J
CSA-18J
Dr Jagoda Ignjatovic
Dr Peter Daniels
CSIRO Livestock Industries
CSIRO Livestock Industries
(03) 5227 5769
(03) 5227 5272
Project Title
Modifying egg production systems to meet changing consumer needs
Layer strains for alternative systems
Welfare of laying hens in furnished cages
CME01-05J
DAQ-259J
DAV-170A
Dr Nicholas Smith
Dr Wayne Jorgensen
Dr Greg Parkinson
(02) 9514 4013
(07) 3362 9455
(03) 9217 4200
Should claw abrasives be used in cages in Australia?
SAR-34A
Dr Phil Glatz
Beak trimming accreditation
SAR-35A
Dr Phil Glatz
DAV-188A
Dr Greg Parkinson
University of Technology, Sydney
Dept of Primary Industries (Qld)
Dept of Natural Resources &
Environment (Vic)
Dept of Natural Resources &
Environment (Vic)
New and Existing Markets
Project Title
An evaluation of the higher value-added opportunities from the chicken egg
Public Health
(08) 8204 5469
(08) 8204 6067
(08) 8303 7911
(02) 6773 2506
Flock Health and Disease Management
Project Title
Trialing emergency animal disease arrangements in the Australian egg industry
Postgraduate scholarship - Ms Louise Hilton: Therapeutic applications of cytokines in poultry
Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease virus in Australia
Postgradute Scholarship - Jacqueline Kattenbelt: Analysis of virulence determinants of
Newcastle disease virus
Diagnostic tools for differentiation of vvIBDV and characterisation of Australian strains
The effect of Newcastle disease vaccination with strain V4 on the course of infections with the
Peats Ridge strain of Newcastle disease virus
Efficacy trials of a maternally-delivered recombinant vaccine against coccidiosis
Attenuation and characterisation of chicken Eimeria for live vaccines
Studies of cloacal haemorrhage, egg peritonitis, vent trauma and beak trimming in the laying
hen
Studies of cloacal haemorrhage and beak trimming in the laying hen (II)
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002
(03) 9344 9676
(03) 9925 3088
Feed Availability and Nutrition
161
160
Dr Graham Burgess
Dr Glenn Browning
Dr Glenn Browning
Dr Trevor Bagust
Dr Phillip Markham
Dr Glenn Browning
A/Prof David Hampson
Prof David Hampson
Dr Mingan Choct
A/Prof Juliet Roberts
A/Prof Linda Blackall
Prof Alan Husband
University of Melbourne
Royal Melbourne Institute of
Technology
James Cook University
University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne
Murdoch University
Murdoch University
University of New England
University of New England
University of Queensland
University of Sydney
Project Title
Characterisation of canola meal and cottonseed meal at practical inclusion levels for use in
broiler and layer diets
Energy requirements of imported layer strains
Effect of sorghum ergot on the egg chicken industry
Premium grains for livestock program (stage 2)
Hind gut function in laying hens
Inflammatory response to diet in the hindgut of layers
Effects of commercial feed enzymes in wheat-based diets on egg and egg shell quality in
imported strains of laying hen
Evaluation of Lathyrus cicera as a feed ingredient for layers
(02) 9872 7203
(02) 9872 7203
(02) 6773 2506
Husbandry and Welfare
(03) 9217 4200
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002
(08) 8303 7786
(08) 8303 7786
The assessment and development of best management practice techniques for Australian
laying hens housed in conventional and alternative laying systems
Pilot study on the use of time lapse video to study the behaviour of laying hens housed in
conventional and modified cages
Non-invasive stress assessment of commercial egg industry practices
UQ-93A
Prof J Ternouth
University of Queensland
(07) 5460 1267
UQ-97A
Mr Geoff Stewart
University of Queensland
(07) 5460 1417
US-107A
Dr Jeff Downing
University of Sydney
(02) 9351 1600
Project No
SAR-33J
Principal Investigator
Mr Themes Banhazi
Organisation
South Australian Research and
Development Institute
Phone No
(08) 8303 7781
Project No
ALL-1A
DAN-138A
DAN-189A
DAN-194A
SAR-36A
Principal Investigator
Ms Vicki Noy
Mr Gerry Bolla
Mr Michael Bourke
Mr Gerry Bolla
Dr Phil Glatz
Organisation
Alliance Consulting & Management
NSW Dept of Agriculture
NSW Dept of Agriculture
NSW Dept of Agriculture
South Australian Research and
Development Institute
Phone No
(07) 3367 1113
(02) 4348 1917
(02) 6391 3209
(02) 4348 1900
(08) 8303 7786
Husbandry and Welfare
Project Title
Reduction of dust emissions from broiler and caged layer sheds
Training, Information and Technology Transfer
Project Title
Identifying communication mediums and issues for the egg industry
National egg industry newsletter
Video series - Workplace training for layer farm staff
National egg industry newsletter
Vaccination training manual
162
RESEARCH TO BE SUPPORTED IN 2001/2002