JOURNAL of CHINESE CLINICAL MEDICINE VOLUME 2 | NUMBER 4 | April 2007 23 6 REVIEW Brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ) 唱 a marine animal for simple and rapid biological assays Anubha Singh Kanwar INTRODUCTION Nowadays,there is a tendency that calls for substituting the use of laboratory animals in toxicological tests due to the high cost and the animals suffering caused by these tests.The alternative methods include proceed唱 ings that could replace the experiments carried out with adverse effects on vertebrates.In addition, vertebrates can be replaced by invertebrate alternatives in different tests . Cyst唱 based tests have been developed from a rela唱 tively new bioassay technology, which makes use of resting ( dormant ) stages of selected aquatic inverte唱 brate species as biological starting material [ 7] .The animals, reduce the number of animals used in every main advantage of cyst唱 based bioassays over conven唱 duce pain and stress,which correspond to the 3R prin唱 tenance of live stocks.Artemia salina can be hatched test,or refine the existing methodology in order to re唱 ciples [ 1] . Artemia salina L. ( Artemiidae ) , the brine shrimp,is an invertebrate component of the fauna of sa唱 tional tests is that there is no need for continuous main唱 within a short period of time ( 24 hour) and used for routine ecotoxicity testing.The availability of eggs, the ease of hatching them into larvae, the rapid growth of line aquatic and marine ecosystems.It plays an impor唱 nauplii and the relative ease of maintaining a popula唱 can be used in a laboratory bioassay in order to deter唱 a simple and effective test animal in bioassays and toxi唱 tant role in the energy flow of the food chain [3 ] and it mine toxicity by the estimation of the medium lethal concentration ( LC 5 0 ) [4] ,which have been reported for a series of toxins and plant extracts [ 5] . Invertebrate species are used primarily as true sentinel organisms on the basis of abundance,sampling tion under laboratory conditions,make the brine shrimp cology studies.All stages in their life cycle have been used,and the hatching rate of the eggs after the expo唱 sure to petroleum oil,pesticides,carcinogens and other contaminants has been used as a criterion for toxici唱 ty [5 ] .The commonest stage used is the period of 24 ~ facility, and wide spectrum of ecologic characteristics 48 hours after hatching. Identification of the lethal con唱 as bioindicators or bioaccumulators is therefore imple唱 ( the acute LD 5 0 ) makes the test rapid and simple. are marginal and primarily involved developmental tox唱 MATERIALS have clearly highlighted the interest. A comparative study of an enzymatic activity present in with changes in populations or communities, such cor唱 nucleoside tetraphosphates is reported.All the purine and sensitivity to chemicals [6 ] .The use of invertebrates mented before that of vertebrates,but their application icity and genotoxicity testing. More recent investigations In using invertebrates to link individual responses relations will be of great value for rapid, early warning assessment of the environmental impact of chemicals. The use of invertebrates in such a strategy may prevent centration for 50 % mortality after 6 hours of exposure Previous Studies Artemia salina and rat liver which specifically splits di唱 and pyrimidine dinucleoside tetraphosphates tested, i. e.diadenosine,diguanosine,dixanthosine and diuridine tetraphosphates , are substrates of enzymes with both D epartment of Natural Products,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Edu cation & Research,S.A.S.Nagar,Punjab 160062 , India Corres pondence to D r Anubha Singh K anwar, Scient ist, Departmen t of N atural Products , National Insti tute of Pharmaceu tical Educu tion & Research ( NIPER ), Sector 67 ,S. A .S N agar( Mohali) Pun jab 16006 2,India E唱 mail :an ub ha_n ip er@ yahoo.co. in JOURNAL of CHINESE CLINICAL MEDICINE VOLUME 2 | NUMBER 4 | April 2007 2 37 similar maximum velocities and Km values ( around 10 in its ecosystem. Brine shrimp feeds on microorganisms from the two sources is also reported similarly.Particu唱 of contaminants such as phosphorus and nitrogen.Un唱 muM ) .The inhibition by nucleotides of the enzyme larly relevant is the strong inhibition caused by nucleo唱 side tetraphosphates which have Ki values in the nano唱 molar range.The Artemia enzyme has been observed with a slightly lower molecular weight ( 17 ,500 ) than such as algae and bacteria and helps rid the lake water der optimal conditions, brine shrimp can live up to three months or more. However,due to changes such as temperature and food supply in the lake, the average life cycle is closer to 1枩 枾 months.Other variables that the liver enzyme (21,000) and found more resistant to can affect a brine shrimp摧 s growth and survival include Artemia salina is named diguanosine tetraphosphatase a role in brine shrimp hatching. Commercially available acidic pH.Based on previous findings,the enzyme from ( EC 3畅6. 1. 17) by the Enzyme Commission.They pro唱 pose to name this enzyme as dinucleoside tetraphos唱 phataseor, dinucleoside tetraphosphate nucleotide唱 hydrolase for their resemblance with each other [ 8] . Brine shrimp has an additional property i. e.posi唱 tive phototaxis and are attracted toward light [ 9] . Types of Artemia Salina There are few types of them found like Artemia salina ( Mediterranean ), and Artemia franciscana ( Ameri唱 can) ,and two parthenogenetic ( diploid and tetraploid) strains of Artemia parthenogenetica. They are extremely light,pH,oxygen,and salinity of the water .Light plays eggs of Artemia are easy to be reared and thus easily studied alive at any time of the year . Successive stages in the development of the brine shrimp cyst can be used as a model for studying differ唱 entiation at the level of mRNA transcription and trans唱 lation.Each stage, however, exhibits a characteristic protein pattern.Two low 唱 molecular唱 weight proteins prominent in the cyst disappeared almost completely in the nauplius stage, whereas the proportion of actin in唱 creased 3 times [1 1] . Adult Artemia ( ±1 cm in length) has an elongated body with two stalked complex eyes,a linear digestive tract,sensorial antennulae and 11 pairs different among themselves,in the cloned mitochondrial of functional thoracopods. They are extremely different among themselves, much Artemia Salina and Biological Assays gaster and Drosophila yakuba and in the same range of role in the energy flow of the food chain and it can be man / cow.The evolutionary distance between the two icity by the estimation of the medium lethal concentra唱 DNAs ( mtDNAs) isolated from two bisexual species. more than the differences between Drosophila melano唱 different mammalian species such as mouse / rat or Artemia parthenogenetica is high and there is no clear relationship w ith any of the bisexual species.Using a Artemia salina L.( Artemiidae ) , plays an important used in a laboratory bioassay in order to determine tox唱 tion ( LC 5 0 ) .This method,which determines the value of LC 5 0 of the active compounds and extracts in saline combination of molecular ( mtDNA) and morphological medium temia isolates should be actually considered as belong唱 der to evaluate toxicity, gastro唱 protective action, and markers it is possible to conclude that all of these.Ar唱 ing to different species,even the two Artemia partheno唱 genetica diploid and tetraploidica [1 0] . Life Cycle of Artemia Salina Brine shrimp ( Artemia salina) is one of the tiny aquat唱 [ 12 ] in mg / ml, has been used in research on medicinal plants carried out in different countries in or唱 other biological actions,which in some cases have been related to pharmacological studies carried out for differ唱 ent chemical compounds [1 3] being a screening method mainly for products of plant origin. In this study the effectiveness of the bioassay of ic animals that live in hypersaline environments.Cysts Artemia salina L.( Artemiidae ) for predicting toxicity first stage in the life cycle of brine shrimp after they sults of LD 5 0 values obtained in oral acute toxicity test are dormant brine shrimp babies, and nauplii are the have been hatched from seed.Brine shrimps are well adapted to the high salinity and play an important role of plant extracts is evaluated by comparing it to the re唱 in mice. JOURNAL of CHINESE CLINICAL MEDICINE VOLUME 2 | NUMBER 4 | April 2007 23 8 Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Barbieri,et al [1 4] ,purified the haemagglutinating lectin from the seeds of Momordica charantia by affinity chro唱 matography on Sepharose 4B and on acid唱 treated Seph唱 the animal摧 s swimming activity, while temperature in唱 creased or decreased activity as it is raised or lowered from ambient.The locomotory activity of small groups of brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ) is studied [1 8] , under arose 6B.It has been reported the mol.wt.115,000 conditions of high hydrostatic pressure,varying temper唱 29,000 and 28,500 and 27,000.Artemia salina ribo唱 Pressure antagonism of anesthesia is reported demon唱 and consisted of four subunits,of mol.wts. 30 ,500 and somes preincubated with the lectin lose their capacity to perform protein synthesis.The proteins seem to act catalytically,since they inactivate a molar excess of ri唱 atures and exposure to several gaseous anesthetics. strable and might represent a fundamental interaction of these parameters in biological systems. bosomes. Evaluation of Brine Shrimp Bioassays for Saxitoxin A Bioassay for Mycotoxins the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxici唱 Brine shrimp is evaluated as alternative test systems for Brine shrimp larvae is tested as a possible simple bio唱 logical screening system to identify specimens of animal feedstuffs that should be examined further by chemical analytical procedures for mycotoxins [ 15 ] . to saxitoxin at a dose level of 5 micrograms [1 9] . Effect of Constant Magnetic Field on Development of Artemia Eggs Biogenesis Study of the Sodium唱 and Potassium 唱 ac唱 tivated Adenosine Triphosphatase Developing nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina is supposed to be an excellent model system for stud唱 ying the biogenesis of the sodium唱 and potassium唱 activa唱 ATPase) .The ted adenosine triphosphatase ( Na ,K 唱 + ty ( saxitoxin).Brine唱 shrimp larvae are shown sensitive + Effect of pre唱 flight treatment with constant magnetic field on development of Artemia eggs retrieved from Chinese Satellite “ 8885 ” .Dry winter eggs of Artemia salina are treated with a 30 ~60 mT inhomogeneous constant magnetic field for 113 hour, and then carried by Chinese Satellite “ 8885 ” to its spaceflight for 8 ATPase synthesis nauplii exhibited a burst of Na ,K 唱 days.Their early development rate and hatching ratio are also studied the site of synthesis of the alpha and spectively after the accomplishment of the flight.Three + + between 6 and 32 hour of development.Fisher, et al. ATPase in brine shrimp beta subunits of the Na ,K 唱 + nauplii [1 6] + . Brine Shrimp ( Artemia salina) Nauplii as a Tera唱 togen Test System are observed on the 10th,31st,65th and 227th days re唱 main results are obtained:the treatment accelerated the development of the eggs not flown; also enhanced the resistance of the flown eggs against unfavorable space唱 flight effects (retarding early development and lowering the hatching ratio) ,and promoted the recovering ability A teratogen test system is based on disruption of elon唱 of the flown eggs from the affected state;and the latent cysts.Teratogenicity of substances has been very durable,still appearing in the development of the gation between 24 and 48 hour after wetting of the served [ 17 ] ob唱 .Brine shrimp increase in length rapidly after beneficial effect produced by treatment is found to be treated eggs on the 318th day after treatment ( the hatching.Brine shrimp are suited to testing industrial 227th day after the flight) that can be dissolved in water at 25 ℃. reported the shortened extremities, or abnormal thorax Anesthetic Antagonism of the Effects of High Hy唱 aboard Apollo 16 contained one unit with eggs of the wastes,chemical formulations,drugs,and food additives drostatic Pressure on Locomotory Activity of the Brine Shrimp Artemia Both compression and exposure to anesthesia reduced Ruther W ,et al. [ 21 ] [ 20 ] . and Graul EH,et al. [2 2] have or abdomen of brine shrimp.The Biostack experiment brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ) .The eggs are fixed in polyvinyl alcohol foils.Nuclear emulsions and plastics are used as track detectors.The development of 260 JOURNAL of CHINESE CLINICAL MEDICINE VOLUME 2 | NUMBER 4 | April 2007 and 500 eggs hit by cosmic heavy ions were investiga唱 2 39 the in唱 flight data are limited,spectacular degrees of de唱 ted. It differed significantly from the development of the velopment have been achieved. by heavy ions—and of the ground controls.From these Different Populations of Artemia and Biological As唱 may injure the encysted blastula.This damage is found The lethal responses to cadmium of instar II nauplii flight controls—eggs flown in the Biostack but not hit results it is concluded that a hit of a single heavy ion say to influence the gastrula formation and even the hatch唱 from eight populations of Artemia belonging to the spe唱 ing process of the nauplius.Abnormalities of the ortho唱 nanplius are observed during the development of the hit cies Artemia franciscana,Artemia salina,Artemia persi唱 milis, and Artemia parthenogenetica have been com唱 eggs. Artemia salina摧 s dry eggs also exposed to 80 kV唱 pared.Generalized linear models are used to fit mortali唱 both to sparsely and ionizing radiation type of population and mortality rate.The two popula唱 X唱 rays and Kr唱 Ions,demonstrate a very high resistance [ 23] . Modelling of Human Acute Toxicity from Physico唱 chemical Properties and Invertebrate Acute Toxici唱 ty by PLS Regression and Neural Network The crustacean ( Artemia salina) is also described im唱 portant to the neural network models [ 24] . The model ob唱 tained is derived from the acute toxicities together with the physicochemical properties.For the linear type, modeling is performed using a partial least square pro唱 ty.The model indicated a relationship among species, tions of Artemia franciscana are the most sensitive to cadmium toxicity ( median lethal concentration,LC 5 0 ,of 93畅3 ~142 mg / L ), while the population of Artemia persimilis is observed the most resistant ( LC 5 0 of 284 mg / L ) .Differences in the phenotypic variability in each population are assessed through the slope of the mortality curve; A persimilis exhibited the highest di唱 versity [ 26 ] . jection to latent structures ( PLS ) regression method; The Biological Effectiveness of HZE唱 particles of ral network are utilized.A neural network using a com唱 Biostack experiments for the non唱 linear models,both PLS regression and neu唱 Cosmic Radiation Studied in the Apollo 16 and 17 bination of back唱 propagation and cascade唱 correlation The Biostack experiments I and II algorithms is applied to this study. The Brine Shrimp,Artemia salina, Has Been Used as a Model System to Assess Microgravity Effects The brine shrimp, Artemia salina, has been used as a model system to assess microgravity effects on develo唱 ping organisms.Following fertilization and early devel唱 opment,the egg can be arrested in early gastrula as a dehydrated cyst stage that is found stable to harsh envi唱 ronments over long唱 time periods.When salt water is added,the cysts can reactivated,and embryonic devel唱 opment and egg hatching can be seen in about 24 hours . A series of larval molts or instars,over about a 2唱 [2 7] are flown on board the Apollo 16 and 17 command modules in order to obtain information on the biological damage pro唱 duced by the bombardment of heavy high唱 energy ( HZE ) particles of cosmic radiation during space唱 flight.Such data are required for estimating radiation hazards in manned spaceflight.Eggs of Artemia salina are accommodated in the two Biostacks by using a spe唱 cial sandwich construction of visual track detectors and layers of biological objects,identification of each hit bi唱 ological object is achieved and the possible biological damage correlated with the physical features of the re唱 sponsible HZE 唱 particle.A high sensitivity to HZE 唱 par唱 ticle bombardment is observed on Artemia salina eggs; week period, resulted in the adult crustacean.Spoo唱 90% of the embryos, which are induced to develop closed syringe system, a bioprocessing module, in Malformations of the abdomen or the extremities of the ner [2 5] have assessed these developmental events in a ground唱 based studies, and have conducted preliminary in唱 orbit experiments aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis during the flights of STS -37 and STS -43畅Although from hit eggs, died at different developmental stages. nauplius are frequently induced.This has provided an improved knowledge about radiation conditions inside of spacecrafts,necessary to secure a maximum possible 24 0 JOURNAL of CHINESE CLINICAL MEDICINE VOLUME 2 | NUMBER 4 | April 2007 protection to the astronauts. CONCLUSION The Brine shrimp ( Artemia salina) is found to be a simple marine organism, easy to breed and hatch in normal laboratory conditions.It has the complete and effective range to test the toxicity as well as for various assays. So after a through review of literature,it can be suggested one of the best and rapid biological and toxi唱 cological assays for all the labs especially dealing with screening of drugs / compounds / plant extracts. of medicinal plants in traditional medicin es in Tanzania .East Afr M ed J ,1995 ,72 :6 61 -663 . 12 . Fumaral F , G archit orena M . A rtemia salin a. R ecolecció n, descap sulació n y desarroll o. R evi sta Aquamar,1996 ,3 :22 -24. 13 .Barb ieri L ,Z amboni M ,Lorenz oni E ,et al.Inh ib ition of p rotein s yn 唱 thesis i n vitro by proteins from the seeds of Momord ica charantia ( bitter pear melon ) .Biochem J ,19 80 ,1 86:443 -452 . 14 .Prior M . Evaluat ion of brin e shrimp ( Artemia salina) larvae as a bio唱 assay for mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs.Can J Comp M ed , 19 79 , 43:352 -3 55 . 15 .Fish er J ,Baxter -Lowe L,Hokin L . Site of synt hesis of t he alph a and beta subunits of the N a, K 唱 A TPase in bri ne s hrimp nauplii .J Biol Chem ,1984,25 9:14 217. 16 .Kerster H , Schaeff er D.Brine shrimp ( A rt emia salina ) n auplii as a teratogen test system.Ecot oxicol Environ Saf,1 98 3,7:342 -34 9. REFERENCES 1.Zu tphen LFM V , Balls M .Animal alternative, welfare and ethics . Elsevier d evelopments in animal and veterinary sciences ,1997 ,36 7 - 3 71 ,391 -39 5. 2.Sanch ez Fortu n S,Sanz Barrera F ,Barahona Gomariz M V.A cute tox唱 icities of s elected insecticides to the acuatic arthropod A rtemia salina . Bull Environ Contam.Toxicol ,19 95 ,5 4:76 -82 . 3.Lewan L,And ersson M ,M orales P G .The us e of Art emia salin a in tox唱 icity testing.Alternatives To Laboratory A nimals, 1992 , 20: 297 - 3 01 . 4.M eyer B N ,Ferrign i N R ,Putnam J E,et al.Brine shrimp :a con ven 唱 ient gen eral bi oass ay for active plant constitu ents .Plant M ed , 19 82 , 4 5:31 -34. 5.Lagad ic L,Caquet T.Invertebrates in testing of en vironmental chemi唱 cals: are they alternatives? Environ Health Perspect,1998,106 :59 3 - 6 11 . 6.Calleja M C,Persoone G.Cyst唱 based toxicity tests IV , the poten tial of ecotoxicological tests for the prediction of acute toxicity in man as e唱 valuated on the first ten chemi cals of th e M EIC programme.ATLA 唱 Al唱 tern Lab Animals ,19 92,20 :396 -40 5. 7.V allejo C G ,Lobaton C D , Qu intanilla M, et al .Dinucleosidase tet ra唱 phosphatase in rat liver and Artemia salin a.Bi ochim Biophys A cta , 1 97 6,438 :30 4 -309. 8.Cash D .The behavioral ecology of brine shrimp .Hands On , TER C, 1 99 4,17. 9.Perez M J,V alverd e B,Batuecas Amat F ,et al.S peciation in the Ar唱 temia gen us:mitochondrial DNA analys is of bisexual and p arthenoge唱 neti c brine shrimps.J M ol Evol ,1994 ,38 :1 56 -168 . 10 .G rosfeld H,Littauer U.The translation in vitro of mR NA from d evelo唱 ping cysts of A rtem ia salina.Eur J Bioch em,1 97 6,70 :589 -59 9. 11 .Mass ele AY ,N shimo CM . Brine shrimp b ioass ay for biological activity 17 .Simon S, Parmen tier J,Bennett P . A nesthetic antagonism of the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on locomotory activity of the b rine shrimp A rtemia.Comp Biochem Phys iol,1983 ,75 :193 -199 . 18 .Park D ,Aguirre唱 F lores I,S cot t W , et al.Evaluation of chicken embry唱 o ,brine shrimp,and bacterial b ioassays for saxitoxin .,J Toxicol Envi唱 ron Health ,1986 ,18 :589 -594 . 19 .Xing G , Zheng D ,Z hou Q, et al.Effect of pre唱 flight treatment with cons tant magnetic field on develop men t of A rtemia eggs retrieved from Chines e Satellite “8 885 ” . Sci China B,19 91,34 :69 9 -705. 20 .Ruther W , Graul E,Heinrich W ,et al.Preliminary res ults on the ac唱 tion of cosmic heavy ions on th e development of eggs of Artemia sali唱 na.Life Sci S pace Res ,1974,12:69 -74 . 21 .Graul E, Ru th er W ,Heinrich W , et al.Radiobiological res ults of the Biostack experiment on board Apollo 16 and 17 .L ife Sci Space Res , 1975,13 :1 53 -159 . 22 .Su R ,K ost M ,K iefer J . Th e effect of krypton ions on Artemia cysts . R adiat Environ Biop hys,19 90 ,29:103 -1 07 . 23 .M Calleja, P G eladi, G Persoone.M odelling of h uman acute toxicity from physicochemical properties and non 唱 vertebrate acu te toxicity of the 3 8 organic ch emicals of the MEIC p riority list by PL S regress ion and neural network .Food Ch em Toxicol,1994,32 (1 0) :923 -941. 24 .B Spooner, L DeBell,Hawkin s J ,et al .Brine s hrimp development in sp ace:ground 唱 b ased data to s huttle flight res ults .Tran s K ans A cad Sci,19 92,95 (1 -2 ):87 -9 2. 25 .R Sarabia, RJ D el ,I Varo.Comparin g the acute res ponse to cad mium toxicity of nauplii from differen t populations of Artemia . Envi ron Tox唱 icol Chem,2002,21 (2) :437 -4 44 . 27 .H Bucker, G Horneck.The biologi cal effectiveness of HZE唱 particles of cosmic radiation stu died in the A pollo 1 6 and 17 Bi os tack experi唱 ment s.Acta Astronaut,1975,2 (3 -4 ) :247 -264 . ( Editor HOU)
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz