The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T22696042A48128913
Aquila adalberti, Spanish Imperial Eagle
Assessment by: BirdLife International
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: BirdLife International. 2013. Aquila adalberti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2013: e.T22696042A48128913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20132.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae
Taxon Name: Aquila adalberti Brehm, 1861
Regional Assessments:
• Europe
Common Name(s):
• English:
• Spanish:
Spanish Imperial Eagle, Adalbert's Eagle, Spanish Eagle
Aguila Imperial Ibérica
Taxonomic Source(s):
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife
International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International.
Identification Information:
75-84 cm. Large, dark eagle. Generally dark brownish-black with prominent white "shoulders" on
forewing and scapulars. Pale golden-cream nape and pale grey basal area on uppertail. Juvenile redbrown fading to pale buff with dark flight feathers and white fringes to coverts. In soaring and gliding
flight wings held flat. Similar spp. Adult Golden Eagle A. chrysaetos lacks white "shoulders" and is less
dark overall. Immature has large white wing flashes and white base to tail. Wings held in a flattened "V"
shape. Voice Repeated barking owk.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Vulnerable D1 ver 3.1
Year Published:
2013
Date Assessed:
November 1, 2013
Justification:
This species qualifies as Vulnerable because it has a very small population, which is dependent on ongoing intensive management measures to mitigate the impact of threats such as poisoning,
electrocution and insufficient food availability, as well as the increasing cooperation of land-owners.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2012 – Vulnerable (VU)
2008 – Vulnerable (VU)
2005 – Vulnerable (VU)
2004 – Endangered (EN)
2000 – Vulnerable (VU)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
1
1996 – Vulnerable (VU)
1994 – Vulnerable (VU)
1988 – Threatened (T)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
Aquila adalberti breeds in Spain in the Sierras of Guadarrama and Gredos, the plains of the Tajo and
Tiétar rivers, the central hills of Extremadura, Montes de Toledo, the Alcudia valley, Sierra Morena and
the Guadalquivir marshes, with occasional nesting in Salamanca (González 1996b). The species has not
been recorded as breeding in Málaga province since at least the early 1970s (J. R. Garrido in litt. 2013).
In the 1960s, only 30 pairs remained, but recovery began in the early 1980s at a rate of five new
breeding pairs per year up to 1994. After 1994, the population again started to decline from 148 pairs to
131 pairs in 1998 (J. Criado in litt. 1999), and breeding success in important areas such as the
Guadalquivir marshes declined dramatically in the late 1990s (J. Criado in litt. 1999). However, this is
thought to represent a brief levelling out of a positive trend, and in 2000 the population began
increasing (Grupo de Trabajo Nacional del Águila Imperial Ibérica unpubl. data; A. Madroño em
style="">in litt. 2005), associated with a decline in the number of poisoning events (González et al.
2007). In 2007, there were 232 breeding pairs in Spain and three in Portugal (Sánchez et al. 2008).strong
style=""> In 2011, the species's global population had increased to 324 pairs, with 318 pairs in Spain, of
which 71 pairs were in Andalucía, increasing to 80 in 2012 (S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza et al. in litt.
2013, J. R. Garrido in litt. 2013). The species recolonised Portugal in 2003, after an absence of breeding
activity for over 20 years, and has been slowly increasing since, with six breeding pairs located in 2011
and nine located in 2012 (S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza et al. in litt. 2013). The population in Spain
showed an average annual increase of c.7% between 1990 and 2011, with the population in Andalucía
increasing by c.8% per year on average over the same period (J. R. Garrido in litt. 2013). These positive
trends are largely attributed to mitigation measures to reduce mortality associated with powerlines,
supplementary feeding, reparation of nests, reintroductions and decreases in the disturbance of
breeding birds (S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza et al. in litt. 2013, J. R. Garrido in litt. 2013), although some
of the observed increases may be due to more thorough searches within its range. This may be
particularly true in Andalucía, which harbours three subpopulations (Sierra Morena mountains, Doñana
National Park and a reintroduced population in Cádiz; González and Oria 2004, J. R. Garrido in litt. 2013),
with interchange of individuals amongst these and with the population in Portugal (J. R. Garrido in litt.
2013).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Portugal; Spain
Regionally extinct: Morocco
Vagrant: France; Gibraltar
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
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Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
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Population
The species's global population was estimated at 324 breeding pairs in 2011, equating to 648 mature
individuals (S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza et al. in litt. 2013), and assumed to be indicative of a total
population of c.1,000 individuals.
Trend Justification
Over the period 1990-2011, the population in Spain showed an average annual increase of c.7%, with
the population in Andalucía increasing by an average of c.8% annually over the same period (J. R.
Garrido in litt. 2013). The species recolonised Portugal in 2003, and has been slowly increasing since,
with six breeding pairs recorded in 2011 and nine in 2012 (S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza et al. in litt.
2013).
Current Population Trend: Increasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
It occurs in alluvial plains and dunes in the Guadalquivir marshes, plains and hills in central Spain, and
high mountain slopes in the Sistema Central and other areas of Portugal, where there is an absence of
irrigated farmland. The abundance and distribution of rabbits, its favoured prey, influence population
density, range (Fernández et al. 2009) and reproductive performance. Indeed, its evolutionary
dependence on rabbits has been suggested as permanently limiting its abundance and
distributionstrong style=""> (Ferrer and Negro 2004), although a recent study has suggested the species
exhibits a certain dietary plasticity, at least during the non-breeding season, adapting its diet when
rabbits are scarce (Sánchez et al. 2010). Data from Doñana National Park in Spain show that the most
important variables explaining nest site selection are height of tree and distance from human activity
(Bisson et al. 2002). Many recently-colonised territories are in marginal areas, and several of the
occupying pairs include at least one sub-adult bird (González and Oria 2004, González et al. 2006b,
Margalida et al. 2007).
Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
The analysis of 267 records of non-natural mortality in this species over a 16-year period (1989-2004)
shows an average annual rate of 15.1 individuals found dead annually, and that electrocution (47.7%)
and poisoning (30.7%) were the most frequent causes of mortality (González et al. 2007). Juveniles are
frequently killed through electrocution by powerlines, and this has increased in recent years (L. M.
González in litt. 2005). This remains the primary threat in Andalucía, with six birds found to have died
this way in 2011 and three found dead in 2012 where mitigation measures had been attempted (J. R.
Garrido in litt. 2013). Renewable energy development poses another potentially significant threat.
Habitat fragmentation has occurred as a result of deforestation for agriculture and timber, having
negative impacts on nest site preferences in particular. Suitable habitat in breeding and dispersal areas
has also declined as a consequence of urban development and land-use changes (e.g. new irrigation
schemes in Huelva [B. Sánchez in litt. 2007]). Mortality from intentional poisoning has risen sharply,
particularly in hunting reserves where game is commercially exploited. Between 1990-1999, 57 birds
died from poisoning and this is thought to be the primary cause of declines in the late 1990s (J. Criado in
litt. 1999). In Doñana National Park in particular, the population has been seriously affected by the
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
4
illegal use of poisoned bait, especially during the 1990s (Ortega et al. 2009). Rabbit populations have
declined in both Spain and Portugal, as a result of viral haemorrhagic disease, and this is believed to
have reduced breeding success (Margalida et al. 2007; S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza et al. in litt. 2013). In
addition, changes in the management of hunting estates in both Spain and Portugal to favour larger
quarry species, such as deer and boar, rather than rabbits and partridges, has further reduced prey
availability (B. Sánchez in litt. 2007; S. Cabezas-Díaz, J. C. Atienza et al. in litt. 2013). In spring 2009, a
male Spanish Imperial Eagle was shot and killed in Portugal, highlighting the current threat of hunting to
this species. Human activities in the vicinity of active nests can disturb incubating adults and reduce
hatching success (González et al. 2006a, Margalida et al. 2007). The ingestion of lead shot embedded in
the flesh of prey items may be a problem in certain areas (Pain et al. 2005, González and Oria 2004).
Recent modelling suggests no subpopulations are currently at risk of extinction, provided that active
management is maintained (L. M. González in litt. 2005).
strong style="">
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix I and II. CMS Appendix I and II. There are 24 Important Bird Areas identified for the
species, 22 in Spain and 2 in Portugal. Altogether, there are 107 areas protected by Law (national and EU
Special Protected Areas,) containing c.70% of the total breeding population (Barov and Derhé 2011).
Since 1987, national and regional governments have been implementing a coordinated conservation
plan for the species. A European action plan was published in 1996 and updated in 2008 (Sánchez et al.
2008), and a national plan is being implemented. From 1991-1999, 14,370 dangerous electric towers
were modified, considerably reducing deaths from electrocution (L. M. González in litt. 2005) and more
recently, work has been carried out to isolate dangerous powerlines on private farms (Cabezas 2011). It
is thought that nearly €2.6 million were spent on the mitigation of bird electrocution in Andalucía
during 1992–2009, although not all mitigation measures have proved to be totally effective for this
species (J. R. Garrido in litt. 2013). A supplementary feeding programme has been established to
mitigate the effects of rabbit decreases, and has significantly increased breeding success (L. M. González
in litt. 2005). Nest monitoring has reduced disturbance and improved reproductive success. The Flying
High Programme created by SEO/BirdLife in 2006, begun its second phase in 2009 until 2012, based on
a large land stewardship network (of municipalities, land-owners and schools). This network focuses on
habitat management, species conservation, awareness and information activities covering the species’s
entire distribution. So far, 54 municipalities have joined the network. Work is on-going to raise
awareness and support on private land where the species breeds, including improving habitat
management (García 2007), and nearly 50% of breeding pairs are covered by such projects (L. M.
González in litt. 2005). From 2002 to 2011, 73 young birds were released in Cádiz as part of a
reintroduction project, and by 2012 five breeding pairs had become established in the province;
however, mortality associated with powerlines appears to be high amongst these birds (M. Pandolfi in
litt. 2003, B. Sánchez in litt. 2007, J. R. Garrido in litt. 2013). Nevertheless, the establishment of a
breeding population in Cádiz further reduces the overall probability of extinction (Muriel et al. 2011).
Two birds originating from a reintroduction project in Andalucía are known to have bred in Portugal (J.
R. Garrido in litt. 2013).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Continue with actions to reduce mortality, particularly from poisoning and electrocution (González and
Oria 2004). Survey the breeding population annually. Approve regional recovery plans (González and
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
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Oria 2004). Maintain an adequate area of legally protected habitat (e.g. within the Natura 2000
network [González and Oria 2004]). Protect and manage breeding sites and key dispersal areas.
Continue the successful nest monitoring and supplementary feeding programmes (González and Oria
2004) and develop a captive breeding programme to support future reintroduction and
supplementation efforts. Promote the recovery of the rabbit population (González and Oria 2004).
Modify dangerous powerlines. Avoid the construction of wind farms in key areas for the species (B.
Sánchez in litt. 2007). Increase coordination between private landowners, NGOs and government
(González and Oria 2004, B. Sánchez in litt. 2007).
Credits
Assessor(s):
BirdLife International
Reviewer(s):
Butchart, S.
Contributor(s):
Atienza, J., Balmori, A., Cabezas-Díaz, S., Caldera, J., Criado, J., Franco, A., Garrido,
J., González, L., Izquierdo, E., Iñigo, A., Madroño, A., Montoro, J., Moreno-Opo, R.,
Nunes, M., Pacheco, C., Pain, D., Pandolfi, M., Sánchez, B. & Sánchez-Aguado, F.
Facilitators(s) and
Compiler(s):
Benstead, P., Derhé, M., Ekstrom, J., Harding, M., Pople, R., Taylor, J.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
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Bibliography
Barov, B and Derhé, M. A. 2011. Review of The Implementation Of Species Action Plans for Threatened
Birds in the European Union 2004-2010. Final report. BirdLife International For the European
Commission.
Bisson, I. A.; Ferrer, M.; Bird, D. M. 2002. Factors influencing nest-site selection by Spanish Imperial
Eagles. Journal of Field Ornithology 73: 298-302.
Cabezas, S. 2011. "Alzando el vuelo" sigue sumando apoyos. Aves y naturaleza: 36.
Collar, N. J.; Butchart, S. H. M. 2013. Conservation breeding and avian diversity: chances and challenges.
International Zoo Yearbook.
Fernández, M., Oria, J., Sánchez, R., Gonzalez, L.M. and Margalida, A. 2009. Space use of adult Spanish
Imperial Eagles Aquila adalberti. Acta Ornithologica (Warsaw) 44(1): 17-26.
Ferrer, M.; Negro, J.J. 2004. The near extinction of two large european predators: super specialists pay a
price. Conservation Biology 18: 344-349.
García, B. 2007. El programa 'Alzando el vuelo' trabaja ya en más de siete mil hectáreas. La Garcilla: 39.
González, L. M. 1996. Action plan for the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti. In: Heredia, B.; Rose,
L.; Painter, M. (ed.), Globally threatened birds in Europe: action plans, pp. 175-189. Council of Europe,
and BirdLife International, Strasbourg.
González, L.M.; Arroyo, B.E.; Margalida, A.; Sánchez, R.; Oria, J. 2006. Effect of human activities on the
behaviour of breeding Spanish Imperial Eagles (Aquila adalberti): management implications for the
conservation of a threatened species. Animal Conservation 9(1): 85-93.
González, L. M.; Margalida, A.; Mañosa, S.; Sánchez, R.; Oria, J.; Molina, J. I.; Caldera, J.; Aranda, A.;
Prada, L. 2007. Causes and spatio-temporal variations of non-natural mortality in the vulnerable Spanish
Imperial Eagle Aquila alberti during a recovery period. Oryx 41(4): 495-502.
González, L. M.; Oria, J. 2004. Águila Imperial Ibérica Aquila adalberti. In: Madroño, A., González, C.,
Atienza, J.C. (ed.), Libro Rojo de las Aves de España, pp. 145-151. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad
& SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.
González, L. M.; Oria, J.; Margalida, A.; Sánchez, R.; Prada, L.; Caldera, J.; Aranda, A.; Molina, J. I. 2006.
Effective natal dispersal and age of maturity in the threatened Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti:
conservation implications. Bird Study 53(3): 285-293.
IUCN. 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2013.2). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 13 November 2013).
Margalida, A.; González, L. M.; Sánchez, R.; Oria, J.; Prada, L. 2007. Parental behaviour of Spanish
Imperial Eagles Aquila adalberti: sexual differences in a moderately dimorphic raptor. Bird Study 54(1):
112-119.
Muriel, R.; Ferrer M.; Casado, E.; Madero, A.; Pérez Calabuig, C. 2011. Settlement and successful
breeding of reintroduced Spanish imperial egales Aquila adalberti in the province of Cadiz (Spain).
Ardeola 58(2): 323-333.
Ortega, E.; Mañosa, S.; Margalida, A.; Sánchez, R.; Oria, J.; González, L. M. 2009. A demographic
description of the recovery of the vulnerable Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti. Oryx 43(1): 113121.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
7
Pain, D.J.; Meharg, A. A.; Ferrer, M.; Taggart, M.; Penteriani, V. 2005. Lead concentrations in bones and
feathers of the globally threatened Spanish imperial eagle. Biological Conservation 121: 603-610.
Sánchez, B., González, L., Barov, B. 2008. Action plan for the Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti in
the European Union. BirdLife International for the European Commission.
Citation
BirdLife International. 2013. Aquila adalberti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013:
e.T22696042A48128913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
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8
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate
Resident
Suitable
Yes
3. Shrubland -> 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate
Resident
Suitable
No
3. Shrubland -> 3.8. Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation
Resident
Suitable
No
4. Grassland -> 4.4. Grassland - Temperate
Resident
Suitable
No
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.5. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater
Lakes (over 8ha)
Resident
Suitable
No
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.7. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater
Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
Resident
Suitable
No
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Past,
unlikely to
return
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &
perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry
farming
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp
plantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations
3. Energy production & mining -> 3.3. Renewable
energy
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.2. Utility &
service lines
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
Unknown
Slow, significant
declines
Unknown
Slow, significant
declines
Unknown
Past impact
Unknown
Low impact: 5
9
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects
(species is not the target)
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping
terrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1.
Recreational activities
7. Natural system modifications -> 7.3. Other
ecosystem modifications
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Whole (>90%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance
2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->
2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Rapid declines
Unknown
Negligible declines
Unknown
High impact: 8
Unknown
Low impact: 4
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: Yes
Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Invasive species control or prevention: No
In-Place Species Management
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
10
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration
3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery
3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation
5. Law & policy -> 5.2. Policies and regulations
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 117000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Number of Locations: 11-100
Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Lower elevation limit (m): 0
Upper elevation limit (m): 1600
Population
Number of mature individuals: 648
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
No. of subpopulations: 1
Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
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Population
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes
No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 100
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 16
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Aquila adalberti – published in 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22696042A48128913.en
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International;
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Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™