DISCOURSE AS A FORM OF MULTICULTURALISM IN LITERATURE AND COMMUNICATION
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DETAINEE’S BEHAVIOR ASPECTS IN LEGAL MEDICINE EXPERTISE’S
REQUEST FOR SENTENCE INTERRUPTION BASED ON MEDICAL CONDITIONS
Cristian P. Gherman, PhD, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ”Victor Babeș”,
Timișoara; Dan Perju- Dumbravă, Prof., MD, PhD, Institute of Legal Medicine, ClujNapoca; Ovidiu Chirobanu, Assist. Prof., MD, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine
and Pharmacy
Abstract: The Romanian prison system is overcrowded, i.e. the number of prisoners significantly exceeds
detention capabilities. Under these circumstances it is difficult to ensure lawful compliance relating
detainees‟ civil rights. Prisoners are guaranteed the benefit of healthcare. The growing number of
inmates in a faulty system reflects in a low perception in the quality of prison life and a deterioration of
prisoners – staff relationship. The number of inmates raising health problems is likely to increase and
thus more medical-related sentence interruption requests are to be expected. The frequency of cases
where inmates actually decline to be submitted to medical examination suggests an multi-factorial
motivation for interruption request on medical reasons. Investigation of the co-factors which, along
medical status, influence the inmate patient‟s attitude and timing of expertise request is important for
establishing measures needed for an efficient channeling of resources to inmates who need to treat their
medical conditions.
Keywords: prison, inmates, healthcare, legal medicine, sentence disruption
1.Introduction
This research aims to address the lesser debated issue of sentence interruption based on
medical grounds, provided that the inmate-patients‘ medical condition is certified following legal
medicine expertise procedures.
1.1 Legal aspects (according with Romania’s laws) -According to articles 589 and 592
of the Revised Romanian Criminal Procedure Code (RRCPC), interruption or postponement of
an executory sentence can be granted under the following circumstances:
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a) ―when it is found, based on a legal medicine expertise, that the convict suffers from a disease
that cannot be treated in the sanitary network of the National Administration of Penitentiaries
(NAP) or under permanent surveillance in public health system‘s secure units‖, but only when
―the court rules that interruption or postponement of sentence execution does not pose threats to
public order‖. In this situation, the execution of the sentence is postponed or interrupted for a
determined period of time.
b) ―when a female convict is pregnant or has a child younger than one year old. In such cases,
the penalty‘s execution is postponed until the termination of the cause which determined initial
postponement‖. A legal medicine expertise in view of sentence postponement or interruption can
be requested by either the prosecutor or the convict (art. 589/3 RRCPC), or by the penitentiary
administration (art. 589, letter a - RRCPC). It is reviewed by a supervisory judge, which submits
the case to the court. According to article 589/4, the application may be withdrawn by the person
which made the request 1. Postponement or interruption of a sentence cannot be requested when
the convict has harmed himself or self inflicted a medical condition or if the convict refused
medical treatment or legal-medicine expertise. Law 459/2001 mentions that the commission
conducting a legal medicine expertise in view of sentence postponement or interruption must
include a forensic physician, a medical representative of the NAP and a certain number of
specialist physicians (art. 71/1) and states the mandatory conditions needed to be met in
conducting the expertise (art. 129/1)2.
1.2. Backgrounds & aims - Inmate patients can lawfully request medical expertise to
determine whether their medical condition can be properly addressed within the penitentiary
healthcare system, enabling them to serve their sentence, or needs to be treated in the public
healthcare system, justifying sentence postponement or interruption requests (The Revised
Romanian Criminal Procedure Code). This assessment is the attribute of the medical expertise
1
The Revised Romanian Criminal Procedure Code - adopted by Law no. 135/2010 published in the Official Gazette
of Romania no. 486 - July 15, 2010, into force since February 1, 2014, updated by GEO no. 3/2014 (Official Gazette
98/2014) and Law no. 255/2013 (Official Gazette 515/2013) – Available from URL: http://legeaz.net/noul-codprocedura-penala-ncpp
2
Law no. 459/2001 (published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, no. 418/27.07.2001) approving
Government Emergency Ordinance no. 1/2000 (published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, no. 22 /
21.01.2000) regarding the organization and functioning of Legal Medicine Institutions and Law no. 271/2004
(published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I no. 616 / 07.07.2004) approving Government Emergency
Ordinance no. 57/2001 (published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I no. 531 / 31.08.2001) amending and
supplementing Government Emergency Ordinance no. 1/2000
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commission, which, based on patient examination and case documentation, concludes whether
the inmates‘ medical condition require special treatments that cannot be provided in the
penitentiary care network (Law no. 459/2001). According to data revealed by the annual reports
on the activity of the Legal Medicine Network, the number of expertises conducted in view of
sentence interruption was 753 in 2012 and 909 in 2013, significantly lower than the 2000 figures
(6287 requests) which peak this category. A downward trend in the number of such requests is
obvious. While in 2000 the expertise commission forwarded recommendations of interruption for
various medical treatments in public health units in 26.6% of the cases, only 5.4% of the 2012
requests and 5.5% of the 2013 requests benefited favorable recommendations. On the other hand,
in 20% of the cases handled in 2012 by the "Mina Minovici" National Institute of Legal
Medicine (NILM), the convicts withdrew their application after the court ruled in favor of
forensic expertises to be conducted in view of sentence interruption 3. The law guarantees
healthcare benefits for every person executing a custodial sentence 4,5. However, calls for public
healthcare under the provision that certain diseases cannot be treated in the NAP sanitary
network are perceived by some detainees as a way of counteracting the negative perceptions of
incarceration6. This kind of attitude is highly inconvenient as it results in unnecessary
prolongation of legal procedures in cases of genuinely ill patients and contributes to out-burning
of the limited medical staff in the penitentiary system. Last but not least, significant mobilization
of medical and security personnel in compliance to NAP regulations on inmate transportation
and medical expertise comes with a cost. Motivation for such study is based on sheer necessity,
supported by the data revealed by the annual NAP review indicating a marked increase in the
nationwide number of inmates from 26,212 in 2008 to 33,434 in 2013 7. A low perception in the
quality of prison life and a deterioration of prisoners – staff relationship, was observed when
prison system is overcrowded, i.e. the number of prisoners significantly exceeds detention
3
Report on the activity of the Legal Medicine network in 2013 - Available from URL: www.legmed.ro
Ministry of Justice and Health Joint Order no. 429/2012 - on providing medical care to inmates in the custody of
the National Administration of Penitentiaries, chapter II, articles 8-10
5
Law no. 254/19.07.2013 concerning the execution of sentences and custodial measures ordered by the court
following criminal trials (published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I no. 514 of 14 August 2013
6
Feron JM, Tan LH, Pestiaux D, Lorant V. High and variable use of primary care in prison. A qualitative study to
understand help-seeking behavior - Int J Prison Health. September 2008; 4 (3): 146-55
7
NAP 2013 activity review – Available from URL: www.anp.gov.ro
4
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capabilities8. Inmates are a vulnerable population group which may be subjected to inequalities
in terms of granting health and social care, and this aspect requires particular attention9. There
are opinions that the model approach to chronic diseases who works in the community healthsystem could be adopted in the prison system 10. Prisoners with health problems are a future
problem for communities where they return after liberation11. In order with this, the separation
between prisons and communities lead to a consequence of «unjointed» approach for patients
with repeated convictions12. Consequently, the number of inmates raising health problems is
likely to increase and thus more illness-related sentence interruption requests are to be expected.
However, the number of cases when inmates actually refuse to submit to medical examination is
rather significant (20% of the 2012 NILM cases) and this suggests that the motivation behind
legal expertise requests is multi-factorial. Investigation of the co-factors besides medical status
which influence the inmate patients‘ tactics, as well as the timing of the expertise requests,
provide valuable information in pursuing an efficient management of the limited resources
available, channeling them towards inmates whose ―real‖ medical condition may require special
treatment.
2.Material (patients) and methods - Given the goal of this proposed study, certain legal
requirements were to be met. Formal applications were forwarded to relevant NAP bodies and
written approvals to conduct a trial study and to submit inmates in the Aiud and Gherla
Penitentiaries, as well as inmates undergoing medical treatments in the Penitentiary Hospital in
Dej, to a study-developed questionnaire, were obtained. Due to practical limitations, the present
study was conducted only in the Dej Penitentiary Hospital. The unit has a total of 142 beds and
provides a monthly turnover of 200 patients13. Under these auspices, the study included a
8
Molleman T, van Ginneken EF. A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship Between Cell Sharing, Prisoner Staff
Relationships, and Prisoners' Perceptions of Prison Quality - Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2014 March 11
9
Shaw D, Elger B. Improving public health by respecting autonomy: Using social science research to enfranchise
vulnerable prison populations - - Prev Med. 2015 February 21
10
Wang EA, Aminawung JA, Ferguson W, Trestman R, Wagner EH, Bova CJ - A tool for tracking and assessing
chronic illness care in prison (ACIC-P). Correct Health Care. 2014 Oct
11
Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration; Committee on Law and Justice; Division
of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National Research Council; Board on the Health of Select
Populations; Institute of Medicine. Health and Incarceration: A Workshop Summary. Editors - Washington (DC):
National Academies Press (US); 2013 Aug.
12
Butler B. Health information exchange between jails and their communities: a bridge that is needed under
healthcare reform. Perspect Health Inf Manag. 2014 Jan 1
13
NAP 2013 activity review – Available from URL: www.anp.gov.ro
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significant number of male patients covering a wide range of pathological conditions. As patientinmates are admitted to this unit from virtually all the Romanian counties, they presented a
diversity and fluctuation that didn‘t allow sampling based on sociometric criteria. Documentation
implied the design and implementation of a questionnaire admitting single or multiple answers
which were grouped into two categories of questions, as follows: 1. General information - age,
residence area, education level, medical history and nature of the disease which led to the current
admission. 2. Data relevant for the forensic expertise request in pursuit of sentence postponement
or interruption based on medical grounds: the period of time to be executed, knowledge
regarding the conditions needed in order to apply for the expertise, time served before applying
the first examination request, how many times has one made similar applications, other than
medical reasons for the request, if one knew prisoners who asked for forensic expertise in a
similar situation, if someone considered he was influenced by his peers in pursuing this line of
action, if one ever benefited of sentence interruption on medical grounds, if following a previous
request one later on denounced the action and the reasons why. During 14 visits at Dej
Penitentiary Hospital scheduled in 2014, a number of 369 patients were interviewed: 85 in June,
166 in July, 40 in August and 78 in September 2014. Prior to delivering the questionnaire, verbal
agreements were obtained for all inmate-patients. It was clearly brought to their attention that
they can withdraw from the procedure any time they wanted, without need of a motivation. In
order to potentiate honest answers, no information regarding the identity of the subjects was
recorded. Answers were taken down following each question, in the presence of a security guard
and a member of the medical staff. Medical records included in their sentence interruption
medical expertise request files were made available by the Penitentiary Hospital Administration.
3.Results - Data processing resulted in the following demographical information: of the 369
inmate-patients, 85 were in the 18-35 years age group, 160 were aged 36-50 years, 104 were
aged 51-65 years and 20 were over 65 years old; in terms of residence, 158 were from rural areas
and 211 from urban areas; concerning the educational level, 46 had no education (analphabets),
92 attended primary school (4 classes), 136 secondary school (8 classes), 81 completed high
school studies (12 classes) and 14 had university degrees. To highlight the issues involved,
interviewed inmate-patients who had previous sentence interruption medical expertise requests
(196, group I) were separated from those who didn‘t (173, group II).
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3.1 Data processing revealed a large number of pathological conditions. Records
were classified into the following categories of disease: respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive,
tumor (benign or malignant), neurological or neuropsychological, other (ophthalmic, orthopedic,
dermatological, urological etc.). A large number of inmate-patients presented multiple
pathological conditions. Group I patients presented a significantly higher number of
cardiovascular (87), respiratory (111), digestive (143) and tumor (50) pathologies, while
neuronal conditions were more frequent in group II patients. 82 (41.8%) group I and 96 (55.5%)
group II patients declared their medical condition occurred in the penitentiary system, 28
(14.3%) and 40 (23.1%), respectively, accused new symptoms associated to pre-existent
pathologies, while 86 (43.9%) group I and 37 (21.4%) group II patients claimed activation of
older symptoms.
3.2 Concerning the period of detention inmate-patients had to execute, 104 subjects
(53.1%) in group I were sentenced 5 to 10 years, while most (99, i.e. 57.2%) of group II subjects
had up to 5 years to serve.
Table 1. Distribution of subjects according to sentence times.
Parameter
Group I
Group II
Total
(n=196)
(n=173)
(n=369)
p
0.001
Detention time
Under 5 years
71 (36.2%)
99 (57.2%)
170 (46.1%)
5 to 10 years
104 (53.1%)
61 (35.3%)
165 (44.7%)
10 to 15 years
13 (6.6%)
9 (5.2%)
22 (6.0%)
Over 15 years
8 (4.1%)
4 (2.3%)
12 (3.2%)
3.3 Among subjects in group I (previous records of sentence interruption on medical
grounds), 195 (99.5%) claimed knowledge of the conditions required in order to apply for
penalty interruption on medical grounds. In contrast, only 129 (74.6%, p <0.001) of the group II
subjects (no previous requests) seemed to be informed about the conditions they were required to
meet when requesting such medical expertise. 195 (99.5%) of subjects in group I admitted they
knew prisoners who requested similar forensic expertise, compared to 146 (84.4%, p <0.001)
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subjects in group II. Among group I subjects, 103 (52.6%) declared they were driven by fellow
inmates when requesting the forensic expertise, while only 9 (5.2%, p <0.001) of group II
subjects admitted their pursuit was initiated under the influence and directions of other inmates.
3.4 Concerning the period of detention executed before group I inmate-patients requesting a
medical expertise to evaluate their medical status in view of sentence interruption, 93 (47.4%)
had served 6 to 12 months of detention time and 56 (28.6%) had served 1 to 5 years, while 37
(18.9%) waited less than 6 months before submitting the request.
Table 2. Distribution of group I subjects in terms of period of detention served until the first
application for sentence interruption, reasons for their pursuit, the number of previous expertise
requests and waivers
Parameter
Group I
(n=196)
Detention time served prior to medical expertise request
Under 6 months
37 (18.9)
6 to 12 months
93 (47.4)
1 to 5 years
56 (28.6)
5 to 10 years
10 (5.1)
Reasons for medical expertise request
Illness
102 (52.0)
Severe illness
27 (13.8)
Imitation of fellow inmates
35 (17.9)
Lack of preoccupation
12 (6.1)
Illness + Imitation of fellow inmates
20 (10.2)
Number of previous medical expertise request
One
130 (66.3)
Two
61 (31.1)
Three
3 (1.5)
More than three
2 (1.0)
Number of expertise waivers
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None
116 (59.2)
One
74 (37.8)
Two
6 (3.1)
Three
0 (0)
More than three
0
(0)
3.5 The number of group I subjects who reported they knew other inmates who called for
forensic examination was not significantly different between age groups (p = 0.59), in contrast to
the number of inmate-patients claiming they were influenced by fellow detainees (p<0.001). The
figures in this last category were significantly higher in case of the young group (18-35 years).
The number of subjects who benefited of punishment interruption for medical reasons was
significantly higher in the elders group (p <0.001) and correlated with malignancy and
cardiovascular pathology (25 cases).
Table 3. Age distribution of group I subjects pending on knowledge of other detainees who
requested forensic expertise, inmate-influence in pursuit of the interruption request, number of
previous requests, number of interruption requests beneficiaries and dropouts
Parameter
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
18-35
36-50
51-65
over
(n=26)
(n=89)
(n=67)
(n=14)
65
Had knowledge of other inmates who called for forensic examination
26 (100.0)
89 (100.0)
66 (98.5)
59 (66.3)
20 (29.9)
<0.001
5 (35.7)
0.53
Number of previous expertise requests
One
22 (84.6)
57 (64.0)
42 (62.7)
9 (64.3)
Two
4 (15.4)
29 (32.6)
23 (34.3)
5 (35.7)
Three
0 (0.0)
1 (1.1)
2 (3.0)
0 (0.0)
More than 3
0 (0.0)
2 (2.2)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Benefited of punishment interruption for medical reasons
283
0.59
14 (100.0)
Were influenced by fellow inmates in formulating their request
19 (73.1)
p
<0.001
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0 (0.0)
6 (6.7)
12 (17.9)
7 (50.0)
3.6 Considering distribution within age groups of the 80 subjects in group I who had
previously surrendered their privilege for forensic expertise, one can observe that youngsters and
elders had no multiple waivers and shared equally distributed dual reasons for their previous
waiver: they either claimed their condition improved under treatment, or that the procedures
were too long.
Table 4. Number and reasoning of group I waivers distributed within age groups
Parameter
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
18-35 (n=10)
36-50 (n=37)
51-65 (n=31)
over 65 (n=2)
p
0.66
Surrendered their privilege of pursuing penalty disruption requests
Once
10 (100.0)
33 (89.2)
29 (93.5)
2 (100.0)
Twice
0 (0.0)
4 (10.8)
2 (6.5)
0 (0.0)
0.34
Reasons for waiving the penalty interruption request
Cured without treatment
0 (0.0)
1 (2.7)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Cured under treatment
5 (50.0)
13 (35.1)
18 (58.1)
1 (50.0)
Too long examinations
5 (50.0)
21 (56.8)
7 (22.6)
1 (50.0)
Too many examinations
0 (0.0)
1 (2.7)
5 (16.1)
0 (0.0)
Other
0 (0.0)
1 (2.7)
1 (3.2)
0 (0.0)
4.Discussion
4.1 What was the status of inmate-patients that required sentence discontinuation on
medical condition grounds? To initiate legal procedures in order to interrupt an sentence on
health grounds, a detainee needs to be diagnosed with at least one pathological condition that
cannot be properly treated within the sanitary network of the penitentiary system. Among the
subjects who made such requests and were enrolled in this study most frequent pathologies were
of digestive, respiratory and cardiovascular nature, or a combination including these. In 43.9% of
the cases illness debut was pre-existent, but aggravated while serving the sentence, and in 41.8%
of the cases the debut of the medical condition on which the sentence interruption request was
based occurred after imprisonment. Most of these diseases can be diagnosed and treated within
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the NAP sanitary network, considering recent improvements in terms of specialized personnel
and equipment. In such circumstances, the significance of the high number of medical expertise
requests in view of sentence interruption arguably resides in other than medical factors.
4.2 Were the interrupt requests influenced by the sentence length? Data analysis shows
that most of the group I inmate-patients (those who had previous sentence interruption request
records) were serving 5 to 10 years (53.1%) or up to 5 years (36.2%) sentences. The rates for
group II (inmate-patients who had no previous interrupt requests) were reversed: 57.2% were
serving up to 5 years and 35.3% were serving 5 to 10 years sentences (see Table 3). Overall, 170
out of 369 inmate-patients (46.1%) were serving less than 5 years sentences, 165 (44.7%) were
serving 5 to 10 years, 22 (6%) were serving 10 to 15 years and 12 (3.2%) were serving more than
15 years sentences. 90.8% of them were included in the lowest two categories (up to 10 years).
This suggests that, for those facing medium or long detention times, length of the sentence was a
factor determining repeated requests of sentence interruption. The high frequency of first
requests in the up to 5 years sentences group suggests this was seen as a means of coping with an
unfamiliar and uncomfortable new situation.
4.3 Did the inmate-patients know the conditions required to be met when submitting
sentence postponement or interruption request? Did they know prisoners who requested similar
forensic expertise? Virtually all (99.5%) of the inmates who repeatedly requested discontinuation
of the sentence on medical grounds (group I) said they were aware about the conditions for
applying for medical expertise and knew other inmates who requested such procedure. This is
perfectly understandable considering that
inmates relationship involves contact and
communication during the various activities they participate to. However, in group II a
significant number of patients (25.4%) were not fully aware of the conditions they were
supposed to meet and this puts under question their reasoning.
4.4 When did the request occur in relation with the moment of imprisonment?
Concerning group I inmate-patients, 18.9% were in their first six months of detention and 47.4%
had served 6 to 12 months before requesting a medical expertise in view of sentence interruption,
which gives a 66.3 percentage (130 out of 196) of first-year detainees pursuing sentence
disruption. This is relevant for claiming that influence of fellow inmates is greater in the first
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year of detention, a possible explanation being inexperience and lack of information coming
from official sources on issues related to health care.
4.5 Were subjects influenced by other inmates? Communication between inmates can
certainly produce various influences. Thus, more than half of the group I subjects (52.6%) who
requested discontinuation of the sentence on medical grounds said they were influenced in their
pursuit by fellow inmates, in contrast to those who had no previous records in requesting a
medical expertise for such purpose, of which but 5.2% admitted they were influenced by their
detention colleagues. Taking into consideration group I inmate-patients, 73.1% of those in the
18-35 years age group and 66.3% of the 36-50 years aged reported influence of their peers.
Imitation of colleagues and lack of preoccupation are other arguments connected to inside
influences. One aspect that cannot go unnoticed is that of prisoners who have not requested
discontinuation of the sentence on medical grounds (5.2%) but declared they were influenced by
their peers.
4.6 What were the real reasons behind requesting medical expertise in view of sentence
interruption and dropping out of an ongoing procedure?
Of the 196 inmate-patients who
requested a medical expertise, 66.3% (130 subjects) were at their first request, 31.1% (61 cases)
had one previous request and 2.5% (5 cases) had at least two previous such requests. Medical
status by itself or associated with claims of other serious (most often family-related) situations
documented the requests of two thirds (65.8%) of the inmate-patients. However imitation of
colleagues and lack of preoccupation are motivations that cannot be related to a medical
condition justifying the request of a medical expertise. It is evident that the interruption request is
perceived by some prisoners as a way to avoid prison life, perhaps augmented by inside stories
claiming successful attempts following such course of action. 74 subjects in group I who later on
decided not to go all the way with the forensic procedure got discouraged at their first attempt,
only 6 having previous records in the field. The vast majority (71 out of 80) justified their
dropout claiming improvement of their medical condition or invoking the length and complexity
of medical investigations and other aspects related to the expertise procedure. 5.Conclusions
- Although there is certain knowledge among the detainees pool regarding conditions required to
be met when applying for a sentence postponement or interruption based on medical conditions
needed to be confirmed by a legal medicine expertise, interviewing of the inmate-patients
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highlighted the fact that such information is often vague or incomplete and that documentation
on such line of action originated from unauthorized sources, most often being offered by
detention colleges.
- Dissemination of relevant information concerning detainees‘ rights and obligations within their
legal framework must come from authorized sources. Actions to stop spreading unauthorized and
incorrect information need to be taken to prevent spending of public funds and unnecessary
procedures demanding deployment of medical and security personnel.
- There is a clear tendency among inmates to make a first request for medical expertise to back
sentence interruption demands while in the first year of incarceration.
- A multi-factorial determinism of such requests was certain identified including direct influence
of other inmates, a tendency to imitate ―successful‖ conducts or escape routes out of prison
routine.
- Assessment of the co-factors that influence inmates to pursue such line of action can bridge
more efficient communication between staff personnel and inmates, contributing to a reduction
in the number of unjustified requests and minimization of their negative impact on current legal
medicine activities carried out in the penitentiary system in Romania.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Butler B., Health information exchange between jails and their communities: a bridge
that is needed under healthcare reform. Perspect Health Inf Manag. 2014 Jan 1;11:1b.
eCollection 2014. PMID: 24808809 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID:
PMC3995481 Free PMC Article
2. Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration; Committee on
Law and Justice; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National
Research Council; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of Medicine.
Health and Incarceration: A Workshop Summary. Editors - Washington (DC): National
Academies Press (US); 2013 Aug. Copyright 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences
3. Feron JM, Tan LH, Pestiaux D, Lorant V., High and variable use of primary care in
prison. A qualitative study to understand help-seeking behavior - Int J Prison Health.
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SECTION: PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION SCIENCES
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DISCOURSE AS A FORM OF MULTICULTURALISM IN LITERATURE AND COMMUNICATION
SECTION: PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION SCIENCES
Arhipelag XXI Press, Tîrgu Mureș, 2015, ISBN: 978-606-8624-21-1
255/2013 (Official Gazette 515/2013) – Available from URL: http://legeaz.net/noul-codprocedura-penala-ncpp
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