㻶㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㼖㻃㻤㼑㼄㼏㼜㼖㼌㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇
㻧㼈㼖㼌㼊 㼑
㻳㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㻰㼒㼇 㼈㼏㼌㼑㼊
㻤㼏㼄㼑㻃㻧㼈㼑㼑㼌㼖㻏㻃㻥㼄㼕㼅 㼄㼕㼄㻃㻫㼄㼏㼈㼜㻃㻺 㼌㼛㼒㼐 㻏㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㻵㼒㼅 㼈㼕㼗㼄
㻵㼒㼗㼋
㻭㼒㼋㼑㻃㻺 㼌㼏㼈㼜㻃㻉 㻃㻶㼒㼑㼖㻏㻃㻬㼑㼆㻑
㻦㼋㼄㼓 㼗㼈㼕㻃㻙
㻶㼏㼌㼇 㼈㼖㻃㼅 㼜㻃㻦㼄㼑㼇 㼄㼆㼈㻃㻶㻑㻃㻪㼄㼕㼕㼒㼇
㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻵㼈㼇 㻃㻵㼒㼆㼎㼖㻃㻦㼒㼐 㼐 㼘㼑㼌㼗㼜㻃㻦㼒㼏㼏㼈㼊 㼈
6-1
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6-2
㻮㼈㼜㻃㻧㼈㼉 㼌㼑 㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻮㼈㼜㻃㻧㼈㼉 㼌㼑 㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㻳㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼐 㼒㼇㼈㼏
㻯㼒㼊 㼌㼆㼄㼏㻃 㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼐 㼒㼇 㼈㼏㼖㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼅 㼈
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼚 㼌㼗㼋㼒㼘㼗㻃㼖㼘㼊 㼊 㼈㼖㼗㼌㼑㼊
㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼗㼋㼈㼜㻃㼄㼕㼈㻃㼆㼒㼑㼇 㼘㼆㼗㼈㼇
㻳㼋㼜㼖㼌㼆㼄㼏㻃 㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼐 㼒㼇 㼈㼏㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼙㼌㼇 㼈
㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼌㼖㻃㼑㼈㼈㼇 㼈㼇 㻃㼗㼒
㼅 㼘㼌㼏㼇 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐
㻤㻃㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼏㻃㼚 㼄㼜㻃㼒㼉㻃㼕㼈㼓 㼕㼈㼖㼈㼑㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼄
㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㻃㼒㼓 㼈㼕㼄㼗㼈㼖
㻬㼏㼏㼘㼖㼗㼕㼄㼗㼈㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼄㼆㼗㼌㼙㼌㼗㼌㼈㼖㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼄㼕㼈
㼓 㼈㼕㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼈㼇 㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼐 㼒㼙㼈㼖㻃㼄㼐 㼒㼑㼊
㼗㼋㼈㼐
㻧㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㻃㼇㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼐 㼌㼑㼊
㻤㻃㼆㼒㼐 㼐 㼒㼑㻃㼗㼈㼆㼋㼑㼌㼔 㼘㼈㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㼆㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼐 㼒㼇 㼈㼏㼖
6-3
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6-4
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻵㼈㼄㼇 㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼄㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻧㻤㻷㻤㻃㻩㻯㻲㻺 㻃㻧㻬㻤㻪㻵㻤㻰㻶
6-5
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6-6
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻨㼏㼈㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖㻃㼒㼉㻃㼄㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻧㻩㻧㻃㻨㼏㼈㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖
㻧㼄㼗㼄㻃㻶㼗㼒㼕㼈
㻳㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖
㻤㻃㼆㼒㼏㼏㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼒㼉㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼌㼖㻃㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑
㼖㼒㼐 㼈㻃㼚 㼄㼜
㻧㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼒㼘㼗㻃㼌㼖㻃㼕㼈㼗㼕㼌㼈㼙㼈㼇 㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈
㻧㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼌㼑㻃㼘㼓 㼇 㼄㼗㼈㼖㻃㼒㼕㻃㼌㼖㻃㼄㼇 㼇 㼈㼇 㻃㼗㼒
㼗㼋㼈㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈
㻤㼑㻃㼄㼆㼗㼌㼙㼌㼗㼜㻃㼒㼕㻃㼉㼘㼑㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼓 㼈㼕㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼈㼇
㼉㼒㼕㻃㼄㻃㼖㼓 㼈㼆㼌㼉 㼌㼆 㻃㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼕㼈㼄㼖㼒㼑
㻰㼄㼑㼘㼄㼏㻃㼒㼕㻃㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼘㼗㼈㼕㼌㼝㼈㼇
㻧㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚
㻤㻃㼖㼌㼑㼊 㼏㼈㻃㼓 㼌㼈㼆㼈㻃㼒㼉㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼒㼕㻃㼄㻃㼏㼒㼊 㼌㼆㼄㼏
㼆㼒㼏㼏㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼒㼉㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄
㻤㼏㼚 㼄㼜㼖㻃㼖㼗㼄㼕㼗㼖㻃㼒㼕㻃㼈㼑㼇 㼖㻃㼄㼗㻃㼄㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6-7
㻨㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼜
6-8
㻱㼄㼐 㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㻧㼕㼄㼚 㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻨㼏㼈㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻸㼖㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼄㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼗㼒㻃㻧㼈㼉 㼌㼑 㼈㻃㻥㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖
㻳㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻥㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼕㼈㻃㼗㼒㼒
㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼏㼈㼛㻃㼗㼒㻃㼅 㼈㻃㼖㼋㼒㼚 㼑㻃㼒㼑㻃㼄㻃㼖㼌㼑㼊 㼏㼈
㻧㻩㻧
㻧㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼓㼒㼖㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑 㻃㼌㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼒㼉
㼕㼈㼓 㼕㼈㼖㼈㼑㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㻃㼌㼑㻃㼄
㼋㼌㼈㼕㼄㼕㼆㼋㼜㻃㼒㼉㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖
Process
Data flow
Data store
External
entity
6-9
㻤㻃㼓 㼈㼕㼖㼒㼑㻏㻃㼒㼕㼊 㼄㼑㼌㼝㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻏㻃㼒㼕㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗
㼌㼖㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼗㼒㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㻃㼅 㼘㼗㻃㼌㼑㼗㼈㼕㼄㼆㼗㼖
㼚 㼌㼗㼋㻃㼌㼗㻑
㻦㼋㼌㼏㼇 㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖㻃㼖㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼄㻃㼓 㼒㼕㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼒㼉
㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼄㼕㼈㼑㼗㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻃㼌㼑㻃㼊 㼕㼈㼄㼗㼈㼕㻃㼇 㼈㼗㼄㼌㼏
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻵㼈㼏㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖㼋㼌㼓 㻃㼄㼐 㼒㼑㼊 㻃㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㼖㻃㼒㼉
㻧㻩㻧㼖
㻮㼈㼜㻃㻧㼈㼉 㼌㼑 㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑
㻥㼄㼏㼄㼑㼆㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼌㼑㼙㼒㼏㼙㼈㼖㻃㼌㼑㼖㼘㼕㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗
㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼓 㼕㼈㼖㼈㼑㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼄㼗㻃㼒㼑㼈
㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㼒㼉㻃㼄㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼌㼖㻃㼄㼆㼆㼘㼕㼄㼗㼈㼏㼜
㼕㼈㼓 㼕㼈㼖㼈㼑㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼑㼈㼛㼗㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏
㻧㻩㻧㻑
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 10
Context diagram
Level 0 diagram
Level 1 diagram
Level 2 diagram
6 - 11
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 12
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻦㼒㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓 㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻩㼌㼕㼖㼗㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼌㼑㻃㼈㼙㼈㼕㼜㻃㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼆㼒㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼚 㼋㼌㼆㼋㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼉 㼌㼗 㼖
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼒㼙㼈㼕㼄㼏㼏㻃㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖
㼄㼖㻃㼍㼘㼖㼗㻃㼒 㼑㼈 㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㻋 㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㻓 㻌
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼄㼏㼏㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼌㼈㼖㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗
㼕㼈㼆㼈㼌㼙㼈㻃㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼒㼕
㼆㼒㼑㼗㼕㼌㼅 㼘㼗㼈㻃㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼗㼒㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐
6 - 13
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 14
㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔 㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖
6 - 15
6 - 17
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻕 㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖
㻪㼈㼑㼈㼕㼄㼏㼏㼜㻏㻃㼒㼑㼈㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔 㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻃㼌㼖㻃㼆㼕㼈㼄㼗㼈㼇
㼉㼒㼕㻃㼈㼙㼈㼕㼜㻃㼐 㼄㼍㼒㼕㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼒㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓
㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼄㼏㼏㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼌㼑㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗
㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼕㼌㼖㼈㻃㼄㻃㼖㼌㼑㼊 㼏㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼒㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓
㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼐 㼒㼙㼈㼖㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼄㼑㼇
㼗㼒㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㼖㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻬㼉㻃㼄㻃㼓 㼄㼕㼈㼑㼗㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼌㼖㻃㼇 㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼒㼖㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻏
㼉㼒㼕㻃㼈㼛㼄㼐 㼓 㼏㼈㻏㻃㼗㼋㼕㼈㼈㻃㼆㼋㼌㼏㼇 㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻏㻃㼗㼋㼈㼖㼈
㼗㼋㼕㼈㼈㻃㼆㼋㼌㼏㼇 㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼚 㼋㼒㼏㼏㼜㻃㼄㼑㼇
㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼏㼈㼗㼈㼏㼜㻃㼐 㼄㼎㼈㻃㼘㼓 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼄㼕㼈㼑㼗㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼄㼏㼏㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼐 㼄㼍㼒㼕㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗
㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼕㼌㼖㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼒㼙㼈㼕㼄㼏㼏㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㻃䇬㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼌㼑㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼒㼑㼈㼑㼗㼖㻃㼒㼉㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㻓
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼐 㼄㼍㼒㼕㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼕㼈
㼌㼑㼗㼈㼕㼕㼈㼏㼄㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼅 㼜㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼌㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼐 㼄㼍㼒㼕㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼚 㼌㼗㼋㻃㼚 㼋㼌㼆㼋㻃㼗㼋㼈㼜
㼌㼑㼗㼈㼕㼄㼆㼗
㻤㼇 㼇 㼖㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈㼖
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼄㼏㼏㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼕㼌㼖㼈㻃㼄㻃㼖㼌㼑㼊 㼏㼈
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼒㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔 㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻶㼋㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼐 㼒㼙㼈㼖㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼄㼑㼇
㼗㼒㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㼖㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻕 㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖㻃㼐 㼄㼜㻃㼑㼒㼗㻃㼅 㼈㻃㼑㼈㼈㼇 㼈㼇 㻃㼉㼒㼕
㼄㼏㼏㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔 㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻦㼒㼕㼕㼈㼆㼗㼏㼜㻃㼑㼘㼐 㼅 㼈㼕㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼋㼈㼏㼓 㼖
㼗㼋㼈㻃㼘㼖㼈㼕㻃㼘㼑㼇 㼈㼕㼖㼗㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼚 㼋㼈㼕㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖
㼉 㼌㼗 㼖㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼒㼙㼈㼕㼄㼏㼏㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐
6 - 16
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻤㼏㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼗㼌㼙㼈㻃㻧㼄㼗㼄㻃㻩㼏㼒㼚 㼖
㻼㼒㼘㼕㻃㻷㼘㼕㼑
㻺 㼋㼈㼕㼈㻃㼄㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼆㼄㼑㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼇 㼘㼆㼈㻃㼇 㼌㼉㼉㼈㼕㼈㼑㼗
㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻃㼊 㼌㼙㼈㼑㻃㼇 㼌㼉㼉㼈㼕㼈㼑㼗㻃㼆㼒㼑㼇 㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㻺 㼈㻃㼖㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼅 㼒㼗㼋㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼗㼒㻃㼈㼛㼓 㼏㼄㼌㼑㻃㼚 㼋㼜㻃㼗㼋㼈㼜
㼄㼕㼈㻃㼄㼏㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼗㼌㼙㼈㼖
㻷㼌㼓 㻃㻐㻐㻃㼄㼏㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼗㼌㼙㼈㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻃㼒㼉㼗㼈㼑
㼄㼆㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼄㼑㼜㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼚 㼌㼗㼋㻃㻬㻩㻃㼖㼗㼄㼗㼈㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖
㻤㼗㻃㼗㼋㼌㼖㻃㼓 㼒㼌㼑㼗㻃㼌㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼌㼗㻃㼌㼖㻃㼈㼄㼖㼜㻃㼗㼒
㼏㼒㼖㼈㻃㼗㼕㼄㼆㼎㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃䇵㼅 㼌㼊 㻃㼓 㼌㼆㼗㼘㼕㼈䇶㻑
㻧㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼅 㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼇 㼌㼉㼉㼈㼕㼈㼑㼆㼈㻃㼅 㼈㼗㼚 㼈㼈㼑㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄
㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻏㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈㼖㻏㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻑
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻧㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼅 㼈㻃㼌㼑㻃㼜㼒㼘㼕㻃㼒㼚 㼑㻃㼚 㼒㼕㼇 㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼕㼈㼏㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖㼋㼌㼓 㻃㼅 㼈㼗㼚 㼈㼈㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼘㼏㼗㼌㼐 㼄㼗㼈㻃㼑㼈㼚 㻃㼄㼓 㼓 㼏㼌㼆㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼅 㼈㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼇 㼈㼙㼈㼏㼒㼓 㼈㼇 㻑
6 - 18
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻳㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㻧㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㻦㻵㻨㻤㻷㻬㻱㻪㻃㻧㻤㻷㻤㻃㻩㻯㻲㻺
㻧㻬㻤㻪㻵㻤㻰㻶
㻷㼈㼛㼗㻐㼅 㼄㼖㼈㼇 㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼙㼌㼇 㼈
㼐 㼒㼕㼈㻃㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼄㼅 㼒㼘㼗㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼗㼋㼄㼑
㼗㼋㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼄㼏㼒㼑㼈
㻬㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼏㼒㼊 㼌㼆㻃㼘㼑㼇 㼈㼕㼏㼜㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼌㼖㻃㼔 㼘㼌㼗㼈
㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼏㼈㼛㻏㻃㼐 㼒㼕㼈㻃㼇 㼈㼗㼄㼌㼏㻃㼐 㼄㼜㻃㼅 㼈㻃㼑㼈㼈㼇 㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑
㼗㼋㼈㻃㼉㼒㼕㼐 㻃㼒㼉
㻶㼗㼕㼘㼆㼗㼘㼕㼈㼇 㻃㻨㼑㼊 㼏㼌㼖㼋
㻧㼈㼆㼌㼖㼌㼒㼑㻃㼗㼕㼈㼈㼖
㻧㼈㼆㼌㼖㼌㼒㼑㻃㼗㼄㼅 㼏㼈㼖
6 - 19
6 - 21
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 20
㻬㼑㼗㼈㼊 㼕㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻶㼆㼈㼑㼄㼕㼌㼒㻃㻧㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㻶㼗㼈㼓 㼖㻃㼌㼑㻃㻥㼘㼌㼏㼇 㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖
㻧㻩㻧㼖㻃㼖㼗㼄㼕㼗㻃㼚 㼌㼗㼋㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇
㼕㼈㼔 㼘㼌㼕㼈㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖㻃㼇 㼈㼉 㼌㼑 㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑
㻪㼈㼑㼈㼕㼄㼏㼏㼜㻏㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖㻃㼌㼑㼗㼈㼊 㼕㼄㼗㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㼖
㻱㼄㼐 㼈㼖㻃㼒㼉㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㼖㻃㼅 㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼈
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻬㼑㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼒㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼅 㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼈㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄
㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖
㻥㼘㼌㼏㼇 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼆㼒㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻦㼕㼈㼄㼗㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼉㼕㼄㼊 㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈
䇵㻶㼐 㼄㼏㼏䇶㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼌㼑㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼒㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼄㼕㼈
㼆㼒㼐 㼅 㼌㼑㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼄㻃㼖㼌㼑㼊 㼏㼈㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 22
㻦㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻦㼒㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
6 - 23
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻧㼕㼄㼚 㻃㼒㼑㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼕㼈㼓 㼕㼈㼖㼈㼑㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼈㼑㼗㼌㼕㼈㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㻃㻋 㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㻓 㻌
㻩㼌㼑㼇 㻃㼄㼏㼏㻃㼌㼑㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼒㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼏㼌㼖㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼄㼗
㼗㼋㼈㻃㼗㼒㼓 㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㼖㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼆㼒㼐 㼈
㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼒㼕㻃㼊 㼒㻃㼗㼒㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼌㼈㼖㻞㻃㼇 㼕㼄㼚
㼄㼖㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖
㻧㼕㼄㼚 㻃㼌㼑㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼌㼈㼖㻃㼄㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼖㼒㼘㼕㼆㼈㻃㼒㼕㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼗㼌㼑㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄
㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻲㼕㼊 㼄㼑㼌㼝㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼉㼕㼄㼊 㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓
㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻧㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼒㼖㼈㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓 㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔
㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖㻃㼄㼖㻃㼑㼈㼈㼇 㼈㼇 㻞㻃㼇 㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼒㼖㼈㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻕 㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖㻃㼄㼖
㼑㼈㼈㼇 㼈㼇 㻞㻃㼈㼗㼆㻑
㻹㼄㼏㼌㼇 㼄㼗㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖㻃㼚 㼌㼗㼋㻃㼘㼖㼈㼕㻃㼗㼒㻃㼈㼑㼖㼘㼕㼈
㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼏㼈㼗㼈㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼆㼒㼕㼕㼈㼆㼗㼑㼈㼖㼖
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻤㻃㻦㼒㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻃㻨㼛㼄㼐 㼓 㼏㼈
6 - 24
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻦㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㻩㼕㼄㼊 㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖
㻦㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㻩㼕㼄㼊 㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖
㻨㼄㼆㼋㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㻃㼌㼖㻃㼆㼒㼑㼙㼈㼕㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼒㼑㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧
㼉㼕㼄㼊 㼐 㼈㼑㼗
㻱㼘㼐 㼅 㼈㼕㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼄㼐 㼈㻃㼄㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼘㼖㼈
㼆㼄㼖㼈㻃㼑㼘㼐 㼅 㼈㼕
㻤㼇 㼇 㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻃㼗㼒㻃㼖㼋㼒㼚 㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼒㼉㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄
㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈㼖㻃㼄㼖㻃㼖㼒㼘㼕㼆㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼗㼌㼑㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㼒㼉㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄
㻯㼄㼜㼒㼘㼗㼖㻃㼗㼜㼓 㼌㼆㼄㼏㼏㼜㻃㼓 㼏㼄㼆㼈
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼌㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼆㼈㼑㼗㼈㼕
㼌㼑㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼏㼈㼉㼗
㼒㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼗㼒㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼕㼌㼊 㼋㼗
㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈㼖㻃㼅 㼈㼑㼈㼄㼗㼋㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻦㼋㼄㼑㼊 㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼑㼄㼐 㼈㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼙㼈㼕㼅 㻃㼓 㼋㼕㼄㼖㼈
㻧㼈㼖㼌㼊 㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼙㼌㼈㼚 㼓 㼒㼌㼑㼗
㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼒㼕㼊 㼄㼑㼌㼝㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼕㼘㼑㼑㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐
6 - 25
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 26
㻤㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㻩㼕㼄㼊 㼐 㼈㼑㼗㻃㻨㼛㼄㼐 㼓 㼏㼈
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻦㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓 㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻦㼒㼐 㼅 㼌㼑㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼈㼗㻃㼒㼉㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼉㼕㼄㼊 㼐 㼈㼑㼗㼖
㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼒㼑㼈㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻪㼈㼑㼈㼕㼄㼏㼏㼜㻃㼐 㼒㼙㼈㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼗㼒㼓 㻃㼗㼒㻃㼅 㼒㼗㼗㼒㼐 㻏
㼏㼈㼉㼗㻃㼗㼒㻃㼕㼌㼊 㼋㼗
㻰㼌㼑㼌㼐 㼌㼝㼈㻃㼆㼕㼒㼖㼖㼈㼇 㻃㼏㼌㼑㼈㼖
㻬㼗㼈㼕㼄㼗㼈㻃㼄㼖㻃㼑㼈㼈㼇 㼈㼇
㻧㻩㻧㼖㻃㼄㼕㼈㻃㼒㼉㼗㼈㼑㻃㼇㼕㼄㼚 㼑㻃㼐 㼄㼑㼜㻃㼗㼌㼐 㼈㼖
㼅 㼈㼉㼒㼕㼈㻃㼅 㼈㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼉 㼌㼑 㼌㼖㼋㼈㼇㻏㻃㼈㼙㼈㼑㻃㼚 㼌㼗㼋㻃㼙㼈㼕㼜
㼈㼛㼓㼈㼕㼌㼈㼑㼆㼈㼇㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㼖㻃㼄㼑㼄㼏㼜㼖㼗㼖
6 - 27
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 28
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻦㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔 㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖㻃㻋 㼄㼑㼇
㻥㼈㼏㼒㼚 㻌
㻤㻃㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓 㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㻨㼛㼄㼐 㼓 㼏㼈
㻨㼄㼆㼋㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㻃㼌㼖㻃㼗㼘㼕㼑㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑㼗㼒㻃㼌㼗㼖㻃㼒㼚 㼑㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻷㼄㼎㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼗㼈㼓 㼖㻃㼏㼌㼖㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼒㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㻃㼄㼑㼇
㼇 㼈㼓 㼌㼆㼗㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼄㼖㻃㼄㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼒㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔
㻧㻩㻧
6 - 29
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 30
㻬㼑㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼒㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㼖㻃㼏㼌㼖㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼒㼑㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈
㼅 㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼈㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻃㼒㼑㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻬㼑㼆㼏㼘㼇 㼈㻃㼖㼒㼘㼕㼆㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼗㼌㼑㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖㻃㼒㼉㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄
㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻃㼗㼒㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈㼖㻃㼚 㼌㼗㼋㼌㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈
㻧㻩㻧
㻰㼄㼜㻃㼄㼏㼖㼒㻃㼌㼑㼆㼏㼘㼇 㼈㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼌㼈㼖㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㼆㼏㼄㼕㼌㼗㼜
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻦㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔 㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖㻃㻋 㼄㼑㼇
㻥㼈㼏㼒㼚 㻌
㻹㼄㼏㼌㼇 㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻺 㼋㼈㼑㻃㼗㼒㻃㼖㼗㼒㼓 㻃㼇 㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼒㼖㼌㼑㼊 㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖㻢
㻬㼇 㼈㼄㼏㼏㼜㻏㻃㼄㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼋㼄㼖㻃㼄㼗㻃㼏㼈㼄㼖㼗㻃㼗㼋㼕㼈㼈
㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼑㼒㻃㼐 㼒㼕㼈㻃㼗㼋㼄㼑㻃㼖㼈㼙㼈㼑
㼗㼒㻃㼑㼌㼑㼈㻑
㻶㼜㼑㼗㼄㼛㻃㼈㼕㼕㼒㼕㼖㻃䇬㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻃㼉㼒㼏㼏㼒㼚 㼖㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼕㼘㼏㼈㼖
For㻤㼖㼖㼘㼕㼈㻃㼆㼒㼕㼕㼈㼆㼗㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼖㼗㼕㼘㼆㼗㼘㼕㼈
each DFD:
Check each process for:
A unique name: action verb phrase; number; description
At least one input data flow
At least one output data flow
Output data flow names usually different than
input data flow names
Between 3 and 7 processes per DFD
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 31
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 32
㻹㼄㼏㼌㼇 㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻹㼄㼏㼌㼇 㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻤 㼆㼕㼒 㼖㼖㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖㻝
㻩㼒㼕㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㻧㻩㻧㻝
㻦㼋㼈㼆㼎㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㻃㼉㼒㼕㻝
㻦㼒 㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻝
㻨㼙㼈㼕㼜 㻃㼖㼈㼗㻃㼒 㼉㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖㻃㼐 㼘㼖㼗㻃㼋㼄㼙㼈㻃㼒 㼑㼈㻃㻦㼒 㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐
㻤 㻃㼘㼑㼌㼔 㼘㼈㻃㼑㼄㼐 㼈㻝 㻃㼑㼒 㼘㼑㻞 㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒 㼑
㻦㼒 㼑㼑㼈㼆㼗㼖㻃㼗㼒 㻃㼄㼗㻃㼏㼈㼄㼖㼗㻃㼒 㼑㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒 㼆㼈㼖㼖
㻶㼋㼒 㼚 㼑㻃㼌㼑㻃㼒 㼑㼏㼜 㻃㼒 㼑㼈㻃㼇 㼌㼕㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒 㼑㻃㻋 㼑㼒 㻃㼗㼚 㼒 㻐㼋㼈㼄㼇 㼈㼇 㻃㼄㼕㼕㼒 㼚 㼖㻌
㻤 㻃㼐 㼌㼑㼌㼐 㼘㼐 㻃㼑㼘㼐 㼅 㼈㼕㻃㼒 㼉㻃㼆㼕㼒 㼖㼖㼈㼇 㻃㼏㼌㼑㼈㼖
㻹 㼌㼈㼚 㼓 㼒 㼌㼑㼗㻝
㻷 㼋㼈㼕㼈㻃㼌㼖㻃㼄㻃㼆㼒 㼑㼖㼌㼖㼗㼈㼑㼗㻃㼙㼌㼈㼚 㼓 㼒 㼌㼑㼗㻃㼉㼒 㼕㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼕㼈㻃㼖㼈㼗㻃㼒 㼉㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖
㻦㼋㼈㼆㼎㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼖㼗㼒㼕㼈㻃㼉㼒㼕㻝
㻧 㼈㼆㼒 㼐 㼓 㼒 㼖㼌㼗㼌㼒 㼑㻝
㻨㼙㼈㼕㼜 㻃㼓 㼕㼒 㼆㼈㼖㼖㻃㼌㼖㻃㼚 㼋㼒 㼏㼏㼜 㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼆㼒 㼐 㼓 㼏㼈㼗㼈㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼅 㼈㼇 㻃㼅 㼜 㻃㼗㼋㼈
㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㼓 㼕㼒 㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼒 㼑㻃㼌㼗㼖㻃㼆㼋㼌㼏㼇 㼕㼈㼑㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖
㻤 㻃㼘㼑㼌㼔 㼘㼈㻃㼑㼄㼐 㼈㻝 㻃㼑㼒 㼘㼑㻞 㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒 㼑
㻤 㼗㻃㼏㼈㼄㼖㼗㻃㼒 㼑㼈㻃㼌㼑㼓 㼘㼗㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚
㻤 㼗㻃㼏㼈㼄㼖㼗㻃㼒 㼑㼈㻃㼒 㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚
㻥㼄㼏㼄㼑㼆㼈㻝
㻨㼙㼈㼕㼜 㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㻏 㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼖㼗㼒 㼕㼈㻏 㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼜 㻃㼒 㼑㻃㼄㻃㼋㼌㼊 㼋㼈㼕
㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏
㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼌㼖㻃㼖㼋㼒 㼚 㼑㻃㼒 㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼏㼒 㼚 㼈㼕㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼇 㼈㼆㼒 㼐 㼓 㼒 㼖㼈㼖㻃㼌㼗
㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻱㼒 㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼖㼗㼒 㼕㼈㼖㻃㼒 㼕㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚 㼖㻃㼄㼓 㼓 㼈㼄㼕㻃㼒 㼑㻃㼏㼒 㼚 㼈㼕㻐㼏㼈㼙㼈㼕㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖
㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼇 㼒
㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㼑㼒 㼗㻃㼄㼓 㼓 㼈㼄㼕㻃㼒 㼑㻃㼗㼋㼈㼌㼕㻃㼓 㼄㼕㼈㼑㼗㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻃㻃㻃㻃㻃㻦㼋㼈㼆㼎㻃㼈㼄㼆㼋㻃㼈㼛㼗㼈㼕㼑㼄㼏㻃㼈㼑㼗㼌㼗㼜㻃㼉㼒㼕㻝
㻤 㻃㼘㼑㼌㼔 㼘㼈㻃㼑㼄㼐 㼈㻝㻃㼑㼒㼘㼑㻞㻃㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒㼑
㻤 㼗㻃㼏㼈㼄㼖㼗㻃㼒㼑㼈㻃㼌㼑㼓 㼘㼗㻃㻃㼒㼕㻃㼒㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㻃㼇 㼄㼗㼄㻃㼉 㼏㼒 㼚
6 - 33
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 34
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻤㻃㻴㼘㼌㼆㼎㻃㻵㼈㼙㼌㼈㼚 㻃㼒㼉㻃㻧㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼒㼖㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼉㼒㼕
㻦㻧㻃㻶㼈㼏㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㻹㼄㼏㼌㼇 㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻧㻩㻧
㻶㼈㼐 㼄㼑㼗㼌㼆㼖㻃㼈㼕㼕㼒㼕㼖㻃䇬㻃㼇 㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻃㼆㼒㼑㼙㼈㼜㼖
㼆㼒㼕㼕㼈㼆㼗㻃㼐 㼈㼄㼑㼌㼑㼊
㻤㼖㼖㼘㼕㼈㻃㼄㼆㼆㼘㼕㼄㼆㼜㻃㼒㼉㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼕㼈㼏㼄㼗㼌㼙㼈㻃㼗㼒
㼄㼆㼗㼘㼄㼏㻒㼇 㼈㼖㼌㼕㼈㼇 㻃㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻷㼒㻃㼙㼈㼕㼌㼉㼜㻃㼆㼒㼕㼕㼈㼆㼗㻃㼕㼈㼓 㼕㼈㼖㼈㼑㼗㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻏㻃㼘㼖㼈
㻸㼖㼈㼕㻃㼚 㼄㼏㼎㼗㼋㼕㼒㼘㼊 㼋㼖
㻵㼒㼏㼈㻐㼓 㼏㼄㼜㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖
㻨㼛㼄㼐 㼌㼑㼈㻃㼏㼒㼚 㼈㼖㼗㻃㼏㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻧㻩㻧㼖㻃㼗㼒㻃㼈㼑㼖㼘㼕㼈
㼆㼒㼑㼖㼌㼖㼗㼈㼑㼗㻃㼇 㼈㼆㼒㼐 㼓 㼒㼖㼌㼗㼌㼒㼑
㻨㼛㼄㼐 㼌㼑㼈㻃㼑㼄㼐 㼈㼖㻃㼆㼄㼕㼈㼉㼘㼏㼏㼜㻃㼗㼒㻃㼈㼑㼖㼘㼕㼈
㼆㼒㼑㼖㼌㼖㼗㼈㼑㼗㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼈㼕㼐 㼖
6 - 35
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 36
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻦㼒㼑㼗㼈㼛㼗㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㻦㻧㻃㻶㼈㼏㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㻬㼑㼗㼈㼕㼑㼈㼗㻃㻶㼄㼏㼈㼖㻃㻶㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐
6 - 37
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻓 㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㻦㻧㻃㻶㼈㼏㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖
㻬㼑㼗㼈㼕㼑㼈㼗㻃㻶㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐
6 - 38
㻯㼈㼙㼈㼏㻃㻔 㻃㻧㻩㻧㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㻦㻧㻃㻶㼈㼏㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㼖㻃㻳㼕㼒㼆㼈㼖㼖
㻔 㻝㻃㻷㼄㼎㼈㻃㻵㼈㼔 㼘㼈㼖㼗㼖
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻶㼘㼐 㼐 㼄㼕㼜
㻷㼋㼈㻃㻧㼄㼗㼄㻃㻩㼏㼒 㼚 㻃㻧㼌㼄㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㻃㻋 㻧㻩㻧㻌 㻃㼌㼖㻃㼄㼑
㼈㼖㼖㼈㼑㼗㼌㼄㼏㻃㼗㼒 㼒 㼏㻃㼉㼒 㼕㻃㼆㼕㼈㼄㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼉㼒 㼕㼐 㼄㼏
㼇 㼈㼖㼆㼕㼌㼓 㼗㼌㼒 㼑㼖㻃㼒 㼉㻃㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒 㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻑
㻸㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㼖㻃㼕㼈㼆㼒 㼕㼇 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼌㼑㼓 㼘㼗㻏
㼗㼕㼄㼑㼖㼉㼒 㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒 㼑㻏 㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼒 㼘㼗㼓 㼘㼗㻃㼒 㼉㻃㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖
㼓 㼕㼒 㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼄㼕㼈㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼅 㼄㼖㼌㼖㻃㼉㼒 㼕㻃㼓 㼕㼒 㼆㼈㼖㼖
㼐 㼒 㼇 㼈㼏㼖㻑
6 - 39
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
㻦㼒㼓 㼜㼕㼌㼊 㼋㼗㻃㼫 㻃㻕 㻓 㻓 㻙 㻃㻭㼒㼋㼑㻃㻺 㼌㼏㼈㼜㻃㻉
㻶㼒㼑㼖㻏㻃㻬㼑㼆㻑
㻤㼏㼏㻃㼕㼌㼊 㼋㼗㼖㻃㼕㼈㼖㼈㼕㼙㼈㼇 㻑㻃㻃㻵㼈㼓 㼕㼒㼇 㼘㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼒㼕㻃㼗㼕㼄㼑㼖㼏㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑
㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼌㼖㻃㼚 㼒㼕㼎㻃㼅 㼈㼜㼒㼑㼇 㻃㼗㼋㼄㼗㻃㼓 㼈㼕㼐 㼌㼗㼗㼈㼇 㻃㼌㼑㻃㻶㼈㼆㼗㼌㼒㼑
㻔 㻔 㻚 㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻔 㻜 㻚 㻙 㻃㻸㼑㼌㼗㼈㼇 㻃㻶㼗㼄㼗㼈㼖㻃㻦㼒㼓 㼜㼕㼌㼊 㼋㼗㻃㻤㼆㼗
㼚 㼌㼗㼋㼒㼘㼗㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼈㼛㼓 㼕㼈㼖㼖㻃㼚 㼕㼌㼗㼗㼈㼑㻃㼓 㼈㼕㼐 㼌㼖㼖㼌㼒㼑㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼆㼒㼓 㼜㼕㼌㼊 㼋㼗㻃㼒㼚 㼑㼈㼕㻃㼌㼖㻃㼘㼑㼏㼄㼚 㼉㼘㼏㻑
㻵㼈㼔 㼘㼈㼖㼗㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㼉㼘㼕㼗㼋㼈㼕㻃㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼖㼋㼒㼘㼏㼇 㻃㼅 㼈
㼄㼇 㼇 㼕㼈㼖㼖㼈㼇 㻃㼗㼒㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㻳㼈㼕㼐 㼌㼖㼖㼌㼒㼑㼖㻃㻧㼈㼓 㼄㼕㼗㼐 㼈㼑㼗㻏㻃㻭㼒㼋㼑
㻺 㼌㼏㼈㼜㻃㻉 㻃㻶㼒㼑㼖㻏㻃㻬㼑㼆㻑
㻷㼋㼈㻃㼓 㼘㼕㼆㼋㼄㼖㼈㼕㻃㼐 㼄㼜㻃㼐 㼄㼎㼈㻃㼅 㼄㼆㼎㻐㼘㼓 㻃㼆㼒㼓 㼌㼈㼖㻃㼉㼒㼕
㼋㼌㼖㻒㼋㼈㼕㻃㼒㼚 㼑㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼒㼑㼏㼜㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼑㼒㼗㻃㼉㼒㼕㻃㼕㼈㼇 㼌㼖㼗㼕㼌㼅 㼘㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼒㼕
㼕㼈㼖㼄㼏㼈㻑
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㻷㼋㼈㻃㻳㼘㼅 㼏㼌㼖㼋㼈㼕㻃㼄㼖㼖㼘㼐 㼈㼖㻃㼑㼒㻃㼕㼈㼖㼓 㼒㼑㼖㼌㼅 㼌㼏㼌㼗㼜㻃㼉㼒㼕
㼈㼕㼕㼒㼕㼖㻏㻃㼒㼐 㼌㼖㼖㼌㼒㼑㼖㻏㻃㼒㼕㻃㼇 㼄㼐 㼄㼊 㼈㼖㻏㻃㼆㼄㼘㼖㼈㼇 㻃㼅 㼜㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼘㼖㼈
㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈㼖㼈㻃㼓 㼕㼒㼊 㼕㼄㼐 㼖㻃㼒㼕㻃㼉㼕㼒㼐 㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼒㼉㻃㼗㼋㼈
㼌㼑㼉㼒㼕㼐 㼄㼗㼌㼒㼑㻃㼆㼒㼑㼗㼄㼌㼑㼈㼇 㻃㼋㼈㼕㼈㼌㼑㻑
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.
6 - 40
㻨㼏㼌㼆㼌㼗㼌㼑㼊 㻃㼘㼖㼈㻃㼆㼄㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼑㼇 㻃㼐 㼒 㼇 㼈㼏㼌㼑㼊
㼅 㼘㼖㼌㼑㼈㼖㼖㻃㼓 㼕㼒 㼆㼈㼖㼖㼈㼖㻃㼄㼕㼈㻃㼆㼕㼌㼗㼌㼆㼄㼏㼏㼜
㼌㼐 㼓 㼒 㼕㼗㼄㼑㼗㻃㼖㼎㼌㼏㼏㼖㻃㼉㼒 㼕㻃㼗㼋㼈㻃㼖㼜㼖㼗㼈㼐 㼖㻃㼄㼑㼄㼏㼜㼖㼗
㼗㼒 㻃㼐 㼄㼖㼗㼈㼕㻑
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Sy stems A naly sis and Design, 3rd Edition
C opy right 2006 © John W iley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserv ed.