All About
Elements:
Hydrogen
1
Ward’s All About Elements Series
Building Real-World Connections to
the Building Blocks of Chemistry
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
GROUP
1/IA
18/VIIIA
1
H
35
2/IIA
3
Li Be
6.94
Symbol
Na Mg
24.31
19
3/IIIB
20
21
5/VB
22
Ca Sc Ti
39.10
40.08
37
44.96
38
Rb Sr
85.47
Y
87.62
55
56
132.91
´
Ac
- Lr
Ac-Lr
´´
(226.03)
(226)
40
6/VIB
7/VIIB
24
14/IVA
5
10.81
Atomic Weight
13
9
VIIIB
VIII
8
25
26
Al
10
27
11/IB
28
29
12/IIB
30
26.98
31
15/VA
6
C
12.01
14
Si
28.09
32
16/VIA
7
N
14.01
P
15
30.97
33
16.00
S
16
32.07
72
73
Hf Ta
180.95
104
105
9
F
19.00
17
Cl
35.45
52.00
54.94
42
55.85
43
44
58.93
58.69
45
63.55
46
47
65.41
48
69.72
49
72.64
50
74.92
34
51
78.96
78.96
35
95.94
95.94
(98)
(97.91)
74
101.07
75
76
W Re Os
183.84
106
186.21
107
190.23
108
102.91
77
Ir
192.22
106.42
107.87
78
79
112.41
80
114.82
81
118.71
82
121.76
52
83
127.60
84
79.90
I
53
126.90
85
20.18
18
Ar
39.95
36
195.08
196.97
110
111
200.59
112
204.38
113
207.2
207.20
114
208.98
115
(208.98)
(209)
116
(209.99)
(210)
117
54
Xe
131.29
86
(222.02)
(222)
118
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
(261)
(261.11)
´
(262)
(262.11)
57
(266)
(266.12)
58
(264)
(264.12)
59
(277)
(277.00)
60
61
(268)
(268.14)
(269)
(247.07)
62
63
(272)
(280.00)
64
(285)
(285.00)
65
(284)
(284.00)
66
(289)
(289.00)
67
(288)
(288.00)
68
(289)
(293.00)
69
(294.00)
´´
© 2010 Rev. 7/15 Ward’s Science. All Rights Reserved.
No portion of this work may be reproduced in any form
or by any means without express prior written permission
from Ward’s Science.
US: www.scholarchemistry.com
Canada: www.scholarchemistry.ca
866-260-0501
89
© Copyright 2010 ScholAR Chemistry. All Rights Reserved.
140.91
90
91
Ac Th Pa
(227)
(227.03)
NOTES:
BASIC
PERIODIC
- SIDE 1 (Rev.
7/15)
No portion
of this workTABLE
may be reproduced
in any form
or by any means
140.12
232.04
232.04
Black — solid
Red — gas
231.04
Blue — liquid
144.24
U
92
238.03
(145)
(144.91)
93
150.36
151.97
151.96
94
157.25
95
96
158.93
97
162.50
98
164.93
99
167.26
100
168.93
70
101
173.04
71
102
174.97
103
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(237)
(237.05)
(244)
(244.06)
(243)
(243.06)
(247)
(247.07)
(247)
(247.07)
(251)
(251.08)
(252)
(252.08)
(257)
(257.10)
(258)
(258.10)
(259)
(259.10)
(262)
(262.11)
— synthetically prepared
Values provided are based on the 85th edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Some values have been rounded.
without express prior written permission from ScholAR Chemistry.
Catalog #9630200
The periodic table of elements is an essential part of any chemistry classroom
or science lab, but have you ever stopped to wonder about all of the amazing
ways each element is used to create the world around us? Each of the trillions
of substances in our universe can be tied back to just these 118 simple, yet
powerful elements.
In our All About Elements series, we’ve brought together the most fascinating
facts and figures about your favorite elements so students can explore their
properties and uses in the real world and you can create chemistry connections
in your classroom and beyond.
Look for a new featured element each month, plus
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2
3.More than 10% by mass of any ocean is
hydrogen, even though the atomic mass is
only 1 amu.
(294)
(294.00)
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.91
US: www.wardsci.com
Canada: www.wardsci.ca
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2.Under the extreme pressures at the centers
of giant gas planets such as Jupiter, hydrogen behaves as a metal.
83.80
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
109
1.Robert Boyle produced hydrogen gas as
early as 1671 while he was experimenting
with iron and acids.
10
Ne
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
41
92.91
4.00
17/VIIA
8
O
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
178.49
88 89–103
23
50.94
91.22
57–71
137.33
87
39
La-Lu
Fr Ra
V
47.87
88.91
Cs Ba
(223.02)
(223)
4/IVB
13/IIIA
B
79.90
12
22.99
Atomic Number
Br
4
9.01
11
K
He
KEY
1.01
2
Fun Facts
About…
Hydrogen
4.The double helix of DNA would not exist without the hydrogen bonds that hold the two
strands together.
5.Hydrogen Fuel Cells facilitate a chemical reaction which is simply a reverse electrolysis reaction, or hydrogen combining with oxygen. The reaction is equivalent to burning hydrogen;
however it is much slower and more controlled and produces electrical energy to power the
vehicle instead of heat.
All About
Hydrogen:
Hydrogen is the most abundant
element, and comprises nearly 75% of
all ordinary matter in the universe (by
mass), and approximately 90% of all
atoms in the universe.
Hydrogen gas is highly flammable.
When compressed, it becomes a
liquid (liquid hydro¬gen).
At normal temperature and pressure,
hydrogen is in the form of H2 – two
hydrogen atoms bound together.
Here on Earth, hydrogen in this form
is very rare. Being lighter than air, it rises
from the atmosphere. More commonly, hydrogen is found in
combination with other elements. The most common example is
when hydrogen (H2) is combined with oxygen (O) to form water
(H2O). However countless critical processes for life require the use
of hydrogen as well.
(Credit: © Yuriy Mazur / Fotolia)
3
Properties of Hydrogen
With an atomic number of 1 and atomic weight of 1.00794 Hydrogen is officially in Group 1 of the periodic
table, but considering it is so drastically different than all other elements in Group 1, it is generally considered
to be in a category all on its own.
There is a single electron that orbits the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, and therefore only has a half filled “s”
orbital. Because of this nature, hydrogen is very quick to give up its one negative electron and become a
positively charged H+ ion. On the flip side, due to the same half filled “s” orbital, a hydrogen atom will just as
easily accept another electron to have a full “s” shell, and thereby becomes a negative hydrogen ion, H-.
Hydrogen also can exist as a gas at room temperature (H2, also called dihydrogen), which also distinguishes
it from other Group 1 elements, as they are all metals. However, under the extreme pressures at the centers
of giant gas planets such as Jupiter, hydrogen does behave as a metal!
Discovery and
History
Harry Cavendish has been credited with discovering Hydrogen in 1766, however scientists had been
producing hydrogen for years before it was ever
recognized as an element. Robert Boyle produced
hydrogen gas as early as 1671 while he was experimenting with iron and acids. In 1792, French chemist
Antoine Lavoisier discovered the reason hydrogen
produced water when it burned (which had stumped
Cavendish) and officially named the element hydrogen, from the Greek for “water generator”.
(Compositional profile for Jupiter (Image courtesy
NASA/STScl)
Where in the
World is Hydrogen?
Most of the hydrogen on Earth is tied up with an
oxygen molecule, in water molecules, H2O. Therefore,
more than 10% by mass of any ocean is hydrogen,
even though the atomic mass is only 1 amu! Water is
used as a solvent for many applications, because of
its ability to easily dissociated in OH- and H+ atoms,
which can then hold on to other ions by an electrostatic attraction called Hydrogen Bonding. A great
concentration of H+ ions in a solution will lead to that
solution being considered acidic (the pH is measured
greater than 7).
(Photo credit: Access Excellence @ the National
Health Museum)
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4
In addition to water, all living things contain hydrogen
atoms in some form or another. This is because every
organic molecule contains at least one hydrogen
atom, and these molecules include proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The hydrogen atoms give large organic structures stability due again to the electrostatic
interactions. In fact, the double helix of DNA would
not exist without the hydrogen bonds that hold the
two strands together!
How is Hydrogen Being Used To Innovate?
Hydrogen has a great deal of uses. It is used in the processing of fossil fuels, the production of ammonia,
food processing, refining metals, and as rocket fuel, just to list a few examples. As it is not found naturally in
elemental gas form, hydrogen must be synthesized (made) when needed. The most common method of
producing hydrogen gas is steam reforming. In this process, hydrogen is separated from methane (CH4) and
captured. Methane is a fossil fuel and the process of steam reforming leads to the formation of greenhouse
gases. Another method is the electrolysis of water.
Fuel Cells
With concern for the environment in mind, scientists have been experimenting with using hydrogen as a fuel
source. Current fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas, consist of mainly hydrocarbons, which do contain
hydrogen, however when they burn, oxygen atoms combine with the hydrocarbons, and produce carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). There are many environmental pushes to cut down on the amount of carbon
dioxide that we are emitting into the atmosphere. This, coupled with the need to limit the use of fossil fuels
due to our diminishing reserves, has pushed scientists to look for alternatives.
Burning hydrogen only produces water as a waste byproduct (as was discovered by Cavendish in 1766). Most
hydrogen-powered vehicles are powered by hydrogen fuel cells. These fuel cells facilitate a chemical reaction
which is simply a reverse electrolysis reaction, or hydrogen combining with oxygen. The reaction is equivalent
to burning hydrogen; however it is much slower and more controlled and produces electrical energy to
power the vehicle instead of heat.
History of Fuel Cells
In the process of electrolysis, water is exposed to an electric
current by two electrodes. The result is that water is split into both
hydrogen and oxygen gases. The process requires a great deal of
electricity however, and the amount of energy gained from the
hydrogen gas is usually not worth the amount of energy in the
form of electricity that is consumed. It was the process of electrolysis, though, that led to the development of the first hydrogen
fuel cell.
In 1839, the scientist Sir William Grove was considering the
electrolysis reaction. Grove knew the combination of water and
electricity would yield hydrogen and oxygen gas, as seen below:
2H2O + electricity 2H2 + O2
Grove reasoned that if the reaction was reversed, in other words
oxygen and hydrogen were combined; the reaction would
produce water and electricity:
2H2 + O2 2H2O + electricity
This fuel cell uses H2 as a fuel and O2 as
the oxidizer.
After several trials, Grove eventually found that if he took two
platinum electrodes, placed one in a bottle of oxygen and placed
the other in a sealed bottle of hydrogen, he could submerge the
bottles in dilute sulfuric acid (acid added to help conduct electrical
charge) and a current would flow between the electrodes and
water would form in the gas bottles. Grove termed his apparatus a
“gas battery.” It was rather inefficient and there were other, simpler
methods of generating energy at the time, so Grove largely lost
interest in his device.
Make Your Own Fuel Cell
You can make your own hydrogen fuel cell in
your classroom lab with VWR part # 369220
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell Demonstration.
California opens its first Hydrogen refueling
station, located in Santa Monica Blvd.
5
Teach All About Hydrogen with
these Hands-on Materials:
Save 13% on these items
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DNA Structure and Protein Synthesis
Lab Activity
Understand DNA!
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Demonstration
Show How Energy is Produced
Your students will be amazed at how easily energy can
be produced by combining hydrogen and oxygen to
form water. In this demonstration, platinum serves as the
catalyst, and electrodes will be prepared by coating metal
mesh with the platinum. The hydrogen and oxygen come
from electrolysis. After the cell is set up, a brief current is
applied with a nine-volt battery, causing the formation
of hydrogen gas bubbles on one electrode, and oxygen
gas bubbles on the other. Using a voltmeter, electricity
produced by the recombining of hydrogen and oxygen,
facilitated by the platinum metal catalyst, can be observed.
The kit contains enough materials for five demonstrations.
In this lab, students will build a DNA model,
and then simulate the replication, transcription, and translation process during protein
synthesis. Students will build models of
phosphate and sugar separating at the
hydrogen bonds that connect the complementary nitrogen bases, as well as attaching
anticodons to their complementary codons
using hydrogen bond connectors. Understanding these exercises will assist students
as they build a DNA molecule and then
perform a series of steps to experience how
information stored in DNA is expressed as a finished product, and allow them to be exposed to Life Science
Framework Standard (LS1), and Physical Science Framework Standard (PS1).
This kit has been aligned with all published National Standards. Pre- and Post-laboratory assessments and
vocabulary words all target specific Science and Engineering Practices and common core standards.
VWR Item Number: 366810
VWR Item Number: 369220
Hydro Car
Just add water to discover the automotive future. This vehicle
uses a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane or PEM reversible fuel
cell to run on clean hydrogen. Simply add water and observe as
hydrogen and oxygen gases are formed in two transparent water
containers on the back of the car.
VWR Item Number: 160226
DNA SuperModel Kit
Re-create Accurate Bonding Between Base Pairs
Easy to set up, this model is flexible, durable, and economical. The colorful components provide an accurate
representation of bonding between base pairs by showing the double bonds between adenine and thymine and the triple bonds between guanine and cytosine. The kit comes with 183 pieces, which is enough
to make a 24 nucleotide sequence. Includes an information and instruction booklet.
VWR Item Number: 817100
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6
! WARNING:
CHOKING HAZARD—Small parts. Not
for children under 3 yrs.
7
Up in Vapor!
Hydrogen Peroxide
Decomposition
In this experiment you will show the decomposition of the chemical hydrogen peroxide
using sodium iodide.
VWR Item Number: 470163-150
Hydrogen Peroxide
H2O2 (Aqueous)
F.W.: 34.02
CAS#: 7722-84-1
Shelf Life (months): 12
Soluble: Water and Alcohol
Grade: Reagent ACS, 30%
Storage: Yellow
Please Note: This product is designed for educational and
teaching laboratories and no certificate of analysis is available.
VWR Item Number: 470301-282
Ammonia (Household)
Approximately 10% by mass, (~2.3 M).
(NH3) aqueous
CAS#: 7664-41-7
Hazard: Irritant, Corrosive
Shelf Life (months): 36
General
Storage: Green
Storage
Soluble: Water
bp ( °C): 36
Density (g/mL): 1.023
Please Note: This product is designed for educational and teaching laboratories and no certificate
of analysis is available.
VWR Item Number: 470300-172
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