HSC- HISTORICAL SECURITY COUNCIL
BACKGROUND GUIDE
CCBMUN XI
NOV 19-22
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Letter from the President
2. Letter from the Vice-president
3. Introduction to the Historical Security Council
3.1. The Security Council
3.2. The Historical Security Council
3.2.1. The Historical characters
3.3. List of countries
4. Topic for the simulation
5. Topics for the model
5.1. Berlin Crisis August 13th 1961
5.1.1. Introduction to the topic
5.1.2. Topic explanation
5.1.3. Quotes
5.1.4. Key points
5.1.5. Guiding questions for further research
5.1.6. Security Council Resolution
5.1.7. Bibliography
5.2. Bosnian War April 6th 1992
5.2.1. Introduction to the topic
5.2.2. Topic explanation
5.2.3. Quotes
5.2.4. Key points
5.2.5. Guiding questions for further research
5.2.6. Security Council Resolution
5.2.7. Bibliography
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1. LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT
Santiago de Cali, August 25th 2013
Dear delegates,
My name is Juan Jose Mejía and this year I will have the honour of being the
president of the Historical Security Council. I’m 16 years old and I’m currently
cursing 11th grade at Liceo los Alpes. As you I share a deep affinity with the
MUN and I look forward to guiding you through the process of being part of this
committee.
I’ve participated in different MUNs not only in Cali but also in Bogota and New
York, which has allowed me to see the world in a critical way. Throughout my
experience in the MUN world I have received several awards, and this will be
my second time performing the role of president.
In my eyes the Historical Security Council is one of the committees with the
highest level. Therefore you as delegates are obliged to be extremely well
prepared because you will undergo the task of representing a nation during the
most critical moments in the UN history. This of course means that you are
expected to act in a serious way and commit yourselves completely to fulfil and
exceed the expectations.
Finally, I want to welcome you into a committee that sets itself apart because of
the quality of it’s delegates and the way they handle situations that require a
great amount of skill. I am pleased to receive you in the committee and to
support you. Do not hesitate to contact Juanita Hincapié, my vice-president to
solve any given doubt or me.
Sincerely,
Juan Jose Mejía
Colegio Liceo los Alpes
[email protected]
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2.LETTER FROM THE VICE-PRESIDENT
Santiago de Cali, August 25th 2013
Dear delegates,
I am Juanita Hincapié and this MUN I will join Juan Jose Mejía in the directive
chair of the Historical Security Council performing the role of vice-president. I’m
16 years old and a 10th grader in Colegio Jefferson. The MUN for me is a
passion and I think it has made a huge impact in the way I see the world.
Throughout my whole time in the MUNs I have had the opportunity to make part
of several models in Cali and Bogota. During my performance in these models I
have been awarded with recognitions such as: best delegate, outstanding
delegate and best rookie delegate. Also I have had the honour to be part of the
chair twice; the first as president and the second as vice-president, I have had
the chance as well to perform the role of academic coordinator.
Being part of the Historical Security Council is a big challenge and it carries with
it the need to develop new skills and improve the ones you already have. You
won’t only have the obligation to represent a nation but you will have to
represent a period in time and stick to it. I strongly advice you to have a
thorough research because what you are singing in for is not going to be easy,
remember always “forewarned is forearmed”.
Juan Jose and I will be pleased to join you in this experience and we both hope
this is an enriching experience for us as well as for you. Know and cherish that
after this model you wont only be a better delegate but a better person.
Appreciate every given moment; learn, be creative, commit, but above all,
enjoy.
Finally I have the pleasure of welcoming you to the XI CCB Model of the United
Nations and to the Historical Security Council. Remember you make this
possible.
Sincerely,
Juanita Hincapié R.
Colegio Jefferson
[email protected]
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3. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORICAL SECURITY COUNCIL
3.1. THE SECURITY COUNCIL
The first Security Council session was
held on 17th of January 1946 at Church
House in Westminster, London. Since that
first meeting, the Security Council has
resided
at
the
United
Nations
Headquarters in New York City. A
delegate of each of it’s members must be
always present a the UN headquarters so
that a Security Council meeting can take
place at any time as the need arises.
Security Council’s first meeting in 1946
The Security Council has the duty to maintain peace and security. The Council
will take different actions depending of the situation.
•
•
•
When a complaint is presented and the complaint concerns a threat to
peace the first action that the Council will take is to recommend that the
different parties reach an agreement by peaceful means. The Security
Council also may:
o Set principles for the agreement between the parties.
o Be a mediator and undertake an investigation
o Send a mission
o Appoint special envoys
o Ask the Secretary-General to use his good offices to achieve a
pacific resolution of the conflict or dispute.
When a conflict leads to hostilities, the Council’s first action is to try to
bring the parties to an end as soon as possible so the Council may:
o Issue ceasefire directives that can prevent an escalation of the
dispute.
o Send military observers or a peacekeeping force to reduce
tensions and separate opposing parties establishing a situation in
which peaceful settlement can take place.
When the conflict keeps escalating the Council may:
o Apply economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial penalties
and travel bans.
o Blockade
o Severance of diplomatic relations
o Collective military action
“15 members: five permanent members with veto power (United States of
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America, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
People’s Republic of China, Russian Federation) and ten non-permanent
members, elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. Meetings are
called at any given time when the need arises. Rotating Presidency Members
take turn at holding the presidency of the Security Council for one
month.” http://www.un.org/en/sc/
The Security Council (SC) is the branch of the United Nations that decides if an
intervention in any crisis is necessary and how the intervention is carried out.
There are 5 permanent members that have veto power, these countries are:
Great Britain, France, United States, China and Russia. The veto power means
that if any of these 5 countries is against a resolution created in the SC, that
country can use its veto and completely prevent the resolution from entering
into effect (even if the other 4 permanent members are in favor).
10 non-permanent members are also chosen for a 2 years period and those
countries have a vote in the resolutions presented in the SC, however they
have no veto power. All members of the Security Council are obliged to comply
with the decision and resolutions passed. If any member does not comply, the
country will be subject to sanctions made by the United Nations. 1
Example of the countries that are part of the Security Council
1
http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/
http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/
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3.2. The Historical Security Council
The Historical Security Council (HSC) is a committee that is focused in past
events where the Security Council was forced to intervene (or contemplated
doing so). It works almost the exact way as the SC, but with the difference that
it works and acts as if the current time was that of the topic chosen. For
example, if the topic is the attack on the Twin Towers we are no longer in 2013,
but in September 11th of 2001, so the committee must act as if any information
or event that occurred after that time was invalid and the delegates have to
work only with the facts and information known at the time, meaning that ALL
the data that the delegates use must have a reliable source.
3.2.1. THE HISTORICAL CHARACTERS
This is the second year that we will use the historical characters in the
committee, first it is necessary to establish what role does the historical
characters have in the HSC, these characters are people who have been of
great importance during the development of the discussed conflicts. Through
these characters we are able to give the debate fluency and energy, the
presence of the characters sets controversy, since there are not only
delegations, that represent a nation’s politics but also characters that do not
represent their countries’ politics but their own.
The historical characters do not have to follow some points the parliamentary
language such as the first person, they do have to follow the parliamentary
procedure, meaning, they will have to respect the chair, talk in respectful and
diplomatic way, respect the motions and follow them. These characters fulfil the
role of an observer during the debate, which means that they can intervene but
they are not allowed to vote.
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3.3. LIST OF COUNTRIES
Simulation: Invasion of Iraq
2003
United States of America
United Kingdom
China
France
Russian Federation
Angola
Turkey
Cameroon
Chile
Germany
Guinea
Mexico
Pakistan
Syrian Arab Republic
Spain
Iraq
Iran
Bulgaria
Canada
Colombia
Berlin Crisis August 12
1961
United States of America
United Kingdom
China
France
USSR
Liberia
Turkey
Ecuador
Chile
United Arab Republic
Ceylon
Japan
Austria
Hungary
Spain
Yugoslavia
Italy
Poland
John J. McColy
Walter Ulbricht
PERMAMNENT MEMBERS
NON-PERMANENT MEMBERS
OBSERVERS
HISTORICAL CHARACTERS
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Bosnian War April 6
1992
United States of America
United Kingdom
China
France
Russian Federation
Cape Verde
Turkey
Ecuador
Belgium
Morocco
India
Japan
Austria
Hungary
Zimbabwe
Yugoslavia
Venezuela
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alija Izetbegovic
Slobodan Milosevic
4. TOPIC FOR THE SIMULATION
Invasion of Iraq March 20th 2003
5. TOPICS FOR THE MODEL
5.1. BERLIN CRISIS: AUGUST 13TH 1961
5.1.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
At the end of the Second World War Germany was divided into occupation
zones, each zone under the control of one ally (USA, France, Great Britain and
USSR). During the division of the occupation zones Berlin ended in the Soviet
sector, but it was agreed that it would be divided too. The USSR had the
eastern part of Germany while the other three allies were in control of the
Division of Germany into occupation zones after WWII
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western part of the country. By June 1961 the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev
asked the US president and therefore the western allies to leave Berlin, which
they did not do. In early August the Soviet-controlled East Germans began
cutting off all avenues to escape to West Berlin and the Eastern Germans
began to build a wall, a tangible symbol of what Winston Churchill had called
the "iron curtain" dividing Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe and Western
Europe.
5.1.2. TOPIC EXPLANATION
After the end of World War II the allied victors decided to split Nazi Germany
into four “influence zones” controlled by each ally (France, the UK, USA and the
USSR). The influence zones placed Berlin deep into the soviet influence zone,
giving them a strong hold upon Germany. To solve this situation of complete
soviet control, Berlin itself was split between the allies. Giving the American,
British, French and Soviets shared control over the German capital.
The partition of Germany had
a promising future in keeping
Germany controlled and in
maintaining peace in Europe.
However, the western allies
conducted large amounts of
investments
in
their
respective influence zones
over both Germany and
Berlin, causing a great
amount of growth in both
areas. Compared to the
eastern part of Germany,
which was used by the
soviets for the extraction of
raw materials, with the
excuse of the USSR needing “”Caution! Respectfully leave West Berlin now”
“war reparations” for the great
damage done not only by Germany in the WWII, but also by the other eastern
European countries (like Rumania for example). This resulted into eastern
Germany's growth being neglected and showing, in some way, capitalist
superiority over communism. This is exactly what the western allies wanted to
show with their massive investments.
Seeing the situation from the point of view of a German citizen, it was much
better to live in the western part of Germany, resulting into around 2 millions
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fleeing from East Germany into the west. The 2 million refugees were amongst
the most adept and skilled men and women from the east. Devastating the
eastern German economy and development in nearly every aspect, whilst the
west was becoming more and more prosperous. The solution that the soviets
employed to halt the evacuation of the population was to prohibit the transit
from the soviet influence zone towards any other influence zone (or West
Germany).
The measures taken by the USSR would indeed end the situation and allow the
communist Germany to grow and even to match the economical stability of its
counterpart. However there was one aspect that made this plan useless. All of
the allied controllers of Berlin were obliged to allow free access through the city
to any person, meaning that any German, from either side of Berlin, could travel
between influence zones without problem. This created the Berlin loophole,
which allowed all the refugees wanted to be evacuated into West Berlin an easy
route to leave the communist Germany.
On November 10, 1958. Khrushchev gave the western allies an ultimatum of 6
months to leave Berlin entirely and therefore have complete control not only
over the city, but also over the transit of population throughout the city.
Therefore having true control over the soviet influence zone. The western allies
(led by the USA) did not follow the ultimatum and conducted instead a
conference in Geneva in 1959 with foreign ministers from both parties to find a
peaceful solution, which was almost reached when the U-2 spy plane was shot
down.
Construction of the Berlin Wall August 12th 1961
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Before the U-2 American spy plane was shot down over soviet airspace, talks
between Eisenhower and Khrushchev at Camp David during 1959 were slowly
but steadily improving the relations between the USSR and the USA. The
situation over Berlin was also being solved or at least a crisis was being
postponed and it seemed as if the tensions would finally dissipate. Shockingly,
in May 1, 1960 a U-2 spy plane was intercepted flying over the Ural Region and
the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was captured by the USSR. The USA denied
the event at first and then, after the USSR showed that the pilot was alive and
was interrogated, accepted the operation was real and promised to cease al
spy flights in the Soviet Union. However, the point that kept the tensions raging
was that Eisenhower did not apologize for the deed.
Khrushchev was infuriated and all talks about Berlin were completely halted.
Khrushchev knew that the US elections would come soon and the USSR waited
for a new American president with hopes of improving the relations and finally
solving the dispute over Berlin, until then, relations between both countries
remained in a bad state.
John F. Kennedy was the youngest American president to date and Khrushchev
hoped (and expected) that his lack of skill would allow him to easily control the
new American government and finally solve the Berlin crisis in sole soviet
favour. When both leaders met in Vienna in the summer of 1961 and a solution
was not found, the USSR decided to give another ultimatum of 6 months to the
western allies to completely evacuate Berlin and settle the issue. Knowing the
importance of controlling West Berlin, Kennedy instead of retreating, ordered
the activation of 150,000 reservists to ensure the defence of the city in case a
conflict erupted.
After the USA made its position very clear to the USSR, East Germany started
buying huge amounts of cement and metal through different German
companies in order to avoid suspicion from the western allies. The East
German primer minister, Walter Ulbricht, kept the project of erecting a wall very
secret, and very few people knew about it until the very night it was constructed.
So, without much notice, Ulbricht made the call to begin the construction of a
barbed wire that separated West Berlin from East Berlin in the night of August
12 1961 and in the morning of the 13th day of August, the Berliners woke up to
the shocking news of a wall built just between their city. The wall meant that no
person could go through it, dividing the families that were in each side of the
wall. Thus, becoming the great symbol of an “iron curtain” that would divide
East from West Germany.
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5.1.3. QUOTES
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“Nobody intends to put up a wall!” -Walter Ulbricht, East Germany's
Prime Minister
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has
descended across the continent” -Winston Churchill, Former Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom
“America has been in existence for 150 years and this is the level she
has reached. We have existed not quite 42 years and in another seven
years we will be on the same level as America. When we catch you up,
in passing you by, we will wave to you” -Nikita Khrushchev, USSR
Premier -1959
“A wall is hell of a lot better than a Wall” -John F. Kennedy, President of
the US -1961
“If you don’t like us, don’t accept our invitations and don’t invite us to
come to see you. Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will
bury you” -Nikita Khrushchev -1956
5.1.4. KEY POINTS
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•
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•
•
The development of the relations between the US and the USSR
The difference between communism and capitalism
The economic and social differences between East and West
Germany
The possible consequences of the construction of the Berlin wall.
The cold war
5.1.5. GUIDING QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Which was the overall political landscape in 1961?
What is communism? Which were the communist countries in 1961?
What is capitalism? Which countries where capitalists in 1961?
What was the socio-economic situation in East and West Germany?
Were conferences held concerning the situation before 1961? Which? What
settlements were reached?
6. Why was the US the “spokesman” of Great Britain and France?
7. How does the polarization of the political currents of the world (capitalism
and communism) influence the development of the conflict?
8. Although there was no resolution regarding the Berlin Crisis. How did the UN
and the Security Council reacted to the crisis? And how did this crisis made
an impact in further resolutions and interventions?
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5.1.6. SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION
Neither the Security Council nor the General Assembly reached a definite
resolution regarding the Berlin Crisis.
5.1.7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
We strongly advice you to read the following articles, since they will help you to
increase your knowledge of the topic and are a solid start for your own side
research of the Berlin Crisis:
•
http://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/BerlinCrises •
http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/fall/berlin.html
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/places/berlin_wall
Another piece of work from the George Washington University that can give you
a better perspective about the background of the Berlin Crisis:
•
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/khrush.htm
If you want to research into the U-2 incident deeply:
•
http://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/U2-incident
The following videos explain in a detailed and extensive way the events that
both led to the eruption of the crisis and that describe the process of eruption of
the Berlin Wall:
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7ULO1U015k
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj6iEfY9dEg
5.2. BOSNIAN WAR APRIL 6TH 1992
5.2.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC.
After the end of the cold war, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia lost
its aid from the now dissolved USSR, which threw the country into a state of
unrest, since some of the republics of Yugoslavia sought independence (mainly
Croatia and Slovenia), while the Republic of Serbia wanted to maintain a
centralised Yugoslavia. This Quickly escalated into a civil conflict that erupted
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as many wars in the region, now known as "Yugoslav Wars", being the Bosnian
War the largest, since it engulfed all the members of previous wars in the
region. The war was also known for the massacres, ethnic cleansing and
systematic mass rape performed by the Serbs. They war ended in 1995 with the
Dayton Agreement, that created an independent Bosnia-Herzegovina and
partition land for both the Republic of Serbia and the new country of BosniaHerzegovina.
5.2.2. TOPIC EXPLANATION
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established during World War
II and aligned to the USSR as part of the eastern block until 1948, when Josip
BrozTito (dictator of the country) had a clash with Stalin and ended the relations
with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia was the home to different ethnicities,
including Bosnians, Bosnians (Muslim Bosnians), Serbs, and Croats, to name a
few. The country entered turmoil when Tito died in 1980 and strong nationalist
sentiment began to rise.
Different ethnic groups in Yugoslavia
15
With the death of Tito came a time of crisis where power was almost completely
seized by the Serbs, who where trying to destroy Yugoslavia in order to create
instead a “Greater Serbia” that would be completely led by Serbs and would
give them supremacy over any other ethnicity in Yugoslavia. The Serbs planned
and carried out systematic killings and mass raping of Bosnians and Croats to
“cleanse” Yugoslavia from impurity
and therefore establish order and
equity through the elimination of all
those “not worth the time”. It was
fascism in a socialist society.
The Bosnians responded to this
attacks by issuing a referendum that
voted for Bosnia-Herzegovina's (B&H)
independence. The referendum was
over watched by the international and
resulted in the approval of the B&H's
independence from Yugoslavia. The
Serbs boycotted the referendum and saw the situation as a majority
disobedience from the entire Bosnian-Herzegovinian population, resulting into a
Serbian blockade of all the routes in and out of the city, paralyzing it and giving
birth to the Siege of Sarajevo, the longest siege of a capital city ever recorded
in history.
After the initial retaliation of the Serbs, the conflict erupted all around the B&H
territory. It was not only the Serbs fighting the Bosnian armada, but also the
YNA army (Yugoslav's National Army), the Croat army and volunteers from
Montenegro. Almost all the other ethnic groups or Republics (as the states of
Yugoslavia were called) joined the fight against the B&H because technically
Yugoslavia was still the country the Bosnians belonged to, and they were, in the
eyes of any other cultural group in Yugoslavia, rebels that started the conflict
through illegally voting for their independence.
The fighting became very
bloody quickly, the Serbs had
the upper hand at first because
of the international support and
the UN arms embargo towards
the B&H, allowing the Serbs to
freely “purge” the conquered
lands of the native Bosnian or
Bosnian Muslim population,
which led to the known Bosnian
16
Muslim killings, such as the Srebrinica massacre. The international support for
the Serbs started to falter as the war crimes done by them surfaced to the rest
of the world, giving a slight chance of survival to the Bosnian Herzegovinian
force.
The background of the Bosnian War is complex. Yugoslavia had different ethnic
groups that needed a strong sentiment of union in order to keep the country
together. Tito gave these various groups a reason to stay united under a
multicultural state, but when he died and the Serbs and their fascist’s ideals
usurped power. The situation changed dramatically, because all the other
ethnic groups would no longer live in a country of their own, but in a country of
oppressive Serbs.
5.2.3. QUOTES
•
•
•
•
•
“We want Sarajevo to stay alive. We will shoot at them each year with
one child. Whatever they do, they can't stop us.” -Gordona Kitic
“Don’t think you wont lead Bosnia-Herzegovina to hell and the Muslim
people, perhaps, to disappearance.” -Radovan Karadzic
"Bewildered bunch, which does not know how to solve the war." Radovan Karadzic, Bosnian Serb President, referring to the 'contact
group': America, Germany, France, Britain and Russia
"I don't like seeing any lines drawn across Bosnia-Hercegovina. It is like
cutting through living tissue. It bleeds." -Haris Siladzic, Bosnian Prime
Minister
"People are not little stones, or keys in someone's pocket, that can be
moved from one place to another just like that.... Therefore, we cannot
precisely arrange for only Serbs to stay in one part of the country while
removing others painlessly. I do not know how Mr Krajišnik and Mr
Karadžić will explain that to the world. That is genocide." -General Mladic
5.2.4. KEY POINTS
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Ethnic differences in Yugoslavia
Religious differences in Yugoslavia
The systematic violation of human rights
The position of the international community
The different armed parties that fought the war
The voting process for the independence of B&H
The dictatorship of Josip BrozTito
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5.2.5. GUIDING QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
1. What were the political ideologies of the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia?
2. How was the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia? In what way
did the closure of relations impact Yugoslavia?
3. What impact had the dissolution of the USSR in the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia?
4. What is socialism?
5. What is fascism?
6. What implies that the “govern” by the Serbs was fascism in a socialist
society?
7. Why did the majority of ethnic groups fought against B&H?
8. Why was there a support for the Serbs by the international community? Why
did it stop and when?
5.2.6. SECURITY COUNCIL’S RESOLTUIONS
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
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http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/781(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/776(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/770(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/764(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/761(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/758(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/757(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/752(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/798(1992)
&referer=http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/1992.shtml&La
ng=E
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/787(1992)
http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/786(1992)
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/bosnia/dayton_peace.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14/newsid_25
59000/2559699.stm
http://www.partitionconflicts.com/partitions/regions/balkans/peace_proce
ss/05_05_04/
5.2.7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
To have a better understanding of the situation in Bosnia Herzegovina during
and before the conflict, you should watch this documentary. However, the
documentary is filmed from a Bosnian point of view, so we advise you check
other sources for your research:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3a1bQTDR9y8 If you want a timeline of all the events of the war, check this site so you get s
further idea of how the conflict developed:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/21/idUSL21644464
The intervention of the NATO in the Bosnian War was a true turning point to the
war; so reading the following article will explain why such intervention was
done, and how exactly it affected the course of the war:
http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/12/balkans-daalder
This very thorough article from the Yale University will give you all the
information you may need. We know it is very long, so looking for the specific
parts that you want to know could be a good way to save time and emphasize
certain data:
http://stathis.research.yale.edu/documents/Bosnia.pdf
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