B1 Learning Outcome Questions
Question
1. Why blood in arteries is under pressure:
2. Describe how cholesterol can restrict the flow of blood
to the heart.
Answer
• due to contraction of heart muscles
• so that it reaches all parts of the body.
Cholesterol can restrict or block blood
flow in arteries by forming plaques
3. What do blood pressure measurements consist of?
diastolic and systolic data in mmHg.
4. Describe 4 factors that factors that increase blood
• being overweight
• stress
• high alcohol intake
• smoking.
pressure
5. Describe two factors that decrease blood pressure:
6. Explain the difference between fitness (the ability to do
physical activity) and health (free from disease).
7. Explain how smoking increases blood pressure:
8. Explain how diet can increase the risk of heart
disease.
9. Explain what a balanced diet should include and why.
10. Explain why a high protein diet is necessary for
teenagers
• regular exercise
• balanced diet.
fitness - the ability to do physical activity
health - free from disease.
• carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying
capacity of the blood so heart rate increases to
compensate
• nicotine increases heart rate.
• saturated fats leading to a build up of cholesterol
(a plaque) in arteries
• high levels of salt elevating blood pressure.
• protein – for growth and repair
• carbohydrates and fats – for energy and to keep warm
• minerals (limited to iron) – to produce haemoglobin for the
red blood cells and prevent anaemia
• vitamins (limited to vitamin C) – to stay healthy and prevent
scurvy
• fibre – to prevent constipation
• water.- to prevent dehydration and constipation
Teenagers need enough protein to grow
11. Explain in many parts of the world diets are deficient
in protein.
Protein deficiency (kwashiorkor) is
common in developing countries, due to
• overpopulation
• limited investment in agricultural techniques.
12. When are proteins used as an energy source?
Only when fats or carbohydrates are unavailable.
13. State 4 health risks that are linked to being very
overweight (obese)?
14. What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins made up
of?
arthritis, heart disease, diabetes and breast cancer.
15. Why might different people eat different balanced
diets?
a balanced diet will vary depending on
age, gender, activity, religion, personal choice (to
include vegetarians and vegans) and medical issues
(including food allergies).
Low self-esteem, poor self-image and
desire for perfection can lead to a poor diet
pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms).
16. Explain why people in the UK with access to enough
healthy food might still have a poor diet.
17. What are infectious diseases are caused by?
• carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars
such as glucose
• fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol
• proteins are made up of amino acids.
18. Explain how pathogens cause the symptoms of an
infectious disease.
by cell damage or by production of toxins.
19. What are the four types of pathogens? Give an
example of a disease caused by each type.
Fungi -athlete’s foot
Viruses – flu
Bacteria – cholera
Protozoa - Malaria
• skin provides a barrier
• blood clotting prevents entry of pathogens
• pathogens are trapped by mucus in airways
• hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills pathogens.
20. Describe 4 ways that the human body is defended
against pathogens.
21. Describe the difference between infectious and noninfectious diseases.
Infectious – can be transmitted from people or animals
Non-infectious – cannot be transmitted
22. What do immunisations (vaccinations) do?
Gives protection from certain pathogens.
23. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
immunisation
Once the majority of a population is immunised it prevents the
disease from spreading, although some vaccinations do have
harmful side effects
Passive immunity – receive antibodies
active immunity - make own antibodies
24. Explain the difference between passive and active
immunity
25. How are pathogens that enter the body destroyed
by the immune system?
26. Recall the meaning of the terms parasite, host and
vector with reference to malaria.
27. State the difference between antibiotics and antiviral
drugs.
28. Describe how animals detect changes in their
environment (stimuli) using receptors which generate
nerve impulses.
29. Label the main parts of the eye and state their
function.
 engulfed by white blood cells
• antibodies lock on to antigens leading to
the death of the pathogens.
Parasite – an organism that depends on another organism to
survive (the protozoa)
Host – an organism that provides a parasite with food and is
harmed by it (the human)
Vector – an organism that spreads disease without being
affected by the disease (the mosquito)
Antibiotics – fight bacteria
Antiviral – fight viruses
touch, taste, sight, sound, smell all make nerve impulses that
are carried by the nervous system.
32. Explain how binocular vision helps to judge
distances
Use your revision book or exercise book to check you can
label an eye.
• cornea - refracts light
• iris - controls how much light enters pupil
• lens - focuses light on to retina
• retina - contains light receptors, some sensitive to
light of different colours
• optic nerve - carries impulses to the brain.
The light is refracted by the cornea and lens and brought to
focus on the retina.
• monocular vision: wider field of view but poorer judgement of
distance
• binocular vision: narrower field of view but better judgement
of distance.
by comparing the images from each eye - the more
similar the images, the further away the object.
33. Describe three main problems in vision.
Long-sight, short-sight and red-green colour blindness.
34. Why are some people long and short-sighted?
Because the eyeball or the lens is the wrong shape.
35. Why are some people red-green colour blind?
They have a lack of specialised cells in the retina.
36. Name the two main parts of the nervous system.
• the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and
spinal cord)
• the peripheral nervous system.
37. How are message carried by nerves?
The nerve impulse is an electrical signal
that is carried by nerve cells called neurones.
38. Name and locate the parts of a motor neurone:
Labels: Cell body, axon and sheath.
Use your revision guide or exercise book to check the diagram
The nerve impulse passes along the axon
of a neurone.
39. What are the difference between reflex actions and
voluntary responses?
Reflex actions - fast, automatic and protective responses (eg
pulling your hand away from a hot plate)
Voluntary responses – controlled by the brain
40. Describe a reflex arc
Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone – central nervous
system - motor neurone - effector - response
41. Explain the terms: addiction, withdrawal symptoms,
 Addiction = relied on by the body so it is hard to give up
30. Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball.
31. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
monocular and binocular vision.
tolerance and rehabilitation.
42. Describe the general effects of each drug category.
43. Explain the basis of the legal classification of drugs:
44. State examples of each type of drug.
45. What health problems can tobacco smoking cause?
46. Describe the effects of the 4 components of cigarette
smoke.
66.Explain why damage to ciliated epithelial cells can lead
to a ‘smokers cough’.
47. Describe the short term and long term effects of
alcohol on the body.
48. What does the body need to maintain steady levels of?
What is this called?
49. What is normal body temperature?
Why is it important for the body to be kept at this
temperature?
50. Describe where on the body to measure body
temperature, and what instruments can be used.
 Withdrawal symptoms = side effects, such as bad temper,
of giving up a drug
 Tolerance = over time people need bigger doses of the drug
to get an effect
 Rehabilitation = Process of a person overcoming an
addiction
 depressants: slow down brain’s activity
• pain killers: block nerve impulses
• stimulants: increase brain’s activity
• performance enhancers: muscle development
• hallucinogens: distort what is seen and heard.
• Class A is the most dangerous with the heaviest penalties
• Class C is the least dangerous with the lightest penalties.
• depressants - alcohol, solvents and temazepam
• pain killers- aspirin and paracetamol
• stimulants - nicotine, ecstasy and
caffeine
• performance enhancers – anabolic steroids
• hallucinogens - LSD.
 emphysema,
 bronchitis,
 cancer (mouth, throat, oesophagus and lung)
 heart disease.
• carbon monoxide (lack of oxygen, heart disease)
• nicotine (addictive)
• tars (irritant, carcinogenic)
• particulates (accumulation in lung tissue).
Ciliated epithelial cells (cilia) line the trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles and become clogged up by tar and particulates.
This stops the cilia moving the mucus and causes smokers
cough.
• short term effects- impaired judgment, balance and muscle
control, blurred vision, slurred speech, drowsiness and
increased blood flow to the skin.
• long term effects - liver and brain damage
The body works to maintain steady
levels of temperature, water, and carbon dioxide. This is
called homeostasis.
37°C - the optimum temperature for the action of many
enzymes.
• where - ear, finger, mouth, or anus
• how - using a clinical thermometer, sensitive strips, digital
recording probes, or thermal imaging).
51. Describe how heat can be gained or retained by the
body
by respiration, shivering, exercise, less sweating, less blood
flow near skin surface, or clothing
52. Describe how more heat can be lost by the body
by sweating, or more blood flow near skin
53. Explain how sweating helps you to cool down.
54. Why is it dangerous for a person to get too hot or
too cold?
55. Name and locate the pancreas.
56. Where is the hormone insulin produced?
57. What is the function of insulin?
58. What causes Type 1 diabetes?
59. How are Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes treated
differently?
60. Describe how insulin travels around the body
61. Explain why responses controlled by hormones
are usually slower than responses controlled by
the nervous system.
62. What is the name of the chemicals that control
plant growth? (for example: growth of shoots and
roots, flowering and fruit ripening)
63. What are auxins?
64. Where is auxin made?
65. How does auxin cause a plant to grow towards a
light source?
66. State 5 uses of plant hormones.
67. Explain how growth towards light increases the
plant’s chance of survival.
sweating increases heat transfer to the
environment by evaporation of sweat which requires
heat, so removing heat from the skin.
High temperatures can cause heat
stroke and dehydration and if untreated, death.
Very low temperatures can cause
hypothermia and if untreated, death.
Use your revision guide or exercise book to check the
diagram
The pancreas
controls blood sugar levels.
the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled
by diet but Type 1 diabetes also needs to be treated by insulin
dosage.
In the blood
Hormones travel in the blood much more slowly than electrical
impulses travel along the nervous system.
Plant hormones
Auxins are plant hormones that:
• move through the plant in solution
• are involved in the response to light (phototropism)
• are involved in the response to gravity (geotropism)
In the tip of the shoot. If the tip is removed it stops growth
Auxin collects on the shady side of the plant and causes cells
on this side of the plant to elongate (stretch). Therefore the
plant bends towards the light
•speed up or slow down plant growth
 selective weedkillers
• rooting powder
• fruit ripening (delay or acceleration)
• control of dormancy.
More sunlight = more photosynthesis
68. Explain why roots grow downwards.
69. Explain the meaning of phototropic and
geotropic
70. Describe the geotropism and phototropism of
shoots and roots.
To reach water and to provide support
Phototropic – grows towards the light
Geotropic – grows towards the ground
Shoots - positively phototropic but negatively geotropic.
Roots - negatively phototropic but positively geotropic.
71. Name 3 human characteristics that are a result
of both environmental and inherited factors.
• intelligence
• body mass
• height.
72. Where are your genes?
Chromosomes are held in the nucleus and they carry
information in the form of genes, which control inherited
characteristics.
23 pairs
73. How many chromosomes do most human body
cells have?
74. What is a gamete?
75. How many chromosomes do gametes have?
A sperm or egg cell.
Half the number of normal cells or 23
76. Identify inherited characteristics as dominant or
recessive when given the results of a breeding
experiment.
Dominant characteristics – always show (eg brown eyes)
Recessive characteristics – the gene can be present but not
show (eg blue eyes)
77. What are alleles?
78. Name three disorders that are inherited:
Different versions of the same gene.
 red-green colour blindness,
 sickle cell anaemia
 cystic fibrosis.
Faulty genes, most of which are recessive
• mutations (changes to the genes)
• gamete formation
• fertilisation.
79. What causes genetic disorders?
80. Describe three causes of genetic variation
81. How do the chromosomes determine the sex of
mammals?
XX (female)
XY (male)