Republicans
in Power
Voclaul.nnv
democratic making
surethatallpeople
havethesamerights
judicial reviey power
oftheSupreme
to decide
whether
lawspassed
Court
byCongress
areconstitutional
Sumrumv
President Thomas Jefferson took office
in 1801.Jeffersonbelievedthat ordinary
American citizens were important. He
wanted to make the nation more democratic. He also wanted to reduce the size
of the government. Jefferson believed that
government should play a small role in
economicmatters.
President Jefferson reduced the power of
government in several ways. He made government departments smaller. He cut the
budget. He got Congressto reduce the size
of the arrny and navy.
During Jefferson'sterm, the Supreme
Court gained power. (Seechart.)
t
I
t
I
+
L
t
MAilBU?Yu.MADlSOtl
ir'
wH0
judge
William
Marbury,
appointed
byPresident
Adams
onhislastnightasPresident
Madison,
James
Secretary
toldbyJefferson
notto accept
Marbury's
ofState,
appointment
?r
;;
l
I
WHAT
Supreme
written
Marshall
Court
decision
byChief
Justice
WHEN
1803
WHY
Marbury
wanted
to keephisjob.Hebrought
hiscase
totheSupreme
Court
because
government
the1789judiciary
Actsaidthatlawsuits
against
officials
should
betried
there.
RESULT
TheSupreme
CourtruledthattheJudiciary
Actwasunconstitutional.
Marbury
could
judicial
principle
nofbring
hiscase
there.
Thiscase
the
review.
established
of
Reuew
Answer the following questiona on a eeparate sheet of papen
1. How did President Jefferson reduce the power of government?
2. Chrafi Skills What was the result of the Marbur.v v. Madison case?
Chapterl.orzSectlon1 * 55
TheLouisiana
Purchase
Voclgullnv
expedition a journey
madebya groupof people
to explore
a region
orforsomeotherpurpose
Summlnv
The Mississippi River was very important to famers west of the Mississippi
River. Ttrey shipped their products down
the river to New Orleans, Louisiana. From
New Orleans, ships took the products to
other cities. Louisiana was then ruled by
France. President Jefferson worried that
France might one day close New Orleans
to Americans.
President Jefferson sent officials to buy
New Orleans from France. The French
ruler offered to sell all of Louisiana for
$15 million. Jefferson agreedto the
Louisiano Purehose in 1803. The United
States took control of a huge area west of
the Mississippi River.
President Jefferson asked Meriwether
Lewis and William Clark to explore the
Louisiana Purchase and to map a route to
the Pacific Ocean.The Lewis and Clark
expedition reachedthe Pacific Oceanin
1805. The explorers learned a great deal
about climate, yrildlife, and NativeAmerican
nations in the area. (Seediagram.)
ACHIEUEMEI{TS
OFTHELEWIS
AIIDCLARK
EXPEDITION
plants
Described
they
andanimals
saw
Reported
onclimate
inregions
they
visited
Explored
largearea
of Louisiana
Purchase
LEWIS
ANDCLARK
EXPEDITION
Created
mapof
routeto Pacific
0cean
Gathered
information
about
Native
Americans
theymet
Rwrew
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of papen
1. Why was the Mississippi River important to western farrners?
2. Diagran Skins List three achievements of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
58 * Ghapter10lSectlon 2
,.-
NewThreats
FromOverseas
Vocngul.nnv
impressment practice
offorcing
sailors
to workona ship
embargo a government
orderthatstopstradewithanother
country
Sururunnv
During the late 1700sand early 1800s,
the United States began to trade with
many nations. In 1784,American ships
sailed to China. In China, Americans
traded ginseng for silks and tea. United
States traders also sailed to the Pacific
Northwest of North America to trade
for furs.
United States trading suffered when
war broke out in Europe in 1803.As in the
1790s,Britain and France both seized
American trading ships. The British also
forcedAmerican sailors to work on their
ships. This was called impressment.
120
100
U'
The United States was very angry with
Britain and France for interfering with
trade. In 1807, President Jefferson convinced Congressto pass t}lLeEmborgo
Act This law stated that Americans could
not trade with other countries. Jefferson
thought the embargo would hurt France
and Britain by cutting offtheir supplies.
However, it also hurt Americans by reducing trade. (Seegraph.) The law was
replacedby the Nonintereourse Aet.lt
allowed Americans to trade with all
nations except France and Britain.
UNITED
EXPORTS
18l|(|-1812
STATES
BritainandFrance
F80
E
Nonintercourse
360
ct
v,
E40
=20
1806
Yeal
1810
1812
Revrew
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of papen
1. What actions of the British angeredAmericans?
2. Graph Skills By how much did United States exports go down the year after the
passageof the Embargo Act?
GhaSerlolSectlon 3 * 57
(
TheRoadto War
Vocleut-lnv
nationdism prideinone'scountry
nations
agreement
between
treaty written
Summmv
Problems between the United States
and Britain grew worse when James
Madison was President. ThLeWar Howks
were a group in Congresswho wanted a
war with Britain. The War Hawks had a
strong senseof nationalism. They
thought that Britain was treating the
United States like a colony.They favored
war for other reasons,too. (Seediagram.)
The United States also faced conflicts
with Native Americans on the western
frontier. Many white settlers had moved
west into Ohio and Indian territory. The
settlers broke treaties with Indians and
built their farms on Indian lands. TWo
Shawneebrothers, Tbcumsehand a man
called "the Prophet," worked to unite
Native Americans to save their lands. In
1811,Indian forces fought American soldiers at the battle of Tippecanoe.The
Americans were led by William Henry
Harrison. Neither side was the clear winner. This battle was just the beginning of a
long war for control of the frontier.
The War Hawks claimed the British
were giving guns to the Native Americans.
They urged President Madison to ask
Congressto declare war on Britain. In
L8L2, Congressdeclaredwar.
r
GOALS
OFTHEWARHAWKS
TostopBritain
fromseizing
American
ships
ToendBritishaidto
NativeAmericans
in
theWest
TotakeFlorida
from
Spain,
a British
ally
Toseize
Canada,
a British
colony
Toshowthe
strength
ofthe
United
States
Revrml
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of papen
1. Why did Tecumsehwant to unite Native Americans?
2. Diagrqrn Skills What were three goals of the War Hawks?
58 * Chafier 1OlSectlon4
f
TheWarof l8l2
Vocneut.nnv
blockade enemy
troops
or ships
thatclose
to keeppeople
a portorotherplace
andsupplies
frommoving
inorout
Summnnv
The United States was not ready for the
War of 7812. T}re United States Army was
small and poorly trained and had few
weapons.The American navy had only 16
ships. The British navy was large and well
trained. Early in the war, Britain set up a
blockade on United States ports. The
United States was not able to break the
blockade.
The United States won victories and suffered defeats.The United States invasion
of Canadafailed. Navy captain Oliver
Hazard Perry won a victory against the
British at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813.
At the Battle of the Thames, Tecumseh
was killed. His death weakenedthe Native
Americans who were fighting on the
British side. In 1814,British forces
attacked and burned Washington,D.C.
In late 1814,a treaty betweenthe United
States and Britain ended the war. Before
Andrew Jackson heard about the treaty,
he won the Battle of New Orleans.
Americans were divided about what the
war had gained.(Seechart.) Somethought
the war settled nothing. Others thought
that Europe would now treat the United
States with more respect.
o Relations
theUnited
between
Stales
and
Britain
leturned
tothewaytheyhadbeen
belolethewar.
o United
inyasion
failed.
States
ol Ganada
. Tecumseh
waskilledandNative
American
hecreated
alliances
ended.
. ManyAmericans
feltmorepridein their
country.
Revrnr
a'
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of papen
1. What disadvantagesdid the United States have at the beginning of the War of L8L2?
2. Cb;art Skills How did the War of 1812 affect relations between the United States
and Britain?
GhapterlolSectlon 5 * 59
Class
Date
TEST
Identifying
Mainldeas
Write theiettei of the conect answer in the spaceprovided.
1 . When ThomasJefferson became
President,he
A increasedthe size of the army.
B stoppedpayrngoffstate debts.
c reducedthe power of the national
government.
D increasedthe size of government
departments.
6. Which of the following laws
allowed the United States to trade
with all nations except Britain
and France?
A Nonintercourse Act
B EmbargoAct
2. The power of the SupremeCourt
to decidewhether laws passedby
Congressare constitutional is
called
A judicial review.
B impressment.
C embargo.
D nationalism.
7. The Shawnee leader Tbcumseh
3. As a result of the louisiana
Purchase,the United States
A bought land from Spain.
B went to war with France.
c lost control of New Orleans.
D gained land west of the
MississippiRiver.
c
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
c
60. * Chafier LOlTea,r
following EXCEPT
to seize Canada, a British colony.
to stop Britain from seizing
American ships.
to gle aid to Native Americans in
the West.
to take Florida from Spain.
9. During which battle of the War of
A
B
c
D
5. The practice of forcing sailors to
work on ships was called
A impressment.
B embargo.
c nationalism.
D expedition.
worked hard to
compromise with the United
States government.
unite Native American groups.
move Native American gtoups
west.
help white famers.
8. The War Hawks wanted all of the
D
4. Lewis and Clark were sent to
A removeNative Americans from
Louisiana.
B explore and map the Iouisiana
Purchase.
c defeat the French in Haiti.
D France to buy Louisiana.
Stamp Act
Pinckney Act
1812 were American forces led by
Andrew Jackson?
Battle of New Orleans
Battle of Lake Erie
Battle of Thames
Battle of Washington, D.C.
10. One result of the War of 1812 was
A United States victory.
B increased American pride.
c
D
British victory.
a blockade ofAmerican ports.