Differences In The Effect Of Aerobic Exercise With Anaerobic Exercise
Against Malondialdehyde (Mda) Levels In Wistar Rat (RattusNovergicus)
Heart Muscle
Aristoteles
Lecturer Of Nursing Diploma Program
STIKes Muhammadiyah Palembang
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Effect of physical exercise on biological function, which is
positive effect in terms of repairs cells and negative influences that inhibit or
damage the cell. Strenuous physical exercise can cause muscle injury and
oxidative stress in individuals who are not conditioned or not accustomed to
physical activity. In addition to oxidative stress also plays a role in chronic
fatigue syndrome. This happens due to the velocity exceeds the speed of
energy needs and the ability of oxygen transport system to supply oxygen into
mitochondria. The heart muscle is a muscle that has a major role in physical
exercise, oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of
myocardial infarction. although it has been known that exercise can produces
free radicals, but how much difference the effect of aerobic exercise with
anaerobic exercise against the formation of free radicals, The information is
relatively very limited. Formation of free radicals can be predicted by
measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Method: The design used in
this study is in the form experimental vivo study with pretest-posttest design
with a comparison group. The subjects were 28 Wistar rat rattus strain
novergicus males are divided into 6 treatment groups and 1 control group.
Data retrieved by doing physical exercise treadmill with speed 20m/minute
for aerobic exercise and 35m/minute for anaerobic exercise. Different test
average MDA levels using independent t-test, Anovaand post hoc. Results:
The results showed decreased levels of MDA in the aerobic and anaerobic
treatment group compared with the comparison group. The analysis showed
that there were significant differences between the aerobic group 1 day, 3
times a week and 7 days in a row with p<0,05. In the opposite there was no
significant difference between groups anaerobic with p> 0,05. Conclusion:
aerobic and anaerobic exercise is performed 1 day, 3 times a week and 7 days
in a row can increase the antioxidant defense system that decreases oxidative
stress characterized by decreased levels of MDA.
Keywords : Physical exercise, MDA, Rattusnovergicuswistar rat
1
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INTRODUCTION
Physical exercise affects the
biological function , which is a
positive effect in terms of repairs
cells and negative influences that
inhibit or damage the cells ( Adam
, 2002) . The positive influence of
physical exercise will improve
your health and physical fitness if
performed regularly, programmed
and measured properly . Physical
exercise will improve and also
slow down the decline in organ
function , and can raise the
immune function . Physical
exercise is performed with
maximum
intensity
and
exhausting it generates oxidative
stress ( Harjanto , 2004)
According Lipon et al ( 2012)
free radical formation in high intensity aerobic exercise leads to
leakage of electrons to the
respiratory chain and free radical
formation during high -intensity
anaerobic exercise occurs during
reperfusion of blood on the tissue
resulting in leakage of electrons to
form free radicals . During physical
exercise oxygen consumption in
the body can be increased up to 20
times while the consumption of
oxygen by the muscle tissue is
expected to increase up to 100
times . Generally 2-5 % of the
oxygen used in the metabolic
process
is
converted
into
superoxide ions that result in
2
increased production of free
radicals ( Urso , 2003) . Although it
has been known to anaerobic
exercise can produce free radicals ,
but how much difference between
the effect of aerobic exercise with
anaerobic physical exercise on the
formation of free radicals , the
information to date is relatively
very limited . Formation of free
radicals can be predicted by
measuring
the
levels
of
malondialdehyde
(MDA)
(Purnomo , 2011).
Free radicals are atoms or
groups of atoms that have one or
more unpaired electrons in their
outer orbitals ( Halliwell &
Whitteman , 2004) . One type of
free radicals are reactive oxygen
compounds ( reactive oxygen
species / ROS ) that contain
unpaired electrons , ie electrons in
their orbitals alone . These
electrons have a tendency to
attract electrons from other
molecules , so it is classified as
ROS free radicals have high
reactivity . Molecular oxygen ( O2 )
has a lower oxidation capabilities
of the other chemical components .
Therefore, more oxygen is easily
transformed into a more reactive
oxygen , this is called oxygen free
radicals (Pinnel et al, 2007) .
Strenuous physical exercise
can lead to muscle injury and
oxidative stress in indivdu the
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unconditioned or unaccustomed
physical exercise . In addition ,
oxidative stress also plays a role in
chronic fatigue syndrome. This
happens due to the velocity
exceeds the speed of energy needs
and the ability of oxygen transport
system to supply oxygen into
mitochondria
.
Increased
production of lactic acid will
change the weak free radical (
superoxide radicals ) becomes a
powerful free radical ( hydroxyl
radical ) that has the potential to
cause tissue damage ( Clarkson &
Thomson , 2000). Tissue damage
is a condition in the body that lead
to impaired function of a network .
According LiPON et al ( 2012) the
one that triggered the tissue
damage is the imbalance between
the production of oxidants and
antioxidants . If this continues to
result in interference with the
various organs . Several indicators
can be used as a sign of tissue
oxidative stress , such as by
measuring
the
levels
of
malondialdehyde ( MDA ) ( HD &
Bijoor , 2103 ) . Increased levels of
MDA occurs because the body's
antioxidant system is not able to
fight free radicals . Electron
donating compounds or all of the
compounds that can reduce the
negative impact oxidants including
enzymes and metal -binding
proteins ( Battineli , 2000).
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
General purpose
3
To compare the differences in
the effect of aerobic exercise with
anaerobic against MDA levels in
heart muscle novergicus wistar
strain rats Rattus
Specific purpose
• To analyze the differences in the
levels of MDA in heart muscle
Rattus novergicus wistar strain
before and after aerobic exercise .
• To analyze the differences in the
levels of MDA in heart muscle
Rattus novergicus wistar strain
before and after anaerobic
exercise .
• To be able to analyze the
comparative levels of MDA in
heart muscle strain Wistar rats
Rattus novergicus who perform
aerobic exercise with anaerobic.
METHODS
Types of Research
The design of this study is an
experimental study in the form of
in vivo ( Dahlan , 2009) .
Population and Sample
The population of the study,
subjects
using
rat
Rattus
novergicus male Wistar strain
obtained from the laboratory of
the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
, Bogor Agricultural University .
Samples were Rattus novergicus
wistar strain male with 6-8 weeks
of age who met the inclusion
criteria . In accordance with the
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study design , mice were divided
into 7 treatment groups :
P1 : control group, were not given
the
imposition of physical
exercise
P2 : The group given the
imposition of aerobic physical
exercise for 1 day
P3 : The group given the
imposition of aerobic exercise 3
times a week
P4 : The group given the
imposition of aerobic physical
exercise for 7 days in a row
P5 : the group given the
imposition of anaerobic physical
exercise for 1 day
P6 : the group given load during
anaerobic exercise 3 times a week
P7 : the group given the
imposition of anaerobic physical
exercise for 7 days in a row
RESULTS
Comparison of MDA In the
treatment group
Aerobic
(P2,P3,P4) with Comparison
group (P1)
Measurement results of MDA in
the aerobic group ( P2 , P3 , P4 )
are listed in Table 4.1 , compared
with the comparison group MDA
value (P1) with the unpaired t-test
(P <0.05). The results show that
there is a decrease in the levels of
MDA in the aerobic treatment
group P2 , P3 and P4 than the
comparison group, are listed in the
following table 4.1:
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4.2. Comparison In Anaerobic
Group ( P5 , P6 and P7 ) With
Comparison Group ( P1 )
Measurement results of MDA in
the anaerobic group (P5 , P6 , P7)
compared with the comparison
group MDA levels ( P1 ) are
listed in Table 4.2 ,
further with unpaired t-test ( P
<0.05 ) , results showed that MDA
levels decreased heart muscle
tissue anaerobic treatment group
compared with the comparison
group and are listed in Table 4.2
below:
4.3. Comparison Between Aerobic
And anaerobic group
Measurement results of MDA in
5
the aerobic group (P2 , P3 , P4 )
are listed in Table 4.3 , compared
with MDA anaerobic group (P5 ,
P6 , P7) by unpaired t-test ( P
<0.05 ) . The results obtained
showed
that no significant
difference in heart muscle tissue
MDA levels between groups of
aerobic with anaerobic group ,
where the results are shown Table
4.3 below :
DISCUSSION
MDA In Myocardial strain
Wistar Rats Rattus novergicus
Before and After Aerobic
Physical Exercise
In this study it was found that
there was no significant difference
in heart muscle MDA levels in the
treatment group aerobic exercise
1 day , 3 times a week and 7 days
in a row with the comparison
group (p> 0.05) . According to the
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researchers, this suggests that the
aerobic exercise done in 1 day
would lead to a greater oxidative
stress than if physical activity is
performed daily or 3 times a week.
On physical activity 3 times a week
and 7 days in a row of MDA on the
network is not a significant
increase when compared to
physical activity is only done one
time , this is due to the frequency
of 3 times a week there is a resting
phase and the frequency of
exercise with 7 consecutive days
also arise adaptation response.
ANOVA test results in group 1 day
, 3 times a week and 7 days in a
row between the aerobic group
obtained a significant difference
where the value of p = 0.04 . This
suggests that aerobic physical
activity performed each day
resulted in cardiac muscle
adaptation response to a given
load , so dijaringan MDA levels
decreased .
This is consistent with
research conducted by Ascensao et
al ( 2007) study of experimental
method but a different number of
samples , suggesting that the effect
of physical exercise can occur
immediately called the acute
response and long-term effects as
a result of regular exercise and
programmed called adaptation .
physical exercise performed more
frequently will cause the heart
muscle adaptive response to the
exercise ( baler et al , 2012) .
Physical exercise habit that has
6
become very
important to
maintain
and
improve
the
antioxidant capacity of natural
antioxidants to survive the attack
of reactive oxygen . In individuals
who exercise regularly occurring
antioxidant capacity greater than
that of free radical oxidative stress
will decrease . High aerobic
capacity significantly increases the
activity of catalase and superoxide
dismutase in muscle (Sen , 1995).
Research Sen and Ji
(cit Gul, 2003) also stated that
aerobic exercise performed on a
regular basis can also improve
antioxidant defenses.These results
are also consistent with research
conducted by Gul et al (2006 )
with the same form of treatment ,
but the number of sample
methodology
exeperimental
different states that, in mice that
physical activity using a treadmill
cardiac muscle MDA levels lower.
The research conducted by Liu et
al ( 2000) found that MDA levels of
heart muscle and skeletal muscle
there is no significant difference
compared with the control group .
In contrast to mice that physical
activity in the form of exhaustive
swimming MDA levels increase
heart muscle. Basically to exercise
in the human body can trigger
endocrine activity of neurons .
Changes in neuronal activity of the
endocrine effect on the production
of catecholamines which produce
energy
.
Sport
activities
undertaken will increase the need
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for oxygen to produce energy
through respiration . Available
oxygen is not entirely used up by
the body to produce energy ,
residual oxygen is what amounts
to ± 4-5 % , which will form free
radicals , forming reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and this situation
will lead to peroxidation of fatty
acids are unsaturated plural (
polyun - saturated fatty acids )
from the cell membrane and thus
affects the function of blood cells
and can damage the cell 's life (
Clarkson and Thompson , 2000) .
If the state is greater than the
antioxidant oxidant will cause
damaging oxidative stress proteins
, and even lead to abnormalities in
DNA . An increase in lipid
peroxidation due to increased
production of free radicals in
human exercise is characterized
by an increase in malondialdehyde
( MDA ), which is a sign to assess
free radicals in the blood . The
intensity and severity of exercise
performed
will
affect
the
production of malondialdehyde
(Siswonoto , 2008) .
Research conducted by Yin et
al ( 2012) stated that the
recurrence of cycles of hypoxia
and reoksigenisasi can cause the
formation of reactive oxygen
compounds in the heart of the
hypoxic and second trigger a
cascade of events that leads to
increased activity of the enzyme
antioksidan.Hal indicate that ROS
production in tissue heart muscle
7
during stress can participate and
enable
signal
transduction
pathways that will form a positive
feedback to ROS and regulation of
transcription factors and causes
ROS at low levels which would
then mediate the physiological
functions
of
protection
mechanisms such as increased
levels of antioxidants , also of the
mechanism of differentiation and
growth myocardial metabolism .
MDA In Myocardial strain
Wistar
Rats Rattus
novergicus Before and After
Physical Exercise Anaerobic
The results of measurements
of the heart muscle MDA levels in
the anaerobic group found that
there was no significant difference
in the groups that perform
anaerobic exercise 1 day , 3 times
a week and 7 days respectively
compared to the control group ( p
> 0.05 ) . Similarly, the aerobic
group mean MDA levels decreased
anaerobic group along with the
duration of the exercise.
According to researchers the
presence of adaptation and
frequency response of physical
exercise contribute significantly to
the decline in MDA levels in the
heart muscle . This is consistent
with research conducted Ana et al
(
2007)
with
the
same
methodology but different forms
of treatment that , with increasing
intensity of physical exercise
undertaken will lead to a long-
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term effect of the so-called
adaptation . Physical exercise is
done will increase the antioxidant
defense system and minimizing
expenditure of free radicals.
At the time of maximal
physical exercise, while the
relative hypoxia in some tissues
such as organs inactive kidneys,
liver and intestines . This is to
compensate the increase in the
supply of blood to active muscles
and skin . After the exercise is
completed , rapidly returning
blood to the various organs of the
lack of blood flow earlier . This
process is called " reperfusion "
and it is associated with large
amounts
of
oxidants
terbebaskannya (Angelos et al,
2006) .
Reperfusion can lead to
increased ROS production through
the conversion of xanthine
dehydrogenase (XD) into xanthin
oksidase.Keduanya
will
mengkatalase
of
changes
hypoxanthine into xanthine and
uric acid . XD role when enough
oxygen demand , XO was
instrumental in the state of
ischemia . Only catalase involving
XO
with
radical
timbunya
superoxida . Production of reactive
oxygen compounds through this
mechanism results in a state of
oxidative stress until several hours
after maximal physical exercise ,
and is not limited to skeletal
muscle alone (Cooper , 2001) .
8
The results of this study
indicate that the anaerobic
physical activity performed one
time the heart muscle MDA levels
higher compared with akitvitas 7
consecutive days . This study is in
line with the study conducted by
Aydin et al ( 2007) and Venditti &
Di Meo (1997 ) which states that
physical
activity
such
as
swimming performed 1 time until
exhaustion causes an increase in
the levels of MDA in the heart
muscle . Research Aslan (1998 )
found that acute physical activity
causes oxidative stress with an
increase of lipid peroxidation and
antioxidant
defense
system
inefficient
contrary
research
results Gul et al ( 2006) showed
that physical activity performed
for 8 weeks had no effect on MDA
levels of heart muscle mice.
According to the researchers, this
suggests that the non-occurrence
of excessive load on the heart
muscle that is characterized by
decreased levels of MDA in line
with the duration of treatment .
Research conducted by Li ( 2013)
who said that in individuals who
exercise regularly will increase
antioxidant that is greater than
that of free radical oxidative stress
will decrease .
Comparison
of
MDA
In
Myocardial strain Wistar Rats
Rattus novergicus that Perform
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With
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Physical Exercise
The results of measurements
of the heart muscle tissue MDA
levels in groups of aerobic and
anaerobic got that , that there was
no significant difference in group 1
day , 3 times a week and 7 days in
a row in the group of aerobic and
anaerobic . This is consistent with
research conducted Starness et al (
2007) that the effect of physical
exercise can occur immediately
called the acute response and
long-term effects as a result of
regular exercise and programmed
called adaptation . Including acute
response is increased heart rate ,
increased breathing , increased
blood pressure and increased
body temperature . The results are
consistent
with
research
conducted by Baler et al ( 2012)
which states that there is an
increase in MDA levels in cardiac
muscle tissue after exercise
treatment was given for 8 weeks .
The same results were put
forward by Gul et al ( 2006) which
states that there is no significant
effect on the mice given the
treatment treadmill with a
frequency that is often the MDA
levels in heart muscle tissue , as
well as doing research in Liu et al (
2000) were observed in tissue
MDA levels of heart muscle and
skeletal muscle there was no
significant difference ( p > 0.05 )
between the control group of rats
treated group maximal exercise .
9
According Baler et al ( 2012)
the body's natural defense system
against free radicals that attack
the mechanisms of antioxidant
defense system , endurance
exercise performed on a regular
basis dimitokondria lower levels
of hydrogen peroxide , it will
potentially reduce oxidative stress
and in a study conducted Ascensao
et al ( 2007) which states that
chronic exercise actually increases
the antioxidant defenses.
Physical exercise habit that
has become very important to
maintain and enhance the natural
antioxidant capacity to withstand
the attack of reactive oxygen . In
individuals who exercise regularly
occurring antioxidant capacity
greater than that of free radical
oxidative stress will decrease
because it is a high aerobic
capacity will increase the activity
of
antioxidant
enzymes
in
mitochondria (Ana et al , 2007).
Effects of exercise performed
in a long period of time is certainly
increased
the
activity
of
antioxidant enzymes superoxide
dismutase especially diotot order
and glutathione peroxidase in the
mitochondria which is the main
place of cells that produce free
radicals . In general, exercise did
not affect the antioxidant in the
heart and liver as much influence
diotot order , but vigorous training
exercises
that
do
cause
peningkatann of antioxidants
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superoxide dismutase in which the
left ventricl .
CONCLUSION
AND
RECOMMENDATION
Conclusions
1). No significant difference
(p>0.05) myocardial MDA levels in
the treatment group aerobic
exercise 1 day , 3 times a week and
7 days in a row with the
comparison group . In contrast to
the comparison group MDA levels
between aerobic found significant
differences (p<0.05).
2). No significant difference in the
groups that perform anaerobic
exercise 1 day , 3 times a week and
7 days in a row with the
comparator (p>0.05).
3). There is no significant
difference between the levels of
MDA aerobic and anaerobic
treatment groups (p>0.05)
Advice
1). Results showed that physical
activity done regularly to avoid the
occurrence of oxidative stress on
the heart muscle , therefore, to
maintain the health of the heart
muscle is not recommended
physical activity done every day,
but there should be a resting
phase of the heart muscle that can
perform optimal recovery .
2). Further research should be
conducted to determine the ratio
of the concentration of MDA in
plasma and tissues after doing
aerobic exercise and anaerobic
10
exercise , so it can be known
mechanism of action of MDA in the
body .
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