Day 1: American Identity 4.01 Define the elements of the American Identity in the early 1800’s arts. I.
II.
III.
IV.
Nationalism and Shaping the American Identity A. Nationalism​
​
­ putting the needs of the nation/people as a whole ahead of the needs of a single state or region B. Americans are beginning to ask themselves: 1. What does it mean to be an American? Art ­ ​
Hudson River School of Art A. First American Art Movement B. Landscapes of the rugged frontier C. Spread the idea of American Beauty, encouraged movement West D. Thomas Cole is credited with starting the movement Literature ­ ​
Last of the Mohicans A. Author ­​
James Fenimore Cooper B. First Great American Novel (​
romanticism​
) C. Tale of the frontier, natives, French and Indian War European Perspective ­ ​
Alexander De Tocqueville A. French political thinker and historian who visited America B. His work ​
“Democracy in America”​
became foundational in understanding our government and the American character. C. Major Themes: freedom, equality, religion, and available land in america I.
II.
III.
Day 2: Era of Good Feelings 4.02 Identify significant foreign and domestic policies in the Era of Good Feelings The ​
“Era of Good Feelings”​
​
(1816­1824) A. James Monroe​
wins easily in 1816. Federalist Party is dying. B. Runs unopposed in 1820. Federalist Party is dead. C. Era of Good Feelings​
­ only 1 political party: ​
Dem. Republicans Domestic Policy A. The American System​
– a new economic plan by ​
Henry Clay 1. High Protective Tariff (like Hamilton) 2. New National Bank (like Hamilton) 3. A system of “​
internal improvements” ​
(​
infrastructure) a) National road, Erie Canal B. The Missouri Compromise​
(1820) 1. U.S. Senate is balanced with 11 slave and 11 free state (22 total) 2. But Missouri wishes to be a slave state and north doesn’t approve 3. Henry Clay writes the Missouri Compromise: a) Missouri enters as a slave state, Maine breaks away from Mass. and becomes a free state (12 & 12) b) The line of 36­30 is drawn from Mississippi River to Texas Border… no slavery north of that point Ok with south because land north of that no good for cotton Ok with north because south of 36­30 is hardly any land Foreign Policy A. Rush­Bagot Treaty and The Treaty of 1818​
(1818)– US agrees to share Oregon with England, demilitarized the Great Lakes B. Adams­Onis Treaty​
(1819)– 1. Gen. Andrew Jackson invades Florida (without permission) to go after raiding Seminoles (also a refuge for freed slaves) 2. the US gives Spain all rights to Texas (Louisiana Purchase line was fuzzy), in exchange, we get the state of Florida C. Monroe Doctrine​
(1824, actually written by John Quincy Adams) 1. “If you have colonies in the Americas… leave them. Do not try to colonize over here. This is OUR hemisphere” 2. Speech is a source of American Pride!! (nationalism again) 3. First “concrete form” of American foreign policy since Washington’s neutrality. 4. WIll be America’s stance regarding foreign affairs until ​
Containment​
(Cold War) Day 3: Marshall’s Supreme Court 4.03 Describe how The Supreme Court under John Marshall impacted the role of the Federal Government I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
A ​
Precedent ​
for Federal Power Has Been Set (​
This can be an activity​
) A. Articles of Confederation & Shays Rebellion B. Federalist vs. Anti­Federalists debate the Constitution C. The Whiskey Rebellion D. The National Bank E. The Louisiana Purchase John Marshall (years as Chief Justice) A. John Marshall was appointed as ​
Chief Justice​
by John Adams (federalist) B. Marshall will become known as ​
“The Last Federalist” C. His rulings as Chief Justice will side with​
increasing federal power and protecting the free market. Marbury vs Madison A. dispute over Adams appointment of midnight judges B. Jefferson and Madison don’t approve and case goes to Supreme Court C. Ruling​
: Judiciary Act of 1801 was unconstitutional ­ JUDICIAL REVIEW McCulloch vs Maryland A. Maryland taxed the National Bank. Maryland courts upheld the tax. B. Case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court C. Ruling​
: 1. the national bank is constitutional: ​
“necessary and proper clause” 2. the state tax was unconstitutional: ​
Supremacy Clause Gibbons vs Ogden A. Ogden had exclusive rights to ship on the Hudson River given to him by the State of New York. B. Gibbons, a competitor, believed he had the right to use the Hudson. C. NY Supreme Court sided with Ogden, but appealed to US Supreme Court D. Ruling​
: only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce: Commerce Clause Day 4: The New Party System 4.04 Describe the changes in the American party system. I.
Election of 1824 A. Internal divisions developed within the D­Rs: National Republicans (Clay, Adams) vs Popular Democrats (Jackson, Van Buren) B. John Quincy Adams​
(Secretary of State) runs against Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), William Crawford, and ​
Andrew Jackson​
​
(All Democratic­Republicans) C. Jackson wins popular vote but not the electoral college D. The Corrupt Bargain​
: 1. Goes to the HoR for a vote, Clay supports JQA 2. JQA makes Clay Secretary of State (stepping stone), very unpopular move (dooms Clay & rivalry between Jackson and Clay is born​
) E. Adams Presidency­ does some internal improvements (roads, dams) but little power because of unpopularity II.
A New Party and the Election of 1828 A. Van Buren envisioned a new party system focused on ​
populism​
­ appealing to the masses B. Used newspapers and propaganda to spread his ideas (Pick fights but avoid the issue of slavery) C. Supported Andrew Jackson and split from the D­R party: “​
Democratic Party​
” D. Universal White Man’s Suffrage​
­ eliminates property ownership requirements in all states E. Jackson elected in 1828 because seen as strong, not an elite, from the West, “Old Hickory” III.
Two Party System A. Whig Party​
­ created by Clay, Calhoun, and Webster to oppose Jackson B. In favor of “modernization” and national unity but vague and shifting platform (sidestepped slavery) C. Age of Weak Presidents: Van Buren, Harrison, John Tyler, Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan… except Polk D. The Great Triumvirate​
(Clay, Calhoun, Webster)­ run the country, do compromises, and try to prevent sectionalism in the Antebellum period Age of the Weak President​
(rated from 1­39) Washington(2), Adams(11), Jefferson(4), Madison(17), Monroe(15), JQA(18, Jackson(5)… for an average of…..10.2! Followed by Van Buren(21), Harrison(NA), Tyler(32), Polk(9), Taylor(29), Fillmore(31), Pierce(37), and Buchanan(38) for an average of …. 27.8! (32.3 w/o Polk) Day 5: Age of Jackson 4.05 Describe the significant political, social, and economic policies of Andrew Jackson as president. I.
Strong Presidential Power A. Populism and the Common Man­ Jackson wielded his connection with the people to justify his use of political power B. The Spoils System​
: AJ fires all opponents, hires his friends (Dems) 1. will be followed until 1881 2. Jackson’s cabinet nicknamed the ​
kitchen cabinet ​
to represent the diverse and constant changing of appointed officials. C. “Andy Veto”­ Jackson uses the veto to try to control Congress (more than all his predecessors combined) II.
Tariff and Nullification A. Debt­ Was successful in paying off all of the federal debt B. Tariff­ High tariff on foreign goods to protect American industry, Southerners felt it helped the North. ​
(Called the Tariff of Abominations) 1. John C. Calhoun anonymously authors the ​
South Carolina Exposition​
in 1828 openly protesting the government’s use of a tariff. Claims to hurt commerce more than it helps. C. Nullification Crisis​
­ 1. Nickname: “Tariff of Abomination” (because it hurt the agricultural economy of the South) 2. South Carolina attempts to nullify the tariff law (Calhoun (SC even resigns as VP, discusses succession) 3. Jackson orders federal troops to SC to enforce the law a) Threatens to hang Calhoun from a tree 4. Clay passes a compromise to lower tariff but also allow Jackson to use force 5. SC backs off and succession is stopped… for now… III.
The National Bank A.
B.
C.
D.
Jackson goes after Henry Clay’s American System National Bank Charter is up for renewal in 1836 and AJ vetoes it AJ gives the federal money to ​
Pet Banks​
­ ​
state banks owned by his political allies Panic of 1837​
– State banks closed after losing the federal money Day 6: Native Americans and the Trail of Tears 4.06 Analyze the impact of Indian Removal on the United States compared to Native American culture. I.
Background A. Most founding fathers wanted to devise a system for Whites and Natives to coexist peacefully B. Paternalism: Early policies were to push into Native land but convert the natives to Christianity, agriculture, trade, literacy C. Jackson, earlier as a general, had attacked native tribes during the war of 1812 and in the Seminole Wars II.
Indian Removal Act of 1830 A. “Five Civilized Tribes” from the South were removed to Oklahoma: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole B. In theory, it was voluntary and Indians would receive money and land, those that stayed must integrate C. In reality, treaties were coerced and then harshly enforced D. Worcester v. Georgia​
– 1. Marshall said that the Cherokee were a sovereign nation that deserved federal protection, removal was illegal 2. Jackson's Response – “Marshall has made his decision, now let’s see him enforce it” III.
Process of Removal A. Military would march Natives in a group, many died along the war B. Trail of Tears​
­ the path of removal of Chictaw and Cherokee, over 10,000 died of disease and harsh winter C. Seminoles fought a 10 year war resisting removal D. Natives faced difficult new climate, and still more white settlers E. Later, the land was divided into individual farms, whites and railroads took most of the land, and Oklahoma became a state Day 7: Texas and Mexico 4.07 Identify how the policy of Manifest Destiny helped develop the southwest region of the U.S. today. I.
Texas A. Immigration to Texas 1. Newly independent Mexico allows Americans to migrate there; ​
30,000 in 1835, told to learn Spanish, become Catholic, and not have slaves (they don't) 2. Texans rebel when immigration is limited: 3. Sam Houston (Texan) vs. Santa Anna (Mexico) B. The Alamo 1. Texans lose but slow Santa Anna’s advance 2. “Remember the Alamo” becomes a rallying cry in America C. Santa Anna surrenders at Battle of San Jacinto D. Texas wants to be ​
annexed, ​
added as a state, but denied b/c of slavery E. The Republic of Texas: a new nation with Sam Houston as President. II.
James K. Polk A. wins the election of 1844 on an ​
expansionist ​
platform B. Manifest Destiny​
​
“God’s will we push lesser peoples out of the way and civilize the continent” (Indians and Mexicans) C. Annexes ​
Texas in 1845 III.
Mexican­American War​
(1846­1848) A. Polk offers to buy Mexico, sends troops to Mexico border B. After a border dispute, US declares war C. The Spot Resolution​
: Whig Abe Lincoln asks to see the spot where the fighting took place (unjustified invasion) D. US easily wins, invade Mexico all the way to Mexico City E. Treaty of Guadalupe­Hidalgo​
– US gets TX, AZ, NM, UT, CO, NV, CA F. Wilmot Proviso​
: David Wilmot asks to forbid slavery in Mexican cession, fails but first attempt to limit slavery Day 8: The West Coast 4.08 Identify how the policy of Manifest Destiny helped develop the West Coast region of the U.S. today. I.
The Mormons ­ Trail Blazers A. New Christian based religion in NY, but are forced to leave B. Joseph Smith (leader) is murdered by a mob C. 1846, ​
Brigham Young​
leads them as they blaze a trail west to Salt Lake City, Utah. D. Many other groups will follow. II.
Oregon Territory (1846) A. Polk wants ​
Oregon Territory​
we shared with British (Rush­Bagot Treaty) B. “54­40 or Fight” ​
he threatens England (​
empty threat b/c of Mexico) C. England compromises ­ gives us to the ​
49th parallel​
. creates northern border. D. Many follow the Oregon Trail (continuation of the Mormon Trail) III.
The Gold Rush A. Sutter’s Mill, Ca. (1848) gold is found and makes national headlines B. 1849 ​
­ 300,000 people moved to Cali. for gold (​
forty­niners​
) C. only 1% found gold, suppliers and merchants made real wealth D. impact​
: the city of San Francisco explodes, diversity in the west from immigration from around the world IV.
California Statehood A. gold rush means Cali has enough people for statehood over night B. They would like to be a free state, upsetting balance in the senate C. Compromise of 1850 (Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas) 1. Cali. is a free state (N) 2. Fugitive slave act is strengthened​
(less runaway slaves) 3. Southwestern states will decide slavery by​
popular sovereignty 4. Slave trade ends in D.C