Arkema Coating Resins
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2014 ACR Webinar Series!!
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August 15, 2014
2014 ACR Webinar Series
Today’s Topic: Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Speaker: Keith Andes
Title: Technical Service Chemist
Our training goal
Give you the knowledge necessary to answer
your customer’s questions concerning pressure
sensitive adhesives with confidence
• Define the categories of PSA
• Describe industry testing protocols
• Outline the characteristics of the different product
classifications
• Highlight several Arkema products and describe
their performance benefits
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Today’s Agenda
What is a Pressure Sensitive Adhesive?
North American PSA Market
PSA Product Categories
PSA Performance Testing
Waterborne PSA Compounding
ACR product line overview and product spotlight
Recap
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What is a Pressure Sensitive Adhesive?
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Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Definition:
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives (PSA) are polymeric materials
that can form a physical bond with another material upon
brief contact and with light pressure.
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PSA performance is dictated by its ability to
bond and debond
All PSA applications involve bond formation and debonding
steps
• Bond formation is the result of a polymeric material being able to flow
and wet under light pressure establishing a contact area with the
substrate.
• Debonding involves deformation of the material under stress, followed by
separation from the substrate
Adhesive bond formation requires the PSA to
flow like a liquid upon application
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Adhesive debonding or peel strength requires
the PSA to behave like a solid
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PSAs are Viscoelastic Materials
Silly Puddy, although NOT a PSA, is a real world example of
materials that exhibit both solids and liquid behavior
Over long periods of
time it exhibits viscous
behavior (liquid)
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Short time periods of
time it exhibits elastic
behavior (solid)
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives are everywhere
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Pressure Sensitive Adhesives offer many
advantages over other types of adhesives
No need to apply moisture or heat
High application speed
Controlled thickness
Cushion/gap filling effects
Tack allows prepositioning
Die Cut Shapes
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… but they are not without their drawbacks
PSA bonds are not totally permanent
Sensitive to surface contamination
Usually sensitive to temperature
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Water-borne PSA offer additional advantages
Requires no solvent incineration or recovery equipment
Works with a wide variety of materials
Lower cost than solvent-borne systems
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..but Water-borne PSA have additional
limitations
Difficult to coat due to high surface tension – needs
surfactants (coating package)
Lower adhesion to some lower surface energy surfaces such
as polyolefins
Performance not equal to solvent systems
More difficult to dry than solvents
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North American PSA Market
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Waterborne is the dominant technology
and tapes the largest segment
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Industrial has the largest share of the NA
tape market, but healthcare delivers the
greatest value
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PSA is a large and growing segment in
the NA label market
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Specialty applications account for 20% of
the total PSA market
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PSA accounts are located primarily on
the east coast and in the upper midwest
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PSA Product Categories
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PSA can be categorized numerous ways
By chemistry
By end-use application
By adhesive properties
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By Chemistry: Water Based (Emulsion)
Advantages
• Requires no solvent incineration or recovery equipment
• Works with a wide variety of materials
• Lower cost than solvent systems
Disadvantages
• Difficult to coat due to high surface tension – needs coating package
(surfactants)
• Lower adhesion to some surfaces lower surface energy surfaces such as
polyolefins
• Performance not equal to solvent systems
• More difficult to dry than solvents
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By Chemistry: Solvent (Solution)
Advantages
• Easy to vary solids, viscosity, and drying rate
• No concern about freeze/thaw
• Can use a wide variety of modifiers/catalysts
• Excellent coating quality
• Wide variety of molecular weights
• Can be formulated for superior peel, tack and shear balance
Disadvantages
• Flammable/ safety concerns
• Recovery/ disposal issues of solvent – costly capture or incineration
equipment required
• Health and exposure issues
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By Chemistry: 100% Solids
(Hot Melt and UV Reactive)
Advantages
• No oven/ drying required
• No solvent recovery required
• Very high coating speeds possible
Disadvantages
• Limited formulations
• UV capital equipment is expensive
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By End-Use: Filmic and paper labels
Labels are a key element of package
design
• Product branding, nutritional information, use
instructions, etc.
PSA contributes very little to overall
packaging cost but are indispensible
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By End-Use: Decorative and protective
laminates
Over-laminate films are low cost
options for improving the durability
and aesthetics of any substrate
They can either be permanently
applied or easily removable
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By End-Use: Tapes
Tapes are perhaps the most familiar
embodiment of a product employing PSA
Mixing different combinations of
facestock and PSA offers almost
unlimited product design possibilities
The PSA employed is specific to each
end use
• Medical, electrical, masking, etc.
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By Adhesive Properties: Grades
Permanent – most common type with high ultimate adhesion.
Removal results in destructive failure (tearing substrate or backing).
Removable – relatively high cohesive strength and low ultimate
adhesion. Removed easily from most substrates without leaving a
residue.
Repositionable – low adhesion initially which builds over time
allowing for corrections to be made if labels are not applied properly.
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By Adhesive Properties: Permanent
Typical Adhesive Properties
• Initial peel adhesion above 2.0 lb/in.
• Peel adhesion typically builds over time.
• Loop tack values above 1.0 lb/in
• Shear values 1 to 10 hours
Can be base acrylic latex or tackified through formulation
Typical applications include labels, packaging tape, and
over-laminates.
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By Adhesive Properties: Removable
Typical Adhesive Properties
• Initial peel adhesion less than 2.0 lb/in (typically 1.0 lb/in).
• Peel adhesion does not increase with time.
• Loop tack values below 1.0 lb/in
• Shear values 10+ hours (can be much higher)
Can be base acrylic latex or cross-linked through formulation
Typical applications include temporary notes, labels, wall
coverings, signage and surface protection.
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By Adhesive Properties: Repositionable
Typical Adhesive Properties
• Initial peel adhesion less than 2.0 lb/in (typically 1.0 lb/in). Similar to
removable PSAs.
• Once applied, the adhesion builds significantly over time and becomes
somewhat “permanent”.
• Peel adhesion builds roughly 200% or greater after 24 hours.
• Shear values 10+ hours (can be much higher)
Can be base acrylic latex or cross linked through formulation
Typical uses include critical label applications.
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PSA Performance Testing
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Three key performance properties
Peel resistance (adhesion)
Tack (initial adhesion or grab)
Shear resistance (cohesive strength)
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Sample preparing can influence performance
Coat weight
• Must be specified and can be given in various units (g/1000m2, lbs/ream,
mils thickness)
Direct or indirect coating
• Direct coating onto facestock
• Indirect coating onto low surface
energy release liner
Facestock
• Can influence adhesive properties
and must be specified by end-user
Substrate
• Innumerable
• Standard substrates include paper,
films, metals, glass
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Sample preparation
Sample Prep Video
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PSA Performance Testing - Peel Adhesion
The force required to remove a PSA-coated flexible material
from a specified test surface under standard conditions.
Method of Measurement
• 180o peel test (PSTC-1): A 1 inch wide strip of
PSA coated material is applied to a stainless
steel plate under a determined pressure and
allowed to dwell for a specific amount of time.
Effect on Application
• Will determine end use such as removable,
permanent or repositionable.
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180o Peel Adhesion (PSTC -1)
Peel Video
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PSA Performance Testing - Loop Tack
The resistance offered by an adhesive film to detachment from
a substrate, it is the ability to form an instant bond when
brought into low pressure contact with a substrate.
Also called: wet tack, quick stick, initial adhesion, finger tack,
thumb tack, quick grab and quick adhesion.
Method of Measurement
• Loop tack test (PSTC-16): measure of the force
required to remove a standard adhesive coated
film loop from a stainless steel plate after a short
contact in the absence of pressure
Effect on Application
• Initial tack is critical to most PSA applications
especially hard to stick to substrates such as
polyolefin substrates, corrugated cardboard and
non-uniform shapes such as bottles.
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Loop Tack (PSTC-16)
Tack Video
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PSA Performance Testing - Shear Resistance
The force required to pull the pressure sensitive material
parallel to the surface to which it was affixed.
Also called: cohesive strength, stiffness of adhesive
Method of Measurement
• Shear strength (PSTC 7) – measure of the time required for a statically
loaded PSA sample to separate from a standard flat surface in a parallel
direction to the surface to which it was affixed with standard pressure
Effect on Application
• Increased cohesive strength improves die cutting
by reducing ooze and gumming of adhesive on
blades
• Reduces bleeding and migration of latex on
substrate
• Needed for removable labels
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Shear Resistance (PSTC-7)
Shear Video
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Relationship between Peel Adhesion and
Cohesive Strength
In general, as peel adhesion increases shear adhesion decreases.
Aggressive Peel and Tack
Tack
5
4
3
2
1
0
Humidity Resistance
Shear
High Cohesive Strength
Peel
Low Temp Tack
Tack
5
4
3
2
1
0
Humidity Resistance
Shear
Peel
Low Temp Tack
Adhesive properties controlled by Mw, Tg, X-linking and chemistry
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Waterborne PSA Compounding
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Water Based PSA can be formulated with other
materials to improve adhesive properties or
application characteristics
Base latex (Acrylic, ST-Acrylic, SBR…)
Compounding additives
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Resins/ tackifier
Plasticizers
Fillers
UV stabilizers
Anti-oxidants
Rheology modifiers (thickeners)
Surfactants
Defoamers
Biocides
Compounding additives: Resins/ Tackifiers
Primary purpose: Added to promote tack
Mechanism: Low molecular weight polymers increase tack
by improving cold flow and wet out of dry adhesive.
Types of tackifers:
• For acrylic polymers: rosin esters, pure aromatics
• For SBR polymers: rosin esters, pure and petroleum aromatics, alpha
pinene terpenes
• For natural rubbers: petroleum aliphatics anad aromatics, terpenes,
rosin esters
Tackifiers are selected based on their compatibility with the
base latex and desired performance properties
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Compounding additives: Plasticizers
Primary Purpose: improve adhesive flow and wet out
Types of plasticizers
• Mineral oil
• Liquid polybutenes
• Liquid polyesters
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Compounding additives: Stabilizers
Primary Purpose: protect adhesive from degradation from
light or oxygen
UV stabilizers:
• Hindered amines
Antioxidants
• Hindered phenols
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Compounding additives: Rheology Modifiers
Primary purpose: to improve processing/ converting of the
wet latex by optimizing low and high shear viscosity
Types of thickeners:
• Polyvinyl alcohol (neutral pH)
• Cellulosic derivatives (neutral pH)
• Natural gums (neutral pH)
• HASE: Hydrophobic Alkali Swellable Emulsions (basic pH)
• Polyurethane associative thickeners
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Compounding additives: Fillers
Primary Purpose: To reduce tack and adhesion, impart
opacity, improve converting (dye cutting)
Types of fillers
• Calcium carbonate
• Titanium dioxide
• Zinc oxide
• Aluminum silicates (clays)
• Pigments
Fillers will impact viscosity based on size, shape and
quantity
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Generic Water Based Formulation
Polymer
Resins/tackifiers
Plasticizers
Fillers
Other
• Stabilizers
• Thickeners
• Defoamers
• Surfactants
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60-80%
20-40%
0-40%
0-10%
1-2%
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
PSA are used in the manufacture of tapes, labels and over-laminate
films
They can be supplied as either waterborne latexes, solventborne
solutions or 100% solids hot melts, with waterborne being the
largest type
In North America labels are the largest consumers of PSA
Labels can be categorized as either paper,
filmic or metallic based on the face stock
type
• Label adhesives types can be further sub-
•
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categorized based on their adhesive properties
(i.e. permanent, removal repositionable) and the
conditions under which they will be used
The primary adhesive properties are peel strength,
tack and shear adhesion
ACR Product Overview
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ENCOR® PSA Selection Guide
LABEL
General Purpose Clear and Paper
• ENCOR 9466
• ENCOR 9144
Water Resistant Filmic
• ENCOR 9285
Low/ All Temperature
• ENCOR 9569
OVER-LAMINATE
• ENCOR 9291
TAPE
• ENCOR 9801
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ACR Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Chemistry
Total solids
(%)
Tg (oC)
Features
ENCOR® 9165
Acrylic
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-34
Base latex for general purpose filmic
labels
ENCOR® 9290
Acrylic
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-42
EnVia; coater-ready all purpose PSA
ENCOR® 9466
Acrylic
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-40
General purpose label
ENCOR® 9285
Styrene acrylic
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-38
EnVia; coater-ready adhesive for
clear, water-resistant labels
Product
LABELS - PERMANENT
LABELS - ALL TEMPERATURE PERMANENT
ENCOR® 9569
Acrylic
57.5
-53
Label and tapes for low energy
substrates; ambient to sub-freezing
temperatures
Acrylic
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-42
Packing tapes
Acrylic
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-42
High speed gravure direct coating of
treated films
TAPES
ENCOR® 9801
OVER-LAMINATE FILMS
ENCOR® 9291
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Pressure Sensitive Adhesive
Product Spotlight
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More detailed information available in product
literature
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ENCOR® 9466
High Solids General Purpose PSA
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ENCOR® 9466 has an excellent balance of
adhesive properties
Value Proposition
Highly versatile product that allows our customers the ability
to formulate high clarity, permanent paper and filmic labels
Product Overview
Features
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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High solids with low viscosity
Excellent balance of peel, tack and cohesive strength
Cleaner converting due to low surface tension and high cohesive strength
Very good adhesion to low surface energy substrates
Exceptional tackifier response
High line speed capability
FDA 21 CFR 175.105 compliance
EnVia® compliant
ENCOR® 9466 can form the basis of a range of
products
ENCOR 9466
30% low
MP tackifier
30% high
MP tackifier
All
temperature
Aggressive tack
and peel
Neat
General purpose
permanent (GPP)
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ENCOR® 9466 can be formulated to alter
application window
GPP PSA
ENCOR 9466
All Temp PSA
ENCOR 9466 with low MP tackifier
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PSA with aggressive
tack and peel
ENCOR 9466 with high MP tackifier
ENCOR® 9569
For All-Temperature Permanent Label and Tape Applications
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ENCOR® 9569 yields good low temperature
adhesion
Value Proposition
Allows our customers the ability to formulate for alltemperature permanent label and tape applications
Excellent for blending with higher Tg harder polymers that
need an increase in tack.
Product Overview
Features
●
●
●
●
●
●
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Outstanding color and clarity on clear face stocks
Excellent peel and tack
Superior adhesion to a wide variety of surfaces
Excellent flow and leveling
Conformance to FDA 21CFR175.105
Good adhesion down to -10°F on a wide variety of surfaces
ENCOR® 9569
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Peel 3.7 lbs/in
Loop 3.0 PSI
Shear 0.75 hrs
Good low temperature tack key to ENCOR®
9569 performance in this application
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ENCOR® 9285
For Clear, Water Resistant Labels
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ENCOR® 9285 demonstrates excellent waterwhitening resistance
Value Proposition
Allows our customer to formulation adhesives for clear
bottle labels that have excellent water-whitening resistance
Product Overview
Features
●
●
●
●
●
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Excellent clarity and water whiteness
Excellent balance of peel, tack and cohesive strength
Adhesion to a wide variety of surfaces
Excellent blush resistance
Conformance to FDA 21CFR175.105
ENCOR® 9285
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ENCOR® 9285 displays superior water whitening
resistance
ENCOR 9285
STD PSA
Open-faced films after 24 hrs immersion in water
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Summary
Highlights of Today’s Webinar
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Recap
Today’s session was intended to provide you with
a technical grounding in pressure sensitive
adhesive testing and product selection
ACR offers products for use in label, over-laminate
and tape applications
• ENCOR 9466 has an excellent balance of adhesive
properties for general purpose PSA labels
• ENCOR 9569 yields good low temperature adhesion
for freezer grade PSA labels
• ENCOR 9285 displays superior water whitening
resistance for use as a PSA for beverage bottle labels
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Questions? Please contact the Account Team
Commercial Questions
Commercial Questions
Latin America
USA & Canada
Technical Questions
Marlene Hernandez
Mark Piggott
Mary Chervenak
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
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2014 ACR Webinar Series
Today’s Topic: Architectural Coatings
Speaker: Neal Rogers
Title: Technical Account Coordinator
Friday September 19, 2014
@ 2:00pm ET
Arkema Coating Resins
Thank You for
Joining Us!!
See you in September!!
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