Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
Abbreviations and Definitions
Section 1 - Common abbreviations used in the JAA Central Question Bank ................................................1-1
Section 2 - ICAO Definitions .........................................................................................................................1-6
CHAPTER 2
The History of Aviation Law and the Chicago Convention 1944
Background...................................................................................................................................................2-1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................2-1
Safety............................................................................................................................................................2-1
International Law...........................................................................................................................................2-1
Scheduled and Non Scheduled Air Services.................................................................................................2-2
1919 Aeronautical Commission of the Paris Peace Conference...................................................................2-2
Convention of the Unification of Certain Rules to International Carriage by Air (Warsaw 1929) ...................2-2
1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention) ..................................................2-3
Part I – Air Navigation ...................................................................................................................................2-4
Part II - The International Civil Aviation Organisation....................................................................................2-8
The Organisation ..........................................................................................................................................2-8
The Assembly ...............................................................................................................................................2-9
Annexes to the Convention ...........................................................................................................................2-9
Other International Agreements made at Chicago ......................................................................................2-11
The International Air Transport Agreement and the International Air Services Transit Agreement .............2-11
Supplementary Freedoms...........................................................................................................................2-11
The Convention of Tokyo 1963 ...................................................................................................................2-12
The Hague Convention of 1970 ..................................................................................................................2-13
The Montreal Convention of 1971...............................................................................................................2-13
Addendum to Chapter 2 ..............................................................................................................................2-14
Chapter IX - The Council ............................................................................................................................2-17
Chapter X - The Air Navigation Commission...............................................................................................2-19
CHAPTER 3
Other International and European Organisations
The International Air Transport Association (IATA).......................................................................................3-1
The Convention of Rome 1933/1952 ............................................................................................................3-1
Commercial Practices and Associated Rules (Leasing)................................................................................3-1
Leasing of Aeroplanes between JAA Operators ...........................................................................................3-2
Leasing of Aeroplanes Between a JAA Operator and Any Body Other Than a JAA Operator ......................3-2
Leasing of Aeroplanes at Short Notice..........................................................................................................3-3
European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) ................................................................................................3-3
ECAC Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................3-3
Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).....................................................................................................................3-3
JAA Organisation ..........................................................................................................................................3-3
Functions of JAA...........................................................................................................................................3-4
Organisation and Procedures .......................................................................................................................3-4
JAA/FAA Harmonisation ...............................................................................................................................3-5
Eurocontrol....................................................................................................................................................3-5
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Table of Contents
Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
CHAPTER 4
Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplanes)
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4-1
JAR-FCL ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Licensing Requirements and Regulations.................................................................................................... 4-2
Specific Requirements for Licence Issue PPL(A)......................................................................................... 4-3
ATPL(A) Experience .................................................................................................................................... 4-5
CPL(A) Experience ...................................................................................................................................... 4-5
Instructor Ratings ......................................................................................................................................... 4-6
Examiners (Aeroplane) ................................................................................................................................ 4-6
Class and Type Ratings ............................................................................................................................... 4-7
Instrument Rating (IR(A)) ............................................................................................................................. 4-8
Recent Experience....................................................................................................................................... 4-9
Curtailment of Privileges of Licence Holders Aged 60 Years or More.......................................................... 4-9
Medical Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 4-10
JAA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations for ATPL (A)............................................................................ 4-12
CHAPTER 5
Registration of Aircraft and Aircraft Markings
Nationality, Common, and Registration Marks ............................................................................................. 5-1
Location of Nationality, Common, and Registration Marks........................................................................... 5-2
Registration of Aircraft.................................................................................................................................. 5-3
CHAPTER 6
Airworthiness of Aircraft
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6-1
Certificate of Airworthiness .......................................................................................................................... 6-1
CHAPTER 7
Rules of the Air
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7-1
General Rules .............................................................................................................................................. 7-2
Negligent or Reckless Operation of Aircraft ................................................................................................. 7-2
Minimum Heights ......................................................................................................................................... 7-2
Cruising Levels............................................................................................................................................. 7-2
Prohibited and Restricted Areas................................................................................................................... 7-2
Avoidance of Collisions ................................................................................................................................ 7-2
Simulated Instrument Flight (SIF)................................................................................................................. 7-7
Flight Plans .................................................................................................................................................. 7-7
Communications ........................................................................................................................................ 7-10
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) ........................................................................................................................... 7-12
Instrument Flight Rules .............................................................................................................................. 7-14
Rules Applicable to IFR Flights within Controlled Airspace........................................................................ 7-15
IFR Flight Levels ........................................................................................................................................ 7-15
Rules Applicable to IFR Flights Outside Controlled Airspace..................................................................... 7-15
Communications ........................................................................................................................................ 7-16
Position Reports......................................................................................................................................... 7-16
Special VFR (SVFR) .................................................................................................................................. 7-16
Cruising Levels........................................................................................................................................... 7-17
Table of Cruising Levels............................................................................................................................. 7-20
Appendix 1 to Chapter 7 ............................................................................................................................ 7-22
Signals for Use in the Event of Interception ............................................................................................... 7-22
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Air Law
Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 8
Signals
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................8-1
Emergency Signals .......................................................................................................................................8-1
Aerodrome Signals .......................................................................................................................................8-2
Acknowledgement.........................................................................................................................................8-2
Visual Ground Signals ..................................................................................................................................8-3
Signals from the Pilot of an Aircraft to a Marshaller ......................................................................................8-8
CHAPTER 9
Altimeter Setting Procedures
Expression of Vertical Position......................................................................................................................9-1
Transition ......................................................................................................................................................9-2
Use of QNH or QFE ......................................................................................................................................9-3
Flight Planning ..............................................................................................................................................9-4
CHAPTER 10
Instrument Procedures
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................10-1
Publications.................................................................................................................................................10-1
Obstacle Clearance ....................................................................................................................................10-2
Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................................................10-2
Departure Procedures.................................................................................................................................10-2
The Instrument Departure Procedure .........................................................................................................10-3
Establishment of a Departure Procedure ....................................................................................................10-3
Standard Instrument Departures.................................................................................................................10-5
Contingency Procedures.............................................................................................................................10-6
Published Information .................................................................................................................................10-8
Airways Departure Routes (SID Charts) .....................................................................................................10-8
The Instrument Approach Procedure ........................................................................................................10-13
Obstacle Clearance ..................................................................................................................................10-15
Accuracy of Fixes......................................................................................................................................10-21
Descent Gradient ......................................................................................................................................10-24
Approach Segments .................................................................................................................................10-24
Standard Arrivals Routes (STARS)...........................................................................................................10-24
Missed Approach ......................................................................................................................................10-28
Visual Manoeuvring (Circling) VM(C)A in the Vicinity of the Aerodrome...................................................10-30
Published Information ...............................................................................................................................10-31
Holding Procedures ..................................................................................................................................10-36
Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near Parallel Instrument Runways ............................................10-42
CHAPTER 11
Aeronautical Information Service
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................11-1
Responsibilities and Function .....................................................................................................................11-1
The Integrated Aeronautical Information Package (IAIP) ............................................................................11-1
Prohibited, Restricted, and Danger Areas...................................................................................................11-2
NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) .........................................................................................................................11-3
Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) .........................................................................11-6
Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC).....................................................................................................11-7
Pre-Flight and Post Flight Information.........................................................................................................11-8
Aeronautical Information Publication (AlP)..................................................................................................11-8
Contents of Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) ..............................................................................11-9
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Table of Contents
Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
CHAPTER 12
Air Traffic Services and Airspace
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 12-1
Objective of the Air Traffic Services (ATS)................................................................................................. 12-1
Divisions of the Air Traffic Services............................................................................................................ 12-2
Determination of the need for Air Traffic Services...................................................................................... 12-2
Classes of Airspace ................................................................................................................................... 12-2
Required Navigation Performance (RNP) .................................................................................................. 12-5
Units Providing Air Traffic Services ............................................................................................................ 12-5
Flight Information Regions (FIRs) .............................................................................................................. 12-6
Control Areas ............................................................................................................................................. 12-6
Flight Information Regions or Control Areas in the Upper Airspace ........................................................... 12-7
Control Zones............................................................................................................................................. 12-7
Service to Aircraft in the event of Emergency .......................................................................................... 12-10
Time in Air Traffic Services ...................................................................................................................... 12-10
ATS Route Designators ........................................................................................................................... 12-10
Air Traffic Incident Report (ATIR) ............................................................................................................. 12-14
Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS – Airborne; TCAS – Traffic) ........................................................... 12-15
Use of ACAS/TCAS Indications ............................................................................................................... 12-15
CHAPTER 13
Air Traffic Control Services
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 13-1
Air Traffic Control Service .......................................................................................................................... 13-1
Operation of Air Traffic Control Service...................................................................................................... 13-3
Emergency and Communication Failure .................................................................................................... 13-8
CHAPTER 14
Flight Information Service (FIS)
Application ................................................................................................................................................. 14-1
What is provided by a FIS .......................................................................................................................... 14-1
Operational Flight Information Service Broadcasts (OFIS) ........................................................................ 14-2
CHAPTER 15
Aerodrome Control Service
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 15-1
Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) ................................................................................................................... 15-1
Functions of Aerodrome Control Towers.................................................................................................... 15-2
Traffic and Taxi Circuits ............................................................................................................................. 15-2
Information to Aircraft by Aerodrome Control Towers ................................................................................ 15-5
Control of Aerodrome Traffic ...................................................................................................................... 15-6
Control of other than Aircraft Traffic on the Manoeuvring Area .................................................................. 15-7
Control of Traffic in the Traffic Circuit......................................................................................................... 15-7
Wake Turbulence Categorization of Aircraft and Increased Longitudinal Separation Minima .................... 15-9
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Air Law
Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 16
Approach Control Service
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................16-1
Departures ..................................................................................................................................................16-1
Arrivals ........................................................................................................................................................16-2
Approach Sequence (Stacking) ..................................................................................................................16-4
Information for Arriving Aircraft ...................................................................................................................16-6
CHAPTER 17
Area Control Service
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................17-1
Separation...................................................................................................................................................17-2
Vertical Separation......................................................................................................................................17-2
Horizontal Separation .................................................................................................................................17-3
Lateral Separation.......................................................................................................................................17-4
Longitudinal Separation ..............................................................................................................................17-6
Reduced Separation Minima.....................................................................................................................17-14
CHAPTER 18
Air Traffic Advisory Service
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................18-1
Objective and Basic Principles....................................................................................................................18-1
Operation ....................................................................................................................................................18-1
Aircraft Using the Air Traffic Advisory Service.............................................................................................18-2
Aircraft Not Using the Air Traffic Advisory Service ......................................................................................18-2
Air Traffic Services Units.............................................................................................................................18-2
CHAPTER 19
Radar in Air Traffic Control
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................19-1
Radar Coverage..........................................................................................................................................19-1
Identification of Aircraft ...............................................................................................................................19-3
SSR Identification Procedures ....................................................................................................................19-3
PSR Identification Procedures ....................................................................................................................19-3
Position Information ....................................................................................................................................19-4
Radar Vectoring ..........................................................................................................................................19-4
Use of Radar in the Air Traffic Control Service ...........................................................................................19-7
Radar Separation Minima ...........................................................................................................................19-7
Emergencies, Hazards, and Equipment Failures ........................................................................................19-9
Use of Radar in the Approach Control Service ...........................................................................................19-9
Radar Approaches ....................................................................................................................................19-11
Use of Radar in Aerodrome Control..........................................................................................................19-12
CHAPTER 20
Secondary Surveillance Radar
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................20-1
Operation of Transponders .........................................................................................................................20-2
Emergency Procedures ..............................................................................................................................20-3
Communication Failure Procedures............................................................................................................20-3
Unlawful Interference with Aircraft in Flight .................................................................................................20-3
Phraseology ................................................................................................................................................20-3
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Table of Contents
Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
CHAPTER 21
The Alerting Service
Alerting Service .......................................................................................................................................... 21-1
Phases of the Alerting Procedure............................................................................................................... 21-2
Format of Notification of Declaration .......................................................................................................... 21-3
Additional Information for the RCC............................................................................................................. 21-3
Information to Aircraft Operating In the Vicinity of an Aircraft in a State of Emergency.............................. 21-3
Unlawful Interference ................................................................................................................................. 21-3
CHAPTER 22
Search and Rescue
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 22-1
Organisation............................................................................................................................................... 22-1
Operating Procedures ................................................................................................................................ 22-2
Search and Rescue Signals ....................................................................................................................... 22-4
Ground/Air Signals used by Rescue Units ................................................................................................. 22-6
Air-To-Ground Signals ............................................................................................................................... 22-6
CHAPTER 23
Aerodromes
Annex 14.................................................................................................................................................... 23-1
Types of Aerodrome................................................................................................................................... 23-1
Parts of an Aerodrome ............................................................................................................................... 23-1
Aerodrome Reference Code ...................................................................................................................... 23-1
Aeronautical Data....................................................................................................................................... 23-2
Runways .................................................................................................................................................... 23-5
Taxiways .................................................................................................................................................... 23-7
Taxiway Curve ........................................................................................................................................... 23-9
Holding Bays, Taxi Holding Positions......................................................................................................... 23-9
Aprons ...................................................................................................................................................... 23-10
Visual Aids for Navigation ........................................................................................................................ 23-10
Markings .................................................................................................................................................. 23-11
Runway Markings..................................................................................................................................... 23-11
Runway Centre Line Marking ................................................................................................................... 23-12
Threshold Markings.................................................................................................................................. 23-12
Displaced Threshold Marking................................................................................................................... 23-13
Aiming Point Marking ............................................................................................................................... 23-14
Touchdown Zone Marking........................................................................................................................ 23-14
Runway Side Stripe.................................................................................................................................. 23-16
Taxiway Markings .................................................................................................................................... 23-16
Taxiway Centre Line Marking................................................................................................................... 23-16
Runway Holding Position Marking............................................................................................................ 23-16
Taxiway Intersection Marking................................................................................................................... 23-17
VOR Aerodrome Check-Point Marking .................................................................................................... 23-18
Aircraft Stand Markings ............................................................................................................................ 23-19
Apron Safety Lines................................................................................................................................... 23-19
Information Markings................................................................................................................................ 23-19
Signs ...................................................................................................................................................... 23-19
Markers .................................................................................................................................................... 23-23
Aerodrome Lighting.................................................................................................................................. 23-24
Approach Lighting Systems ..................................................................................................................... 23-25
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI and Abbreviated PAPI) ........................................................... 23-32
Minimum Eye Height (MEHT)................................................................................................................... 23-33
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Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
Table of Contents
Runway Lights ..........................................................................................................................................23-34
Taxiway Lighting .......................................................................................................................................23-34
Obstacles ..................................................................................................................................................23-38
Marking of Vehicles...................................................................................................................................23-40
Emergency Vehicles .................................................................................................................................23-40
Emergency Services .................................................................................................................................23-40
Bird Hazard ...............................................................................................................................................23-40
CHAPTER 24
Aviation Security
General .......................................................................................................................................................24-1
Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................................................24-1
National Organisation .................................................................................................................................24-1
International Co-Operation..........................................................................................................................24-1
Preventative Security Measures .................................................................................................................24-2
Carriage of Legal Weapons ........................................................................................................................24-2
Pre-Flight Checks .......................................................................................................................................24-2
Measures Related to Passengers and their Cabin Baggage ......................................................................24-2
Missing Passengers ....................................................................................................................................24-2
Measures Relating to Access Control .........................................................................................................24-2
Management of Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference .......................................................................24-3
Flight Deck Door .........................................................................................................................................24-3
Training Programmes .................................................................................................................................24-3
Isolated Aircraft Parking Position ................................................................................................................24-3
CHAPTER 25
Aircraft Accident Investigation
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................25-1
Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................25-1
Objective of the Investigation ......................................................................................................................25-2
Protection of Evidence, Custody, and Removal of Aircraft..........................................................................25-2
Request from State of Registry or State of Operator ..................................................................................25-2
Request from State of Design or State of Manufacturer .............................................................................25-3
Notification for Accidents or Serious Incidents ............................................................................................25-3
Reports .......................................................................................................................................................25-4
CHAPTER 26
Facilitation
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................26-1
Entry and Departure of Aircraft ...................................................................................................................26-1
Entry and Departure of Persons and their Baggage ...................................................................................26-3
Departure Requirements and Procedures ..................................................................................................26-4
Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees and Persons in Custody...................................................................26-4
CHAPTER 27
National Law
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................27-1
The Law of the UK ......................................................................................................................................27-1
Major UK Differences ..................................................................................................................................27-1
Royal Flights ...............................................................................................................................................27-3
Military Aerodrome Traffic Zones (MATZ) ...................................................................................................27-3
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Table of Contents
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Volume 12 – Air Law (JAR Ref 010)
© Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., 2005. All Rights Reserved
Air Law