IPC Review Material
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What is an element?
• Basically, if it is listed anywhere on the
periodic table (of the elements) it is an
element.
• If it is on the left side it is a metal element, if it
is on the right side it is a NONmetal element.
(Hydrogen is the ONLY nonmetal to the left of
the stairstep line.)
• Let’s look . . .
Where are the metal elements?
Left of the Stair-step line!
Where are the nonmetals?
To the Right of the stair step line, and Hydrogen!
Where are the metalloids?
Along the stair
step line.
These elements
have properties
of both metals
and nonmetals.
The center elements on the table are called the transition
metals. Many of them have more than 1 way they will give
away electrons, so they change, or transition, ion charges.
The charge these metals use are given by a roman numeral in
the name. (Iron (II) chloride)
The Rare Earth Metals are radioactive and form
the bottom 2 rows, also called the Lanthanide
and Actinide Series.
So, I can tell if it’s a metal or not, what
else?
• Each column on the table is a group or family
of elements that have similar chemical
properties.
• They form the same types of compounds, in
the same ratio.
• They have the SAME NUMBER OF OUTER
SHELL (valence) electrons.
• Lets look . . .
Group # 18 is the family called Noble Gases – each
one has 8 outer shell electrons (full shell) so they
don’t form compounds.
Group #1 is called the Alkalai metals, they
have 1 valence electron, and will form +1
ions. The are Alkalai because they form the
strongest (highest pH) bases.
Group #2 is called the Alkalai Earth Metals and they
have 2 valence electrons, which they will give away to
form +2 ions.
Group #17 are the Halogens, they all have 7 electrons
in their valence shell, and want to have 1 more when
they form compounds. They all become -1 ions when
they can.
For each group, they form compounds the same
way, for example. . .
• Beryllium forms a compound with Cl in the
ratio of 1:2 or BeCl2
• Since Mg and Ca are in the same family or
group, they will form the same type of
compounds in the same ratio.
• MgCl2 and CaCl2
• This is what is meant when they have
“similar chemical properties”
Each square also tells us information about
each element.
• The 1 or 2 letters that
represent the element
are its symbol.
• The number at the top
of the square is the
atomic number.
• The numbers at the
bottom of the square is
the average atomic
mass.
• have no definite shape and no definite
volume. Particles flow easily; they spread far
apart and fill up the space of a container
Gases
• have no definite shape and no definite
volume. Particles flow easily; they spread far
apart and fill up the space of a container
• is a high-temperature, high-energy, neutral
gas consisting of positively and negatively
charged particles
Plasma
• is a high-temperature, high-energy, neutral
gas consisting of positively and negatively
charged particles
• have a definite volume but do not have a
definite shape
Liquids
• have a definite volume but do not have a
definite shape
• is an increase in the size of a substance when
the temperature is increased.
Thermal expansion
• is an increase in the size of a substance when
the temperature is increased.
• the total energy of a material’s particles,
including kinetic and potential energy
Thermal Energy:
• the total energy of a material’s particles,
including kinetic and potential energy
• (-273.15°C or zero Kelvin): particle motion is
so slow that thermal energy is equal to zero.
Absolute zero
• (-273.15°C or zero Kelvin): particle motion is
so slow that thermal energy is equal to zero.
• temperature at which a solid changes to a
liquid
Melting point:
• temperature at which a solid changes to a
liquid
• energy lost during freezing or the energy
required for melting
Heat of fusion
• energy lost during freezing or the energy
required for melting
• the change of a substance from a liquid to a
gas; particles in a liquid absorb heat energy
vaporization
• the change of a substance from a liquid to a
gas; particles in a liquid absorb heat energy
• vaporization that occurs a the surface
Evaporation
• vaporization that occurs a the surface
• the amount of energy lost when gas
condenses into a liquid or the amount of
energy required for the liquid at its boiling
point to become a gas.
Heat of Vaporization:
• the amount of energy lost when gas
condenses into a liquid or the amount of
energy required for the liquid at its boiling
point to become a gas.
• a change of a gas to a liquid; gas loses heat
energy.
Condensation
• a change of a gas to a liquid; gas loses heat
energy.
• the change of a solid directly to a gas without
going through the liquid phase; solid absorbs
heat.
Sublimation
• the change of a solid directly to a gas without
going through the liquid phase; solid absorbs
heat.
• Two or more types of atoms, physically
combined in no definite ratio.
Heterogeneous Mixture
• Two or more types of atoms, physically
combined in no definite ratio.
• heterogeneous mixture; large particles. Ex.
Snow globes, muddy water
Suspension
• heterogeneous mixture; large particles. Ex.
Snow globes, muddy water
• heterogeneous mixture; small particles. Ex.
Milk, butter, salad dressing
Colloid
• heterogeneous mixture; small particles. Ex.
Milk, butter, salad dressing
• homogeneous mixture; particles have
dissolved. Ex. Saline, Kool Aid, Sweet tea
Solution
• homogeneous mixture; particles have
dissolved. Ex. Saline, Kool Aid, Sweet tea
• Describe the physical attributes of matter.
• Examples: color, shape, size, texture, density,
temperature, state or phase, smell, taste,
boiling/melting/freezing points, magnetic
attraction, solubility
Physical Properties
• Describe the physical attributes of matter.
• Examples: color, shape, size, texture, density,
temperature, state or phase, smell, taste,
boiling/melting/freezing points, magnetic
attraction, solubility
• Describes the way a sample of matter reacts in
the presence of other matter.
• Examples: Oxidation, Corrosion, Hydrolysis,
• Combustion, Flammability, Reaction to Acid
• or Base
Chemical Properties
• Describes the way a sample of matter reacts in
the presence of other matter.
• Examples: Oxidation, Corrosion, Hydrolysis,
• Combustion, Flammability, Reaction to Acid
• or Base
• A change in the chemical composition of a
sample of matter.
• • Always produces a new substance with new
properties.
Chemical Change
• A change in the chemical composition of a
sample of matter.
• • Always produces a new substance with new
properties.
• is a measure of how tightly packed the atoms
of a substance are.
Density
• is a measure of how tightly packed the atoms
of a substance are.
• is the force of a liquid or gas pushing up on an
• object that is immersed in it (put into it).
Buoyancy
• is the force of a liquid or gas pushing up on an
• object that is immersed in it (put into it).
• A measure of how easily a solid will
• shatter.
Brittleness
• A measure of how easily a solid will
• shatter.
Malleability
• measures a solid’s ability to be pounded into
thin sheets
• ◦It states that "any body partially or
completely submerged in a fluid is buoyed up
by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body."
Archimede‘s principle
• ◦It states that "any body partially or
completely submerged in a fluid is buoyed up
by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body."
• states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas
varies inversely with the pressure at constant
temperature.
Boyle’s Law
• states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas
varies inversely with the pressure at constant
temperature.
• When the temperature increases, the volume
of a fixed number of gas molecules must
increase if the pressure is to stay constant.
Charles's Law
• When the temperature increases, the volume
of a fixed number of gas molecules must
increase if the pressure is to stay constant.
• a type of mixture that never settles; its
particles are usually large
• but will NOT settle when allowed to stand
Colloid
• a type of mixture that never settles; its
particles are usually large
• but will NOT settle when allowed to stand
• the scattering of light by colloid particles
Tyndall Effect
• the scattering of light by colloid particles
• a mixture that appears to be the same
• throughout; particles that make-up the
mixture are very small and not
• visible; particles do not settle when mixture is
allowed to stand.
Homogeneous mixture
• a mixture that appears to be the same
• throughout; particles that make-up the
mixture are very small and not
• visible; particles do not settle when mixture is
allowed to stand.
• solution that contains all the solute it can hold
at a given temperature
Saturated Solution:
• solution that contains all the solute it can hold
at a given temperature
• a measure of how much of a solute can be
dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a
specific temperature
Solubility
• a measure of how much of a solute can be
dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a
specific temperature
IPC Review
• Aristotle believed that matter was
• a. composed of atoms
• b. composed of molecules
• c. capable of being broken down into smaller
parts
• d. uniform throughout
d
• Aristotle believed that matter was
• a. composed of atoms
• b. composed of molecules
• c. capable of being broken down into smaller
parts
• d. uniform throughout
• Atoms consist of positively charged center
called a (n) ___.
• a. proton
b. nucleus
• c. neutron d. electron
100 dollar question
What Is a Mixture?
A mixture is a substance made by
mixing materials physically.
200 dollar
question
Mixtures are not chemically
combined and do not undergo any
sort of chemical reaction.
TRUE OR FALSE ?
TRUE (:
300 dollar question
Anything you can combine is a _____ ?
Anything you can combine is a
mixture.
400 dollar question
What is one example of a
heterogeneous mixture ?
salad, because
everything
is mixed into one.
100 dollar question
The gases form a type of mixture
called a _______ ?
The gases form a type of mixture
called a solution
200 dollar question
A solution is made up of one or more
different substances combined to
form a homogeneous mixture.
TRUE OR FALSE ?
FALSE
A solution is made up of two or more different
substances combined to form a
homogeneous mixture.
300 dollar question
What does solvent mean ?
The solvent is the substance in which
another substance is dissolved.
400 dollar question
Fruit juices from concentrate are solutions in
which fruit juice concentrate is the solvent.
and water is the solute.
TRUE OR FALSE ?
FALSE
Fruit juices from concentrate are solutions in
which fruit juice concentrate is the solute and
water is the solvent.
100 dollar question
Dissolving causes a solute to mix with
a solvent to form a solution. TRUE
OR FALSE ?
TRUE
200 dollar question
The solute particles are ______ to the
solvent particles ?
The solute particles are attracted to
the solvent particles.
300 dollar question
In order for a substance to dissolve,
the forces that hold the two
substances together have to be
conquered. There are three different
ways to dissolve: What are they ?
dissociation, ionization, and
dispersion.
400 dollar question
What does Dissociation mean ?
Dissociation is the process that occurs
when an ionic compound breaks
apart into its ions as it dissolves to
form a solution. Sodium chloride
(table salt) is an example of one such
ionic compound.
100 dollar question
Dissolving takes place at the surface of
a solid. Because dissolving takes
place on the surface. TRUE OR FALSE
?
TRUE ! (:
200 dollar question
FREE MONEY (:
300 dollar question
When a medicine tablet dissolves in a
cup of water, it dissolves from the
inside first. TRUE OR FALSE ?
FALSE!
When a medicine tablet dissolves in a
cup of water, it dissolves from the
outside first.
400 dollar question
Breaking the tablet increases the
_______ by allowing the solvent to
come in contact with more of the
tablet.
Breaking the tablet increases the
surface area by allowing the solvent
to come in contact with more of the
tablet.
b
• Atoms consist of positively charged center
called a (n) ___.
• a. proton
b. nucleus
• c. neutron d. electron
• The ___ is a chart created by chemists to
organize the elements according to repeated
changes on properties.
• a. metalloid list b. periodic table
• c. mass number d. isotope
b
• The ___ is a chart created by chemists to
organize the elements according to repeated
changes on properties.
• a. metalloid list b. periodic table
• c. mass number d. isotope
• An atom containing six positive charges and
six negative charges has ___ charge.
• a. a negative
b. no net
• c. a strong negative
d. positive
b
• An atom containing six positive charges and
six negative charges has ___ charge.
• a. a negative
b. no net
• c. a strong negative
d. positive
• ____ are atoms of the same element that
have different numbers of neutrons.
• a. Beta particles
• c. Alpha particles
b. Isotopes
d. Compounds
b
• ____ are atoms of the same element that
have different numbers of neutrons.
• a. Beta particles
• c. Alpha particles
b. Isotopes
d. Compounds
• Which of the following best describes the
three general groups of elements?
•
•
•
•
a. metals, metalloids, and synthetics
b. metals, metalloids, and nonmetals
c. solid, liquid, and gas
d. metals, nonmetals, and noble gases
b
• Which of the following best describes the
three general groups of elements?
•
•
•
•
a. metals, metalloids, and synthetics
b. metals, metalloids, and nonmetals
c. solid, liquid, and gas
d. metals, nonmetals, and noble gases
• A copper wire will bend. This is an example of
___.
•
•
•
•
a. a chemical property
b. physical property
c. conservation
d. an element
b
• A copper wire will bend. This is an example of
___.
•
•
•
•
a. a chemical property
b. physical property
c. conservation
d. an element
• An example of a chemical change is ___ .
• a. boiling
• c. evaporation
b. burning
d. melting
b
• An example of a chemical change is ___ .
• a. boiling
• c. evaporation
b. burning
d. melting
• The beam of headlights shining through fog is
an example of ___ .
• a. colloid
• c. coagulation
b. suspension
d. the Tyndall effect
d
• The beam of headlights shining through fog is
an example of ___ .
• a. colloid
• c. coagulation
b. suspension
d. the Tyndall effect
• A solution is another name for a (n) ___ .
• a. substance
• b. a mixture in which different materials can
be easily distinguished
• c. element
• d. homogeneous mixture
d
• A solution is another name for a (n) ___ .
• a. substance
• b. a mixture in which different materials can
be easily distinguished
• c. element
• d. homogeneous mixture
• Which of the following is a homogeneous
mixture?
• a. soft drink
• c. gelatin
b. milk
d. pond water
a
• Which of the following is a homogeneous
mixture?
• a. soft drink
• c. gelatin
b. milk
d. pond water
• When metal atoms share their outermost
electrons with a nonmetal, the metal and
nonmetal become ___ .
•
•
•
•
a. more chemically stable
b. radioactive
c. less chemically stable
d. electrically charged
a
• When metal atoms share their outermost
electrons with a nonmetal, the metal and
nonmetal become ___ .
•
•
•
•
a. more chemically stable
b. radioactive
c. less chemically stable
d. electrically charged
• Elements that are shiny and good conductors
of electricity are __________ .
• a. colloids
• c. metalloids
b. nonmetals
d. metals
d
• Elements that are shiny and good conductors
of electricity are __________ .
• a. colloids
• c. metalloids
b. nonmetals
d. metals
• Each atom of an alkali metal has __________
electron(s) in its outer energy level.
• a. 2 b. 4 c. 1 d. 3
c
• Each atom of an alkali metal has __________
electron(s) in its outer energy level.
• a. 2 b. 4 c. 1 d. 3
• Substances that can be hammered or rolled
into sheets are __________ .
• a. semisolid b. malleable
• c. inflexible d. ductile
b
• Substances that can be hammered or rolled
into sheets are __________ .
• a. semisolid b. malleable
• c. inflexible d. ductile
• Why are metals good conductors of
electricity?
• a. Outer-level electrons are weakly held.
• b. Outer-level electrons are tightly held.
• c. Metals do not share the electrons in their
outer energy levels.
• d. The outer energy levels of metals are nearly
filled.
a
• Why are metals good conductors of
electricity?
• a. Outer-level electrons are weakly held.
• b. Outer-level electrons are tightly held.
• c. Metals do not share the electrons in their
outer energy levels.
• d. The outer energy levels of metals are nearly
filled.
• __________ have both metallic and
nonmetallic properties.
• a. Metals
• c. Nonmetals
b. Halogens
d. Metalloids
d
• __________ have both metallic and
nonmetallic properties.
• a. Metals
• c. Nonmetals
b. Halogens
d. Metalloids
• What term describes the Group 2 elements
beryllium, magnesium, and calcium?
•
•
•
•
a. alkaline earth metals
b. alkali metals
c. lanthanides
d. transition metals
a
• What term describes the Group 2 elements
beryllium, magnesium, and calcium?
•
•
•
•
a. alkaline earth metals
b. alkali metals
c. lanthanides
d. transition metals
• The number of which type of particle
determines the identity of an element?
• a. electrons b. neutrons
• c. protons
d. photons
c
• The number of which type of particle
determines the identity of an element?
• a. electrons b. neutrons
• c. protons
d. photons
a. lanthanides
b. metalloids
c. actinides
d. non-metals
The illustration shows the upper right section of
the periodic table. How are the elements in
the lightly shaded region to the right
classified?
a. lanthanides
b. metalloids
c. actinides
d. non-metals
The illustration shows the upper right section of
the periodic table. How are the elements in
the lightly shaded region to the right
classified?
• The element hydrogen has three naturally
occurring isotopes. Which of the following
describes the relationship of these isotopes?
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•
•
•
a. different mass, different atomic number
b. same mass, different atomic number
c. different mass, same atomic number
d. same mass, same atomic number
c
• The element hydrogen has three naturally
occurring isotopes. Which of the following
describes the relationship of these isotopes?
•
•
•
•
a. different mass, different atomic number
b. same mass, different atomic number
c. different mass, same atomic number
d. same mass, same atomic number