Sponges
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Chordates
Brachiopods
Annelids
Molluscs
Arthropods
PROTEROZOIC
Ediacaran
635
1
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Collar
PALEOZOIC
Cambrian
545
515
605
575
Time (millions of years age)
485 0
2
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Food particles
Choanocyte
in mucus
Flagellum
Choanocyte
Phagocytosis of
food particles
Pores
Amoebocyte
Spicules
Water
flow
(a) Hydrozoa
Amoebocytes
(b) Scyphozoa
(c) Anthozoa
Azure vase sponge
(Callyspongia plicifera)
3
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(a) Radial symmetry
15 µm
(a) Valeria (800 mya):
roughly spherical, no
structural defenses,
soft-bodied
75 µm
(b) Spiny acritarch
(575 mya): about five
times larger than
Valeria and covered in
hard spines
(b) Bilateral symmetry
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Porifera
Cnidaria
Deuterostomia
770 million
years ago
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
680 million
years ago
Tissue layer
lining body cavity
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Hemichordata
Echinodermata
Chordata
Lophotrochozoa
Bilateria
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Ctenophora
Eumetazoa
Body cavity
Metazoa
ANCESTRAL
PROTIST
670 million
years ago
Ecdysozoa
7
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Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda
8
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Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Muscle
segments
Mouth
Anus
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Post-anal tail
9
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Common
ancestor of
vertebrates
Vertebrates
Myxini
(hagfishes)
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
(a) Lancelet
Myxini
Dipnoi
Petromyzontida
(b) Tunicate
Chondrichthyes
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Tetrapoda
(amphibians,
reptiles,
mammals)
Tetrapods
Limbs with digits
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Lobe-fins
Lobed
fins
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Osteichthyans
Jaws,
mineralized
skeleton
Lungs
or lung derivatives
Gnathostomes
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Vertebral
column
11
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Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Tetrapoda
12
GREEN ALGA
MARINE CRUSTACEAN
AQUATIC LOBE-FIN
CHARACTER
AQUATIC
ANCESTOR
0.5 m
Anchoring
structure
Derived (roots)
N/A
N/A
Support
structure
Derived (lignin/stems)
Ancestral
Ancestral (skeletal system)
Derived (limbs)
Internal
transport
Derived (vascular system)
Ancestral
Ancestral
Muscle/
nerve cells
N/A
Ancestral
Ancestral
Protection
against
desiccation
Derived (cuticle)
Ancestral
Derived
(amniotic egg/scales)
Derived (stomata)
Derived (tracheal system)
Ancestral
TERRESTRIAL
ORGANISM
Gas exchange
LAND PLANTS
13
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Cephalothorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Head
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Abdomen
Thorax
Swimming appendages (one pair per
abdominal segment)
Pincer
(defense)
TERRESTRIAL
VERTEBRATES
INSECTS
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Mouthparts
(feeding)
Lepidopterans
Walking legs
15
Hymenopterans
Hemipterans
16
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Fish
Characters
Scales
Fins
Gills and lungs
Tetrapod
Characters
Neck
Ribs
Fin skeleton
Flat skull
Eyes on top of skull
Shoulder bones
Neck
Head
Ribs
Scales
Eyes on top
of skull
Flat skull
Humerus
Ulna
“Wrist”
Fin
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Elbow
Radius
Fin skeleton
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Lungfishes
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Amphibians
Key to
limb bones
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Amniotes
Silurian
Devonian
Caecilians have
no legs and are
mainly burrowing
animals.
Salamanders
retain their tails
as adults.
Tulerpeton
Limbs
with digits
PALEOZOIC
Carboniferous
Frogs and toads
lack tails as adults.
Permian
415 400 385 370 355 340 325 310 295 280 265 0
Time (millions of years ago)
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†
Plesiosaurs
Extraembryonic membranes
Amnion
Allantois
Chorion
Crocodilians
†
Pterosaurs
Yolk sac
Ornithischian
dinosaurs
†
Saurischian
dinosaurs other
than birds
Common
ancestor
of dinosaurs
Embryo
Turtles
†
Common
ancestor
of reptiles
Birds
Turtles
Amniotic
cavity with
amniotic fluid
Tuataras
Squamates
Yolk
(nutrients)
Squamates
Crocodilians
Shell
Albumen
Birds
21
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Monotremes
Tuataras
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Marsupials
New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Gibbons
“Apes”
Eutherians
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
and bonobos
Humans
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Murky, poorly-mixed
Low oxygen
Cyanobacteria
(a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya
Clear, well-mixed
High oxygen
Eukaryotic algae
(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya
25
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Other
invertebrates
An endangered
Pacific island
land snail,
Partula suturalis
Age at maturity (years)
7.0
Molluscs
6.5
Insects
6.0
Fishes
Birds
5.5
Amphibians
5.0
1960
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Mammals
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
Reptiles (excluding
birds)
Recorded extinctions of animal
species
27
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Workers on a mound of pearl
mussels killed to make buttons
(ca. 1919)
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