Women at the Top - on women, sport and management Second sub-report: Women management – a comparative international trends in sports analysis of Gertrud Pfister, Ulla Habermann, Laila Ottesen “Women at the Top” - on women, sport and management Second sub-report: Women in sports management - a comparative analysis of international trends Gertrud Pfister, Ulla Habermann, Laila Ottesen Institute for Exercise and Sport Sciences University of Copenhagen “Women at the Top” – on women, sport and management Second sub-report: Women in sports management – a comparative analysis of international trends © Gertrud Pfister, Ulla Habermann, Laila Ottesen Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen 2004 Design & Layout: Allis Skovbjerg Jepsen Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen Nørre Allé 51 DK-2200 Copenhagen N Tel: +45 3532 0829 Fax: +45 3532 0870 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ifi.ku.dk The project has received support from The Committee for Sports Research of the Ministry of Culture and the Mainstreaming Project of the Ministry of Culture. Contents !" " $ % ! ) %) . /%0 0 % 2 &! '( ) ( ' 0 %) # # * +, ++ +1 +* ! 2) ,, 3" ,- 3 4 Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Introduction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omen in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends IOC (The International Olympic Committee) and NOCs (The National Olympic Committees) $ ( B ) ) . @) +#* 7 ( 4 B ( ) ' 4 ) 7 ) ) ) " $ 7 " " " 0 ) " " " 4 +*99 6 " ,999 B 7 7 ) 4 ( ( 7 ) ) 2 ' 74 C 7 ( ) +*#+ " ) 4 @ 77 ( C ( C 4 ) ) B 77 7) +** ( 7 : 4 4 ,99 0 ( " " 6 " 4 2C ( " ( D = 7 ( 2 4 7 +9 " 4 ) 6 ) 5 +** ( 1 "+91 2*9 ' 74 " "" ,999 ,9 6 ! " @) : +, 3 ,( ( 4 4 ( ++ ) 7 7 ( ) ) # + 7 #1 7 ,99+ (7 7 6 " Figure 1: Members of the IOC (2000) Women Men + % ) 4 7 & E E ))) +9 ,99>8 " 7E 'E 7 ,999( >> E 6 E ) E :F ' ( Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends " ) 7 "+, ) 7 ) ++" % 6 +> ) 0" 6. 4 7( %) 2 " " &1 ) 8 +) &+ ) ) ( " ,999 " -, " ,99, ) @) ( 4 7( ) " ; 3 ,99> J " " : 4 . ( 0 G: 7 B ) " +** 2 ) "" 4 &+1 &,> -) 4 ' ) 4 @) ( : 0 ) ,99> ) ( G ' G " % 2G 7 " ) 0 +) 8 ( " : " " 0 : 7 4 $ C ,99 ) ) < ) 4 7 0 : ) # 7 " H % I 4 ,99>( , " ) " G: B ( 7 : " ) 8 7-99 , 7( ,999 7 "+9 . 7 % '' " ) 7 5 " " 7 ) ; 4) < 7 ( " ( Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Women’s Leadership Positions in Different Countries " ) 7 ' 7 7 " " 7 " $ ) ") " " " 7 : " " < " ); " ) 7 < ; : 7 " " " ( : ) ) ( 7 " " " 4 " 7 ( " " ) : ) (7 ( " $ " "" ( " " " ) 7 B )( : ) ) " " 7 ) ? B " 6 7 " " 7 ) 4 " " " 7 ) (4 ) 7 " : " ( $ ? 4 "7 " () 4 ( " " " ) 7 4 7 7 4 " 4 7 " " 4 The Scandinavian Countries: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden 0 4 C 4 % " 7( 4 ") ( . : % 7 4) ) " E % '( 4 ) ( ' ) ( ( ) " G 5 7 ! %) : 4 7 ) " 4 2 7 ? ( ) 7 % -96 9 6 ) 7 : ) ') 7 ? ) 7 " " ! "% ) 7 4) ) B ) 0G " " ! " ) ' . ' A! 44 4 " ) " ) 4 " " 7) ) ' " 8 +** ' : % ) %) ) /K +** 0 " " % = " Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Table 1: Volunteers within sport as well as social and health work in some European countries (per cent) Sweden Denmark UK Germany Sport 40 48 20 28 Social/health 14 13 35 36 Source: Euro-Vol-studien, Gaskin & Davies Smith, 1995 !" " ) 4) >92-9 " ) '$ ) ' 4 0 ' AK 2 +** 8J . A% 4 7 +***8 4L'( % A ,9998. 0 ,99, $ " . ) " " ) " " 4 ) ) 7 7) 7 : " M ,999( ,>" " 8B ( 47A 3 4 ,999( , " ( 4 4 " . 4) +1 ># " G7 -#2 9 . ' A ! % +** % ) ' ! ' " " ! 'B ) " " 7 " ) ') % ( " " $ % @4 ,9998B ' ,99,8$ AK5 7 ,99>8. 0 ,99, Denmark $ 4 ! ! "% ) * ? # " 7 4 " C ? ) ! , % " @) + 4 6 ,99> >, 4 " 7+* ) 6 ) ( ) ) , " 4 ) 3 * ) " 7 7 0 ) ' 4 ( 7 " " 7 " ) "% 3 " +* -( +*1 ( +*#1( +**#( ) 4 " 4 " % 3 . L N5' > 7 7 " 7 ( -, %C 4 3 9 4 " " % 7 %C ( Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends ) 7 ,99, 2 7 " C 4 7 7 " ") >, +**# >,99> Figure 2: Leaders in the executive committees of Danish sports associations 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Co mm it t e e Sp ec DIF ial me as so mb cia ers t io ns com DG mi tt e Ie es xe cu tive co mm itte e DG Im DF em IF be exe rs cu t ive co mm it te e DF IF me mb ers 0 Men DI F exe cut ive Women N= ! ' DIF members = 1.6 mill; executive committee = 10 Special associations leaders = 339 DGI members = 1.3 mill; executive committee = 9 DFIF members 340,000; executive committee = 6 " ' 4 7 6 B ( 7 " +*- 6 ) > $ . 7" ) 7 (!C ' , ( 7 ! 0 +*9> ( ) +**, 7 " ? " 7 % 7 ) 7 & & ( $) ( *+6 " +#* " 4 " 4 7 ! ' ) ( +6 " +**,> 6 ) $ ' * ) (**+6 " ) ' 4 ( ( $ 70 +*99 +# + O 5 4) 10 ! ) 7 " " Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends )(+ ( 2 " ) 45 7 4 $! " 4 C 7 " 4? ,99>( ) 7 " " 4 0 4 7 ! "! ( :+ +*# ( !C : >,#(999 4 ( !. + > !CC 4 $ 7 4 " 4 4 7 4 " $ 4 7+-(999 $ " ) '" 4 " " 7 ) ) ? 4 " 4 ' 4 " : 7 ) ) 6 $ ? 6 : ' 2 ' 7 " 7 $ " 2 ' 7 6 ) 42 $ ") !CC 9 7 C ' E 4 !C : ) ) 4 6 477 6 ) 7 " ) 4 4 " ( +- ) ' > A " ,99> " " ) 4 : (4 : ) " (" : ) ( ) " 7 9 ( ) () ' ? () " #- -> 7 9 7 ) 7 ' 7 ; <) ' A " ,99>8@ 4 A ) : ": : "4 7 " " ) ( !. ,, +> 42 " ( " ") ) @4 2 "" +9 4 C 1 " ) " ( @4 ( ,99- Table 2: Female representation in presidencies, leadership positions and among members in the three Danish sports federations (per cent). - $ Female presidents Female voluntary leaders Female members DIF 12 22 39 DGI 36 42 47 DFIF 6 17 31 " " " " 11 ))) ' 'E) -- Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Norway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omen in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends $ 4 + ") >9 " > ( +**#&># " " 2 ' 74 " ) " 4 $ " ,999 " ) ) " ,999&>, ) ) &+*# & ? 6 7 " 4 ") +**# ) "" >* 7 Table 2: Female representation in boards at different levels within organised sports from 1985 to 1998 (per cent) Organisational level 1985 1990 1994 1998 Olympic Committee 36 38 27 38 Special federations 15 22 24 30 Local associations 30 43 42 38 @) ( ") ) " 6 ;7 " < ) ' ( " 1 2 7 ) ' ( %0 3 0 ) " ,99, ? ( 7 " 7 ) 0 ) ) 7 ) 1 +**> ) ) " 4 7 ;7 ( ) 7 0 ) " " " 7 $ " ) $ " ,999 " ) ) " +* +**>( $ ( " ; 7< " 4 "" ) ) 4 ) " " 7 4 7 6 +**+( ) 4 ' " 6 " ") ) 4 : 6 : " "" 6 +1 ") " 7 ") " " ,999( +1 0 7 " 7 ? 6" + ) ) ) " 0 " < ( " : ( " 7 C ( ) " ( C 4 0 " ) ) 7 4 : 4 " 4 " ) 13 7 6 ) ) 7 ( ) ( ) 5 Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Sweden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able 3: Distribution of voluntary leadership positions in Swedish sport Total Women Women (per cent) Sports Confederation 213 52 24.4 67 specialised federations 3302 611 18.5 21 district federations 275 112 43 Total 3014 793 26.3 ( : " " 4) '4 0 , ": 4) ) ) 2 14 ": ' 7 7 " Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends ) " 2 ) ( (7 4 ( ? 4 ( ) 4 0 : : " " " ) ) " " ># ) 7 4 4 ) 9 : " " " 67 #> # * 7 7 " 4) " " " ' -> 6 C 4 4 4 9 Germany ' % ) '$ " % " $ 7 ( 4 + " " ". " : " " . !%B ! 7 7 4 % 4 6 . " 4 " 4 ( 4 7 7 $ $ ( () ( " ( " ) 4 ( " " " Figure 3: Members of Germany’s sports federations 100 90 80 70 60 Women 50 Men 40 30 20 10 0 DSB DTB DFB DSB = German Sports Confederation (25 millions) DTB = German Gymnastics Association (5 millions) DFB = German Football Association (6 millions) $ !%B 4 " $ ( ) . . : ( , 7 " " 0 4 6 >* 4) 19 " ") ) . E 7 " ( 15 " E 4 . Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends C 4 0 *9 7 " " $ 7 ") ,1 . !%B 7 2 4 " " ") E 4 >1 " U4 7 4 : 4 ) 4 ) 4 ) $ ) 2 ' 7 ) : ( ( ) " !%B $ 4) 6" $ 7 ;) 4 ") ,99- ) " ;G < " ) ") . "" ) 2" = <$ : & ( " !%B 4 " ) +9 ,, " " : 4 ' 4 (" 4 ( " Figure 4: Leaders in German sports federations 90 80 70 60 50 Women 40 Men 30 20 10 0 DSB SportFed RegFed DSB executive board has 11 members SportFed = 55 sports federations RegFed = 16 sports federations in the lands + " 4) ',99> . . 5 ") 7 +, 0 -9 ( ) 2 ) " 4) 7 7 ") : 6) 7 ",9 " A 4) '" : 19 " ( ' 74 +**#( ,">>, " +*** ) ") ) > ">999 16 Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends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omen in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Figure 5: Leaders in the NCAA member federations 90 80 70 60 50 CEO AD FAR 40 30 20 10 0 Men % Women % CEO = Chief Executive Officer, N = 172 AD = Athletic Director, N = 179 FAR = Faculties Athletic Representative, N = 216 G: ! 0 % 7 7 " ! 00 6 " " $ ! ) 4 " 6 + +1 ) ) ) " ) 0 7 " 7 0 7 " ) >9 7 7 - " ) ) 0 6 7 ( $ 4 18 4 " ) ") ) ( 4 " ( ( C " 7 " 2 ) > ) ! ) ) 4 " " 4 4 ! ( ) +9! 7 " ! +9 0 " 7 ) 47 7 ( ! C ( Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends 4 '4 7 ( 7 % B '4 0 ( B0 ( ' @ ' 4 4 5 7 B 4 ( B 7 " 5 ( % " 7 4 '4 B '4 0 ( B0 $ " ) 7 ) 4 ,99> '" 4 '" $ 7 " " 7 ) 4 7 " 6 5 $ ) 6) 4 4 4 '4 ) ( 7) "" 4 ' ( ) * 0 7 " " 7 ) " +99 " +9, " 7 4 $ 4 ,,( " " 9 + 4 '4 ',99>( >1 ( " 7 ) 00 " " 7 ") 7 0 7 7 ) 7 4 '7 4 ' ) 7" 7 $ 00 7 ) " " " 7 7 ? " ' ,99> Australia 0 < ) < 7 " 7 7 7 ) 0 ( 0 0 45 7 E7 ; ( 6 B ( 7 0 7 ( 0 0 ) 2 77 $ " " ) " ) 7 7 " "% B $ 0 ( ) ) ' ) ' ' 0 0 7 "4 ) 7 E 7 < ( ) 76 E. & " @ ( % " 0 ) 4 " " ( % ( G 19 3 7 Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Figure 6: Leaders in Australian sports federations 100 90 80 70 60 Men 50 Women 40 30 20 10 Leaders in sports for the disabled Coaches Presidents Leaders in elite sports 0 Coaches N = 77 Presidents N = 128 Leaders, elite sports N = 33 Leaders, sports for the disabled N = 21 0 ( 4 " 7 5 " 7 7 " " 7 @) " >> 4 " 4 ( ) 0 &- > ) ' ,999 $ 6 : ++ " ) ) www.abs.gov.au ' ! ' 4 " " " " , " - 0 ( ( " 4 ( & ) ' ' 5 " ) " 7 "" " +> " ) 20 " ) ) 7 ) " ) 7 4 D +# 4 4 " " 7 B 7 G /%0( 0 4 ' ) 9 " 7 ( 7 " ,- * Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends " ) ) , ) 0 % I 4 ,99,( * ) 7 " 7 4 ) ,* ) >+ ( ) B ) "% ? % ( & " H ) 7 4 *1 " ") C 7 " "+- 4 >9 5 Figure 7: Leaders in Australia’s Sports Committee 100 90 80 70 60 Women 50 Men 40 30 20 10 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Leaders 1999 Level 1 N = 14 Level 2 N = 97 Level 3 N = 118 Employees N = 109 21 Employee * Women in Sports Management – a comparative analysis of international trends Sports Associations as Male Domains - a worldwide phenomenon ! 7 ( ) 7 " : 4 4 ++ 0 ) " A@ 2$ ) ,99> ) & C * " " A@ 2$ ) ,99> % " 7A% ,99> 4 7 ) " " ) ) ) ( 7 4 4) ) ' ( 4 '( ) ) ' 4 ) = 7 7 ,99+ G 7 ) " ( 4 ) 7 C ( 4 ' 4) " " 4 " " % ( 4 " " B ( E: " " 7 " " 7 7 ( ) " ' " " C ( " " 4 4 4 ) ": ! " 7 7 7 " " ) ) 4 " ) 4 " " 4) %) ) "7 ? ! ( ) 7 ) " 0 " " " " ? 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