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CHAPTER 7: U.S. History –
Colonial Heritage
I.
7.1: The English Colonize America
A. Describe the role of Spain & France in the New World:
After Columbus, Spain started to colonize the
Caribbean as well as Mexico, Central
America, and South America. France started
to colonize Canada.
B. When did England start to settle the New Word?
England sent John Cabot to the New World as
early as 1497, but did not start to settle the New
World until the late 1500s.
Figure 1: Queen Elizabeth I.
C. Why was the Bible very important to the English?
England had converted to Protestant Christianity in
1585. The Bible became much more available in
England.
D. What was the name of the first English colony? How
did it get started?
Queen Elizabeth I gave permission to Sir Walter
Raleigh to set up a colony. They chose the
island of Roanoke. The colony was named
Virginia after queen Elizabeth who was known
as, “the Virgin Queen,” because she never
married.
Figure 2: Sir Walter Raleigh.
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MAP LABEL:
1) Using three different colors, color in the areas of Spain, France, and England.
2) Write at least a couple observations about this map below. What do you notice.
E. What happened to the Roanoke colony?
The first colonists failed when they ran
out of food. Later supplies were delayed
by a war between England and Spain.
England won the war when they defeated
the Spanish Armada, a great Spanish fleet
of warships, becoming one of the most
powerful countries in the world.
Figure 3: The discovery of the word "Croatoan" at Roanoke.
When supplies came after three years, all the settlers were gone and the only trace
was the word, “Croatoan,” carved on a tree. What happened to the settlers is a
great mystery. It is still called today, “The Lost Colony.”
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F. What was the name of the first permanent English colony.
Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in the New World,
founded in 1607, located in Virginia. It was named after King James I of
England, who also sponsored the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible.
G. Who was the London Company?
A group of English businessmen
who funded the colony. They
would pay for colonists move if
they sent them any wealth they
made.
H. Did Jamestown have an easy or
difficult start? Explain.
Figure 4: An Artist's impression of Jamestown. (Add Copyright)
Jamestown had a difficult start. Settlers faced heat, malaria, and lack of food.
Many also chose not to work. By 1608 only a third of the colonists were alive.
I. Who helped the colony survive? How did he do it?
Captain John Smith took control of the colony. He took the rule, “He that will
not work shall not eat,” from the Bible to motivate the lazy in the colony. His
leadership helped them build homes and gather food for the winter.
J. What was the starving time?
John Smith left in 1609 and many refused to work. Many died that winter.
Only about 60 of the 500 colonists survived. A new governor, Lord De La Warr
solved the problems when he took over.
K. How did the colony become successful?
Colonists started to work instead of looking for gold or being lazy. Also more
women started to come to the colony so there could be families.
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L. Many people came to the new world as indetured servants. What was that?
Indentured servants are people who worked for about seven years for a
landowner or craftsman to pay for their passage to the New World and then
became a free colonist.
M. How did slavery get its start in America?
In 1619 a Dutch ship brought the first black
people to Virginia. Some 20 were traded as
slaves and some were indentured servants.
II.
7.2: The Pilgrims: Lovers of
Religious Freedom.
A. Why wasn’t there complete religious freedom
in England at this time?
England officially belonged to the Anglican Church
(or Church of England) and they government
persecuted members of other churches.
Figure 5: Slavery started in the United States as
early as the first colony at Jamestown. (Add
Copyright)
REVIEW & ANALYSIS 7A:
DIRECTIONS: Use your notes and textbook if necessary to answer the following questions.
1. Who were the three main European countries who began to colonize the New
World? Spain, France, and England.
2. What was the name of the very first English colony in America? Why was it a
failure?
Roanoke, Virginia. The colonists were abandoned for three years because of
a war between Spain and England and had disappeared when the governor
returned.
3. What do you think happened to the members of this first colony? What
evidence makes this seem likely to you?
Answers will vary
4. Describe the problems Jamestown faced and how it became a success.
Early colonists didn’t always work or foolishly looked for gold. Good leaders
like Captain John Smith and Lord De La Warr brought order to the colony.
Eventually hard work and the bringing of women helped make the colony
successful.
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B. Who were the Separatists?
Separatists were a group of believers in England who did not want to belong
to the Church of England because they thought some of its teachings disagreed
with the Bible. They wanted to separate from it. Some moved to Holland.
C. How did they become colonists?
They asked permission of King James to start a colony where they could
worship God in their own churches.
D. Describe their journey to the New
World
The colonists sailed in 1620 on a
ship called the Mayflower. The
voyage took 65 days. Because
they were on their way to a
strange land the passengers
became known as Pilgrims.
Figure 6: A painting of the Mayflower at harbour in Cape Cod.
They were blown off course by storms and landed in Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
The place they settled became known as Plymouth.
E. What was the Mayflower Compact? Why was it important?
The Pilgrims set up a new government for themselves by writing the
Mayflower Compact. It is one of the first important documents in American
history.
F. Who were some of the important figures in early Plymouth colony?
Captain Miles Standish – A military leader for the pilgrims.
Samoset and Squanto – Two Native Americans who spoke English and helped
the settlers learn how to live off the land.
Massasoit – Chief of the Wampanoag tribe who made a peace treaty with the
Pilgrims.
William Bradford – An early Pilgrim leader who was very popular and wrote
the book Of Plymouth Plantation.
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PRIMARY SOURCE: The Mayflower Compact
In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of
our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France,
and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, etc.
Having undertaken, for the Glory of God, and advancements of the Christian faith
and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern
parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of
God, and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body
politic; for our better ordering, and preservation and furtherance of the ends
aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal
laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be
thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which
we promise all due submission and obedience.
In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of
November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England,
France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, 1620.
PRIMARY SOURCE REVIEW:
1. Who are the two people the pilgrims commit themselves to in the first paragraph?
2. What are the three reasons the pilgrims give for planting a colony in the beginning of
the second paragraph?
3. Why was this document important to the colonists at Plymouth? Why is it important
to us?
G. Describe the first Thanksgiving.
Life was hard in the early years of Plymouth. After the harvest of 1621 the
grateful Pilgrims set aside a day of thanksgiving to God. They enjoyed a three
day feast and 90 local Native Americans joined the party.
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III. 7.3: The New England Colonies
A. Color and Label the 13 English Colonies.
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B. Why were there 13 different colonies?
Over time 13 different groups of settlers or colonies were established in the
New World by England. Many of them were set up in very different areas and
had different reasons for being established and different governments.
C. MASSACHUSETTS AND THE PURITANS
1. Who were the Puritans?
The Puritans were a group of Christians in England who, like the Separatists,
disagreed with the Church of England. The Puritans, however, did not want to
separate from the Church of England, but they wanted to “purify” it from unScriptural teaching and practice. They were persecuted by the church of
England. Some wanted a colony of their own.
2. What colony did they set up?
They set up the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 near Plymouth colony. It’s
biggest town was Boston.
3. What did the Puritans mean by making a, “city on a hill.”
They wanted their society to be a, “city on a hill,” or example of a Christian
society to the rest of the world.
4. What were some positive traits of Puritans?
They had a deep trust in God, love for the Bible, willingness to work hard, high
standards for living, strict discipline, and a passion for good education.
5. What is legalism?
Legalism – creating rules
and standards that are
unreasonably strict
beyond what even the
Bible says.
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6. What are some things the Puritans have been criticized for?
Being to legalistic or moralistic. Also some view them as intolerant since they
persecuted other religious groups. Also they are criticized for their handling
of the Salem witch trials for being unfair and overly superstitious.
7. What contributions did the Puritans make to education?
The Puritans really valued education. In 1647 Massachusetts passed the Ole’
Deluder Satan Act, which required towns and cities of certain sizes to hire
teachers and establish schools. They law was given this name because they
thought education and the ability to read the Bible would counter the
influence of Satan.
The Puritans also founded Harvard College in 1636, which was the first
college in the colonies and was originally a school to train ministers.
D. ROGER WILLIAMS AND RHODE ISLAND:
1. Who was Roger Williams?
Roger Williams was a Puritan preacher and missionary to the Indians who
did much to bring about religious freedom in America. He disagreed with
the Puritan leadership on many things including forcing people to go to
church and the unfairness many people showed towards Native Americans.
2. How did he found Rhode Island
Roger Williams was asked to leave the colony.
He escaped into the wilderness and settled in a
place he named Providence. Others who were
persecuted for their beliefs came to live there.
He obtained a charter for a new colony in 1644.
Rhode Island became the first colony to offer
complete religious freedom.
Figure 7: Picture of a statue of Roger Williams
(Add Copyright)
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E. NEW HAMPSHIRE: LAND OF FISH AND LUMBER
1. How did New Hampshire get it’s start?
The first settlers went there in the 1620s for fishing and logging. The
settlements became a colony in 1629 when England granted a portion of
land to John Mason, an early explorer of New England.
F. CONNECTICUT: PLACE OF THE LONG RIVER
1. How did Connecticut get it’s start?
In the 1630s colonists started settling west of Rhode Island
along a river called “Quinnehtukquet” or “place of the long
river” by Native Americans. This is where the name Connecticut
comes from. In 1636 Puritan preacher Thomas Hooker
established Hartford, the first major settlement in Connecticut.
The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639 is the first
written constitution in America.
G. How were churches important in New England?
New England was a land filled with churches where people
could worship God freely. Churches were an important for
town meetings and discussions of government business. Most
churches were Puritan Congregational churches but soon
Baptist, Methodist, Quaker, and Jewish places of worship were
added.
IV. 7.4: The Middle Colonies
A. What are the four middle colonies?
The middle colonies were New York,
Delaware, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania.
Figure 8: A map of the New Netherlands. (Add Copyright)
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A. NEW YORK: Settled by the Dutch
1. How did New York get started by the Dutch?
The Dutch explored the East Coast of America looking for the Northwest
Passage. When they found friendly Indians and valuable beaver fur they
decided to settle the land.
2. What were the first Dutch settlements?
The Dutch built Fort Orange on the
Hudson River and started the West
India Company to encourage
settlement. In 1626 they purchased
Manhattan Island from the Indians
for about $24.00. They named the
settlement there New Amsterdam
and the colony New Netherland.
Figure 9: A map of early New Amsterdam. (Add Copyright)
3. How did New Amsterdam become New York?
In 1664 the English took over the colony from the Dutch and forced Peter
Stuyvesant, the first governor to surrender. The English renamed New
Amsterdam New York City and New Netherland as New York.
B. DELAWARE: New Sweden
1. How did Delaware get it’s name?
It was named after the governor of Virginia, Lord De
La Warr.
2. Describe the Swedish settlement of Delaware.
Figure 10: The Swedes built the first log cabins
in America. (Add Copyright)
Swedish settlers arrived in 1638 and built Fort Christiana beside the
Delaware River near the modern city of Wilmington. They called the area
New Sweden. The Swedish were famous for their log cabins.
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C. PENNSYLVANIA: Quaker State
1. Who settled Pennsylvania first?
Pennsylvania was originally settled by the Swedish and the Dutch before the
English took it over in 1664.
2. Who was William Penn?
William was the son of an important British admiral who was a friend of the
King of England. William converted to the Quaker religion in 1667 and
believed people should be free to worship as they chose.
3. Who were the Quakers?
The Quakers original name is the Society of Friends. They were a religious
sect who believed all people were equal, were pacifists who did not believe
in any kind of fighting, they didn’t have ministers or organized worship, and
met in meeting houses rather than churches. They were often persecuted
for their beliefs.
4. How did Pennsylvania get started?
To repay a debt to William Penn’s
father, the king granted him land in
America. He named the colony
Pennsylvania, meaning “Penn’s
Woods”. William settled there in
1682.
Figure 11: William Penn Makes a Treaty with the Indians.
5. What kind of colony was Pennyslvania.
Penn wanted to start a colony for the Quakers but offered religious freedom
to all. He sold land at a reasonable price and maintained peaceful
relationships with the Indians.
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6. How did Philadelphia get its start?
Penn purchased the land from the local Indians on the bank of the Delaware
River. The name is a Greek word which means, “The City of Brotherly Love.”
It quickly became a trading center and one of the largest cities in the
colonies.
V.
NEW JERSEY: Haven for Religious Freedom
1. How did New Jersey get its start?
The Dutch as Swedes first settled New Jersey, but the English later took
control when they took over New Amsterdam. It offered reasonable land
and religious freedom.
2. Where did the colony get its name?
The land was split between two friends of the Duke of York, Sir George
Carteret and Lord John Berkeley. It was named in honor of Carteret who was
governor of the island of Jersey in the English Channel.
VI. Churches in the Middle Colonies
1. Describe Churches in the Middle Colonies
There was much more religious diversity in the Middle Colonies. Because of
religious freedom Quakers, Mennonites, Presbyterians, Baptists, Moravians,
Anglicans, Dutch Reformed, and many others lived there.
VII. 7.5: The Southern Colonies
A. What were the Southern colonies?
The Southern Colonies were Virginia,
Maryland, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia.
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B. Describe how Virginia got its start.
Virginia was the first English colony that started in 1587 with Roanoke and
1607 with Jamestown. Virginia becomes a royal colony in 1624.
C. How was Tobacco important to Virginia.
Virginia’s wealth was based off tobacco which was popular in Europe. John
Rolfe arrived in 1610 and brough tobacco seeds from the West Indies. He also
married Pocohontas, an Indian princess.
D. What kind of representative government did Virginia
have?
In 1619 Virginia elected delegates to an assembly called
the House of Burgesses, which represented the colonists
by giving advice to the governor on taxes, laws, and other
civil issues. This was an early example of representative
government, a type of government where people can
choose others to represent them.
E. MARYLAND: Freedom for Catholics
1. Why did Catholics have trouble in England?
Figure 12: The tobacco plant was an
important cash crop and product in
early Virginia, and is still grown in
many places in the American South
today (Add Copyright)
Ever since England converted to the Protestant,
Anglican church, Catholic Christians were not
tolerated in England and would sometimes face
persecution.
2. Who founded Maryland.
George Calvert, known as Lord Baltimore, was a
catholic who was secretary for the king. He asked
for land to begin a colony for Catholics
Figure 13: One of the earliest depictions of a
European smoking tobacco. (Add Copyright)
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F. THE CAROLINAS: The Southern Plantation
1. How did the Carolinas get their start?
By 1650 some colonists from Virginia had moved south into what is now
North Carolina. They began to call it the, “Southern Plantation.” Soon other
colonists settled there too.
2. Where did they get their name?
In 1663 the King Charles II granted eight
noblemen the land of the Southern Plantation to
start a colony. They named it Carolina in honor
of their king since “Carolus” is Latin for
“Charles.”
Figure 14: King Charles II of England.
3. Describe the Growth of the Carolinas.
The new owners built the first permanent settlement, Charles Town, in 1670,
which would eventually become the city of Charleston. Unfortunately the
owners passed unjust laws and took land unfairly from the Native Americans
to make money. Eventually, because of problems, they sold the land back to
the king.
4. How did the Carolinas become divided?
The king eventually divided the colony into
two parts.
South Carolina grew quickly on crops of rice,
cotton, and indigo. Wealthier settlers grew
large plantations and many began buying
slaves from Africa to meet their need for
workers.
North Carolina did not grow as quickly. Farms
were smaller and there were fewer slaves.
Figure 15: An old map of Charleston.
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G. GEORGIA: Started as a Penal Colony
1. What were some problems faced by the poor.
Many poor people in England wanted to work but couldn’t find jobs. People
who couldn’t pay their bills were sent to prison. This made things worse
because you cannot make much money in prison. Prisons were also dirty,
cold, wet, and places of disease.
2. Why is Georgia created?
James Oglethorpe thinks the situation of the poor can be improved if they are
sent to the New World. The King George II approves the idea and also likes
the idea of having a buffer colony between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida.
They name the colony in honor of the king. The first settlers come with James
in 1733
.
3. Describe the colony’s growth.
The first permanent settlement was Savannah. James successfully defended
the colony in a war against Spain. After trying unsuccessfully to grow olives
and silkworms, they are successful growing cotton and rice. George
Whitefield, a great preacher, established the first orphanage in the 13
colonies in 1740 there. It becomes a royal colony in 1752.
.
H. Describe Churches & Schools in
the Southern Colonies.
The South had fewer churches
because of the big distance
between large farms. Traveling
preachers helped. There were
fewer schools. Wealthy parents
hired tutors.
.
Figure 16: Cotton was one of the first successful crops to grow in Georgia.
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I. 7.6: The Great Awakening
1. What was the great awakening?
An amazing spiritual revival experienced by colonial America from about
1730 to 1760. Many colonists had never made a personal decision to accept
Christ or follow his teachings though many went to church or tried to live
good lives. They relied on their good works to save them rather than Jesus.
J. Jonathan Edwards: A Great Puritan Preacher
1. Who was Jonathan Edwards
He was a Puritan preacher born in Connecticut in 1703.
He stopped trusting in his good life to save him and
accepted Christ as Savior at the age of 18.
Figure 17: Jonathan Edwards
2. How was he a part of the Great Awakening?
In 1734 he preached a series of sermons about
salvation and the Spirit of God produced a great
revival. A revival is a work fo the Holy Spirit
when a group of people are convicted away
from their sins and towards salvation and
deeper relationships with God.
Figure 18: George Whitefield.
K. George Whitefield: A Great Preacher
1. Who was George Whitefield?
George Whitefield was a great preacher from England. He was one of the most
well-known persons of his day. He traveled often in England and the 13
colonies and would sometimes preach to crowds as big as 20,000 people.
2. How was he a part of the Great Awakening?
He visited America multiple times doing many preaching tours which took
him from Georgia to New England. He also showed great compassion on
slaves and Native Americans.