BLUMEA
393-458
(1991)
35
Sporobolus (Gramineae) in Malesia
G.J.
Baaijens
&
J.F. Veldkamp
Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden,
The Netherlands
Summary
In Malesia the
3
with
a
new
10
rank:
creber
Baaijens [S.
ly]. Some other
Sporobolus
genus
with
distinguished,
R. Br.
Nardi,
S.
non-Malesian
diandrus
taxa
as S.
incl.
humilis
of S.
S.
tremulus
a
Presl.
superfluous
junceus (Beauv.)
The correct
Thysanolaena
R. Br.
and
reduced
3
here
1
varieties,
S.) Veldk.,
varieties,
Beauv.
-is
and
newly
new,
and
major
var.
e.g.
S.
laxus
Simon
from
[var. pyramidalis (Beauv.)
species generally
reduced to a
for S.
S.) Hitchc., long misapplied
maxima
sections,
5
S. fertilis (Steud.) Clayton, respectiveto
Kunth
virginicus (L.)
4
has
&
flaccidus (R.
pyramidalis
Kunth. Five new sections are
for
name
&
and S.
(L.)
Africa and America. The Indian
name for S.
Sporobolus poiretii (R.
var.
also been
jacquemontii Kunth] from
-
indicus
(Retz.) Beauv.,
have
Queensland (var. queenslandicus Veldk.),
Veldk.,
(Gramineae) is represented by
Sporobolus
new.
creber (De Nardi) Veldk.,
var.
De
2
species,
known
ofS.
subspecies
is a synonym
indicus,
distinguished.
(Roxb.)
O. Ktze is T.
latifolia (Roxb.
ex
Hornem.)
Honda.
Introduction
The
genus
Sporobolus
was
described
R. Brown
by
sented in his Australian collections which had
L. He
a
had
not
he
seen
had
virginica
Sporobolus
of
exceptional
as
A.
regarded
species
any
as
fruiting
long glumes.
not
L.
as
well),
very
close
(which
material
is
(which
He also included
not
taxa
been included in
quite
correct
diandra Retz. in
make the
repre-
Agrostis
because that is
Agrostis, possibly
and also because this
rare)
Agrostis
it from Australia he did
seen
was
but he retained it in
for three
(1810)
previously
because he
species
has
Sporobolus
but
necessary combination,
either.
From the
he
thought
diagnoses
that
also because of the
long
as
he gave of
Sporobolus
Agrostis
differed
unequal glumes
the lemma in
by
the
distinguished
From the
family diagnosis
on
would
less
as
seem
that he used the
the page
as
sidered this often
too
between
preceding
'pericarpium',
terms
synonyms. Later authors also
laginous pericarp
i.e.
'Lysispora',
clear whether he
regarded
(hence
'loose
the
distinguish
ligules, perhaps
seed',
name
on
the
pericarp
the
description
'semen' and
Agrostis
and
between the
his
labels).
of
as
It is
Sporobolus
'cariopsis'
more or
it
more or
less
Sporobolus
two.
and
Sporobolus,
and the seed itself.
the fruits with their
the main differencebetween
insufficient to
it may be deduced that
the reduced
spikelet (usually subequal
and its fruits
quite
not
Sporobolus
shorter than the
Agrostis proper),
'seed thrower'; he first had used
and
hairy throat,
muci-
and
con-
BLUMEA
394
The fruit of grasses
fused.
pletely
it
regard
In
usually
is
most
given
carp
here the dimensions and
and
a
non
these papers,
to
&
Siddiqui
Boiss.
(Retz.) Kunth,
that both
operculate
can
any value
sibling
at an
of S.
For
L. For
cies
it is
that,
or
(1866)
period
the
to
inval.
helvolus
=
S.
species
name
may get
summarize
lost.
here.
properly
S.
coroman-
They pointed
in many genera, but it
occur
Astegiano (1989) studying
in S. indicus. If
to see
Siddiqui
&
whether this
out
must
fresh
Qaiser's
be
or
obser-
pollen type is
of the mode of seed
S. pungens (Schreb.)
and observed that it
associated
closely
was
Vilfa
Adans.
was
ifA.
some
Kunth
was
not a
or
of
stolonifera
is
(see Veldkamp,
Vilfa
for
a
in
[the
generic character!).
as
with
equated
a
a
spe-
later synonym of
the type of
as
Agrostis
Adanson cited
is either
regarded
1982,
dispersal
Mediterranean
identical in both species
even
used for it, but
Agrostis stolonifera,
name,
by
of the devel-
for S. arabicus auct.,
Hochst.),
nervosus
thorough description
a
Lamk. and
be
to
coromandelianus
study
Dur. & Schinz.
(Trin.)
obvious that the fruit
is
type alone
superfluous
discussion
Agrostis,
the
on
as
typifica-
Agrostis).
Beauvois
version of
(1812) accepted Sporobolus
next to
he included all non-awned
Vilfa
enumerated several
taxa now
considered
to
Agrostis
belong
and
of the old
species
Kunth's
diagnosed
account
needs
The last
Triachyrum
on
we
was
made
by
estimate that there
Hochst.
account
under pressure of the
ex
A. Braun
of the
species
and 5
Trinius
(1840) using
may
and
so
sections of Agrostis.
as
dubious ones of
be about 160
and
(1841)
In
bipartite palea.
expanding
ovary.
young stage and later authors have
taxon.
In this extended
Agrostis,
Sporobolus
are
mention.
special
monograph
species. Today
established
of 1833 where 44
Vilfa.
genus
Sporobolus.
to
Roemer & Schultes (1817) regarded Sporobolus and Vilfa
distinct
seems to
membra-
level.
gave
(L.)
considered
has been advocated
tion of
nom.
operculate pollen
inffageneric
again
a
a
extensive
non-operculate pollen
time Sporobolus
long
now
Bor,
virginicus (L.) Kunth]
a
peri-
and fruit in S. indicus. The interested reader
be confirmed, it would be interesting
schoenoides
(whereby
has made a very detailed
are too
acetolysis opercula
Duval-Jouve
Crypsis
they
and S.
and
FAA material observed
vations
of the fruit
easily separable pericarp
"caryopsis libera, decidua; pericarpio
gynoecium,
as
stocksii
delianus
noted that with
of the seed after removal of the
given
Qaiser (1988) reported non-operculate pollen
S.
(=
capsules
descriptions
inspected.
Astegiano (1989)
of the androecium,
is referred
retention of the
has studied the ontogeny of the fruit in S.
Kunth and Ms.
opment
a
of the grasses. In the
com-
could
one
key.
Satyamurty (1983)
(Retz.)
that this is
testa are
and
maturity
at
described the fruits of 20 of the 29 North American
Colbry (1957)
provided
and
pericarp
separate
solubili."
hyalino, laxo,
Ms.
who stated
(1829),
two
ancestors
are
be
can
mentioned the
directly
The first who
have been Kunth
naceo,
shapes
then their features
only
as
1991
2,
in which the
the
unlikely
in the
(or drupes?) supposedly present
No.
35,
caryopsis
a
Sporobolus, however,
kind of utricle. It is
as a
VOL.
In all
rejected
Diachyrium
several
species
it
as
the
a
name
&
(Clayton
the
Griseb.
species
palea
Vilfa,
with 77
Renvoize,
this
splits
is entire
character for the
1986).
(1874)
at
were
into
two
least in
a
of
a
separation
G.J.
Llanos
(1851)
no
to
that of
By tradition S.
His
Merrill
&
involved nomenclature
see
By
the initial inclusion of the
Sporobolus
has
doubted its
(1918)
regarded
in
species
For
as
the lectotype
(1840), using
This
was
species.
its
on
and its
subsequent
in
split palea
he
Vilfa
pericarpio
sensu
hodgepodge of
a
fruits with the
ripe
the group in his
placed
"liber in
was
for
invalidly named, Vilfacea
Vilfea,
name
then he had noted that the fruit
close associa-
Agrostideae.
alliances. Here he confused the
genera of various
By
it is
extensive discussion
a more
Agrostis
in the
Trinius (1824) created the rankless, hence
dea.
identity,
POSITION
long remained
the
in all
applies
exact
Beauv. He, and many others after him, included and then excluded
lodicules! Later
when he
Sporobolus
that of the seed,
species.
TRIBAL
tion with it,
395
Veldk.
S.)
by Linne (1753).
under the
Malesia
of the existence of
unaware
description, especially
indicus (L.) R. Br. has been
indica
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
var. flaccidus (R.
Agrostis
as
J.F.
Sporobolus. Although
doubt S. indicus
described
&
probably
was
Spermachiton.
described
details
Baaijens
solubili
Agrosti-
hyalino,
hinc
fisso."
(1854)
Steudel
made the Vilfinae (as
Bentham (1878)
ne
briefly
R. Br. In 1881 he realized that this
subtribe
in the
'Vilfeae')
included Sporobolus in the
was
Sporobolinae (as 'Sporoboleae')
a
heterogeneous
very
in the
Agrostideae,
it included Coleanthus Seidl., Mibora Adans., and
Hackel
included Sporobolus in the
(1887)
Stapf (1898) apparently
the first
was
grosteae. Unfortunately, he gave
not
adopt
As
it in his
treatment
has turned
out
to
be
Hubbard
little in
(1934,
and
one,
and
close
the
with
to
similarity
the
Nash
Sporobolus,
is
a
and
as
as
Hooker f.
with the Era-
agreed,
but did
(1900).
based
especially
genus,
Agrostis
and
and
on
the
anat-
Sporobolus
Sporobolus clearly
a
Wolf.
Sporoboleae
the
heterogeneous,
relationship
so.
between
pooid
Eragrostis
later) placed
Blepharoneuron
common
Renvoize,
the
out
doing
of the Sri Lanka grasses
superficial. Agrostis
chloridoid/eragrostoid
Sporobolus
for
no reasons
embryos
still
with Eriach-
and erected the
R. Br.
Phippsia
the tribal classification of the Gramineae is
today
omy of the leaf blades and
set
Euagrosteae.
point
to
Agrostideae.
Milieae, together
next to
the
Eragrosteae giving
only members, but Blepharoneuron has
closer
seems
to
Erioneuron Nash
&
(Clayton
1986).
Roshevits
(1937)
emendated Bentham's
Sporoboleae,
adding
a
host of
genera
of
equally disparate origin.
Ohwi
(1941,1942) regarded
the Sporoboleae
as a
subtribe of the Chlorideaebased
on
part of Roshevits' concept adding Coelachne.
Herter (1952)
among
which the
Pilger (1954,
without further explanation
divided the grasses into 19
(!) families,
Sporobolaceae.
1956) placed
campes J. & C. Presl
the subtribe in the
(= Muhlenbergia Schreb.),
Eragrosteae
next to
the
with among others
Epi-
monotypic Muhlenber-
giinae.
Tateoka
Chlorideae
(1957) agreed
with Ohwi that the
(incl. Eragrostinae)
and included
Sporobolinae
Muhlenbergia
were
as
the
a
subtribe of the
only
other
genus.
BLUMEA
396
It is curious
did
Sporoboleae
that in
to note
associate with
not
VOL.
cluster
a
in different
No.
1991
2,
Hilu &
analysis by
but with
Sporobolus,
segregated
35,
of the
portions
Coelachne
Wright (1982)
The various genera of the
Muhlenbergia.
dendrogram,
anyway, and
so to
the authors the tribe seemed unnatural.
& Renvoize
Clayton
with the
Sporobolinae containing
gradations
signed
to
Eragrostis”,
(1989)
siopsis (Ohwi) Jansen,
indeed very much like
It has
pericarp.
included it in
kept
blurred
intermediates
by ...
'nearest
as
say has
... arbitrarily
as-
florets and
a
rachilla process.
but Watson & Dallwitz
Eragrostis,
Ectro-
Eragrostis,
Probst. The latter is
ex
because of the 1-nerved lemmas and the tumides-
Sporobolus
2(-several)
are
Thellungia Stapf
& Renvoize
Clayton
and Simon
(1980)
have
(in msc.)
the
Especially
relationship
vation of
free
a
and Ms.
&
(Hilu
said
it is
Eragrostidae
distinguished
Thellungia,
as
megalosperma Benth. (but
It sometimes also
of
ment to
Clayton
occurs
In view of the above the
cluded in the
Jacobs
be
to
(1987)
be reclassified
found it
again,
A few aberrant
out, is
characteristic for
so
E.
E.
deri-
a
Stebbins &
as
rather artificial charbased
on
the
next
same
to
Era-
so
Sporobolus
is
not
so
and found in several genera attributed
and the
Sporoboleae,
(Stapf
australasica
it does
ex
etc.
seem
to
in
some
C.E.
Hubb., E.
(See Phillips, 1982).
and
Leptureae
not
even
Probst) Phillips (also
(Steud.)
stapfii Winter,
in the
placed
(1986),
in the
Cynodonteae
be reliable
as
an
argu-
to
be in-
subtribes.
Sporoboleae
so
taxa
quite likely
but this
this is
appear
that
seems a
to
be
a
not
very
Sporobolus
bit
untenable,
and
ought
too
and
Thellungia
seems
a true
Sporobolus
Sporobolus
Stapf
for it
ramosissimus Kunth
upper
floret reduced
to
a
was
should be in-
far. The whole mixture then
must
helpful suggestion.
have been attributed
section Chaetorhachia
with the
a
close
a
be
to
(or subtribe)
to
Sporobolus:
The South African and Madagascan S. subtilis Kunth has
It
thought
Eragrosteae, including Muhlenbergia.
Eragrostis s.l.,
process.
Eragrostis
Veldk. show
be
spikelet. This,
tribe
a
e.g. E. advena
always!),
or
may
Agrostideae mainly
Eragrostinae),
in genera
& Renvoize
pointed
and likewise
above),
see
not
separate between tribes
cluded in
included in
was
Wright, 1982).
Eragrostis itself,
to
also
widely spread
the Uniolinae, Eleusininae (incl.
attributed
uniflorous
a
Aveneae and
pericarp generally
In the
to
abandoned,
is hard to defend
The free
sense
Nash, which
Acamptoclados
to
that. It
see
Triachyrum (A. Braun.)
Phillips (1982)
'difference' has also been
species
to
Eragrosteae. Sporobolus
The distinction between
unique.
failed
the reduction
Eragrostis by
grostideae
we
of the section
species
with genera of the
Crampton (1961)
acter.
but
proximal place
a
gave
pericarp,
& Renvoize.
by Clayton
typic
the inter-
out
Heterachne Benth. of the
neighbour'
different. Near, also,
widely
and the Australian
Watson & Dallwitz also
la
Eragrostideae
they pointed
it separate.
they
to
...
gave
but this genus is
Eragrostideae,
but
Muhlenbergia,
225).
p.
Watson & Dallwitz
cent
also
Eragrostis ("boundary
to
in the Chloridoideae the
(1986) recognized
to us.
a
well-developed rachil-
Stapf (1898) distinguished
the
mono-
(see below).
described as
hairy
having
rachilla process
2 or 3 flowers
('pedicel').
per spikelet
The
spikelets,
G.J.
&
Baaijens
when uniflorous, with their
J.F.
lemmas
faintly 1-nerved
bolus, but the usually more-flowered spikelets,
adherent
late,
pericarp
Boechat & Vails
of the
are
(1986).
US confirmed Doell's
found in
type
Peterson
(US,
in
'abnormal'
an
Bentham
compressus
to
regarded
are
Malesia
indeed
Eragrostis,
who
species
397
saw
as
was
also remarked
combination is
of the
by
type
in
synonym of
a
rather recently still
was
Sporo-
and the reticu-
fragment
a
of
suggestive
S-shaped palea,
that this
(1878)
suggestion
the
litt.),
E. airoides Nees. It may be noted that this
as
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
regarded
Sporobolus by Harvey (1981).
(1881)
has
(Torr.)
Kunth and S. serotinus
belong
reported
2-flowered
Muhlenbergia,
to
as
without a rachilla process in S.
spikelets
(Torr.)
A.
Gray.
These
species
are
now
torreyana (Schult.) Hitchc. and M.
M.
uni-
flora (!) (Muhl.) Fern., respectively.
is in
Muhlenbergia
lets,
and the basic
carp,
ters
3-nerved and
a
are
general
always present,
bergia mainly by
8,
10
not
by
the membranous
chromosome number of
the presence of 2
&
(Reeder
Reeder,
A curious form of S.
occasional
occurrence
S.T. Blake
('mitchellia').
or even
of 2-flowered
Few attempts have been made
sections: the
all the other
vated the sections
groups
as
we
Bor
species
able,
This
as
to
('Gruppe'),
can
monotypic
This
species.
from New
is
a
on
spikelets
is
system
Clayton
in
that
as
Sporobolus
et
al.
Long-living
pectinate.
Caledonia,
described
& Renvoize have
(Trin.)
as
Aira
the
reported
C.E. Hubb.
ex
Sporobolus. Stapf (1898) distinguish-
was
and
subtilis,
followed
he
distinguished
panicle
for
Eusporobolus
by Pilger (1956),
subgenus Sporobolus
but
not
and
who ele-
6 informal
glumes.
although
are
separated,
As far
recognition
the
shape
of the seed for the
and dissimilar
is
not ten-
ones
joined.
natural.
clusters of
following
on
classification, although tempting,
remarked that
closely
'clusters'
as
Sporobolus
would
allied
occur,
not
species
which
are
be divisible
are
apparent.
recognizable
sections. No doubt there are
in
more.
Sporobolus
annuals without stolons
base. Leaf blades
never
In
(1974)
well and merit
section
basic chromosome number
in S. mitchelii
number of groups based
a
We think that in Malesia the
areas
a
life form and features of the
perhaps practical,
into well-defined sections,
other
division
obviously close,
are
Clayton
Renvoize,
DELIMITATION
subdivide
of the Indian subcontinent. This
species
&
Clayton
fairly acceptable attempt.
enumerated
(1960)
to
Clayton
Chaetorhachia for S.
major
subgenera.
based
judge this
peri-
10, rarely 12. Not all charac-
3 florets and
3 florets, while
to
INFRAGENERIC
two
spike-
adherent
an
1988).
virginicus (q.v.)
sabulonum Labill., has up
ed
with
visible, however. (See
readily
or
generally
1-flowered
ligule,
fusiform fruit
a
1967.) Chaboissaea Fourn. is distinguished from Muhlen-
1986, 227; Soderstrom,
of
distinct
awned lemma,
usually
or
cataphylls, branching intra-vaginally
usually rather conspicuously keeled, margins usually scabrid,
Panicle
large, usually densely
to
at
but
moderately contracted, occasionally
BLUMEA
398
rather
branches
effuse,
very short, upper
long
in
as
the
section
This section
the
based
section
robolus
Distinct
annuals
basal
usually
less
at
be
ex
only.
In view of its wide distribution,
comb. &
A. Braun, Flora 24
outside
perennials
more or
underneath
stat.
712.
(1841)
nov.,
Type: Spo-
—
with
rounded
a
Blades
Malesia).
often
heteromor-
involute, margins much less pectinate
midrib,
keeled
conspicuously
not
to
glume
spikelet.
the
often with
section
up
elliptic
to
long
as
into
easily splitting
Palea
from
glands varying
0.75 times
the
as
two.
lines
inconspicuous
spikelet,
Seed
upper
ellipsoid
to
glume
about
in
obovoid,
more or
warts.
long
as
as
transverse
S. amaliae, S.
tetragonous (in
lenticular, occasionally
in
(keeled
small
to
bul-
smooth),
S. amaliae Veldk. and S. coromandelianus). Panicle branches whorled and
to
recent
margins pectinate by usually distinctly
less flat,
ones
spreading,
1987;
Nees.
cauline
less
as
oblong,
to
very ancient group.
a
bous based bristles,
Lower
half
most
ellipsoid
and part of the 'Truncatae' of Bor) consists of
Pilger,
Hochst.
(some
ones
usually
but
more or
Triachyrum (A. Braun) Veldk.,
discosporus
phous, (i.e.
1' of
must
Triachyrum
on
Seed
Anatomical/metabolic type PCK (Hattersley,
S. indicus- complex
introductions aside, this
Sporobolus
whorled, eglandular. Lower glume
not
1987).
('Gruppe
pan(sub)tropical
1991
2,
distinctly longer,
to
splitting easily.
angular.
Macharia & Imbamba,
No.
35,
fascicled,
or
slightly
Palea not
spikelet.
transverse
solitary
but
one
VOL.
coroman-
delianus, and S. tetragonus Bor). Anatomical/metabolic types PCK and NAD-ME
1987; Macharia & Imbamba, 1987), which may be
(Hattersley,
a
clue
future
a
to
division of the section.
This section
(Pilger's Gruppe
Obovatae, Ellipticae,
(sub)tropics
Malesian
species
(Trin.) Kunth,
are
S.
S.
Stoloniferous
are
NAD-ME
to
as
extravaginaliter
fit
origin.
long
as
the
(Hattersley,
too.
sect.
an
all
over
ancient
flat and
Baaijens,
more
S.
the
origin.
or
less
piliferus
nov.
Paniculae
ad
perennials branching extra-vaginally
in the first
considerably,
species
contractae dense
spiculatae,
spiculae longitudinem.
—T
ramis
y p
u s:
Kunth.
Pilger's diagnosis
easily splits
(leaves
novoguineensis
ramosae.
spikelet.
to
at
base. Panicles contracted,
solitary, eglandular.
At least S.
virginicus
Glumes
long,
the up-
and S. consimilis Fresen.
1987).
This section also includes S. pungens.
cus
of Bor's Discoideae,
part
group suggests
eglandulosis. Glumae longae superiore
the branches fascicled
densely spikeled,
one
S.
or
with many
S. coromandelianus
Virginicae Veldk.,
Sporobolus virginicus (L.)
per
previous
harmandii Henr.,
stoloniferae basi
ad solitariis
up
amaliae,
and all
partly,
widely spread
and S. sciadocladus Ohwi.
section
Sporobolus
Perennes
is
of the world, which like the
homomorphous),
fasciculatis
3 and 6,
Tetragonae)
of
Sporobolus
'Gruppe 2', they
species,
but
As the section
hardly
occurs
are
part
humilis Presl and S.
virgini-
of Bor's Obovatae. The
in the second. Their leaf
pan(sub)tropically,
it is
palea
anatomy differs
probably
of ancient
&
G.J. Baaijens
section
Sporobolus
based
on
issimus
bolic
Agrosticula (Raddi) Veldk.,
33.
stat.
nov.
Type: Sporobolus
—
Panicle branches
homomorphous.
relatively
short. Palea
belongs
tenuissimus
tenu-
fascicled, eglandular.
easily splitting. Anatomical/meta-
not
Pilger's 'Gruppe
to
Afro-American group, and therefore
an
comb. &
(1823)
399
Malesia
unknown.
Sporobolus
is
Bras.
in
O. Ktze.
(Schrank)
small. Glumes
type
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
Agrosticula Raddi, Agrost.
Annuals. Leaf blades
Spikelets
J.F.
apparently
6' and Bor's Truncatae. This
ancient
not as
the
as
previous
ones.
Another section
S.
(non-Malesian)
S.
fimbriatus aggregate (incl.
cranthelus
part of
by
S.
seems
around the
arranged
brockmannii
Stapf,
S.
ma-
Pilger's apparently heterogeneous
and half of Bor's Discoideae.
section Fimbriatae Veldk.,
Sporobolus
intra-vaginales
saepe
eglandulosis, glumis
inferioribus
bus
T
ad
deal with
to
agrostoides Chiov.,
and is formed
Chiov., etc.),
'Gruppe 4',
Perennes
had
we
equilongis.
—
y p
nov.
paniculis variabilibus, ramis
fasciculatis
plerumque brevibus, glumis superioribus spiculis
Sporobolus fimbriatus
s:
u
ramosae,
sect.
ad
solitariis
breviori-
parum
Nees.
Perennials, usually branching intra-vaginally, panicle various, but branches fascicled
to
as
to
lower
solitary, eglandular,
long
the
as
charia & Imbamba,
glume usually small,
upper
1987).
This is also
an
Afro-American
shorter
glume slightly
Anatomical/metabolic type PCK (Hattersley,
spikelet.
1987; Ma-
group.
ANATOMY
(G.J. Baaijens)
Thanks
portunity
to
to
Emphasis
course
was
the
two taxa
included.
past
some
transverse
vestigate
of
the kindness of Prof.
do
two
given
(1960)
will have
was
Duval-Jouve
ing
the
A
nature
few
R.P. Ellis
to
(1866)
as
well,
while
on
taxa
to
be .done
were
specimens
specimens
grass anatomy have
ought
of the blades.
epidermis
five
to
made
were
to
Of
in-
studied;
that these could be
changed
again
had the op-
(GJB)
under revision here.
spodograms
material of the type
the views
so
update
much in the
it. Therefore
suffice.
the
samples
descriptions
(1977),
excellent
gave
and the
terminology
to
describe them Met-
have also been
and Conert & Lobin
were
devoted
the second
Leras &
Vignal (1969),
figures
of S.
pungens
(Schreb.)
Kunth show-
the bulbous based hairs and the bulbiform cells.
papillae,
species,
on
ample
making
African
(1972)
of the
followed.
of the
Four studies
most
upper and lower
made
that this research
For the method of
calfe
such
Unfortunately
some notes
were
I
Hegnauer, Leiden,
on
of silification. Whenever possible
was
decades,
both the
to
sections
extent
there
Dr. R.
anatomical research
to
given by
Sporobolus entirely,
by Schwabe (1948)
who
compared
the very aberrant S.
Metcalfe
(1960),
Stewart
(1965),
(1984).
it
to
rigens (Trin.)
on
one
Crypsis Ait.,
Desv.
by
Argentine
Goossens
ones,
a
(1938)
third
and the fourth
one
on
by
by Bocher
BLUMEA
400
Most of the characters used
The second
paid
one
have been
able
too
as
anatomical characters.
In
and Leras &
Vignal
to
indicus and S.
this number has turned
poiretii (R.
be rather variable
out to
have been
to
be
that
expected,
character
Two
are
be
may
In the
were
(cork)
dark due
was
1960).
the der-
using
groups
He also gave
characters.
He
distinguished by
be
of taxa,
appear
their
key,
as
anatomy
be distinct
to
a
discovered,
by
con-
species
distinguished:
the
are
revealed
(see below),
the presence of
but
distinctly
are
less
more or
into silica-cells and cork-cells. All
are
equal.
cells
epidermal
ac-
in the silica-cells is the
only
silica-bodies. Inside these
dots. While silica-cells
to
which
'long-cells',
where the dimensions
usually translucent,
organic deposits (cf. Grob,
granula
the corkNo
1896).
observed.
studied the
The silica-bodies
as
be
to
long-cells
were
rather similar. In S.
and about
X-shaped
incised and
bodies have
shaped
bodies
bodies
Various
face. In
are
to
the walls
virginicus
but the various types
are
as
at
or
chloridoid: Prat,
concave
the distal side
distal and
species
occur
in
a
single leaf, although
the silica-bodies
on
the abaxial
seen
deeply
Saddle-
1932; 1936).
El-
bodies
on
are
are
the
very
same
sur-
uniformly
found. It is there-
both surfaces.
in
a
Sporobolus
single
or,
as
here,
contrast
are
generally unicellular,
hair of S. humilis. At the base
epidermal cells,
flated in
less
1936).
11,
bodies
appendages
The macro-hairs in
haare'
always
epidermis
study
raised
strictly
iv, f.
sides. Crescent-
proximal
not
fore necessary
once
so
t.
positioned transversally.
Adaxially, however, dumbbell-shaped
Epidermal
are
1932,
only (festucoid: Prat,
crescent-shaped.
to
not
Cross-shaped
bodies
wide. Dumbbell-shaped
(eragrostoid
sides and
convex
are
taxonomy without caution: Grob (p. 42,
long
as
concave
types may
some
variously shaped,
than wide
longer
shaped
lipsoid
are
applicable
observed transitions between the various types.
16, 17) already
1.
but
Schwabe
much thicker.
distinct
are
or
really
characteristically shaped
small red
as
usually
are
taxa,
be
can
spodograms
into the
deposited
suberine
critical than Schwabe.
cannot
'short-cells',
distinguished
as
often visible
cells
some
of cells
categories
cumulate silica,
silica
epidermis,
states.
than wide, and the
The latter
to
be
to
cells
Epidermal
longer
thought
(sensu Hitchcock!)
characters
epidermal
morphological
species
some
alone. On the other hand
stant
Hitchc.
the
to
she appears
some cases
also Metcalfe,
(see
survey of
more
but combined both anatomical and
might
S.)
key
a
Prat.
by
Goossens appears
&
sections.
on transverse
well and gave
sheath and the adaxial
parenchyma
made an extensive
mograms introduced
based
were
two
epidermis
the number of cells between the
by
1991
2,
about the constancy of certain features: she
optimistic
differentiate S.
to
on
the
No.
35,
the first
by
attention
some
based
species exclusively
VOL.
wherefore
they
have been called
bulbous based hairs. The basal
with the
next
type.
they
part
some
are
faint
septa
were
often surrounded
cushion-hairs,
by
'Polster-
of the hair itself is
not
in-
G.J.
2. The
which
prickle hairs,
is
part
leaf
a
and
margins
enlarged
based
ones.
are
J.F.
also unicellular, have
surrounded
are
of such 'unbarbed
Micro-hairs
Felix
they
or
appear
to
surface of the
are
often
'Winkelhaare'
hairs and
prickle
be
occur
are
not
bulbous
the
reported
species.
present in all species studied. Jacques-
were
would have bicellular micro-hairs
species
the
on
shortly pointed prick-
short-cells. Metcalfe also
to
in several
(Grob)
I have
unicellular
seen no trace
micro-hairs,
Two main types
be
may
463).
to
while the upper
prickles
and,
if
be unicellular, the basal cell then would be immersed below the
epidermis.
truly
by
401
epidermal cells, but because
var. flaccidus there
prickles'
has stated that all
(1962)
Malesia
enlarged bases,
some
base I have considered them
hooks, which show all transitions
or
presence
3.
base
at
Over the adaxial ribs in S. indicus
les
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
barb. In S. coromandelianus angular
rigid, pointed
of the
&
Baaijens
a)
Hairs unicellular, ovoid:
b)
Hairs bicellular:
as
of such hidden basal cells and there
also remarked
was
by
Metcalfe
(1960:
distinguished:
Sporobolus- type.
here there
are two
main subtypes
(cf. Amarasinghe
& Watson,
1988, 1990):
i) Topcell long
der:
and
not
ii) Topcell hemispherical,
type, which
can
Chloris type:
cus more or
1—2(—3)
narrow,
panicoid type,
up
to
be divided
topcell
less
or
long
as
the basal cell,
as
hair slen-
0.7 times
as
long
as
the basal cell: chloridoid
again:
0.5-0.7 times
with
spherical
middle of the hair
times
yet reported for Sporobolus.
a
lower. In other
egg-cup, with the distal cell
long
as
the basal cell.
as
In S.
sometimes indistinct septum
the hairs
species
dome-shaped
are
like
at
an
virgini-
about the
egg in
an
har-
spherical. Sporobolus
or
mandii, S. humilis, and, less typically, in S. piliferus.
Eragrostis type: topcell
to
up
amaliae, S. novoguineensis,
leading,
as
hairs with
As
can
may
same
In
a
seen
on
ratio
varying
species
&
between
as
species,
in S.
as
Watson, 1990,
long
as
basal cell:
(Note:
this
have shown that
Sporobolus
term
is mis-
Eragrostis
has
0.2-3.0!)
from the observations in
in related
leafblade
some
found
be
occur
Amarasinghe
0.5 times
and S. sciadocladus.
sect.
sometimes
even
Triachyrum
on
the various
types
the different sides of the
piliferus.
where unicellular hairs
the adaxial surface and
on
are
the rule
the floral parts,
some
bicellular
especially
at
ones
were
the base of the
palea.
The ultrastructure of the
F.M.
Bailey
R.Br.).
was
described
micro-hairs of S. indicus
by Amarasinghe
& Watson
van
elongatus
(1988) (as
S.
(R. Br.)
elongatus
BLUMEA
402
Papillae
4.
found
only
are
cell wall
on
VOL.
35,
No.
1991
2,
the adaxial surface. Two
types
of protrusions from the
present:
are
'Cuticularwarzen'
a) Small, globose (the
b) Large, inflated,
more or
less
or
'-zapfchen'
of
Grob).
Auf-
dome-shaped protrusions (Grab's 'blasige
treibungen').
These
structures
pletely
absent.
in number and size, sometimes
considerably
vary
the environment has
Perhaps
they
are
com-
influence here.
an
Spodograms
The
the
papillae (of
inflated
masses
Transverse
was
tips, making
in
contrast
almost
them
may
long-cells,
in the small,
cork-cells,
virginicus, quite
in their
deposited
appendages
sometimes found in the
with the
in
glo-
large,
completely absent),
acute.
However, only
in the distinct bodies discussed above.
section
section the
transverse
the presence
cells and their
epidermal
were
harmandii, where silica
prickle-hairs, especially
in the silica-cells is silica
In
of silica
S. indicus and S.
e.g.
of e.g. S.
papillae
and in the
Large
cells of the stomata, in the walls of the
subsidiary
bose
showed that almost all
spodograms
accumulate silica.
or
absence of
distinct features
most
a
are
the
general shape
of the
leaf,
midrib, the vascular bundles, and the bulliform and the
colourless cells associated with these.
In
some
In
some
species
of
bundle sheaths
metabolism. R.P. Ellis
cal
subtypes, the
centripetal (i.e.
in
so
far studied
around the
larger
(1977) reported
NAD-ME
In the NAD-ME
type
the adaxial side of the midrib
larger
than the
adjacent
ones,
in
pronounced.
Sporobolus
(XYMS+)
at
overlying sclerenchyma.
the basal bulliform cell is much
species
others this difference is less
All
tissue is found
species parenchymatous
between the vascular bundle and the
type
the
C4-
or
the presence of
and the
Kranz
with double
grasses
two
an
aspartate
anatomical and metaboli-
PCK-type.
chloroplasts
transverse
are
vascular bundles and with
of the double bundle sheath
section under
wards the vascular bundle in the cells of the
magnification they
are
parenchyma sheath)
are
said
to
concentrated
and have
be
to-
numerous
is NAD-malic
grana; the dominant decarboxylating enzyme
enzyme.
The
of the
chloroplasts
bundle),
and have
only
a
PCK-type
are
centrifugal (i.e.
few grana; the
concentrated away from the
principal decarboxylating
enzyme here is
PEP-carboxykinase.
Jacobs
(1987),
chloroplasts
ples
were
fugal
however, warned that in the NAD-ME type the position of the
dependent
taken:
centripetally
!
is
at
aligned,
whether active
chloroplasts
and when
Fortunately (for
behaviour best.
on
first the
they
herbarium
are
have
growth
rather
lost all
was
taking place
evenly spread,
their starch,
taxonomists) gradually
dried
when the
then
they
they
sam-
become
become centri-
specimens
show the
G.J.
In the Australian
Baaijens
&
J.F.
species
of
Eragrostis
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
there is
a
Malesia
in
403
correlation between the
strong
micro-hair and the
of
metabolism. Amarasinghe &
type of
type
aspartate
that
(1990) reported
all
nearly
chloridoid type, while those with
In
the latter
Sporobolus
metabolism
a
Sporobolus
Gray,
the present
airoides
been
reported
panicoid type.
far and both
so
types
of
knowledge:
(Torr.)
Torr.,
S. caroli
S. consimilis Fresen., S. coromandelianus
sporus Nees, S. ludwigii Hochst., S.
Stent, S.
not
occur.
NAD-ME:
(Torr.)
Watson
NAD-ME-like anatomy had hairs of the
a
PCK-like anatomy had hairs of the
hairs has
type of
Hattersley (1987) summarized
A.
with
species
Kunth
virginicus (L.)
nitens Stent, S.
[Echevarrfa
al.
et
S.
Mez,
cryptandrus
(Retz.) Kunth,
pulchellus R.Br.,
S. disco-
S.
smutsii
have added S. pungens
(1988)
(Schreb.) Kunth].
If
we
and S.
understand Macharia & Imbamba's (1987) table
spicatus (Vahl)
PCK:
Sporobolus africanus
(Poir.) Robyns
elongatus, S. jacquemontii Kunth,
all members of
A.
vus
Sporobolus,
sect.
S.
Rich.,
fimbriatus Nees,
pectinatus Hack.,
S.
S.
Stapf,
S.
rangei Pilger
&
Tournay,
S.
creber De Nardi, S.
‘S. poiretii’ (= S. indicus), S. pyramidalis Beauv.,
S.
centrifugus Nees,
S.
lampranthus Pilger, S. panicoides
S. conrathii Chiov.,
A.
S. festiRich.,
S.
stapfianus Gandoger.
Macharia & Imbamba (1987)
S. filipes
correctly,
Kunth may be added.
geminatus
in
scrambled table
a
S.
Clayton,
seem
mention,
to
A.Rich., and
marginatus
moreover,
S. quadratus
Clayton.
Results
Using
the various anatomical and
transverse
sections of the
groups which
usually correspond
cal characters.
'natural'
in the
Section
ting
morphological
the Malesian
for
a
not
on
usually
into the
to
corroborated by
more
on
Micro-hairs
the
less
of
epidermis
crescent-shaped
an
adjacent
elongated,
margins
usually
Palmer
S.
et
al.
(1985)
paired,
or
the
a
gave
never
and
in several
macro-morphologithere
seems
be
to
a
virginicus
(see below).
usually
adaxially
over
few per cell
were
small. Silica-
dumbbell-shaped,
cork-cell. The silica-bodies
variable in outline, sometimes
and
a
cork-cells
ellipsoid,
on
even
the adaxial
fitsur-
dumbbell-shaped.
the ribs.
unicellular. In S. indicus
Papillae small, globose,
var.
also
creber' (De
Nardi)
Veldk.
some
seen.
(usually one).
description
of the
epidermis
of S. indicus
var.
capen-
africanus).
Blades in
transverse
parenchymatous
chyma.
on
sides,
two
their anatomy, however
often
bicellular micro-hairs of the Chloris-type
less
from
coming
epidermis
arranged
subdivision. The inclusion of S. humilis and S.
the abaxial
more or
concavity
be
Prickle-hairs
(as
may be
Sporobolus
face tend
sis
characters of the
species
with the groups based
with the evidence
section is
Short-cells
bodies
So,
background
same
blades,
section
distinctly keeled, adaxially
tissue between the vascular
Bulliform cells in
fan-shaped
bundle(s)
groups of the
sometimes with
and the
a
colour-
overlying scleren-
Sporobolus- type.
BLUMEA
404
In the Malesian varieties the
tation.
Perhaps
some
22.5 gm in
var.
are
anything
in the
present
of the latter is 9-12 gm
creber, 12-18 gm long in
var.
1991
2,
offers little if
epidermis
lenght
No.
35,
statistical differences
and the micro-hairs. The
in
VOL.
var
all in their delimiof the
major,
var.
stomata
10-15
flaccidus,
15-17.5 gm in
capensis,
var.
in
at
length
and
gm
15-
cinereo-viridis Baaijens.
There may also be
differences in the
some
and
shape
number of the bulliform
cells, but the data were insufficient.
Triachyrum
Section
S.
(S. amaliae,
harmandii,
S.
S.
novoguineensis,
piliferus,
S.
sciadocladus)
Cork-cells
types but
often
least
types (see
[Conert
& Lobin
never
walls.
with
said
Blades in
parenchymatous
basal cell
groups with the
papillae
amaliae:
Sporobolus
like
absent in
were
an
larger
be of
than the
30-42.5 gm
in
egg
an
cross-
egg-cup,
the ribs,
over
of
inflated
piliferus
distinct midrib; adaxially
a
and the
bundle(s)
overlying
Bulliform cells in fan-shaped
adjacent
ones.
value:
basal cell rather wide;
long;
be
margins; prickle-hairs
specific diagnostic
some
of various
to
their material of S.
section without
distinct ribs absent.
much
out to
the
on
tissue between the vascular
not
The micro-hairs turned
prickle-hairs
often rather abundant
transverse
abaxially rounded,
sclerenchyma,
the silica-bodies tend
always bicellular, shaped
below). Papillae
(1984)
Cape Verde].
Abaxially silica-bodies
dumbbell-shaped. Adaxially
the ribs. Micro-hairs
various
from
with sinuous
large,
some
Bulbous based hairs rather than
shaped.
over
at
apical
cell very
short, 7.5-10 gm long: Eragrostis- type.
harmandii: 35-40 gm
Sporobolus
long;
cal, only slightly shorter than the basal
Sporobolus
apical
Sporobolus piliferus:
dome-shaped,
35-50 gm
large, dome-shaped, 12.5-18
up
to
70
gm
long,
the
apical
gm
cell
12.5-17.5(-22.5)
This
The abaxial
gm
long; apical
cell rather
apical
ones
often
longer,
long: Eragrostis- type.
cell
spherical,
differs from the above. Silica-bodies
less crescent-shaped,
ones
resembling
those of S.
sometimes
macro-hairs.
fitting
into the
dumbbell-shaped.
Adaxially
Prickle-hairs
micro-hairs
rarely
virginicus). Papillae small, globose,
adaxially
with
a
conspicuous
of
concavity
midrib due
very
short,
large
conspicuous,
the
Section Virginicae
Sporobolus
flattened. Bulliform cells in
mesophyll,
the basal cell rather
(S. humilis,
humilis: Adaxial
Abaxially
more
both sides
10-
usually
(and
then
the
sometimes
margins,
resembling
Blades in
amounts
abaxially
ing deeply into
the
per cell.
tissue between the vascular bundle and the
very
on
adjacent cork-cell,
bicellular
one
to
an
on
renchymatous
bodies.
fairly large, slender;
long: Eragrostis- type.
coromandelianus
species slightly
more or
section
spheri-
cell
Eragrostis- type.
Sporobolus
abaxial
apical
Chloris- type.
basal cell rather wide;
long;
gm
long:
basal cell
long;
5-12.5 pm
long: Chloris-type.
Sporobolus sciadocladus: 40-52.5
15 gm:
12.5-17.5 gm
27.5-40 |im
novoguineensis:
cell very short, low
one,
basal cell rather wide;
transverse
of colourless
pa-
overlying sclerenchyma;
fan-shaped
groups penetrat-
large.
S. virginicus)
epidermis
elongated
and
with very
tending
to
be
regular saddle-shaped
dumbbell-
or
silica-
cross-shaped.
G.J.
Prickle-hairs
long,
cell.
Baaijens
the
on
Blades in
long
as
numerous,
J.F.
and
margins
basal cell about
Papillae
&
several per
section with
transverse
Malesia
10-12.5 nm
large, rounded,
cell. Cell walls with small
ribs
weakly developed
due
specimens
triangular
cies
for S.
(except
Silica-bodies
Sporobolus virginicus:
into the
of
concavity
the basal cell about
Papillae
the
as
section
transverse
humilis).
one,
usually crescent-shaped
Because
a
12.5-17.5
Bulliform and colourless cells in
much
not
larger
the micro-hairs
than the
are
so
looked them. On the floral parts
sometimes very similar
those
to
it is
they
are
as
in the other
fan-shaped
rounded.
species (except
groups, often rather illthe abaxial
that Grob
surprising
not
more
common
surface;
(1896)
over-
but very variable and then
found in S. indicus
occasionally
long,
pm
cells.
adjacent
rare
mar-
often several per cell.
well-developed ribs, abaxially
triangular
not
el-
or
the
on
sept between the cells often very thin.
defined, penetrating deeply into the mesophyll, often reaching
basal cell often
often without
cork-cell. Prickle-hairs
globose protrusions,
with
adaxially
Midrib absent. Bundle-sheaths round,
for S.
quite distinct,
in the other
spe-
as
groups
spherical, bicellular,
rare,
apical
Cell walls with small
numerous.
Blades in
long
as
both sides
on
adjacent
an
and the ribs. Micro-hairs very
gins
fan-shaped
often
basal cell.
distinctly larger
lipsoid, fitting
Bulliform cells in
virginicus).
not
the thinness of the
to
after
less defined. Bundle-sheaths round,
long apical
globose protrusions.
lamina between the vascular bundles; midrib in dried
boiling
405
the ribs. Micro-hairs bicellular, 22.5-30 |im
over
the rather
as
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
creber.
var.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This
study
but
started many
was
quirements for
his M.Sc.
other matters intervened.
folder, JFV updated
CGE,
ZT
Hb.
was
Univ.
herbaria
their
sometimes
collections;
on
are
at the
Rijksherbarium, Leiden,
It was intended to be worked
it became
it to the
loan, partly
obvious
present
that the
version.
we very
(Indooroopilly),
(ICN),
S. A.
Rcnvoize
Mr. J.H. van Os
The correction
(K),
years!
much
W.D.
inspected
Various
appreciated
Clayton, C.E.
B.K. Simon
(L) prepared
the
up
manuscript
Material
a course
in
the
spot by
cooperation
correspondents
the
from
part
as
after his
would
of the
(BRI),
JFV. The Directors
and
moulder
(BM),
and many
Thysanolaena
E. Launert
in
its
return
particular problems
and
(BM),
cooperation
H.M.
and
Keepers
in
of
of
their
of J.L.
Longhi-Wagner
others.
amaliae.
Necs is based
Angiosperm taxonomy
and
patience regarding the
checked
re-
graduation,
A, B, BM, BO, BRUX, C,
discussions, friendship,
Jarvis
drawing of Sporobolus
of the combination in
during
on
thanked for their
gratefully
after 20
Alcorn
Mr. M. Winia
GJB
by
Chiang Mai, COI, GENT, K, L, LAE, LISC, M, P, SING, U, UPNG, US,
the various
local
When
and extended
studied, partly
loans,
years ago
Degree ('doctoraal').
at the
on a
made
study
Rijksherbarium,
in
by
JFV and
1985.
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—
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Sporobolus
R. &
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T
—
1
2,
(1913) 194],
muralis
Agrosticula
e:
y p
Raddi
(=
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(1830) 220,
Flora
of Bennettia
homonym
not a
S.F.
Gray (1821).
—
illeg. [= Sporobolus junceus (Beauv.) Kunth],
nom.
24
1
(1841) 712; Steudel, Syn.
Llanos
(1854) 176.
—
Lecto-
(= Sporobolus discosporus Nees).
in
Filip. (1851) 25;
involutum
Type: Spermachiton
1,
t.
1991
2,
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Hochst. ex A. Braun
PI.
Spermachiton Llanos, Fragm.
(R.
O.
(Schrank)
367
No.
35,
Brown,
(1823) 33,
Type: Agrostis juncea Michx.,
Triachyrum
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Britton &
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Sporobolus
2
S., Syst. Veg.
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Filip.
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1
3, 4,
R. Br.
(L.)
(1880)
var.
17.
—
flaccidus
S.) Veldk.].
Steudel [Flora
Cryptostachys
stachys vaginata
Steudel
Abh. Ges.
Diachyrium Griseb.,
arundinaceum Griseb.
Bauchea
Fourn.,
33
(1850) 229, nomen], Syn.
181.
(1854)
1
Type: Crypto-
—
[= Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood].
Wiss. Gott.
19
(1874) 18, 257,
f.
2,
t.
8.
—
T y p e:
Diachyrium
[= Sporobolus rigens (Trin.) Desv.].
Mex. PI.
2
(1886) 87.
Bauchea
Type:
—
karwinskyi
(= Sporobolus
Fourn.
wrightii Scribn.).
Vilfa
auct.
152;
Adans.:
non
Mdm.
Ac.
L. sect.
Agrostis
Annuals
or
stolons. Ligule
(or l-)nerved,
the
2
or
the upper
free
Styles
deciduous before
ly
when soaked;
ally
about half
at
them,
long
with
at
C h
Rydb.,
but
or
produced.
the lower
one
Lemmas similar
Paleas
as
the lemStamens
mucilaginous pericarp, especial-
the
mucilaginous;
hilum
punctiform; embryo
usu-
the seed.
with 160+
a
species,
10 in
Malesia,
panicoid anatomy (XYMS+) with
Siddiqui
&
x
of which
species
are
observed
weedy,
Desv.
as
and S. helvolus
Kunth,
operculate pollen
10,
9
or
useful
as
19, usually
some
are
the
Hitchc., S. cryptandrus
rigens (Trin.)
an
use
in
(Torr.)
cereals.
A.
chromosomes small.
sandbinders, and
Gray,
as
for-
of S. airoides (Torr.)
S.
flexuosus (Thunb.)
indicus
var.
major (Buse)
Bengal
32
S. fertilis (Steudel) Clayton].
Notes. Persoon
only species
for
Dur.
in S. indicus.
10,
Argentina
Sporobolus
(Trin.)
is mentionedlikewise for India by Chaudhuri& Pal [Bull. Bot. Soc.
as
aspartate
is chloridoid (P+PF).
embryo
Qaiser (1988) reported non-operculate pollen
5, 6, 9,
=
the
PEP-CK),
S. coromandelianus (Retz.)
contractus
(1979) 52,
pi.
Spikelets
rhizomes
1-flowered, muti-
unequal, thin,
developed, glabrous.
usually ejected by
Astegiano (1989)
Most
and S.
Baaijens
usually
creeping
153.
(' Vilfae’).
utricle, free between the palea and lemma, often
Roig (Parodiana 5,1989,355) reports
Torr., S.
sp.
a
NAD-ME and
r o m o s o m e s.
Uses.
age.
callus little
The leaves have
Palynology.
Schinz,
Glumes
Pan(sub)tropical
metabolism (both
S. arabicus Boiss.,
&
panicle.
a
(1854)
p.p.
least 5 varieties.
Anatomy.
(C4)
sometimes with
Sesquifl. (1824)
2, asymmetric, obrhomboid, 1-nerved, glabrous.
seeds
as
1
S., Syst. Veg. 2 (1817) 343,
caespitose,
sometimes also
Distribution.
one
&
Gram. Unifl.
Steudel, Syn.
p.p.;
1-nerved. Rachilla rarely
one
base. Fruit
testa
as
S.: R.
glumes.
3-)nerved;
2-nerved. Lodicules
3.
often
&
Trin.,
p.p.;
(1840) 50,
of hairs. Inflorescence
above the
1- (or
1
VI, 5,
non R.
auct.
a row
to
glumes,
Pdtersb.
perennials,
0-
mas,
St.
Vilfa
articulating
cous,
Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 16, 181,
Sc.
in the
(Syn. 1, 1805, 73)
new
1. p. 367 ? A.
made the combination Matrella juncea,
Matrella Pers.,
genus
juncea
Lam. ill. gen.
rachi alternatim sessiles." As it
turns
t.
citing
"
Agrostis
41. f. 2.
out two taxa
...
are
his
matrella Lin. Willd.
Flor. subnitentes 10-12 in
confused here:
Agrostis
ma-
G.J.
which is
trella L.,
viz. his
terranean
‘juncea’
If
as
excl.
one
epithet
regarded
avoid
Agrostis juncea
are
for
name
a
also
To confuse
matters
epithet
Vilfa
ceus
validated
was
must
and
Blumea
on
When
b.
rhizomes
Lower
later
not
based
THE
the
species
to
Sporobolus jun-
Kunth'.
'(Michx.)
not
on
homonym. Michaux's
author citation for this
TAXA
their differences
in
spikelets
stolons. Culms
of
at
several
do not lead to a practical
to be
ought
or
inspected.
fascicled,
about
as
as
long
long
not
the
key;
For the seed
species
the
are
pericarp
the
the
2
Annuals with-
—
in the lower
leafy mainly
pectinate by prickles
as
as
in whorls
whorl.
a true
few-nodedand
usually
least the basal blades
0.55-0.9 times
long, bulbous
or
13
spikelet
spikelet,
upper
glume
0.75-1
times
3
glume
as
0.2-0.5 times
as
long
the
as
spikelet,
—
Anthers
Spikelets 1.2-2.1
Spikelets
0.35-0.6
mm
2-2.7(-3)
long.
mm
glumes 0.6-1.1
long spikelets.
—
long.
mm
cm
long.
mm
—
long.
or
glumes
up
to
0.9-1.3
long.
—
Blades and
panicles usually
piliferus
cm
as
long,
1.5-1.75
less than 3
long
5
as
the
Anthers 0.3-0.5
S.
mm
cm
virginicus
1.2-1.5
mm
lowest branch
long, (0.62-)0.7-0.8
long spikelets. Upper glumes
pusticular
S.
10. S.
deep-lying
0.67 times
mm
Panicles 2-7.5
1.15-1.25 mm
usually
rhizomes superficial
4a.
mm
0.67
to
4
with minute
7.
Rhizomes
long
2.1
up
eglandular
long
Stolons
long,
Upper glumes
Blades 0.7-6.5
b. Lower
glume
6
Tufted annuals without stolons. Panicle branches
Lower
upper
long
Stoloniferous perennials. Panicle branches
glands.
5a.
here.
long
times
b.
an
be
easier retrieval.
Upper glume
glume
b. Lower
4a.
or
Margins
based hairs.
b.
TO
a
when he referred Michaux's
correct
All branches of the inflorescence solitary
as
names must
argumentation adopted
Sporobolus junceus,
a
At least the basal branches of the inflorescence in
out
3a.
dimensions
checking
half.
2a.
an
the
the type
be removed.
must
la.
recognized,
for
involved, and both
epithet ‘juncea’
then Matrella would be
10),
juncea Michaux,
(1812),
The
Zoysia.
prefer
already
A.
Beauvois
by
sections were
arranged alphabetically
—
two taxa are
26, 1980, 169-170.)
furtherthere is
to
adopted
of Matrella is therefore Matrella
for conservation of both
proceedings
therefore be '(Beauv.) Kunth' and
Although
type
Medi-
a
doubt that
beyond
Lamk.
KEY
—
The
tautonym.
of Lamarck, but
and Lamarck's
by Persoon,
the type of Matrella, and that Persoon
as
Lamk. is the type of Matrella (Art.
Goudswaard,
Agrostis juncea
Kunth. It is
virginicus (L.)
in motion. No doubt the Committee will
set
(See
intended
taxon
and that because Persoon used the
Sporobolus,
409
included Agrostis pungens, which is
and argues that because
63.3,
legitimate,
Agrostis juncea
older
to
accepts Art.
basionyms
of
an
be
must
S.
to
Malesia
in
and is the
(L.) Merr.,
doubtfully
related
closely
taxon
matrella
Agrostis
juncea
and the
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
matrella
Zoysia
description;
&
Baaijcns
mm
long.
to
up
2
—
cm
humilis
subsp.
humilis
times
long
the
as
long. Anthers
as
0.6-1
1.5mm
long
4b. S.
humilis
subsp.
minor
BLUMEA
410
6a.
b.
7a.
Spikelets longer
Upper glume
long
b.
the
as
than 1.25
0.9-1.25
Spikelets
less
than
yet
the lower
glume.
1.8-2.6
b.
Spikelets
1.25-1.75 mm
9a.
Spikelets
2-2.6
Spikelets
mm
2
to
up
—
long.
Anthers
6
to
long, yellowish
Seed 0.9-1.1
long.
mm
lobed
the lowermost up
11a. Lowermost
at
to
branches
panicle
glume
mm
12a. Panicle
long.
lax
to
usually
1.8-1.9
mm
Anthers
indicus
—
(1).
5c.
usually 3,
S.
as
long
Spikelets
as
the
spikelet.
(quadrangular,
b.
brownish
Seed
—
0.75-0.9
mm
S.
blackish
0.35-1
gular
in
14a. Panicle
long.
Blades
transverse
usually
more
or
the
longest
one
0.75-0.95
less lax
(more
most
all in
(0.6-)l.2-2.7
or
cm
base,
upper
creber
var.
long.
Seed 0.6-0.9
mm
long.
with minute
or
Spikelets
Seed 0.9-1.1
S. indicus
usually
mm
var.
pusticular
glume
mm
flaccidus
var.
long
major
to
linear
0.5-0.95 times
flattened and 0.9-1.4
mm
long
14
elongated glands. Spikelets usually pale
times
as
flat, up
homomorphous,
section,
branches erecto-patent,
base with
at
amaliae)
glume 0.25-0.4
green. Lower
mm
at
lobed
indicus
indicus
with green. Lower
in S.
dark green. Lower
densely spikeled.
0.7-1
usually laterally
long
mm
Branches of inflorescence
to
purple
to
mm
or
long
to
long
.
8
as
the
mm
2.
spikelet.
wide. Seed
Ligule
quadran-
S. coromandelianus
less compact in S.
novoguineensis),
the lowermost 4-20
whorls,
—
long, usually eglandular.
—
together,
Blades usually
15
heteromorphous
b.
Inflorescence
lowermost
0.8
cm
pines
contracted,
solitary,
long,
with
or
erecto-
loosely spikeled. Spikelets usually
usually 2, 0.5-0.8
Branches of the inflorescence eglandular
glands.
pale
to
Panicle with
12
densely contracted,
5e.
13a.
capensis
var.
cinereo-viridis
var.
long. Spikelets
cm
contracted and branches
long.
12
curved, the lowermost up
long.
5d.
Panicle
to
indicus
mm
long
b.
long.
dense. Widely spread
1.5
c.
Panicle
—
Anthers
long.
mm
mm
long. Spikelets yellowish
cm
somewhat lax and branches
usually
1.4-1.6
S.
New Guinea
part spiciform.
1.1
3
or
5a. S.
long .
cm
1.5-9
branches
panicle
0.7-0.8
the black
(not
than
more
grass green. Lodicules 0.25-
or
Anthers 2
—
glume 0.35-0.55(-0.6)
appressed branches,
Lowermost
blackish
or
base, spiciform in the upper part, branches
3.5
to
pale
5b.
grass green. Lower
patent
9
10
mm
long
cm
pyramidalis
11
usually
Panicle laxly contracted, branches slightly patent
to
Anthers 3. Not
var.
3
rarely
Seed
spikelet, slightly
long.
mm
2
greyish
to
green
long.
mm
the
as
S. indicus
3, rarely
Anthers 2,
—
dark
long,
densely contracted,
appressed,
b.
long.
long
as
8
glume
1.7-2.2
Spikelets
—
as
0.4-0.67 times
erose),
or
S. tenuissimus
3
always
long.
mm
10a. Panicle
b.
mm
Lodicules 0.3-0.45
Anthers
0.3
dentate
to
than the lower
5f.
Spikelets
b.
(entire
acute
9.
truncate, less than half
8a.
—
7
found in Malesia
smut!).
1991
2,
Anthers 3
—
spikelet, distinctly longer
Upper glume (erosely)
longer
No.
35.
mm
long.
mm
more or
VOL.
or
branches
fascicled,
more
or
up
or
to
less
4 in
small, pusticular glands.
—
appressed against
a
the axis, the
whorl, the longest
Blades
one
up
to
homomorphous. Philip7.
S.
piliferus
G.J.
15a.
Ligule
Baaijens
a more or
branches 4-12
Seed
b.
J.F.
less ciliolate
ciliate rim
to
Lower
together.
glabrous
a
Malesia
long
as
section, 0.9-1.8
transverse
13-20 together. Lower glumes 0.67-0.95 times as
let. Seed
knucklebone-shaped,
long.
mm
Spikelets
b.
Spikelets
1.2
long.
Lower
0.6-1.25
glumes
1.4-1.7
glumes
8.
lowest whorl with 4-10 branches.
mm
long.
Annuae rhizomata
foliis
minusvc
plus
Seed 1.1-1.2
mm
long.
stoloncs
Veldk.,
basalibus
cm
scciionc transvcrsali
Areia
Branca,
Annual, tufted and branching
smooth,
absent. Culms erect,
outer
hairs; ligule
in
Fig.
—
verlicillis
blades
more
or
less
glabrous
12
c.
by
4
cm,
eglandular (callose
the
upper
smooth.
Spikelets
spikelet,
oblong,
apex
as
S.
the
to
more
as
the
long
at
10-13
the
less smooth. Palea
linear,
13-20
mm
together,
quadrangular
in
(L,
stolons,
Sheaths
high.
cm
glabrous
or
with
0.05-0.15
a
mm
few
high;
margins pectinate,
to
9.5
cm
4.5
by
the
mm,
Panicles
glabrous.
with up
and
greenish.
to
Lower
long, 0.67-0.95
smooth,
nerves
acute,
0
6
spikelets
or
times
mm
glume
as
narrow-
long
1; upper glume
more or
less
in
long,
as
the
ovate-
smooth. Lemma
spikelet, margins scarious, involute, obtuse,
oblong,
c.
1.4
mm
long, purple. Seed obovate-ellipsoid
less
up
52
long. Pedicels 0.5-0.75
cm
3,0.3-0.5
or
to
below smooth,
the ovary and/or fruit. Lodicules 0.25-0.3
more
IV-140
Cinatti
s:
whorls, capillary, erecto-patent, simple,
1.5-2.2
less
u
in-
condyliformi-
base. Rhizomes,
the basal flat,
the cauline
1-1.45
as
microscopice ciliolata,
seminidibus
y p
up
easily split by
mm
T
—
throat
glabrous,
long, purplish
more or
as
longis.
mm
spikelet, margin scarious,
oblong,
or
mm
-lanceolate,
novoguineensis
1962.
sparsely hairy,
longest
1.5-1.75
to
ad
microscopically ciliolate rim,
the lowermost
base),
acuminate,
long
ovate-oblong
1-nerved,
at
0.5-0.67th,
ly ovate-oblong
0,75
otherwise
branches in
1.8-
Spikelets
virido-purpurascentibus, glumis
intra-vaginally mainly
pectinate,
apex acuminate, above scabrid,
1.35-1.9
harmandii
1
glabrous, smooth, shiny,
to
S.
10-13, infcrioribus 13-20-verticillatis,
longis
mm
heteromorphous, keeled;
cauline folded, margins less
effuse,
ca.
30 March
margin finely hairy,
minute
a
sciadocladus
10-12 branches.
fcrioribus 0,67-0,95-plo longioribus, supcrioribus spiculis aequantibus,
quadrangularibus in
1.5-1.8
planis, marginibus pcctinatis, paniculae effusae, ramis
longis, spiculis 1,5-1,75
holo; LISC), Timor, Dili,
S.
3.
caiaphylla dcsunt, ligula porciformi glabra
hetcromorphis
longissimis 1,5-2,2
cataphylls
Seed 0.9-
New Guinea, Aru Islands
—
nov.
spec.
crecto-patcntibus eglandulosis (basi callosis),
bus
spike-
amaliae
S.
Spikelets
Sumatra
—
lowest whorl with
linear, lobed,
amaliae
Sporobolus
16
0.75-0.9
Seed
long.
mm
6.
1.
the
as
long.
mm
Islands
ellipsoid,
long.
Lower
long.
Seed 0.9-1.1
long.
mm
mm
Aru
—
Inflorescence
2.1
long.
...
17
2.2-2.5
17a. Inflorescence
mm
long
section,
transverse
1.
mm
spikelet.
long
long
mm
mm
in
quadrangular
Timor
—
1.35-2.1
the
as
mm
ciliolate rim. The lowest inflorescence
branches
16a.
411
collar. The lowest inflorescence
or
0.5-0.67 times
glumes
microscopically
to
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
laterally flattened, elliptic in
Ligule
b.
&
transverse
diam.; pericarp loosely adherent; embryo
c.
to
section,
0.4
mm
long,
mm
obtuse
long,
to
truncate,
acute.
Anthers
oblong, knucklebone-shaped,
0.75-0.9
long.
by
0.4-0.5
mm
in
412
Fig.
x
VOL.
BLUMEA
1.
25;
Sporobolus
e.
transverse
branches,
x
amaliae
section
Veldk.
of
seed,
25 ([Cinatti IV-140).
a.
x
Habit,
25;
x
0.5;
35,
b.
f. throat of
No.
2,
spikelet,
leaf,
x
1991
x
30;
25;
g.
c.
glumes,
x
25;
lowest whorl of
d.
caryopsis,
inflorescence
G.J.
&
Baaijens
Not
Anatomy.
See
species
not
Introduction.
is different from all others studied by the lodicules with
laris S.T. Blake and S.
pulchellus
long
the
as
0.9-1.25
lenticularis differs
seeds
not
are
the ciliate
homomorphous blades,
the
as
the
together,
and the
spikelet,
wife,
Named after JFV's
2.
0.75
c.
Hook,
Fl. Br. India
Mudaliyar,
yar &
37
t.
7
S.
Handb.
Muniyamma,
&
Leras
f-h;
21
Taxon
52
Pak. J. Bot.
Fl. Ind.
147
—
1
Gr.
Ind.
181
Bull.
Vignal,
Sammclliota
prope
commutata
154.
(1841) 157 (quoad
376,
p.p.;
ex
1713,
Red
n.v.,
(not
India
&
ex
the
are
less
glandular branches,
the
0.5-0.62 times
as
Fl.
Fl.
France
116
E.
Trop.
Pakistan
Fl.
&
Fl. Assam
Palynol.
1
BM, K,
t.
(1977) 90,
(1988) 34,
54
(1823)
t.
(1833)
1
Achari-
(1940) 120;
35
(1969)
&
4; Narayan
(1974) 363; Christopher
Retz.,
33; Srivastava,
t.
tab.
Obs. 4
16
Beauv., Agrost. (1812)
Gram. Ic.
5
Mem. ORSTOM
(1982) 142; Satyamurty,
coromandeliana
coromandeliana
n.v.;
143
9
Enum. PI.
(1900) 264;
(1969) 425,
Afr.
14; Ellis, Agroplantae
5
Ceylon
181, 182; Bor,
t.
Bot.,
Agrostis
holo,
(1829) 68; Kunth,
1
Handb.
Curr.
&
J.
Sc.
50; Siddiqui
&
(1786) 19; Roxb.,
(' coromandelina’),
11; Steudel, Syn.
1
(1854) 153.
L, US, fragm.), India, Malabar, Naguhr,
1
(1823)
trinianus
Kunth,
10;
in
Diss.
Enum.
Bot.
PI.
inval.:
nom.
Handb.
Mudaliyar,
Willdenow
t.
Kunth,
S.
Ind.
Hb. Tnnius
1
autonym!); Miq.,
Gr.
(1921) 238,
(LE, holo,
7440!; Wallich 3764-A, K,
1
(1824) 156; Steudel, Syn.
Fl.
(1833) 214; Nees,
L
neg.
microfiche
36.3, B
IDC
184.
in
(1854)
Austr.
Fl. Ind. Bat.
183,
t.
Afr.
3
—
1
(1857)
Type:
Hb. Willdcnow
7394!), India, Madras,
Nees
ex
Wight,
synonymy,
Cat.
(1834) 102; Stcudel,
1854!) (sec note).
—
Nomencl.
ed.
2,
1
(1840) 40;
Lectotype: Roxburgh
s.n.
2
(1841)
(K, holo),
(here appointed).
—
Voucher:
Orange
Free
t.
3;
Bothalia
Slate, Smitskraal,
Monod
2
(1927) 273,
nom.
inval.,
Buru-Davy 10127 (PRE, holo; BOL,
Sporobolus javensis Ohwi,
475,
or
1799.
Sporobolus parvulus Stent,
(a).
(LD,
microfiche IDC
in
t.
—
commutatus
var.
15 Nov.
Vilfa roxburghiana
768
?
Gram. Icon.
Achariyar
They
more
1782.
(?),
Stephan Sr.
Hills,
Soc.
Rev. Palaeobot.
al.,
Vilfa
—
Sporobolus
—
Klein
et
the
by
glume,
(1965) 295; Bosser,
(1972) 683; Clayton,
s.n.
Trin.,
Gram.
Trimen,
19
(‘coromandelina’); Trin., Sp.
Type: Koenig
spike-
Kunth
(1921) 235,
Bull.
Kew
20 (1988) 161.
318.
(1820)
('?'),
in
(1978) Suppl., 79; Cope,
Reddi
(1983) 549;
Qaiser,
Vilfa
57
and
panicle
anthers.
long
Rev.
(1896) 252;
Abraham, Cytologia 39 (1974) 565,
Ind. Bot. Soc.
long
as
discoid seed
larger,
Amalia Vissers.
(1960) 626; Clayton,
Grasses
120,
f.,
different
lower
long
mm
mm
This is
the scabrous and
ligule,
1-1.45
Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth,
213;
the
in Asia and Australia.
common
very
coromandelianus (Retz.)
Sporobolus
by
moreover
0.67-
long,
0.25-0.5 times
long,
mi-
to
glabrous
mm
long.
mm
Knucklebone-shaped
long
mm
the
by
here 1-1.45
glume,
there 0.5-1
also found in the Asian S. tetragonus Bor.
lowermost 6-12
the Australian S. lenticu-
to
has 6-11 branches in the lowest whorl of the
pulchellus
only
lower
longer
spikelet,
spikelet. Sporobolus
while S.
lets
as
closest related
seems
R. Br. It differs from both
ciliolate ligule and the
croscopically
0.95 times
the
an
rounded apex. Because of the very reduced ligule, the absence of glands in
the inflorescence, and provenance it
as
413
given.
Notes. This
acute,
Malesia
(Timor).
Distribution. Malesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
Habitat.
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
Bull.
9
April
Tokyo
de Froideville
in
not
accepted by author,
n.v.; K. neg.
10313!),
Art. 34.1
South
Africa,
1911.
Sc. Mus.
18
(1947) 12; Jansen,
Backer & Bakh.
f.,
Fl. Java
Acta Bot.
3 (1968) 538.
Neerl.
—
1
(1952)
Type:
van
BLUMEA
No.
2,
(BO, holo; K, L, U, US), Java, Malang,
G.
414
Slooten
9
alt.,
2394
auct.
Sporobolus lindleyi
&
Hitchc.:
non
solid
hairs,
otherwise
mm,
cataphylls
blades
up
9
to
an
(5—)6—9(—17) together,
0;
acute to
1.2-1.5
upper
glume
acuminate,
mm
long,
the top. Palea
acute,
to
in
4
to
long
l(-3)-nerved,
in
at
mm
mm
transverse
about
Distribution. Africa: Sudan
scaberulous
at
Pakistan, India (e.g. Punjab,
as
the
microscopically
truncate,
to
Anthers
and
at
elliptic,
base
to
0.35-
Madagascar;
apex
scaberulous
0.25-0.8
3,
rounded,
to
spikelet,
mm
long.
0.75-0.95
mm
near
the ovary
easily split by
side view,
South Africa,
Uttar Pradesh,
at
the top. Lemma ovate,
to
doubt elsewhere;
no
simple,
long, pale
apex obtuse
long
as
diam.; pericarp loosely adherent; embryo 0.45-0.65
Kenya, Mauritania,
by
spikelet, margins broadly scari-
the
to
long.
long,
cm
bulbous
long,
mm
ovate to
obtuse
section
9
least the lower
smooth
long,
mm
to
up
gland, smooth, the lower-
glume broadly
as
smooth,
keeled. Panicles
1.25-1.8
long. Spikelets
cm
as
swollen
or
of-
base,
few scattered
a
0.35-1
distinctly
half, glabrous,
ovate-oblong,
and/or fruit. Lodicules 0.1-0.2
mm
with
at
sometimes all in 8-12 ± dis-
fascicled,
microscopically
to
1.1-1.5
obovoid, quadrangular
Sheaths
high.
cm
microscopically scaberulous,
to
ovate
smooth
elliptic,
45
diam., branches patent, usually
in the
upper
times
long, 0.25-0.4(-0.6)
coloured part smooth
ous,
to
margin apically
smooth, glabrous,
cm
the upper ones
up
Gibbs Russell
geniculately ascending,
densely hairy; ligule
green, sometimes brownish. Lower
mm
(1821)
base and often from the uppermost
up
sometimes dark coloured
most
nerves
4
by
flexuous, spikeled
elongated,
[fide
apex acute, above scaberulous often with
whorled,
ones
220
(1955)
homomorphous, flat, linear,
less
more or
with
0.7
m
note)].
syn., see
at
inner
of throat
glabrous, margin
effuse, ovoid-oblong,
least the basal
Nov. PI.
in the decumbent nodes, hollow
rooting
based hairs in the lower part, below
blackish
10
Pasuruan,
205.
(1928)
Gr. S. Afr.
absent. Culms
densely hairy,
margins pectinate,
tinct whorls,
near
(1817) 367; Roth,
Handb. Fl. Java 2
glabrous, smooth,
upwards,
densely long-ciliate;
8
Semongkrong
2
Veg.
Chippindall,
intra-vaginally
sometimes
often rather
margin
S., Syst.
(1985) 62, 63 (in
Surv. S. Afr. 51
widely decumbent,
outer
Backer,
Benlh.:
auct.,
Annual, tufted, branching
becoming
&
S.: R.
nodes. Rhizomes, stolons and
ten
1991
(BM).
non
auct.
Sporobolus pyramidatus
Mem. Bot.
R.
non
Roth
41, quoad specim.
al.,
35,
1931.
April
Agrostis pulchella
et
VOL.
by
Seed
c.
0.5
long.
Namibia, Angola, Botswana,
Mauritius. Asia:
Afghanistan,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Mahrashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Assam), Sri Lanka, Burma (Mandalay, Shan), SW Thailand
(Prachuap
Khiri
(Central Prov.,
Northern
Territory,
(GENT, L)
at c.
39° N,
117° E,
west monsoon,
of
salt,
ary and June
but
W Australia,
on
the
only
(Backer,
germinates
black
so
G.
by
Semongkrong),
JFV in October
more or
less
near
one
the
to
coast
New
1989).
Guinea
Australia:
curious collection is Clemens 1603
far,
Open,
east monsoon
In Pakistan up
(India)
A
Queensland.
saline soils.
clay,
1928).
about
(Malang,
found there
record for China
Alkaline and
heavy
not
Tianjin ("Prov. Chihli, Tientsin,
in the advanced
In Saurashtra Bhal
where it
Malesia: Java
Quarry,
from China, Prov.
Habitat.
layer
Khan).
Tatana
sunny
very
at
on
dry
places,
and
sea-level.
520
m
August
1912"),
soggy
during
locally covered by
Growing
a
the
thin
between Febru-
altitude.
not or
week after the first
19
and also the northernmost.
not
heavy
too
rains
extreme
salty soil,
(c. 6-10 cm/day),
Baaijens
G.J.
flowers about six
off. Able
for
flooding
more
than five weeks
days,
415
when it dies
September,
and then the seeds will
or
gradually
after
not
a
ger-
drought
described
30). Srivastava (1978) briefly
behaviour.
germination
behaviour and
Flowering
be
14
NV
(coll. Grontmij
Malesia
until the end of
on
least
at
after total submersion
minate, plants dying immediately
of
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
weeks later, and grows
withstand
to
&
Pollen
pollen.
shed between 0 and 4 o'clock
normally
observed
was
Reddi
by
al.
et
It has been described
a.m.
(1988)
by Siddiqui
to
&
Qaiser (1988).
Chromosomes.
2n=24
& Abraham,
(Christopher
36
1974),
(Narayan
&
Muniyamma, 1972).
For the leaf and
Anatomy.
Collector's
Uses.
Regarded
sub
mij Company (see
Notes.
therefore is
to
Indicum
be
there annotated
as
Stephan
ex
The other
collected
specimens
of S.
isotypes
on
was
At first
Vilfa
By
attributed the
the
patris,
by
Nees
Nees
commutata
Wight's
implicit
combination)
roxburghiana
at
least in K, of
are
be distinct
be
subject
regarded
belong
and
to
as
other
{'Mis. Wight 29')
Wight
under
plants.
of Trinius'
commutata
m.
an
(K)
of
be
name must
reference
to
intended to
negligible,
be
isotype.
Sporobolus,
of what
a nomen
commutata, the
regarded
Roxburgh
e.g. Steudel
species,
would be difficult
remark that the
to
are
constant
differences.
due
to
age and
by
were
species
was
to
mentioned
clearly
may well be native there, for the
for its
extreme
drought, being
isotype
of
spikeled
only,
species
merely
&
coromandeliana.
from the base, while
but his
specimens,
and the stated dif-
smaller younger plants.
commutatus
would
Mudaliyar (1921),
and
two
distinct in the field. However, their
to
confirm
similar
mentionedit
1923
an
synonym
suspect Nees (to which Wight
same
be
but it
noted that in the herbarium the
maturity, because,
first found in Java in
e.g.
Wight
nudum,
nomenclatural
1841), Achariyar
side seemed
It is
species (nr. 1743)
Roxburgh's Agrostis
appearing
(1840,
Although Miquel (1857) already
it
a
that S. coromandelianus and S.
separate, but
grow side
two
ferences
Indies,
as
we
1742 and 1743
represent the
those of 1742
coro-
from the Ma-
(Tnnius already
to
appears
would have branches
suggested
and
speci-
isotype.
duplicate
would have them spikeled towards the apex
Wight
ddt
The
‘commutata’, with V. coromandeli-
Vilfa
rename
plate
Agrost.
nom.
another
species
possible
one
Pilger (1956). Achariyar & Mudaliyar (1921)
peculiar
the
herbarium is thus
own
mixed up,
by Wight
commutata
Later authors have also
the
Trin. in LE bears 6
was
cui ddt Willdenowsub
must
the LE sheet
described
said that V.
V.
East
of the Gront-
it. Because the whole of Wallich 3764 is cited, which includes
the latter.
ferences
row
Klein in Madras. Wallich 3764-A
discosporus
commutata,
Wight
coll.
sight Vilfa roxburghiana
diagnostically
following
of
top
the type. It is labeled "Vilfa
Vilfa roxburghiana
was
purple.
agronomists
the
by
commutata
labeled and
similarly
that he had received V.
ana).
Vilfa
in Willdenow's
specimen
as
dras herbarium is
thought
sheet of
regarded
am.
the Introduction.
see
Habitat).
type
mandelinae."The
three
fodder for cattle
good
a
mounted in the middleof the
specimen
men
The
as
caryopsis anatomy,
Glumes dull green. Anthers
notes.
by
as
our
to
suspicion
Bor,
we
possibly occurring
Jeswiet
single locality
that the dif-
failed
to
see
any
in the Dutch
(no. 221, L, WAG).
Yet
from which it is known is
in the rain shade of the
Tengger (Van Steenis,
416
BLUMEA
oral
The presence of the
communication).
New Guinea would also
Papua
The Java
auct.
Kunth
(see below)
or
point
have been
specimens
Benth. (= S. caroli
non
VOL.
S.
variously
with
Mez);
1991
2,
in Australia and
species
a
single locality
in
native in Malesia.
being
it
at
No.
35,
identified: with the Australian S.
the American
pyramidatus (Lamk.) Hitchc.,
perennials
or as
S.
distinct
a
lindleyi
argutus (Nees)
species, S. ja-
vensis.
In fact in Australia it is
and the
Ligule
a
the
by
minute,
can
0.1
c.
be
Ligule
lower
0.35-1
2a.
times
upwards usually
0.5-0.75
bone-shaped,
long,
mm
by
lower
Seed
spikelet.
2
fascicled and
branches
solitary,
0.35-0.65
glume
less terete,
more or
0.3-0.4
mm,
the
filling
at
the
long
as
mm,
filling
mm
the
spikelet
two taxa
oblong
in
other. It
one
at
base with
mm
spikelet
to c.
to
to
appear
form,
at
lower
protruding beyond
involved,
the scope of this
0.1-0.5
Hitchcock
g.
and
study
the seeds, which
ellipsoid
to
to more
solve this
or
(Manual
two names
at
small and
are
less obovoid in the
puzzle. Clayton (1974)
specimens
as
0.7-1
by
lenticularis
Sporobolus
differing by
from the
one
given
anthers 0.2-0.3
long,
also stated that the
mentioned the
sensu
it
1.25-1.65
has
of S. coromandelianus
pyramidatus.
slightly
Unfortunately
material while in K, and it seemed
pyramidatus
section,
pyramidatus by
his African
spikelets
from S.
mm
called S. pyramidatus.
already
e.
relatively large
differs
Chippindall (1955)
transverse
pulchellus
A brief survey of the material in L under these
least in the
description
glume
be
and
indistinguishable
His
in
ellipsoid
knuckle-
0.75th
0.3-0.5 times
long,
mm
an
0.35-0.57
long,
hardly angled
least part of it is rather similar to S. coromandelianus and that
beyond
was
remarked that
were
1936,84).
that
suggested
least
to
0.6-1
glume
has been united with S.
Sporobolus argutus
Grasses W. Ind.,
has
Seed
spikelet.
lower
long,
patent, the
coromandelianus
Sporobolus
1.5-1.8
Spikelets
b.
all in
glands
Sporobolus
the
as
leaves,
not
ciliolate rim. Inflorescence branches
gland
long
as
lenticularis
short broad
follows:
as
long, densely long-ciliate. Inflorescence
mm
0.9-1.25
Spikelets
the
branches often fascicled and
without
filiform,
ligule,
ciliate
long, minutely
mm
in whorls, but
ones
elongated
higher
R. Br. and S.
pulchellus
distinguished
all but the uppermost in whorls,
b.
S.
to
longer,
inflorescence with the
glandular
distinct whorls. The three
la.
similar
more
S.T. Blake, different from both
occurrence
spikelets
we
to
of V.
here:
long,
the
to
1-1.4
seeds 0.7-0.8
mm
only briefly glance
to
long
et
al.
long,
long.
in what she
African
Steudel
in South Africa.
Gibbs, Russell,
mm
mm
at some
present species.
commutatus
Chippindall according
spikelets
would be 1-1.3
could
belong
mm
(1854)
Sporobolus
(1985)
is
syno-
a
coromandelianus.
nym of S.
Ohwi
(1947)
followed
Jansen
by
S. coromandelianus because the
by
Hooker f.
(1896).
A
often longer than 1.2
mens are
Indian
study
mm
(1952)
spikelets
considered S.
would be
of Asian material showed that their
(up
to
1.6
mm).
as
well.
as
distinct from
spikelets
are
The seeds of Indian and Javanese
identical and the other features shown
ones
longer
javensis
than the dimensions
by
the Javanese
plants
are
given
rather
speci-
found in
G.J.
Baaijcns
In West Africa the
differs
(-0.2)
3.
long,
mm
Rev.
harmandii
Phu
Quoc Island,
Sporobolus
Henr.
3 (1971)
Fl. Mai.
in
of Ham
Ninh
auct.
which
microprotus Stapf,
glume inconspicuous,
up
1974, 363;
long (Clayton,
to
0.1
1965).
21
Grasses
(1925) 235; Bor,
(1960) 629; Gilliland,
('Huen-ninh'), 28 Sept.
South
Blake:
S.T.
non
18
Mus.
Vietnam,
1875.
12.
(1947)
Sohns
Type:
—
7
(BO,
4
(seed
1919.
holo), Sumatra, Aceh, Kabanjahe,
Sporobolus lenticularis
417
Type: Godefroy 823 (L, holo, K; P, n.v.),
—
Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sc.
sumatranus
mm
Malesia
Henr.
Fedde, Report.
105.
beach
lower
2, seed 0.7-0.8
stamens
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
long spikelets,
harmandii
Sporobolus
Sporobolus
mm
J.F.
has been confused with S.
species
1-1.2
by having
&
Acta
Jansen,
Bot. Neerl.
1
(1952) 477,
t.
upside down).
Sporobolus pulchellus
Fl.
Camus,
Java 2
non R. Br.: Hook,
auct.
Gen. I.-C.
7
(1928) 205; Burk.,
Sporobolus pulvinatus
Diet.
13
Schmid, l'Agron. Trop.
?
Fl. Br. India
f.,
Fl.
(1923) 509; Ridley,
auct.
2
Backer in
(1935) 2069;
(1958) 486,
t.
non Swallcn:
f.
93,
Anon.,
zomes,
smooth,
up
ly hairy,
2
mm
cm
otherwise
high.
up
to
flattened
otherwise
7
to
6
by
cm
0.25
c.
involute,
glabrous;
nearly glabrous,
Leaves
mm,
ellipsoid,
in the
upper
ticular
1.35-1.9
more
the
to
long, shiny
mm
less
or
spikelet,
pidate
acute to
apex
as
long
as
apex, smooth. Lemma
at
to
mm
long.
rounded
embryo
the ovary and/or fruit. Lodicules
Seed
edges,
c.
0.5
tra
mm
(Aceh, Tapanuli,
and arable
land,
long,
oblong,
mm
0.25
c.
by
0.5-0.7
mm
nerves,
4
pectinate,
in fascicles,
1-2.3
in diam.,
glume ovate-oblong
upper
into
long,
in
pericarp
long
acuminate
mm
obtuse
long.
as
to
as
glume ovate-oblong
an
1.3—1.5
mm
pus-
long. Spikelets
0.5-0.67 times
0;
erecto-
spikeled
microscopic
cm
to
below smooth,
branches
cm,
some
to
less hetero-
to
truncate, easi-
Anthers
transverse
rather
to cus-
long, subobtuse,
3,
0.4-0.5
section,
with
loosely adherent;
long.
(Phu Quoc I.),
Habitat.
by
Lower
nerves
Distribution. Burma, Thailand (Chieng
Vietnam
15
ovate-ellipsoid, laterally flattened, elliptic
0.9-1.1
more or
fine-
with up
patent, linear-lanceo-
to
the
on
longest
mm
1-nerved, smooth. Palea broadly elliptic, 1.2-1.4
ly split by
margin
or
glabrous
blades
spikelet, gradually tapering
ovate-oblong
outer
sometimes with
the
brownish red.
0.6-1.2
(see note).
least in the lower part
to
up
acuminate, smooth,
the
less
or
sometimes also
together,
to
narrowly triangular,
-lanceolate,
more
usually eglandular,
brown
Fl.
(1950) 259;
geniculately ascending, glabrous,
above scaberulous
the lowermost 4-10
glands,
8883);
Handb.
softer, involute, margins less hairy
usually effuse,
0.5-0.67th part,
858
(1976)
erecto-patent
ones
erect,
in 6-10 whorls,
patent, usually simple,
5
basal. Sheaths smooth,
stiff, margins
acuminate,
Nutt. PI. Indon.
Heyne,
long, densely ciliate;
ones
Wallich
(1925) 244; Backer,
base and from the cauline nodes. Rhi-
at
of throat
the basal
rather
the cauline
apex
rounded. Panicles
mm
5
3.
erect or
mostly
glabrous, margin
long hairs; ligule
morphous,
late,
60
to
(1896) 252 (quoad
Icon. Corm. Sin.
Annual, tufted, branching intra-vaginally
stolons, cataphylls absent. Culms
7
Mai. Pen.
China
East
(?,
Vernacular
note
Mai; Ranong;
below sub
Satun), Laos,
S. pulvinatus);
South
Malesia: Suma-
Coast).
Pinus merkusii
volcanic
see
rock,
forest,
sunny, rather bare
900-1200 m alt.
names.
Jecarum
Locally
(Gayo);
grasslands,
on
abundant.
uban-uban
(Samosir).
dry
waste
BLUMEA
418
Collector's
This
Notes.
formerly
S. lenticularis S.T. Blake and S.
c.
0.1
mm
long
long
as
the
as
glumes
the
as
while S.
spikelet,
0.35-0.65
lets 1.1-1.25
Perhaps
S.
as
the
the
4.
formerly
humilis
Sporobolus
Rept.
Missouri
dub.;
sp.
Monod
holo, MO,
similar,
Sporobolus
albens
Gard.
Balansa
Type: Godefroy
30
Sporobolus
Agric.
100;
tremulus
in
13
98
long
cm
as
lower
seeds.
inflo-
glandular
long, spike-
Sin. 5,
long anthers,
mm
pulchellus,
and the
green.
homomorphous,
glands, the longest
the lemma ±
long, pedicels scabrous,
cm
1976, 858)
deep greyish
as
but is different by the
as
knucklebone-shaped
e.g. Wallich 8883.
1
(1830) 241; Miq.,
(1899) 53,
in
t.
30,
f.
Backer & Bakh.
(1841) 626, 767; Syn.
Fl. Ind.
Morot,
J. Bot. 4
(1958) 486,
1
f.,
Fl. Java
(see note);
3
J. Sc.
(1857) 376; Scribn.,
1, Suppl. (1906) 374,
3 (1968)
(1854) 153.
538.
—
Vilfa
Haenke
Type:
—
humilis
(PR,
s.n.
Luzon.
Fl. G6n. I.-C. 7
(1890) 164; Camus,
488
Bat.
2; Merr., Philip.
P.-H.
(L, holo, K; P, n.v.), Cambodia,
Burma
in
Steudel, BS
subsp.
Bcauv.:
non
Merr., Philip.
(=
Nutt. PI. Indon.
7881
auct.,
teak
J. Sc.
Kunth: Backer, Trop.
20 (1924) 14; Backer,
Hcyne,
e'Djatiwald'
non
auct.
Sporobolus virginicus
a.
least
Ho,
Pnom
Nien
San
1
North
Penh,
(1923) 510;
?
(1968) 130, fig.
of the
Pyramid,
May 1875.
Sporobolus diandrus auct.
t.
Haenk.
10
2
2,
Schmid, l'Agron. Trop.
—
0.75
c.
de Froideville
ed.
Corm.
(Icon.
described
are
fig. by Scribncr!; US, fragm.), Philippines,
n.v.,
mm
the
2-3.5
ones
at
Presl
Rel.
Presl,
Bot.
Nomencl.
Steudel,
seed
long spikelets,
by
3
to
glume, 0.3-0.5
long
the inflorescence branches with linear
identified as S.
humilis
Sporoboius
longest
Anon.
by
spikelets
Bor is also
the
glume,
upper
seeds. In K
and blades up
0.5-0.75
differs
capillaris Miq.
the
mm
mm
quadrangular,
together,
lowest inflorescence branches 3-4.5
long
by
species
by having rim-like,
the lower
1.25-1.65
a
has 0.9-1.25
to
mentioned
although
long leaves,
cm
differs
moreover,
terete
species
pulvinatus
species,
Sporobolus tetragonus
6-15
red-
long.
mm
the S.
is the present
R. Br. These differ
lenticular,
lowest branches 12-14
rescences,
been confused with the Australian
pulchellus
and
long,
mm
Of the continental Asian
flat,
and
spikelet,
Spikelets
acicularis.
always glabrous leaf-throats,
Sporobolus lenticularis,
wide.
times
1991
2,
Chrysopogon
pulchellus
ligules,
ciliolate
long,
mm
No.
connective area.
pale
has
species
35,
Resembling
notes.
dish. Anthers dark violet with
VOL.
non
Fl. Java 2
9
(1928) 204;
Onkr.
Suiker. (1928)
107,
Merr. ex
Koord.,
Mcrr.,Enum. Philip.
Exk. Fl. Java
Fl.
PI.
1
1
(1911) 145, pro
(1923) 81,
quoad
specim.
syn.
Presl,
(Ramos).
humilis
Perennial, tufted and mat-forming, branching extra-vaginally
short,
stolons
shiny,
straw-coloured. Culms
slender,
geniculately ascending
outer
less
mm
densely
a
at
widely creeping. Cataphylls often broad,
low, glabrous, smooth. Sheaths smooth,
times with
p.p.
(1920) 176; McKerral, Bull. Dept.
1593.
(1950) 260,
Kunth:
forest);
Handb.
1, Suppl. (1906) 372,
Nat.
bulbous-based hairs up
few scattered
long hairs;
to
2
blades
patent, usually rather stiff, flat, folded,
or
to
erect, up
margin glabrous,
long; ligule
more or
less
up
to
to
base. Rhizomes
large, glabrous,
30
cm
high,
throat with
0.2
mm
hol-
more
long,
distichous, erecto-patent
involute, ovate-linear-lanceolate
to
or
some-
to
linear,
G.J.
0.7-6.5
1-2
by
cm
&
Baaijens
apex acute, above
mm,
times with
from the base,
gether, appressed,
2
to
up
mm
long.
Palea
0
nerves
ovate
Lodicules 0.1-0.15
Burma
Distribution.
(Hong
Can
Ngu,
Lemma
long,
mm
0.4-0.5
as
long
as
or
apex
as
mm
the
to-
Lower
spikelet,
-lanceolate,
to
obtuse, smooth
1.1-1.4
glume,
mm
the seed.
easily split by
Seed ovoid
long.
mm
long,
microscopically
acute to
the upper
truncate,
to ovate-
in
mm
diam.;
long.
(McKerral B2, US,
Cambodia
1695, BM, K),
long, yellowish.
mm
some-
cm
the lowermost 1-3
section, 0.7-0.8 by 0.35-0.4(-0.5)
transverse
pericarp closely adherent; embryo
mai, Kerr
spiciform,
times
spikelet,
Anthers 3, 0.3-0.5
long.
mm
in
ellipsoid, elliptic
the
below
2-7.5
glume ovate-oblong
upper
as
upwards.
1.1—1.3
oblong,
to
1);
long
moderately
or
margins,
obtuse apex, smooth
acute to
(or
as
scaberulous
microscopically
or
and
0.75-1 times
long,
long, (0.5-)0.67
mm
margins
upwards,
scaberulous
0.9-1.3
the
along
erose
1.2-1.5
419
glabrous
and
nerves
finely scaberulous,
long. Spikelets
cm
glume ovate-oblong, 0.6-1.1
often
on
Panicles contracted,
(i.s.).
distinct midrib
a
densely spikeled
Malesia
both sides
or on
with bulbous-based hairs, above scaberulous
branches
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
sine
Thailand
loc),
South
(Pnom Penh, Batambang),
Tho, Gia Dinh); Malesia: Java (Jakarta,
(ChiengVietnam
Semarang,
Banyumas,
Yogjakarta, Madiun, Surabaya, Malang, Besuki), Philippines (Luzon).
Habitat.
On
heavy, periodically marshy
flooded
or
dles and sawahs, with Coldenia procumbens
L. and
salt-resistant, roadsides,
teak
abundant, up
to
100
m
Collector's
(L.) Pers.].
Panicles
Uses.
Disliked
the fodder value is
not
by
on
Dedakan
(1906),
(Jav.;
some
having
not
in the
indigenous
1593),
p.
very local, then
forest,
pronounced
a
adscendens
green
(Ramos) (US)
is the
difficult
recognize.
to
(Backer,
a
1950,
Backer,
where
1950).
an
S. humilis
much dwarfed form of S.
Lamk.,
a
Both
to
specimen differs,
a
subspecies
no
by
hairy leaves,
occur
Schmid
we
seen
(1958)
two
agree
agree with Backer that
between the two,
two
a
to
two
collec-
while BS 7881
virginicus,
usual, by
it is
a
longer
(cf. Backer,
superfluous
the
larger spikelets,
anthers.
1920, 1928a, b, 1950)
one
for
from that
length
so
be
area
Agrostis juncea
also in Indochina but
belonged
to
was
S. humilis
available for
s.s.
The
something entirely different because
taxon
of the
of the inflorescence.
much in
single species
subspecies
perhaps
S. tremulus by previous authors
seems to
and the colour and
the
Kunth
species;
in Thailand, Luzon, and
material attributed
Nevertheless,
as
diandrus
virginicus (q.v.).
study. Instead, everything
described
as
the lower one) and
(Willd.)
the present
synonym of S.
from there
S.
true
of
is indeed rather similar and the occasional dwarf form of it
Such
The combination S. tremulus
misapplied
analysis
(McKerral, 1924).
specimens, regarded
any
or
value
PI. 574 (U) is the
relatively longer glumes (especially
has been
dactylon
present species.
Sporobolus virginicus
is
apparently
[cf. Cynodon
cf.
dedekan,
not
slight
seen
Philippines,
of which Merrill Philip.
pud-
(L.) Hara,
east monsoon.
(Retz.) Beauv. Later (1923) he included it in S. virginicus. He then cited
tions,
in
white.
or
cattle in Central Java
given
Notes. Merrill
perhaps
green
name.
with
areas
Ludwigia
Turf-forming, bright
notes.
bright
Vernacular
plantation,
coconut
alt. In Java in
clay, especially
habitat, habit
and all other characters, that
is involved. As there
have been
distinguished
here.
are
some
differences
420
VOL.
BLUMEA
35,
The Australian S. mitchelii (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.
lar; it differs by its
tufted habit with
throat of the
smooth blades, much
longer
0-nerved upper
glume,
glume,
b.
minor Veldk.,
subsp.
Nees
Vilfa geniculata
Cat.
note.]
Agrostis
Type:
—
tenacissima
lower
not
easily split palea, longer anthers,
smut Bipolaris.
156.
(1853)
1
—
[? Sporobolus geniculatus
for T.Thomson
nud.
nom.
long internodes, glabrous
longer spikelets, relatively longer
nov.
Steudel, Syn.
ex
(1869) 165;
PI.
Punj.
subsp.
the
by
S.T. Blake is somewhat simi-
ex
stolons with
long
apparently
the
and caryopses that may be infected
1991
2,
No.
India, Punjab,
s.n.,
Nees ex
Aitch.,
Moradabad;
see
indicated (P, holo, not found), India, Madras.
not
non Linne
auct.
f.:
Roxb.,
Fl. Ind.
(1820) 318.
1
Vouchers:
—
Hb.
Rox-
burgh (BM, K).
tremula
Agrostis
in
1796)
Diss.
Trin.,
tremulus
Fl. Br.
non
Kunth:
Gdn.
I.-C.
Gr.
143 (1982)
Reddi
Rev. Palaeobot.
A
humili
subsp.
longis,
mm
US),
Sri
S
alt., 20 Sept.
mm
&
1
Petersb.
Handb.
Fischer
2
in
3
54
cm
PI.
Ind. Gr.
Gamble,
(1976) 24; Bhandari,
Matthew,
Fl.
Fl.
13
1-3
mm
differt.
longis
2-4
by
Dist.,
—
Hook,
Madras
3
(1958) 486; Bor,
Ind.
f.,
179, 180;
t.
(1928)
Grasses
(1978) 434; Cope,
Desert
(1983) 1906;
inferioribus
1,15-1,25
lon-
mm
1,5-1,75
Typus: Lazarides 7331 (L, holo; CANB, K,
SW of Ruhuna
National
mm
diam.
1—3(—6.5)
(see note),
long. Spikelets (1.4—) 1.5-2.1
cm
sometimes
0.8-0.9 times
tep, Bangkhen,
as
Park
Headquarters,
Habitat.
Loher
cm
c.
3
m
long
as
long
as
as
the
the
spikelet;
spikelet.
note),
long, usually glabrous.
lowest branches
mm
upper
Flowering
o'clock p.m.
750
m
(Punjab),
? Cambodia, ? North Vietnam
sea
and
Reddi
et
al.
Chromosomes.
2n
Collector's
erect.
Foliage
1.5-1.75
long.
India
(from Punjab
(Krung-
(Lang Vuc); Malesia:
Phi-
also
inland,
margins
of
sawahs,
open
Eragrostis
scrub
viscosa
on
in
alt. in India.
behaviour. Pollen
by
(0.9—)1.15—
7189, K).
Near the
to
mm
or
Glumes
Thailand: N Province
hard soil with other small herbs, sometimes co-dominant with
Up
one
glume (1.25-)
Anthers 0.6-1
Pakistan
solitary
long (see note).
the lower
microscopically scaberulous;
Reunion (see
Bangkok),
lippines (Luzon,
pale.
Sporobolus
—
(1921) 233,
Pres.
(anno
non Trin.:
(1833) 210;
Fl. Tamilnadu Cam.
brevioribus, glumis
compact. Blades
more
cm
Distribution.
culms
1
s.n.
auct.
tab. 51.
(1988) 36,
Assam, Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, ? Burma (Pegu),?
Sri Lanka.
Klein
(1840) 98.
Enum.
S.
pro
tremula
Vilfa
—
VI, 5,
(1829) 67;
Matthew in
Palynol.
Hambaniota
0.7-0.8 times
long,
long,
10
Briuo &
plcrumque
0,6-1
apparently
0.45-0.7
mm
St.
(1797) 372,
1970.
usually smooth,
1.25
Sc.
Gram.
1
1,
1538.
longis (0,62-)0,7-0,8-plo longioribus, glumis superioribus
Province,
Inflorescences
paired,
of India
138;
foliis
mm
anlheribus
Lanka,
Habit
in
1,5-2,1
gis spiculis
Ac.
Rdv.
(1923) 509; C.E.C.
7
4,
Ceylon (1956) 96; Schmid, l'Agron. Trop.
Wealth
(1960) 633; Chadha,
al.,
ed.
PL,
microfiche IDC
M6m.
Kunth,
Fl. Pakistan
et
Willd., Sp.
n.v.,
(1896) 250; Achariyar & Mudalyar,
7
1817; Senaratna,
to
1725,
(1824) 155;
Bot.
Fl.
Camus,
Willdenow
auct.
India
Willd.:
non
auct.
Hb.
was
observed
to
be
normally
shed between
1 and 3
(1988).
=
notes.
20
(Senaratna,
1956).
Very stoloniferous,
markedly glaucous,
blades
30-60
stiffly
cm
diam.,
imbricate.
flowering
Spikelets
very
G.J.
Said
Uses.
be of value
fers
to
be
fodder
as
&
Baaijcns
J.F.
excellent grass for
an
(Bor,
Notes. This taxon,
as
tremulus (Willd.) Kunth, based
fluous
for
name
If
(q.v.).
would be S.
tributed it
on
minor is
be
to
Agrostis
identification list without
synonym of S.
a
as
between
them
1.75 and
1.5-2.1
as
Subsp.
(1896)
by
minor
any
mm
but this may be due
us,
1157 bears
up
Kunth
of
spike
a
long.
minor the
subsp.
Bhandari
(1960),
Bor
which does
S. indicus.
The
sheet collected
a
belong
As
and
subspecies
lets
(1.8-2 mm),
tion
5.
Sporobolus
f.
Jap.
not
indicus
I.-C.
7
R.
(L.)
Fl.
belongs
Br.,
11
37
Prod.
1
(1962) 235,
t.
2
Biarritz
7
(1973) 180;
(1968) 47;
Mchra &
Hubb.
pert.?
sec
Davidse
Kalia,
Nov.
(1986) 69;
Lamk.,
Tabl.
147, 181,
superfl.
1
20
Encycl.
nom.
—
(1854) 162.
65.
1
supcrfl.
—
—
Sporobolus
(1928)
also said that
record
probably
they
Trin.,
a
synonym of S.
a
de France',
based
on
In
virginicus.
i.e.
Reunion,
mentioned
it may have been mislabeled.
India,
(Loher 7189, Manila; K).
and anthers
0.75
(c.
mm).
It
spike-
This collec-
is untenable.
species
J.
Fl.
23
Can.
Nat.
Zeal.
Bot.
J.
Sc.
15
supcrfl.
lamarckii
forma indicus:
12
15
Bull.
Fl.
(1934) 256; Bor,
1982, 16);
Gudd.,
T.
Koyama,
Kew
Centre
Et.
1-i;
PI.
1
t.
J.W. Parham
in
204; Astegiano,
(1753)
63.
—
Rech.
Kalikasan
A.C.
39
Smith,
Kurtziana
Agrostis
J.
Bull.
Christopher & Abraham, Cytologia
t.
t.
& Boer-
(1908) 120; Camus,
Techn.
31,
Nauta
50 (1972) 1443; Pancho,
(1980) 544,
—
(1896) 247;
89 (1962) 78; Clayton,
Jovct &
(1974) 313,
L., Sp.
7
Hb.
J.
CI.
Bot.
(1974) 807;
indica
India
A.S.B.S Ncwsl.
18
elongata
Vilfa elongata Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 16,
Hamilt.,
Steudel, Nomcncl.
indicus
Br.
U.S.
New
Torrcy
Bot. 49
nom.
Sporobolus
ex
Contr.
Costaric.
Agrostis
Fl.
f„
28 (1966) 67;
Pohl,
Jap.
(pro comb.); Bcauv., Agrost. (1812) 26, 147,
Allen,
Bull.
Lus.
&
(1791) 162,
Vilfa indica Trin.
—
170
Simon,
Taxon
(1979) 308; Pohl,
(1989)
two
Hook.
in
3; Tateoka,
(1974) 565, fig. 15,16; Tanaka,
Fl. Vit.
s. s.
the microfiche IDC
to
humilis because of the size of the
mm),
(1810)
19 (1965) 291; C.E. Hubb., Agron.
Sc.,
1.25
(1878) 622;
C.E.
76
(1960) 630, (t.
Bot.
Mauritius,
in Malesia
once
subsp.
to
(1901) 490; Hitchc.,
(1923) 507;
measured
S. humilis
to
R.Br.
(L.)
Austr. 7
Hooker f.
mm
Cordemoy (Fl. Reunion, 1895) only
only
glume (c.
indicus
11; Benth.,
Grasses
here and
lower
lage, Teysmannia
Gen.
minor.
indicates that the distinction of
again
Sporobolus
6,
for
auct.
Commerson labeled 'lie
collected
was
measured
we
typical subspecies.
Fischer
long.
cm
Commerson also collected in S
indubitably belongs
and
wider than the 4
presumably
intermedia
Vilfa
by
subsp.
to
Sena-
cm) long.
Sieber 38. This is the type of
L there is
an
would be
spikelets
(1978),
the inclusion of material that
cited S. tremulus
(1833)
at-
Cope's (1982) report.
to
long
cm
to
11.5
name
by Camus, 1923; Fischer, 1928;
is that in
1983)
estimated 7.5
an
4.5 inch (c.
to
Kunth
correct
used the combination in
merely
However, the sheet Wallich 3771 A (K-W, n.v.) according
were
super-
yet made. Bor (1960)
not
has smallerpanicles than the
generally
the
species,
...,
long, similar
maximum 10
as
gave
2.5
mm
a
virginicus (L.)
further reference.
Britto & Matthew,
1956;
distinct
combination
a
A distinction sometimes mentioned (e.g.
ratna,
a
but this author
(1869),
Aitchinson
to
re-
Sporobolus
as
tremula Willd. This, however, is
accepted
geniculatus (Steudel)
to
(1976)
Chadha
by
is known in the Asian literature
Agrostis juncea Lamk.,
subsp.
the soil and may also prove
binding
1950).
species,
a
421
Malesia
The citation of Walandouw
1960).
humilis (see Backer,
to var.
in
Vcldkamp: Sporobolus
cd.
2,
Peter in
Prod. PI.
1
Ind.
Occ. (1825) 4,
nom.
(1840) 41; 2 (1841) 767; Syn.
Fcddc, Report.,
Beih. 40
(1931)
1
291
BLUMEA
422
Art.
(by implication:
Jovet
(1962) 235;
in
t.
Fl.
Walker,
87
26.2).
Okinawa
460 B
Clayton
in
Et.
of
Hb.
84.36
31
1991
2,
indicus:
var.
Biarritz 7
Sc.,
Fl.
al.,
18.
(1982)
275
Japan (1987)
Linn.
Rcch.
L.B. Smith et
(1976) 190;
A.S.B.S Newsl.
d-g, 88; Simon,
Koyama, Grasses
T.
Centre
No.
35,
indicus
Sporobolus
—
Bull.
& Gu6d.,
VOL.
—
II.
Gram.
Catar.,
indicus
26.2).
Art.
microfiche
n.v.,
J.
Koyama,
Sporobolus
(by implication:
(LINN, holo,
T.
IDC
1
Bot. 37
Jap.
T.
(1968) 63, fig. 4;
Koyama
(1981) 380,
indicus:
subsp.
Lectotype:
—
Vir-
5075), U.S.A.,
ginia.
tenuissima
Agrostis
(1825)
1
Spreng., Syst. Veg.
258.
—
not indicated:
Type:
'Ind. Occ.
Amer.
Austr.'
Vilfa
berteroana
Hitchc. &
in
Vilfa
Hb. Bernhardi
exilis
(1890) 164,
88.
t.
3a.
June
County,
T
or
with S.
auct., non
t. 47
indicus
and later
B,
(1840) 89.
exilis
T
—
ype:
Bertero
R. Br.
tenacissima
Vilfa
—
Tnn. ex Balansa
exilis
var.
Buckl.
T.
in
s.n.
Kunth
Morot, J.
Koyama,
Proc. Ac. Sc.
(nom. allern.),
n.v.;
J.
Jap.
var.
Bot. 4
Bot.
American authors
on
in
photocopy
37
1862
Buch-
US).
Dept. Agric.
243
(Man.
&
Clayton, 1965; Jovet
also
(see
Philadelphia
US), U.S.A., Texas,
Publ. U.S.
Misc.
Hitchc.,
in
photocopy
poiretii by Hitchcock
Kunth:
Sporobolus berteroanus
—
(1917) 370.
(LE, holo, n.v.), Mexico, Jalapa.
s.n.
(PH, holo,
s.n.
1
VI, 5,
Vilfa angusta
18
Domingo.
Sporobolus
—
100.
(1840)
Ind.)
W.
St.
Schiede
y p e:
(identified
Ind.) (1936) 82,
99.
Sporobolus
—
Type: Buckley
Sporobolus jacquemontii
W.
(1886)
comb. —
pro
—
(= Gr.
2
VI, 5,
St. Petersb.
Sc. St. Petersb.
Mex. PI. 2
angustus Buckl.
Sporobolus
Ac. Sc.
U.S. Nat. Hb.
(LE, holo; B, MO, n.v.),
(1962) 235, 240,
anan
Contr.
Mem. Ac.
Trim,
exilis Fourn.,
(1863)
Mem.
Trim,
Chase,
Gr.
Guedes,
1968).
Sporoboluspoiretii
influencing
Sporobolus
ed.
auct.,
Hitchc.:
tenacissimus auct.,
2,14d (1956) 55;
For more synonymy
The
non
see
non
Kunth:
various
Kew Bull.
Bor,
see
Bartonia
Hitchc.,
[see Veldk., Taxon
many treatments
12
39
14
and
(1932) 32,
subsequent publications,
(1990) 327].
authors,
(1957) 233,
e.g.
in
Pilger
for the case
E.
&
P.,
Nat. Pfl.
under the varieties.
following general description
is based
on
Malesian
(i.e. non-typical!)
material
only.
Long-living annuals, usually densely tufted, branching intra-vaginally
Rhizomes short, stolons and
absent. Culms erect, up
cataphylls
glabrous,
smooth. Sheaths smooth, often
ligule
to
up
0.5
long;
mm
to
to
part,
below
then often
loosely spikeled,
1.5-12
cm
glume
interrupted
ovate
ovate to
oblong,
and the
acute to
upper part. Lemma
often scaberulous
long,
obtuse
Anthers 2
in
very
to
or
transverse
at
base,
the lowermost 1-3
the spikelet, apex usually
margin
fine
section,
and
0.7-1.65
oblong,
long,
erose
not
Seed
often
the seed.
ellipsoid
to
Distribution.
Pantropical;
mm
a
branches
densely
obliquely spreading,
to
to
nearly
0.2-0.5 times
to
truncate,
long
as
acute to
elliptic
blackish
long
as
0;
nerves
as
the
to
oblong, compressed
in
polymorphous
as
upper
spikelet,
in the
obtuse, 1-3-nerved,
oblong,
1.2-2.5
Lodicules 0.25-0.45
mm
the
margins
mm,
few scattered hairs
mm
and
species.
mm
long.
angular
diam.; pericarp
long.
very
glabrous;
denticulate, scaberulous
long,
Palea
0.6-1.25 by 0.35-0.75(-0.8)
closely adherent; embryo 0.3-0.65
a
2-7
long,
cm
long,
rounded
mm
base.
at
high, solid,
Panicles contracted and
0.4-0.67 times
1.3-2.6
easily split by
long.
mm
apex
the denticulate apex.
mm
keeled.
long, yellowish, pale
0.35-1
cm
otherwise
by
with
nerves,
effuse, 7-60
denticulate,
mm
cm
together, appressed
mm
elliptic,
obtuse, often
truncate,
3, 0.5-1.1
1.3-2.6
to
erose
ovate to
near
the
on
to
6-15
point,
90
less flat, linear, filiform in
or
smooth, glabrous, slightly
long. Spikelets
green. Lower
glume
a
to more
scaberulous, above scaberulous
in the lower
spiciform,
to
to
shiny, margin ciliolate,
blades folded
upper part, gradually tapering
smooth
Fam.,
history.
rather
&
Baaijens
G.J.
Pollination. Tanaka
in S. indicus
rarely [probably
J.F.
occurred for
cleistogamy
lower down all florets
here
the lack of
by
took
ripe
supply
and
to
She
before 1758
it is
as
too
(1968,
S. indicus
collected
was
not
(see
in
as
1862, 40)
litt.)
was
and confirmed
occurs
an
was
top
pollen
which
we
here.
properly
(84.35, -36,
later)
as
the
type
of the
Patrick Browne and
tracing
of it is
Kunth
poiretii (R.
&
[here
not
com-
seen
depicted by
included in
Hitchc. for the
S.)
identity
annotated with '460 B',
of S.
poiretii
in
its
widely spread
to
Sloane,
in South
"Gramen
Proc.
see
Although
it
Europe
1." The
specimen
on
e.g.
by
Parham
(1762,
(1979)
As it is clear from Linne's
likely
that it
was
84.36,
viridis
(Gouan)
stated
an
probably
to
have
come
in
unexplored
area
came
from there.
1
(1696); Voy.
Jam.
(1707)
1
which this is based is in Hb. Sloane Vol. 2, fol.
However, Linne himself effectively
his Poa ciliaris L.
ed. 2
Species plantarum
We
under the grasses.
& foliis
angustissimis,
pratense panicula
(BM) and indeed represents the species.
to
Grono-
Virginia.
Linn. Soc., London, Bot. 6,
provinces,
brevibus muticis locustis minimis, Cat. PI. Jam.
73, f.
in
species, Polypogon
(in sched.).
northwestern
probably by
by Clayton
Virginica (1762)
different
Munro (J.
by
Hubbard
by
only
moved these references
most
and
by
For the actual
1968).
entirely
remarked
already
Linne also referred
posed
to
three sheets
are
and would then have been collected
Linne's time. As it is
115,
summarize
jacquemontii
and S.
found this number in Gronovius' Flora
from India, it
t.
of the seed,
to
be the type. A
(Beauv.) Veldk.],
Jovet & Guedes,
The third sheet represents
Breistr.,
spicis
on
dubiae & excludendae!
(Jarvis,
have
branches
style
confusion in American literature when from 1932
The second Linnaean collection
vius
but deduced cleis-
1).
t.
an enormous
variety pyramidalis
there
(1908,
Hitchcock
Linne. It therefore cannot
by
extensive
(LINN)
he used the combination S. indicus for S.
Species
morphological
no
indica L.
regarded by
Hitchcock caused
true
in the
entangled
while
is caused
cleistogamy
spikelets,
development
subsequent
specimen, however,
Jovet & Guedes
the
that
thought
that
proper)
detailed study of the ontogeny of the
extremely
an
Agrostis
The first has been
bination. The
the
upper
indicus
var.
of the inflorescence,
cm
chasmogamous
In the Linnean Herbarium
Notes.
on
2
the lodicules. She observed
to
refer the interested reader,
-37) pertaining
41
the
only
neigh-
cases.
in
(probably
occurred
selfing
but fertilization of
fruit.
and ovule, its fertilization and
to
found
chasmogamous.
cleistogamous
In 1989 she has made
have
in 35% of the
place
Argentine
from the fact that the anthers remained
togamy
that
Japan
423
Malesia
major (Buse) Baaijens],
80-90% in
were
water
differences between
of the
in
Astegiano (1986)
Ms.
observed in
(1974)
var.
bouring spikelets (geitonogamy)
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
p.
102)
[now Eragrostis
ciliaris
and the choice of this
(L.)
element,
re-
Br.]
R.
as
in
pro-
therefore is incorrect.
protologue
that he had
which
therefore taken
was
a
specimen available,
as
the
it
seems
type (see Hubbard,
1966, but also Jovet & Guedbs, 1968).
R. Brown
mens
do
not
surprising
-
(1810)
made the combination
belong
to
but also
stead they belong
Sporobolus indicus,
the American forms of S. indicus
not to
to var.
the forms
regarded
capensis Engl.,
as
a taxon
-
originally
most
likely
as
but his actual
is of
course
speci-
not
very
native in Australia. Inintroduced from Africa
424
BLUMEA
into Australia, but then
was
introduced'
ably
Under the present Code
a
type
name are
(1988)
generic
the
as
a
specimen
basionym 0Clayton
indicus
many
as
africanus (Poir.) Robyns
Beauv. and
elongatus
S.
&
very
at
the S. indicus
not
was
regarded
where
we
lower
var.
names
and S.
tentatively
and
may be
native
are
'good'
but
to
ones,
at
in Africa 5.
to
Malesia
Malesian
or
taxa.
e.g. S. olivaceus
have
we
disentangle
to
is
a
very
&
or
an
far
S.)
species
at most
the
glanc-
structure
of
n.s.
Veldk.
(1990)
(e.g.
in
seen
is
print].
Merrill
we concur,
their delimitationof
have
wayside weed,
11
complicated taxonomy
distinguished by Clayton
with which
opinion
as
America. The form in
common
the
disentangle
to
follow them. We
always
no
Sp.
material of
which
Europe,
indicus
var.
Their
Bl.
taxa
at
845, Ramos
es-
con-
major
least in the
(see Veldk.,
laxus is
var.
var.
is
at
Bull.
least
part-
1867), partly
major {Ramos 1401).
a
few
perplexed by
berteroanus),
or
Hooker f.,
variability
a
and apparent intermediateforms have
without
single species
further subdivision
a
1960; Monod de Froideville, 1968,
1896; Bor,
named varieties
as
species (T. Koyama,
The
the
several of them into
or
(e.g. Bentham, 1878;
1962; Simon,
(T. Koyama,
1982),
or
slight
easily
attributed
A
1987).
and often statistical,
whereby occasionally
confused. We therefore agree that
to
the
identity
fungus usually
may infect the ovaries.
absorbed. The ovary
sticky
cence
of
together.
long,
Hyphae
is
Hyphae arising
mats
no more
than
a
are
of the material
re-
taxa
varietal rank should be
them.
hyphomycetous
stroma.
as
sub-
showed that the differences
the Malesian specimens
present study
among
mained uncertain. From the identifications even by specialists it is clear that the
are
tra-
in Asia S. diandrus
misapplied
quadratus Clayton,
include S. diandrus. As
flaccidus (R.
united
but
has
and in Australia S. creber De Nardi,
have been
varieties of S. indicus,
as
Ouest France,
Other authors
S.
as
combina-
and hence of
84.36),
(Pohl, 1980),
ones
Simon. Several of these
the
or
also have tried
from Africa
Gironde, France,
Soc. Sc. Nat.
var.
new
in the Americas S. indicus proper
the aim of the present research
(1968)
they
cannot
('var. fertilis’)
ly
name.
complex completely.
Jovet & Guedes
cerned,
generic
a
consequence,
widely spread species containing
and nomenclature and concluded that several of the
pecially
no
pyramidalis Beauv.,
species distinguished by Clayton
them, as it
should be
of
Clayton (1965)
e.g.
and S.
Tournay
Napper, S. pellucidus Hochst.,
at
species:
jacquemontii
and S. laxus
R. Br.,
Some of the
a
S. fertilis (Steudel) Clayton,
have been introduced there,
ed
of
type
460-B in Hb. Linne
of which
most
distinct
and S.
high elevations
(Retz.)
be the
may
nomenclaturally
here is
accepted
as
16 forms,
as
ditionally recognized
rather
'prob-
wrote
name.
Sporobolus
perhaps
considers that Brown
one
united with each other: the
of the
type
indissolubly
tion is the type of the
date when
collection from Port Jackson.
R. Brown's misidentification is therefore
and
1991
2,
land and collect there. Brown himself
to
the label of
on
No.
35,
surprisingly early
at a
of the first botanists
one
VOL.
mass
replaced
by
called
Bipolaris
ravenelii
within the host cells which
a
branched
conidiophores,
name
soon
Shoemaker
completely
sclerotoid, pseudo-parenchymatous
from this emerge between the lemma and
The American
(Curt.)
are
which may
'smutgrass'
palea
glue parts
to
fungus
form black
of the inflores-
is derived from this. An extensive
G.J.
discussion
66,
the life
on
&
Baaijens
J.F.
of the
cycle
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
smut
is
Luttrell
given by
425
Malesia
According
to
Alcom
ravenelii
and B.
taxa
of
species
to
(Hennings) Alcorn,
Crustacea
and also
s.s.],
become infected. Next
belonging
not
Sporobolus,
speculating
which is of interest when
New Guinea Eragrostis
from Irian
but spore
length
There
With the
Var.
as
L)
well
(both by
reports that the
JFV
smut
might
that this
be toxic
was
revision of
present
in the
fungi might
if
elongatus,
well. A collection
as
to
a
plants
quite
not
but
as
rough
There
are
are
the
another
Sporobolus
true,
smut
as
was
and that the
might
scored
study
on
the presence of
biases
sheet
was
as
of
var.
against
most
regarded
by
is
apparently
infected
by
all four
species
capensis
were
specimens
a count
was
Alcorn
be attack-
never
his identifications are
made.
of infected
development;
(if
specimens
infected
in the herbarium: the
do
plants
not
sheets have several inflorescences, but
as
one
'collection', and duplicates
was
factors it
mowed
found in
on
the
none were
infection in
was
noted
apparently
panicle,
one
var.
JFV in
by
no
on
look 'nice'
to
simplify
different sheets
the whole 'collection'
(very
airfield),
Papua
Although
common
and of
var.
was
at
all,
as
hundreds of
along
on
an
rampant. Apparently
in
Lae,
var.
elongatus
pyramidalis
cinereo-viridis
0
mowing
reduces
of
10 sheets
(
0.0%)
2
51
(
3.9%)
4
63
(
6.3%)
(
7.0%)
23
out
326
seen
Port
untendedroad-
the chances of infection.
var.
was
speci-
the well-tended
flaccidus
infected. Outside Goroka,
capensis
New Guinea that
infection occurred
(pers. comm.).
checked in Goroka
especially
Singapore,
side, however,
var.
of
158, 1987, 62).
by
possibly
Alcorn in Australia
roads in town, and
Moresby,
distorting
regularly
were
and
host
infected.
for these
that
a
useful indicator of affinities in the
a
infected in all stages of
also observed
mens
was
be
different 'collections'. If infection
Except
grass
also observed
survey of herbarium
some
not
matters one
areas
litt.).
be undertaken.
correctly identified,
and may be undercollected;
was
in
stock, but pig-growers in
Monod, and Backer before him, thought that S. diandrus would
ed. This is
group,
miyakei,
species (Alcorn,
erroneous,
Bipolaris (Alcom, I.e., table 5; Sivanesan, Mycol. Pap.
correct),
australis),
B.
be infected with B.
the lower end of the range for the
can
Eragrostis
delimitations. At least in
generic
seems to
complex
for them'.
'very good
specificity
Hamzah 3075,
Guinea assured
New
Papua
some
are
at
was
&
tribal and
indicus
advena and
Steudel may become infected
tenuifolia
Jaya ( Widjaja
on
in-
are
cylindrica Alcorn,
B.
the S.
to
Thellungia
cilianensis (Allioni) F.T. Hubb. may become smutted
in
Histology
15, 1982, 20) four species of Bipolaris
(Mycotaxon
volved [B. australis Alcorn, B.
as
&
(Cytology
1976, 260).
var.
flaccidus
var.
capensis
2
24
(
8.3%)
var.
indicus
6
61
(
9.8%)
var.
creber
var.
major
var.
queenslandicus
3
15
(20.0%)
35
135
(25.9%)
4
10
(40.0%)
426
BLUMEA
As
be
can
seen
all
nearly
ed, although apparently in
ficult
var.
The
Veldk.).
few infected
Relatively
T.
high
scores
have
only
'very
he could
the
are
be deduced from his
His varieties indicus
curiously enough
figures
and
(America)
only, spikelets yellowish
2
mm
long
His
mm
or
or
36)
=
cylindrical
purpureo-suffusus 2-2.5
As
far
the
as
made
linear
panicle
length
of the
those of
best
of
mix-up
a
placed
suggested that
Having
unable
to
long
seen
plex. Basing
which he
morphic
garded
slightly
one,
too
have
indicus’,
of vi-
pairs
than half
more
large,
sizes
true
1987).
branched
conspicuously
is
typical variety
is
but the
loosely spikeled
=
the apex
near
diploid (2n
hexaploid (2n
in T.
regarded
as
the American
and
18)
=
and
with 1.8-
54)
on
purpureo-suffusus (Asia)
short
we
in Malesia.
have
impression
branches.
European specimens
and
so
exilis. From Trinius'
floriferis; spiculis
the
indicus has
We do
that in the type
mm,
linea
...
they
we
a
that
contracted,
know
not
were
have
var.
as
seen
the Linnean
the
long
had
as
con-
specimen
of V. exilis
description
it also
paullo brevioribus")
typical form.
shape
of S. indicus
representatives
species.
panicle, length
Clayton thought
of the
on
that he could
He concluded that there is
as a
single
we
have been
only
a
on
the S. indicus
spikelet,
Asia, which he called S. fertilis (S. indicus
of varieties also
s. s.
purpureo-suffusus
Clayton's (1965) opinion
of the
of the fruit
pair
and
long spikelets,
not occur
lectotype of S.
spikeled
from
branches, spikeled
mm
between the varieties pallidior and
shape
form in SE
concerned
of about 2
var.
hundreds of Asian
himself
and
are
(1966) said
spikelets
basi
this is the
upright
The latter would
for the
All
Portugal.
Koyama's
a
(America)
exilis has 1.9-2
densely
but Hubbard
from
distinguish
glume,
‘S.
two
having relatively larger spike-
(1976,
the base,
pallidior
exilis
ones.
names,
etic characters, which agrees with
per
at
The
var.
Variety
with rather short,
spikelets,
("radii 3-4-linealibus,
is
varieties
mm
tracted inflorescences with
seems
while
American varieties
specimen
a
in America and
s.s.
elongatus,
recognized
about 3 times
inflorescences with
dark grey.
spikelets
Koyama
re-
well.
as
ones.
have linear
T.
ones
pallidior (Asia)
pale grayish.
long spikelets,
tetraploid (2n
the base,
indicus
he
has been
variety
in Malesia
occur
and later publications
inflorescences with patent branches naked
has 1.6-1.7
Hub-
(1940) 55].
also has the occasional infected
the lower
as
look
to
palea.
All his dimensions
can
long
as
has
one
Maur. & Rodr.
indicus. This
two
both Asian
Asia,
and
observed, although
were
[Grass.
In the latter
vs.
capensis
queenslandicus
infected inflores-
heavily
between S. diandrus, S.
distinguish
var.
var.
spikelets,
capensis
it in S.
vs.
instances.
some
jacquemontii)
poiretii’ (sensu Hitchcock).
as
var.
including
lets, and upper glumes 2-3 times
long
also have
few diseased
who studied the forms of S.
Koyama (1962),
cariant varieties in America and
as
flaccidus
infect-
were
related and dif-
supposedly
taxa
susceptibility (e.g.
susceptible'
S.
sufficient material
was
var.
usually
a
of
specimens
was
1991
2,
pest in Australia and the Pacific, and might
as a
‘S.
different
a
elongatus;;
var.
another argument for
Asia, thought
and
have
to
variety pyramidalis (incl.
spikelet,
ported
said it
Vaughan
The
ones
of which there
taxa
spot them. We may well have missed
to
bard &
vs.
with the
taxa
while the low
cences,
closely
creber
var.
No.
different degree. Some
a
distinguish appear
to
major,
35,
VOL.
apex
single,
13
albeit
major).
taxon, S. indicus
s.s.
com-
of the
distinguish
var.
phen-
up-
taxa
poly-
He
re-
G.J.
did
Clayton
rule
not
after
S. fertilis
Baaijens
closer
a
&
the
out
Vcldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
that further
possibility
scrutiny,
e.g.
the basis of
on
Malesia
in
This agrees with part of the distinction between the varieties
dis
but the latter has
Baaijens,
Clayton,
so we are
whether
sure
not
much
a
He excluded S. diandrus and S.
of 2 anthers,
ence
more
we are
from the
there would
absolute difference has been observed in many
& Guedes
c.
1.25
In order
to
Malesia,
GJB
major
var.
overlap,
resulting
so
a
The
mean
are
of the
cal way: three
the
suggestion
of
mean
1.4—1.6
110
are
m.
The
a
It
a
variety
Clayton, lays
to
recognize
that. T.
shape.
as
seems
indicus
an
it. For
unaware
(1854)
has
to
of the
are
the first,
and
to
out
are
are
of the
by
show
glume
and the
to
be
most
two
reliable in
but
some
or at
florets
all authorities
with
plants
spreading,
0-525(-870)
were
of the
length
statisti-
a
results therefore support
may
with
m
to
least
spikelets
more or
of
less
have 3. These
an
average of
represent S. diandrus.
long
mm
contracted and the branches
an
consider-
overlap.
are
in
a
pani-
usually
den-
specimens
had both diandrous and
otherwise
not
arbitrary
argument
Representatives
are
particularly
to
found
distinguish
at
distinct.
S. dian-
higher altitudes,
m.
Jovet &
Guedes,
and Simon
(1982)
that that
but otherwise there is
the distinction of species there should obviously
var.
of his work, called it
most common
from
single
a
present.
species' relatively longer seeds,
adopted.
flaccidus,
a
indicus. The main difference with S. indicus s.s.,
be
would in-
variable within
glumes
consists of
often
that many
therefore
Koyama,
var.
specimens, mainly
spikelets usually 1.8-1.9
note
glumes
use.
present,
usually
complex.
JFV could observe in the
one
taxa
altitudes,
has
average of 875
of S.
in the
major,
Koyama apparently regarded
& Guedes,
Buse
panicles
low
It is
of the
already
resulted. The last
in the inflorescence, but
We agree with T.
length
turned
spikelets
2 anthers
surprising
was
with
Their
var.
group,
drus from the S.
is but
because of the
in
long
cinereo-viridis,
of the upper
length
have been considered
spikelets
m,
Jovet
spikelets/panicle.
discrete with little
peaks
relatively
The number of anthers
0-2075
indicus
mm
lengths
var.
are
flaccidus (S. diandrus),
long.
very variable
triandrous
more
of the
Usually
at
plants
sely spikeled.
15
c.
these is of little
on
discrete
var.
mm
found
The second
cle of
relative
glumes
that in Malesia three distinct
lax in appearance.
plants
much
length
nearly
The first group,
usually
or
from the ratio of the
distinction
plotted
are
0.75-0.8
has measured about 250
The clusters formed when the
spikelet
not an
by
viz. the remarks
from S.
separate
would be
but also from elsewhere. As the
inflorescence he used the
able
diandrus
which
whether the absolute
see
The clusters
always
instances,
decisive function in the distinction of
a
because of the pres-
be 3. That this is
in the latter.
indicus, and
var.
S.
kept
glume,
upper
long
mm
deed have
also
(1968)
of the
complex
suggested by
subject.
p. 55, 58, 68).
(1968,
Monod
length
same
glumes.
and cinereo-viri-
major
about the
talking
from
segregated
obtuse lower
restricted distribution than
elongatus
in S. indicus s.l.
as
be
might
taxa
acute or
427
pallidior
var
to
Gironde, France,
roadside grasses. It
not
var.
never
the
fertilis,
where in the
was
taxon
said
not
by
much
more
than
represent this form, while Jovet
fertilis. Regrettably,
The French form is
be
as
epithet ‘major’
but
summer
var.
indicus,
of 1989 it
infected there
by
the
was
smut.
428
BLUMEA
The third group has
with
panicles
yellowish
Sumatra, Malaya,
with
mediary
spikelets
One is formed
tinguished.
The other
var.
is
branches with blackish
altitude
(average
Some
A
from
name
R. Br. The
that
under
notes
again
up time and
turns
has been
epithet ‘elongatus’
here
inter-
specimens
saw
patent and loosely spikeled
more
(900-) 1000-2750
at
distinguished
New Guinea
Papua
See the
place.
also
m
the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Central Celebes.
and is
quite distinct,
specimens
difficult to
Java,
spike-like
low altitudes in Northern
at
we
be dis-
can
less
robust forms of that.
with
plants
subgroups
more or
greyish spikelets, growing
to
green
As
Keeling.
represent
of
composed
Two
long.
mm
spikelets, occurring
seem to
1880 m) in East
This form appears
were
green
major, they
1991
2,
with dense, contracted,
West Java, and Cocos
subgroup
No.
35,
than 2
more
by plants
pale
to
VOL.
var.
in
as
cinereo-viridis.
var.
Highlands
and
eastward)
Sporobolus
is S.
elongatus
(Central
flaccidus.
of
accounts
applied
to
at
least four different
of
taxa
Spo-
robolus from different areas.
The first
ous
The second
Trinius'
(1824, 1840)
and Hooker f.
such
as
presence of
have
(1896)
Clayton
of
use
and
De Nardi
Schultes used for their
elongata (R. Br.)
epithet
then
was
called it S.
S.
The combination
cissima
Jacq. (1787,
used for this
by
Bor
non
so we
(1981) wrongly
Nees
ones.
was
quite
specimens
regarded
f., 1781,
This
epithet
will
not
stated this
correct
to
has
have
a
to
basionym
et
al. said that
that it does
because of the
Nardi)
Veldk.
a
Here the Australian
while for
are
as
a
Indian
an
to
S.
species.
Bor
everyone has called
of S. indicus,
elongatus
Hooker
maderaspatanus
in fact what
variety
Agrostis
from India.
variety ‘flaccida’
the
epithet
has also been used for
nec
[Jacq.l Kunth,
Roxburgh,
very involved
go into that
of S.
history,
not occur
see
on
more
has been
fully explained
that contrary
here, except
tena-
Agrostis
below),
tenacissimus in his index
on
to
Bor,
p. 148 sub
orientalis (Nees) Kunth, based
on
orien-
Agrostis
combination for A. tenacissima Linne f. Smith
as
a
synonym of S. indicus
regard
are
var.
based
1820,
supp.'
superfluous
orientalis and S. orientalis
ma
for
a
Linne f.'s and
var.
both synonyms of
not
as
two
al.
distinct
the first species,
Muhlenbergia
exilis would be pantropical, but
in Asia.
et
exilis (Trin.) T. Koyama.
Jacquin's species
He should, however, have renamed the latter and
Smith
mainly
creber (De
(1878)
authors,
manuscript by Roth, which Roemer &
tenacissimus
Linne
tenacissimus Lin.
a
a
the combination S.
The combination Sporobolus
talis Nees, is
this. Bentham
q.v.
Beauvois did mention the
‘Agrostis
is
taxon
superflu-
R. Br. from Australia.
to
it distinct,
var.
and Bor renamed it
All Roth's
Sporobolus
species.
(1957),
kept
united with
employed
priority. Finally,
harmandii Henr.,
was
orientalis,
S. diandrus, and when this
has
through
R. & S.
ex
(Kew Bull., 1957, 233).
‘flaccidus’
have
(1973)
a
Vilfa elongata
identical with S. indicus, but later
Systema vegetabilium (1817).
Roth
‘elongata’
mistakenly
as
anthers. See the remarks under
two
The confusion in Asia started
The
it
based
indicus.
var.
elongatus
Vilfa elongata clearly pertained
regarded
162,
(1791)
(1812)
synonyms of S. indicus
are
the diandrous Sporobolus
taxon was
1
Encycl.
indica L. Beauvois
Agrostis
on
this. These combinations
on
Tabl.
Agrostis elongata Lamk.,
was
combination based
mexicana
we
(L.)
agree with T.
so
A.
Trin.
Koya-
G.J.
tenacissima
Agrostis
5a.
capensis
var.
indicus
Sporobolus
Fedde, Repert.,
19,
Vahl
non
(1783).
R. Br.
(L.)
Beih.
40
(1790).
Univ.
Blake,
Du
Enum.
—
Bull.
PI.
1
16
Jard. Bot. Brux.
9
(1986) 270;
Hawaii
Sporobolus
Jov. &
nom.
Thunb.,
batesii
Schult.
f.,
Type: Anonymus
Sporobolus
indicus
Hubb.
in
Stapf,
Fl.
cm
Zeal.
Spikelets
0.65-1
based
upper
the
2-2.6
mm
glume
spikelet,
obtuse,
long.
mm
1-
on
3
1
1
4,
254.
nom.
superfl.
PI.
Cap. (1794)
—
Lamk.
non
Vilfa africana
al„
et
Pac.
Sporobolus capensis
—
&
Grass. Maur.
Sc.
71;
Fl.
E.
Trop.
13 (1959) 338; Spies
Kew
(1985) 11, f. 4a, 6, 7,
Et.
Smithson.
Afr.,
et
al.,
&
7
7.
19
(1965)
(1985) 28,
Sporobolus
—
(1968) 60,
&
Tournay,
(1970) 375;
Bot. 55
map
(UPS, holo,
s.n.
Bull.
Gram.
Contr.
Sc. Biarritz
Type: Thunberg
S.T.
(1940) 55;
Rodr.
(1960) 627; Clayton,
t.
Centr.
Peter in
(1892) 127;
Prodr.
(1797) 372,
(1810)
control
[Bull.
—
mm
long,
inval.],
nom.
microfiche
n.v.,
Nat.
571.
—
"cult.in
Br.,
Prod.
J. Sc. Tcchn.
15
1
to
to
T
y p
Thunberg
e:
20
II,
469.
(1948)
T y p
—
e:
567
Bates
(P.
Bot. Hafn.
semina
hafn.,
(1810)
170
73.
(1813)
dianthera
—
dianthera
Agrostis
Steudel, Syn.
1
(1854)
162.
—
Nepalia."
e
R.
[pro
Brown
Fl. Austr.
6208, BM,
7
see
(1878) 622,
also
p.p.;
material.
dark-
to
often
olive
as
1.35-1.65
ovate-oblong,
Palea
mm
ovate to
oblong,
long.
the
as
2-2.4
in the lower part,
up
interrupted
green,
long
apex denticulate. Lemma
(or 3-)nerved.
—
p.p.
0.4 times
Anthers 3,0.9-1.1
(1791).
(1934) 256]; Benth.,
densely spiciform,
long,
Lamk.
1897.
Vilfa
hort.
non
Africa, Cape.
appressed, densely spikeled,
up
ovate
South
Hornem., Hort.
(1827)
Malesian
the lowermost 1.5-3.5
but often blackish.
spikelet,
mm
long,
mm
to
long. Lodicules
to
long.
glume
rounded;
as
long
long,
mm
as
apex
0.4-0.45
1.1-1.25
oblong,
to
0.67 times
2-2.6
ovate-oblong,
Seed ellipsoid
Lower
apex obtuse
c.
cm
mm
by
0.45-0.65
Africa),
introduced
diam.; pericarp rather closely adherent.
Distribution.
elsewhere:
note
ed.
Palmer
Mus. Nat. Hist.
(1900) 586,
branches
long,
Grasses
179, 331,
its
Afr.
Trop.
Sporobolus africanus Robyns
—
Cap. (1794) 19,
non R. Br.: R.
auct.
7
Cap.
PI.
(C, holo),
s.n.
Panicle contracted,
45
153;
Moomaw
Benito, Sanje, Sept.
Rio
Mant.
Allan, New
Description
Gued.
auct., non Retz.:
Schult.
&
Fl.
Suppl.
Vaughan,
7646, K, n.v.),
Bull.
Chev.,
diandra
Agrostis
non
Vilfa capensis Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 16,
—
superfl.
30, 31;
t.
superfl.
Prod.
microfiche
holo, n.v.), Cameroon,
?
auct.
Africa, Capetown.
caudatum
(UPS, holo,
s.n.
&
nom.
(1968)
(1977) 90,
(1973) 163;
South
7646),
Panicum
('?')•
(1824)
25 (1955) 242; Bor,
africanus
var.
22
Hubb.
Parramatta grass and
pi. 83, 84; Jacobs,
Taxon
181
Unifl.
1, 18/19 (1941) 11;
291, fig. 7; Rotar, Gr.
indicus
tremulus
Agrostis spicata Thunb.,
Lamk, Encycl.,
('?'),
Gram.
(1833) 212;
Ql. Pap.
Ellis, Agroplantae
in
Poir.
146
—
capensis Willd., Sp. PL,
Agrostis
africana
Bothalia
Plessis,
429
minor Veldk., q.v.
subsp.
capensis Engl., Hochgeb.
var.
(see note), 181; Trin.,
Kunth.,
from India is S.
(1820)
(1931) 283, 292.
Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 16,
147
Roxb.
sensu
Malesia
in
Engl.
Agrostis
—
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
which is S. humilis Presl.
(e.g. Bor, 1960),
Kunth
&
Baaijens
Asia
below);
(see
Malesia:
Africa
(Cameroon
Jovet &
Guedes,
to
Ethiopia,
1968,
p.
to
62-65,
South
note
20, 23, but also
Philippines (Luzon: locality unknown, Cuming 2451,
0
A
see
1841;
0
Mt St. Tomas, Santos 8014, A
1976), Papua
New Guinea
(Chimbu Valley,
15465, J.M.B. Smith; Eastern Highlands, Goroka, Veldkamp
Morobe
Prov.,
Australia
Edie
(before
Habitat.
Creek,
1803!,
NGF
now
Rough lawn,
& Obedi
20959, Henty & Galore) (see
in all states);
1800
m
Hawaii
also under
(from 1906,
altitude in New Guinea.
ANU
8568, 8569\
Diseases);
fide Rotar,
1968).
430
BLUMEA
Chromosomes.
Ellis
Anatomy.
n=18
stated
by
Jacobs
(Spies
No.
35,
& Du
1986).
anatomy of the leaves with
It is
centrifugal chloroplasts.
See Palmer et al.
(1985).
1991
2,
Plessis,
(1977) reported PCK-type
inflated bundle sheath cells with
as
VOL.
clearly
not
large
NAD-ME,
and the Intro-
(1985) (SEM epidermis)
duction.
Phytochemistry.
Moomaw
(1959) reported
al.
et
that the
is
species
a
strong aluminium accumulator in Maui, Hawai'i.
Not very
Uses.
palatable
stock.
to
The young, green leaves have
In Australia it has been considered
content
as
a
high protein
weed
possibly dangerous
a
(Jacobs,
1985).
Vernacular
Diseases.
species
of
noticed
only
Parramatta grass
name.
The
spikelets
said
are
Bipolaris (cf. Alcorn, Mycotaxon
two
infections
(one only
(E).
be very
to
susceptible
15,
1982,
e.g.
among the 24
slightly)
very
attacks
to
various
by
tab. 5,
p.
34),
but
we
specimens (8.3%)
available in L.
The
and
variety
town, however,
while
8569),
of
collected,
along
As
renamed
later
name
is
(1812)
as was
insists
one
on
mentioned both
a
Vilfa spicata,
was
where
in the
town
infected. Outside the
was
100% ( Veldkamp
nearly
with
intermingled
that the
seem
variety
presumed
to
tussock
a
is much under-
be
also
of Bor
opinion
most
likely
regarded
as
epithet
was
not
described Sporobolus
the varietal combination
&
this
widespread
in
Poiret
as
(1810)
both
species,
a
Vahl and A.
the second
most
taxon
as
the
cor-
names
correct
Tournay.
Agrostis spicata
to
likely
V.
was
spicata
Thunb. The
capensis (p. 147). Yet,
based
on
on
Vahl's combina-
(1960).
Vilfa capensis
for
Tournay (1955)
Agrostis capensis Willd.,
regarding
which
such
is
in
an error
combination for this
correct
Guinea,
Steudel
&
by Robyns
Thunb. and
‘Vilfa virginica var.',
basionym
apparently
(1841)
If
combination,
The varietal
ate
to
also the
Beauvois'
The
out
Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns
existent
New
specimens
Eragrostis tenuifolia
Agrostis spicata
16, he included
was
Papua
untended roadside infection
of
pointed
homonyms.
Beauvois
tion,
in
roads.
was
first he referred
p.
occur
and from its abundance in Goroka it may be
Notes.
are
an
to
of hundreds of
also had been smutted. It would
Highlands along
rectly
none
specimen
a
Sporobolus,
the
also found
was
airfield of Goroka
by
generated
is
var.
(1824)
laxa,
even
Because
and
capensis
automatically
var.
(Art. 6.8).
intended reference
Trinius
variety
capensis
‘Agrostis capensis Thunb.',
an
an
as
not
a non-
Willdenow. It
subsequent
and
an
to
authors.
africanus.
var.
autonym when Nees
when he did
not
Sporobolus capensis
formally
is
an
cre-
illegiti-
mate
‘laxus’
name, the autonym generated is also invalid (Art, 26.1), but the epithet
(‘laxa’)
is
Guedes'
ous.
legitimate (Art. 68.2)
(1973)
What
specimens
they
cited
var.
and therefore has
africanus being
called
var.
belong
to
laxus
var.
based
seems
to
on
same
1841. Jovet &
type is therefore superflu-
consist of several forms: the
(R.
flaccidus
priority dating from
the
&
S.)
Veldk. and
var.
Malesian
major (Buse)
Baaijens.
The
correct
author of the combination S. indicus
he based this combination
ence
to
Agrostis capensis
on
S.
capensis
Willd. This
var.
capensis is Engler,
(Willd.) Kunth, which is
may
be
regarded
as
a
an
because
indirect refer-
bibliographic
error
(cf.
G.J.
Art.
as
33.2. Ex.
the
5, 6,
&
Baaijcns
At the
put between square brackets.
as
p.
is
‘capensis’
so
varietal level
valid here. Peter
the author of the varietal combination,
Panicum caudatum Thunb. is also
it
as
a
free
cited
to
or
be
may
choose any
by Clayton (1970)
in his
Engler
to
Willdenow
46.1)
key (I.e.,
uninformative.The
He may have
in K
isotype
dianthera is
Agrostis
nemann's
handwriting
the
at
However, the spikelets
mind. This form is
seen
the
is
provenance
5b.
Sporobolus diandrus
0.85-1.1
in
auct.
(1857) 375,
(medio
1880
m)
Exk.
Panicle
de Froideville
seminibus
laxly contracted,
2-2.6
0.33 times
elliptic,
erose.
tuse,
long,
long
as
1.2-1.6
Lemma
1-
mm
mm
as
in
3,
0.85-1.1
diam.; pericarp
rather
(Central),
Habitat.
Sunny
(4
indeed
are
indicates.
name
capensis
var.
to
the
in
to
to
apex
as
fields,
(1854) 343,
p.p.;
24
usually
long
as
long
as
Java
(Kedu,
etc.,
more
locally
p.p.;
(1968) 537,
coniraclis
basi
0.3-0.4
differt.
—
Aug.
Inter
T y p
ramis
(900-)1000-2750
long.
m
Koorders 43810
to
curved, rather
1-6
ones
spikelet,
0.6-1
apex
apex
long.
cm
mm
to
not
subob-
long.
m
by 0.55-0.7(-0.75)
mm
long,
ovate to
usually
acute
Lodicules 0.3-0.4
0.45-0.65
mm
long.
Semarang, Kediri, Malang,
Besuki),
Lombok, Flores, Timor; Keeling
or
3,
s:
u
glume
spikelet,
1.05—1.25
plus
anthcris
1916.
Lower
the
Java 2
p.p.
lobatis,
longis,
mm
Fl.
rounded; upper glume
as
p.p.;
Fl. Ind.
Miq.,
Handb.
Backer,
lowermost
the
mm
(0.95—)
(1928) 202,
Fl. Java 3
infcctis.
sp.
greyish.
1.9-2.5
Seed
lightly shaded,
grass
longis
alt.,
m
f.,
laxc
diam.,
cm
0.5-0.67 times
Malesia:
3
base, branches slightly patent
spikelet,
oblong,
Bakh.
lodiculis
mm
Fl. Java 2
p.p.
less disturbed,
not
too
wet
Is.
locali-
abundant, (900-) 1000-2750
m
alt.
1880 m).
Diseases.
maker
2500
Handb.
Jungh.
minusvc
Lesser Sunda Islands: Bali,
ties, along roads,
(average
c.
0.8-2.5
long.
&
loosely adherent; embryo
Distribution.
Celebes
leaves
the
as
brings
(1968) 537,
(1911) 145,
Bipolare
a
ovate-oblong,
mm
1
longis,
blackish green
Palea
(or 3-)nerved.
Anthers
at
PI.
Miq.,
Backer
mm
raro
lobed
by
the
long,
ovate to
Java 3
(0.95-)1.05-1.25
spiculis
20-40
Fl.
paniculis plus
2-2.6
spiculis
crcsccns,
spikeled,
Spikelets
long
2,
contracted
densely
nov.
Fl. Java
(L, holo, BO, US), Java, Malang, Lalijiwo,
densely
most
in India, which suggests that
to occur
Chase: Backer,
f.,
Bcauv.: Buse in
Koord.,
malcsianis ceteris
longis,
var.
Hitchc. &
non
non
p.p.;
ascendeniibus,
mm
The
which
long,
mm
is
with Hor-
specimen presumably
and the anthers
still unknown
Backer & Bakh.
Monod
p.p.;
A varictatibus
2.25-2.35
diagnosis
the
very young, the
in the sheath.
described,
as
taxon.
present
included here. A
Baaijens,
auct.
Monod de Froideville
(1928) 202,
ed. 2,
(Nomencl.
wrong.
Sporobolus berteroanus
Bat. 3
specimen,
a
the
from C. It is
largest part
as
now
cinereo-viridis
var.
minusve
tip
are
even
Steudel
homonym.
seen
represents
doubtfully
was
inflorescence hidden for the
filiform and curled
later
a
synonym of Panicum interruptum Willd. [= Hymenachne
interrupta (Willd.) Buse].
c.
Art.
was
was
did refer
actually
homonym,
see
Engler
who
(1931),
later
a
but
431
Malesia
283).
1841, 254) regarded
alt.
was
(Art. 49.1,
be deleted
must
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
note). As this basionym
see
bracketed author
epithet,
J.F.
out
Spikelets rarely
infected
of 63 collections seen).
by Bipolaris
cf. ravenelii
(Curt.)
Shoe-
432
BLUMEA
Uses.
Praised
as
Vernacular
Notes.
while the
longer
This
darker
be
size of the
is
panicle
densely
variety differs from
in E Java,
with
spikelets
(-2700)
m
with
an
average
higher altitudes, occurring
of
spikelets
nings)
5c.
major
var.
creber (De
creber De
Sporobolus
PI. W.
N.S.W.
NSW
Nardi. Conlr.
(1981)
121997
141,
based
Panicle
as
the nodeabove it.
long,
spikelet,
Seed
c.
c.
1.4
0.75
mm
0.5
by
mm
ascending
found from sea-level
infected
by Bipolaris
c.
and
seems
2075
to
restricted
more
average of 1880
an
to
The
m.
(Hen-
crustacea
15, 1982, 34, tab. 5).
Mycotaxon
nov.
4
Hb.
(1973) 406,
Syst.
Austr.
Bot.
t.
Soc.
1, 1A; Cunningham
Ncwsl.
20
31
(1982)
New
K, L, US), Australia,
South
al.,
el
18.
—
Wales,
1971.
May
11
c.
0.5
by
the lowermost
appressed,
1.5 mm
long
long,
the
as
0.9-1
Lodicules
more or
c.
solitary,
0.5)
to
times
1.5
c.
long
as
obtuse, entire
0.6-0.67 times
long,
mm
mm
c.
less dark green. Lower glume 0.7-
long,
1.4
0.25
c.
(mean
one
apex rounded
spikelet,
mm
in the lower
distinctly interrupted
cm,
the second lowest 0.23-1.11
as
partly sympatric,
branches, larger
lodicules. There also
with
m
of Gulargambonc,
E
ovate-oblong,
long.
but
and
(20-10-1960; LAE):
glume
upper
Lemma
acute.
elliptic,
Simon,
branches
Spikelets
0.5 times
c.
0-nerved;
erose,
pi.;
densely contracted,
upper
mm
comb.
least
at
is
present variety
also Alcorn,
N.S.W. Nat.
col.
s.n.
part spiciform,
capensis,
var.
lax with
lower
longer
generally
often
more
(cf.
30 miles
c.
long, densely spikeled,
0.8
is
while the
(McDonald) (NSW, holo, n.v.;
on Kleckham
it is
major.
var.
resembles
longer
1000-2750
Nardi) Veldk.,
Warrumbungle Range,
Description
cm
major
m,
(900-)
much
and
glume,
(
Type:
part,
var.
with
panicle
upper
Alcorn and B. ravenelii
var.
lax
of 875
at
are
also under
see
variety
with which it is
major,
var.
more
longer
a
this
one.
difference:
ecological
an
its
by
21896).
(Jav.),
spikelets
1991
2,
contracted in the latter,
branches in the present
especially
to
the
By
Kecing
names.
No.
35,
fodder (Backer
good
a
VOL.
long.
diam.; pericarp rather closely
2,
long
to
the
as
1-nerved. Palea
apex acute,
Anthers
as
c.
0.5
mm
adherent; embryo
c.
long.
0.3
mm
long.
Distribution.
tralia
Habitat.
tralia
widely
loamy soils,
variety
often
so
InL3
is
out
s.n.
place.
as
of 15
found
Eucalyptus
or
specimens
were
(20-10-1960; LAE)
related
closely
This
distinctive for
branches,
grassland
at
2255
long
as
to
m
woodland,
infected
alt.;
on
by Bipolaris
15, 1982, 34, tab. 5) recorded only B. cylindrica Alcorn
to
two are
typical
longer
it. As
mainly
densely spikeled
var.
is the
the Australian
distinguished
is, unfortunately,
The inflorescence with
node
open
Dist., Kerau);
Aus-
Caledonia; Fiji.
in Aus-
sandy
or
creeks.
near
the differences between the
to
Guinea (Central
once
from which Ms. De Nardi
difficult
New
Not indicated for New Guinea:
distributed in
Notes. Kleckham
This
Papua
New
Diseases.
(Mycotaxon
Malesia:
New South Wales,
Victoria);
(Queensland,
var.
can
only
elongatus (R. Br.)
be
case
branches
seen
from the
infectant.
some
F.M.
shorter than
specimens
the
creber is here rather lax with less
more
so
far.
Bailey
following key,
with the Kleckham
than the internodes, and
sp. Alcorn
an
record for Malesia
statistical and
also the
as
remain
specimen.
following
inter-
densely spikeled
like depauperate speci-
G.J.
of S.
mens
Baaijens
&
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
for the
Except
elongatus.
J.F.
closest
—
Panicle much
1.2-1.75
0.5
0.4-1
Seed 0.5-0.85
(mean
but it
mm
1.55
(mean
mm
Palea
long.
0.53-0.73 times
long,
Anthers
long
as
Panicle
in the lower 2
interrupted
or
the
as
above it.
Lower
ranged.
1.55-2.25 mm
mm
1.8 mm)
(mean
Seed 0.5-1
long.
mm
0.3-1.1
glume
(mean
1.65-2.3 mm
Spikelets
—
mm
1.6) times
c.
Palea 1.35-1.9
0.48-0.67 times
long,
S.
2-2.6
mm
5d.
anthers 0.9-1.1
long,
flaccidus
var.
2
Veg.
Roth
ex
R.
Nov.
(1817) 368; Roth,
long,
and
S.) Veldk.,
&
(R.
Agrostis elongata (R. Br.)
mm
& S.
PI.
long,
mm
seed 1.1-1.25
a
comb.
the less inter-
by
glume
upper
Aus-
—
elongatus
var.
1.35-1.65
long.
mm
nov.
(non Lamk., 1791)
comb,
(1821) 41;
an
ar-
Lemma
spikelet.
indicus
may also be confused with these, but differs
capensis Engl,
rupted (dense) inflorescence, spikelets
loosely
long.
Anthers 0.5-0.9
the
as
spread-
the internode
as
mm
long.
mm
long
as
tralia
Var.
creber
var.
rather
long,
0.7-1.4
long. Upper glume
long.
long
as
1.88 mm)
(mean
0.4-
spikelet
3 internodes only, branches somewhat
second lowest branch 0.77-2.8
ing,
the
Lem-
long.
mm
long.
mm
ap-
as
mm) long, densely
0.6-1.2
1.1-1.6
long
as
S. indicus
—
seems
short, stiff,
times
0.5)
c.
long. Upper glume
mm
1.5 mm)
(mean
branches
length,
of its
more
1.25-1.75
Spikelets
—
glume
mm
long.
mm
and relative size of the
spikelet
the range of both taxa,
branch 0.23-1.11
lowest
crowded. Lower
for
interrupted
more
second
internode above it.
ma
fall in
433
creber.
to var.
pressed,
of the
length
seed, the dimensions of the spikelets
Malesia
in
var.
flaccida
j
legit. (Art. 68.2).
Roth
R. &
ex
Type:
—
S., Syst.
Roth
80
p
(BM, holo; LE), India.
diandra
Agrostis
Obs. 5
Retz.,
Agrost. (1812) 26,
147,
Duperr.,
Bot.
2
343
&
(p.p.
Voy. Coquille
excl.
Hook,
(1878) 622;
J.
Merr., Philip.
Fl. Br.
49;
Camus,
Fl.
Fl. Mai. Pen.
106,
t.
5
l'Agron. Trop.
243; Clayton,
Froideville
Leras
Gen.
&
in
I.-C.
Diet.
13
&
(1974) 563,
(1976) 636; Hsu,
32
(1979)
52.
—
1
Backer,
f.,
Vilfa
Grasses
Bot.,
France
3
Can.
5
diandra
—
nom.
Vilfa
superfl.
—
Fl.
1
1
Fl.
Austr.
7
(1901) 490;
(1911) 145,
Enum.
PI.
11
(1854)
Born. PI.
p.p.;
(1921)
(1923) 80; Ridley,
Onkr.
(1928)
Suiker.
(1960) 629; Larsen,
Dansk
Bot.
Heyne,
Fl. E.
Hara,
t.
18, pi.
14
t.
Bot.
P.K.
(1975) 89;
(1824) 154;
ed.
diandrus
Sporobolus
&
Lae
Bull.,
2, 7-1;
14c;
1410; Chaudhuri
Bot.
Ark. 20
Himalaya (1966) 377;
B.C.
Pal,
1
Fl.
al.,
Taxon
Bot. Soc.
Mem. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb.
2,
1
(1840) 40;
var. diandrus:
indicus
var.
2
25
Bengal
VI, 5,
2
(1841) 626, 768;
Buse in
diandrus
Guam
Iber. 23
Abraham, Cyto-
Sarkar et
Bull.
de
(1969) 180;
Stone,
&
(1963)
Monod
Gupta, Genet.
52 (1974) 1081; Christopher
Manil. A,
Sporobolus
—
Java
(1928) 203;
(1968) 539; Henty,
t.
Fl.
Philip.
Fl. Java 2
Steudel, Nomencl.,
Jungh. 3 (1854) 343 (by implication).
Exk.
3
Jungh.
Benth.,
in
Brongn.
(1950) 259; Schmid,
in
Acta
p.p.;
178; Merr.,
116 (1969) 425,
(1978) 501,
retzii
Enum.
PI.
Miq.,
28;
t.
Indon.
J. Bot.
Trin., Diss.
t.
diandrus
Sporobolus
Boerl., Teysmannia
Koord.,
(1971) 106,
12, 13; Madulid,
in
(1857) 375,
—
(1820)
Nutt. PI.
Hsu
Fl. Java 3
Fl. Mai.
3
Rar.
Buse
nov.;
Nauta &
p.p.;
Handb.
(1820) 319.
Gram.
(1921) 231,
Backer in
(1965) 293;
Soc.
Rev.
Bat.
Ind.
(1923) 507; Merr.,
p.p.;
Fl. Taiwan
(1854) 162;
Fl.
(1896) 247;
(1935) 2069;
19
comb,
pro
S. Ind. Gr.
Soderstrom,
t.
(1840) 60 (pro comb.).
Syn.
2
Bull.
Bull.
(1971) 185; Gould
39
7
Backer & Bakh.
Vignal,
7
(1958) 486; Bor,
Kew
(1970) 193; Gilliland,
logia
India
Handb.
(1925) 244,
99; Burk.,
(1829) 17,
1, Suppl. (1906) 373,
Sc.
Achariyar & Mudaliyar,
1
178; Jacq. f., Eclog.
major); Miq.,
var.
f.,
Fl. Ind.
(1788) 19; Roxb.,
Beauv.,
(Retz.)
Miq.,
Jovet
PI.
&
434
BLUMEA
Gued.
Centre
[Bull.
163.—
sheet is annotated in
Vilfa
Trin.,
erosa
ex
s.n.
Et.
Rech.
Type: Koenig
Mem. Ac.
in
SchwSgrichen
Biarritz 7
Sc.,
(‘Cinna
s.n.
later
a
hand
Imp.
&
Potztal
Sc.
Hb. Trin.
Not extant.
Type:
—
E. &
in
P.,
—
I960!). -
—
St. Petersb.
(1968) 65,
the base
green
cm
(sometimes
0.33 times
laxus
2
VI, 5,
(1851) 25;
in
(1956) 54,
14d
2,
0.3
nanus
var.
carp
a
Balansa
non
black
in
Sri
Morot,
Jovet &
Stapf:
Palea
2
specimens
rather
ed.
Koenig
3,4,1 (1880) 17;
‘Spermatochiton’].
syn.,
Fl.
Trimen,
Lanka, Jaffna,
J. Bot. 4
5
Ceylon
nom.
inval.
Feb.
1890.
(1900)
(not
in
261
Bor,
(1890) 164, pro specim.
Bull.
Gu6d.,
long,
cm
smut).
Lower
Centre
Et. Rech.
branches
Biarritz
Sc.,
0.4-0.6 times
elliptic
(or 3),
to
as
long
Cameroon [Peter in
as
the
as
long
as
mm
mm
or
the
long.
0.4-0.5
Mauritius, Pakistan, India,
South Wales);
long,
Fedde,
Repert.,
Sri Lanka,
in
Beih. 40
to
grass
0.25upper
apex often
spikelet,
acute to
Lodicules 0.25in
long
mm
some
mm;
peri-
long.
mm
widespread
to
rounded;
spikelet,
0.4-0.55
long,
mm
obtuse
rarely
1.2-1.6
oblong,
0.5-0.8
obliquely spreading
long, yellowish
mm
(see note). Seed 0.6-0.9(-0.95) by 0.35-0.55
New
(Queensland,
usually loosely spikeled
glume 0.35-0.5(-0.6)
apex truncate,
closely adherent; embryo
Distribution.
tralia
in
the lowermost often
third,
spikelet,
long,
mm
Anthers
long.
usually
L
(the
Lanka.
Blanco, Fl.Filip.
Hook. f. in
(PDA, holo, n.v.),
auct.,
the
as
l(-3)-nerved.
mm
(1973)
India
L e c t o t
y p e:
Seneratna, Gr. Ceylon (1956) 96,
nearly lax, 7-35
to
with
long
as
New Guinea
—
(LE, holo), Sri
ed.
denticulate, (0- or) 1-nerved. Lemma ovate-oblong,
obtuse,
22
Taxon
BM, K, L),
n.v.;
86.
(1840)
long. Spikelets (1.3—) 1.4—1,6(—1.8)
ovate, 0.7-1
glume
PI. Filip.
naked in the lower
to
1.5-9
patent,
inval.]
nom.
p.p.
Panicles contracted
to
s.n.
Balansa:
non
indicus var.
Sporobolus
7
auct.,
5b;
t.
diandra Roxb.'
Nat. Pfl. Fam.
Beauv.
Trimen
Type:
(1968) 65,
diandra’) (LD, holo, C,
‘Agrostis
trimenii
Sporobolus
Sporobolus exilis
1991
2,
"Philippines, Calumpit, Boguion road, February."
Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.)
(‘nana’).
No.
35,
'Ceylon').
Spermachiton involutum Llanos, Fragm.
[Pilger
VOL.
to
Polynesia
Malesia;
(1931) 285],
but
not
also
and Aus-
reported
for
mentioned in the
editions of the Flora of West Tropical Africa.
Habitat.
moist but
not
Sunny
soggy,
lightly shaded,
to
preferably hard
roads, in grass fields, etc.,
m),
but in New Guinea
Collector's
Anatomy.
2n
1974; Christopher
Vernacular
2625
less
or
disturbed,
up
to
525(—870)
on
m
dry
to
slightly
beaches, along
alt.
(average
110
m.
Anthers
white
or
violet.
Stigmas
white.
Introduction.
Chromosomes.
strom,
as
notes.
See
more
stony ground localities,
locally abundant,
high
as
to
24
=
(Larsen,
Fuka-fuka
names.
1971; Gould & Soder-
1963; Gupta,
& Abraham, 1974; Sarkar
(Mekeo,
et
al.,
1976).
Maipa),
gorumakwi
(Masul,
Chimbu), jukut njenjerehan (Sund.), kohsagafi (Dunantina, PNG), kongas (Wahgi,
Minj; Hagen, Togoba),
ran
namidzata
bik
kundai
(Jali,
(Menado),
mok
(Jav.), lasay (Zamb.),
Jaya),
sinosoana
Uses.
be
too
(Agaun, Papua
namidzandu
New
Guinea),
(Miruma,
E.
H.
lancu-
Prov.),
(Asaro, Kefamo), padi-padian, pajarata (Medan), pepunia (Ceram), pim-
Irian
rehba
jakjak (Mad.), rumput jahil (Sumatra, Minggala), rumput
podang togae (Sibolga, Sumatra), rumput
(Medan),
kwit
(Manggarai),
belalang (Malaya, Timor),
samben
(Talaud).
Some value
tough
tuloh
as
and fibrous
a
fodder grass when young, when full grown it is said
(Maiden,
1898);
to
also used for brooms in Java. The fodder
G.J.
value is very
&
Baaijens
J.F.
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
satisfactory (Backer,
effective sand binder (Madulid,
times troublesome
1950)
weed, difficult
for horses
Stone
1975).
&
(Nauta
435
Boerlage,
it
(1970) regarded
eradicate when
to
Malesia
in
as
a
established
once
An
1901).
minor
to
some-
(Achariyar
&
Mudaliyar, 1921).
Diseases.
B.
c.
(cf. Alcorn, Mycotaxon 15, 1982, 34,
7%. Information is obscured
Pap.
no
158,
1987, 62). During
either
Retzius
‘diander’
a
visit
can
Singapore
to
suspected
used the
(1788)
that the
23
5);
and
out
Bipolaris,
of 326 collections
e.g.
seen,
Mycol.
New Guinea JFV
Papua
cutting regime
‘diandra
epithet
first version 'diander'
(1812), however,
is of influence
saw
(see
’,,
for
once
,
which may be derived from
all modern authors have used
which is not foundin
Latin
most
consistent, used 'diandrus'
which
books.
text
orthography
,
therefore be retained.
studied
specimens
be
seen
from his
the lower third, and
Trinius do
by
description,
glumes
upper
Retzius'
species
as
not
as
long
Vilfa
was
belong
where he
1841, 626, 768; Syn.
1, 1840, 40; 2,
tinguished
diandraTrin. (1824)
Vilfa
The combination
The
tab.
‘diandrus’. For traditional reasons
or
more obscure
Beauvois
must
of
smuts
indicus, above).
Notes.
the
by
misidentifications (cf. Sivanesan,
by probable
infected inflorescences. It is
sub S.
infected
only rarely
are
(Hennings) Alcorn, B. cylindrica Alcorn and B. ravenelii (Curt.) Shoe-
crustacea
maker
spikelets
The
the
on
diandra Retz.
Agrostis
the present
taxon,
however,
as
spikelets
in
of branches without
speaks
as
based
to
Steudel
spikelets.
1, 1854, 162) against
(Nomencl.,
the rules of
retziiI Steudel and Trinius'
species
ed. 2,
priority
dis-
the 'true'
as
V. diandra.
The 'true'
it
as
Vilfa
diandra was also in the
Agrostis
Hooker f.
diandra
placed Vilfa
talis. That combination has had
Bull.
as
S.
In BM
elongata
maderaspatanus
a
Roth
and his
sheet
(1840)
water
passed
specimen
colour also in his
own
the combinations published
Roth's
nicle,
the
'typical'
specimen
epithet
part
at
The type of
diandra
represents the
Koenig
R.J.
be
by
(not
no name
Bor
by
(Kew
and described it
of both his
sprigs
as
Shuttleworth and hence
the BM.
to
of which there is
herbarium,
are
Agrostis
"misit amic. Roth".
clearly
Trinius
piece
a
and
a
part of the base of
Roemer and Schultes.
small,
erosa
and
current
orien-
Sporobolus
discussed
represented by
on
diandrous
the
a
same
peduncle
with
a
sheet has indeed
contracted paa more
spikelets, typical for specimens
variety. Unfortunately ‘flaccidus’
epithet ‘diandrus’
of this
flaccid
from the
is the oldest
common
SE
changed.
(Roxb.)
sheet
had
J.J. Roemer
herbarium in LE. These
of his 'var flaccida’
Vilfa
diandr Kon Rottl',
A
to
in Mertens'
of the distribution of this
to
species
by
the varietal level and the well-known
Asian weed had
“Vilfa
and labeled
form in the BM is
inflorescence. Both have
Western
Trin. in the synonymy of
discovered mounted with
flaccida,
var
a
sensu
complicated history, fully
Bor.
was
From Roemer this sheet
discussed
a
who concluded that this
12, 1957, 233),
new,
of Trinius, but he described
possession
erosa.
two
ex
Trin. bears three labels in
with
Konig's
handwriting: 'Agrost
diandra Roxb.' One of the latter Trinius
Ind. Or.
variety.
the
'
dt
Lipsiae
cl.
There is another
isotype!)
labeled
Schwagrichen
one
in the
'Agrost.
changed
1836." The
Roxburgh
diandra' in L,
to
specimen
herbarium in K.
however,
is
var.
BLUMEA
436
while
major,
Rottler has 3
in K,
specimen
as
Rottler
observed
already
As
Rottler
a
anthers,
VOL.
noted,
Merrill
by
No.
35,
punctata (L.) Hamilt. Llanos,
by
App.,
involutum Llanos with Eriochloa
presence of
mentioning the
diandra
Agrostis
1918, 71) F.-Villar (Nov.
Blanc.,
(Sp
to
there.
belongs
equated Spermachiton
1880, 310) erroneously
attributed
doubtfully
and also
1991
2,
anthers,
two
likely
most
described S. indicus var. flaccidus. Merrill's illustrative specimen (Merrill Sp. Blanc.
is the
845)
present variety.
the main
Traditionally
for
reason
maintaining
from S. indicus has been the presence
has
occasionally
Jovet & Guedes and
It is
a
interesting
black
In
smut.
difference. The
The
forms
on
branches."
to
& Guedes. In
ing
were
available. The
it is another
(see
cus
We
much
from
under
have
more
var.
were
Species
seen
dubiae
more
are
long
sionally
in
have
mm
tentatively
cidus the anthers
occur
long.
a
spikelet
some
c.
type
'typical'
as
of
var. flacci-
form of
var.
as
laxus
Agrostis
Jovet
by
S. laxus Simon
hence the
long.
mm
mm
Several
isoparatypes
and in several
long,
speci-
that the number of anthers
distinct taxon, but in view of the line here
S. indicus
(q.v.):
var.
queenslandi-
validation).
panicle
is
and the presence of
(Central
two
have been difficult
specimens
Highlands
and
anthers, both
to
place.
further
un-
Some of
Their
East).
relatively large, (1.5—)1.6—1,9(—2)
Out of 25
diandry being
specimens
only
2 had
the rule. The anthers
occa-
were
very
Because of the floral dimensions and number of anthers
0.5-0.8
between 0 and 2625
2
be 1.5-2
spikelets.
spikelets,
included them
are
a
densely spikeled, whereby specimens mainly differ
and often lead-coloured
small, 0.4-0.55
we
out to
excludendae for the
New Guinea
triandrous
factors. In
large, few-spikeled inflorescence,
often rather broad and open, with
some
was
strictly horizontally
in the
as
distinguished
were
polymorphous
the size of the
Papua
as
BO). In India and Sri Lanka
panicle,
encountered, again showing
et
ecological
the form with
in Roth's
as
be constant,
locally
like it in Malesia, where in the usual form the
nothing
major by
lax
would be
turned
of the
variety
an oc-
base than is usual, and 3-antheredflorets. Accord-
spikelets
contracted and
occur
panicles
mm
at
by
physiological
a
Veldk. had
form, distinguished by Simon
a
rather
a
naked
reliable characters. No wonder
these
ones,
would
often infected
are
indicating
do with
to
only
Maarseveen 8,
reliable character. This represents
not a
taken,
van
we
has convinced
of the branches of the inflorescence
nothing
I found
few-spikeled,
there is
the
case,
queenslandicus
var.
As
Guedes,
seen.
"Spreading
contracted
spikelets
2-anthered florets
mens
is
description
cases
and has
on
with
Stapf!),
distinctly
more
the
to
of 10
that such lax forms
Queensland
laxus
var.
rather
densely
more
of various varieties
spikelets
(Timor)
1965, 293).
Jovet &
complex
distinct
species
is warranted.
status
is rather variable, but may
(Note
a
We suspect
elongata.
branches
the island
found with
are
next
(non
panicle
varietal
a
very similar
out
hereditary factor,
a
place
spreading
in 4
spikelet
a
(e.g., by
indicus
this is but seldom the
morphologically
as
(cf. Clayton,
elsewhere
with the S.
than
more
Monod de Froideville:
by
be
to
seems
remote
no
that the
to note
of the
shape
remarked
that
us
var. flaccidus
casional smutted
dus,
similarity
This and the overall
flaccidus
this difference is less absolute than
so
occur,
var.
anthers
two
been mentioned here and
1968, 58), three anthers also
wish.
of
m.
here,
mm
but in 'normal'
long,
This form is
and 0.7-1
not
the
representatives
mm
same as
in
var.
var.
major.
of
var. flac-
The
plants
queenslandicus.
G.J.
Balansa
&
Baaijcns
J.
(in Morot,
J.F.
Bot. 4,
this
12-12-1886, L) belonging
exilis Trin.'
combination indirectly based
a new
437
Malesia
1890, 164) enumerated specimens
25-10-1886, 10-12-1886,
This is
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
to
variety
s.n.,
‘Sporobolus
exilis Trin.,
Vilfa
on
(Balansa
as
not re-
corded in the Index Kewensis.
Hornemann described
Retz.
—
dianthera Steudel, Syn.
major (Buse)
var.
diandrus
Sporobolus
Ind.
Bat.
in
[Hort.
375.
Beauv.
Busc
major
var.
571.
(1827)
non
Vilfa
—
(not in C, M), In-
s.n.
material.
seen no
nov.
Type: Junghuhn
—
have
we
(1813) 571,
Hafn. 1
Hornemann
of which
comb.
Bot.
Mantissa 3
f.,
Type:
—
1805],
Baaijens,
(Retz.)
3 (1857)
162.
(1854)
1
dia, cultivated in Copenhagen
5e.
diandra
Agrostis
an
dianthera Schult. & Schult.
Agrostis
in
PI.
Miq.,
(L, holo,
s.n.
3
Jungh.
Fl.
(1854) 343; Miq.,
903.342-96), Java, Cibogo,
no.
June.
1965) 291, p.p.; Clayton
Rev. Fl.
Gilliland,
ed.
Grasses,
2
Mai.
(1854) 170.
1
Agrostis fertilis Steudel, Syn.
3
&
Mus.
675.
J.
—
n.s.
(1968) 50,
(1982)
K
1
lib.
(1962) 235;
176.
J.
Jap.
Shen,
Acta
Fujita,
&
in
T.
fusus
—
Walker,
var.
Bot. 54
s.n.
of
5
indicus
R. Br.
(L.)
Fl. Okinawa
indicus subsp.
pallidior
nom.
T.
no.
1,2.
—
Bot.
at least
Sporobolus
Backer,
in
US labeled
—
Sporobolus fertilis
161.
berteroanus
Handb.
(1935) 2069;
Backer
Backer & Bakh.
Sporobolus
f„
diandrus
(1857) 375,
Java
(1911) 145,
Sporoboluselongatus
in
T.
—
Sporobolus
531.
Koyama,
full
no
t.
10; Chung,
and
of
Ridley,
Brittonia
Gr.
Sc.
auct.
non
T.
(L, holo,
7
no.
—
var.
5
J.
Fl.
37
Bot.
Jap.
(1976) 146, t. 7122;
purpureo-suffusus Keng
indicus
subsp. purpureo-suf-
Type: Takeuchi
—
(1941) 394;
Koyama,
(KYO, holo,
s.n.
J.
Jap.
direct
var.
Bot.
37 (1962) 236, 240,
pallidior Hatusima,
reference
to
basionym.
Japan (1987) 277, 531, fig.
PI.
Fl.
—
105.
t.
in
Sporobolus
—
Type:
Ishikawa
Cily (some
Theconkr.
(1923) 72,
near
3e;
Ryukyus
mate-
Onkr.
Indon.
in
J.
Miq.,Fl.
R. Br.:
Pen.
5
PI.
Jungh.
(1925) 244,
Ind. Bat. 3
(1936) 118;
Hook,
Exk.
p.p.;
98; Burk.,
t.
Monod
f.,
Fl.
3
(1854) 343,
1, Suppl. (1906) 373,
dc
Fl.
&
Fl.
Java
72;
f.
Diet.
Froidcville
2
in
Bot.
Minor Prod.
Mag., Tokyo
Japan (1965) 176; Hcnty,
Fl. Guam
7
Miq.,
Koord.,
Fl. Ind.
Exk.
Fl.
p.p.
Tatcoka,
Br. India
1
p.p.;
p.p.;
(1857) 376; Brown,
Ono
(1970) 157; B.C. Stone,
1, Suppl. (1906) 373; Koord.,
(1928) 106,
(1950) 259,
Miq.,
Sc.
(1965) 122; Ohwi,
15
Sloot.,
Suiker.
p.p.
Busc
Fl. Mai.
2
Backer &
Chase:
p.p.;
(1968) 538,
auct. non R. Br.:
Korean
&
Mcrr., Philip.
(1969) 180; Huang, Taiwania
Sporobolus indicus
Nutt.
non Bcauv.:
p.p.;
(1920) 344; Hitchc.,
22,
Hitchc.
(1928) 202,
Heync,
p.p.;
(1971)
longiglumis’ by Koyama, incd.).
non
2
Fl. Java 3
auct.
Bat. 3
1
auct.
Fl. Java
5
Fed.
1929.
Koyama, Grasses
'var.
&
Sc., Biarritz
s.n.
55
Mag., Tokyo
Koyama1 7328 (DAO, holo, n.v.), Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa,
rial
Stone,
Ryukyus
Et. Rcch.
Icon. Corm. Sin.
Sporobolus fertilis
inval.,
Fl.
Mehra
Taiwan
908.97-183), Japan (here appointed).
purpureo-suffusus
var.
(1985)
pallidior
190.
Centr.
Feb.
nov.;
Sporobolus japonicus (Steudel) Rendle (1904).
(L, holo,
Japan (1987) 275,
var.
(1976)
B.C.
(1979) 52;
Lectotype: Burger
—
Fl.
(1976) 645; Hsu,
fertilis: Hatusima,
Gued., [Bull.
(1976) 190; Anon.,
t.
Occ. Sin.
(1974) 1081, 1082;
32
(25
Guddcs, 1968, 55b), Japan (here appointed).
non
indicus
Okinawa
Grasses
Bengal
purpureo-suffusus Ohwi,
(1979) 248,
Bot. Bor.
(1971) 675 ('pallidiorus’),
1
Jovct &
(1854) 182,
Sporobolus
Walker, Fl.
Koyama,
fide
(1973) 163.
v.), Japan, Hondo, Mukoshima, Kyoto,
Sporobolus
T.
22
2
19
pro comb,
21 (1972) 341; Bor,
Taxon
Sharma,
Bot. 52
Sov. Un.
var.
Bull.
Kew
(26 May 1965) 149,
J.
Bot. Soc.
Jovct &
fertilis
var.
Siebold
R. Br.
Sporobolus elongatus
Japan (1965)
Von
Bull.
Sporobolus fertilis
—
5613, P,
neg.
japonica Steudel, Syn.
Lectotype:
n.
53.
indicus
inval.] Taxon
nom.
908.97-171,
Cinna
26
Sporobolus
Can.
Tsvel., Grasses
Pal,
23
Mehra &
Soderstrom,
?
&
1411; Chaudhuri
t.
Sporobolus fertilis Clayton,
Bot. Ark.
(1971) 106, pi. 16a;
Gould
(1973) iii;
Sharma, Cytologia 40 (1975) 455;
(1978) 501,
—
Dansk
Bor,
ex
66
For.
(1953)
Bull.,
Lae
1
(1970) 193.
(1896) 247,
(1911) 146,
Bot.
Philip.
p.p.;
p.p.;
Mcrr., Philip.
J.
Mcrr., Sp. Blanc. (1918)
BLUMEA
438
71; Brown,
10,
11;
Henderson,
f.
Min. Prod.
Merr.,
Enum.
Mai. Wild
Grasses
1; Bor,
Sporobolus indicus
Sc., Biarritz
7
(1968) 65,
Panicle
branches
to
5
long
1.8
erose
to
mm
less
or
Stapf:
times
oblong,
1.6-2
to
the
as
(and
then
long,
mm
mm
0.5-0.75
by
Sri
from France
plants
again (cf. Tsvelev,
Sunny
875
Jovet &
42,
L
f.
(1925) 244;
Et.
Gued., Bull. Centre
Centre
Bull.
Gu6d.,
mm
lobed
Et. Rech.
at
93,
t.
Rech.
Biarritz
Sc.,
acute to
mm
mm
base, 11-60
glume
1-nerved,
to
long,
to
apex
to var.
pale
green
(of-
0.2-0.4 times
long,
mm
ovate
similar
cm
lowermost branches up
long, yellowish
0.5-0.8
spikelet,
oblong,
usually
0.8-1.3
acutish,
as
mm
but
Lemma
pyramidalis).
obtuse, 1-3-nerved. Palea elliptic, 1.5-
long.
Anthers
(2
or) 3,
0.7-1
mm
long.
diam., pericarp rather closely adherent;
in
forming
and
Australia
Guinea,
regarded
Japan
to
Korea, and the Pacific
Malesia, apparently
em-
(Lejeunia
U.S.S.R,
n.s.
rare
(rare:
in the Lesser Sunda
(Queensland).
S. indicus
as
var.
75,
Jovet & Guedes
fertilis by
1975, 265) belong
unavailable
lightly shaded,
along
a narrow
to
us,
to
S.
indicus
should therefore be look-
not
roads and
too
paths,
dry
or
soggy, preferably hard
withstanding trampling, locally
fringe along paths, 0-2075(-2700)
m
alt.
(average
m).
Chromosomes. 2n
48
5
1976).
to
stony areas, especially
abundant and
Pen.
243.
(1963)
spiciform,
glume
Lanka, India
and New
(Flores, Timor)
Habitat.
or
(1923) 507,
long.
indicus. Those from the
at
Jovet &
becoming
Lodicules 0.25-0.3
long.
(1968), followed by Kergudlen
ed
7
Mai.
c-f; Schmid, l'Agron. Trop. 13 (1958) 486,
truncate; upper
long
as
Distribution.
var.
Fl.
usually densely spikeled,
Bora-Bora, Fiji, Yap), widespread
The
Fl. Gen. I.-C.
Ridley,
p.p.;
Bot. Ark. 20
less
or
smut). Lower
a
and denticulate
0.4-0.6
Islands
182
t.
Dansk
more
appressed,
spikelet, obtuse
Seed 0.9-1.1(-1.15)
bryo
non
auct.,
usually contracted,
long, 0.5-0.67
ovate
(1923) 80,
p.p.
more
the
as
also
1
long. Spikelets (1.7—) 1.8 —1,9(—2.1)
cm
1991
p.p.
laxus
var.
2,
No.
Jovct & Gued.:
auct., non
africanus
var.
35,
(1920) 346; Camus,
1
PI.
(1954) 318,
Fl.
black because of
ten
For.
Fl.
(1960) 630; Larscn,
(1968) 65,
Sporobolus indicus
7
Philip.
Philip.
VOL.
(Mehra
& Sharma,
Stem
Anatomy.
36 (Ono & Tateoka,
=
1975),
c.
(Fujita,
48,
54 (Larsen,
c.
1963; Koyama,
1962), 40-45,
1963), 54 (Koyama,
1979); chloroplasts
abaxial;
for
1962).
leaves,
Intro-
see
duction.
Pollination.
wide,
annulus 3
pm
Diseases.
ses
infected
Alcorn
as
a
was
well
as
by
35
present
that of
tab. 5).
out
(1970)
of the 135
the black
described the
on
a
smut
grain
as
41 pm wide, pore 4 pm
specimens inspected (c. 26%)
specimen
as
from
Bogor
most
had their
crustacea
likely belonging
tonkinense Karst. & Roum.,
S. tenacissimus
The latter is
sp. The type of B.
Bipolaris
Helminthosporium
plant misidentified
24, 34,
Huang
thick.
considered
(cf. Alcorn, Mycotaxon
a
synonym
of B.
caryop-
(Hennings)
to var.
major,
which infected
15, 1982, 21-22,
ravenelii
(Curt.)
Shoe-
maker.
Collector's
more or
less
Uses.
nodding.
notes.
Anthers
Old culms
are
Culms
pale
lilac
tough.
to
Leaves
dark
purple. Stigmas
used for brooms
('njereh')
green.
white
in Java. A
to
Panicles
pale
often
lilac.
fairly fine
straw
of
exaggerated
Chaudhuri &
Pal
Stone
scarcity.
stock,
to
fit for cultivation
not
said that it is
(1970)
of the
development
Vernacular
tra),
that the
(1979) reported
a
prenjutan (Kedu,
sadan
Note.
cies,
var.
May
bangkuit
lancuran, gorobada
(Minangkabau),
This
a
(1982)
18.
Fl. E.
iwang
cusampe
(Gajo,
Suma-
Fiyugi
lang.),
(Simalur), kongi
Rech.
T
—
Biarritz 7
Sc.,
Oware
288;
Gould
Nov.
1
Newsl.
—
indicus
s.n.
31
LE),
n.v.;
most
a
J. Bot. 48
Beauv.
suket
(Talaud),
smuts
of B. ravenelii
Note. There
are
from Africa and S.
slight
glume,
and
Clayton,
spe-
Veldk.
S.)
80; Clayton,
22
under the
see
nov.
Austr.
in
Fl. W.
Trop. Afr.,
Bot. Soc.
Syst.
Fedde, Repert.,
pyramidalis:
Taxon
(1973)
(1831) 427,
Jovet &
163
ed.
2,
Newsl.
Beih.
Gued., [Bull.
40
3
31
(1931)
Centre. Et.
(by implication:
Art.
Kew
19
15
var.
Taxon
127; Clayton,
t.
J.W. Parham
(1970) 1635;
22
(1973)
in
(1980) 544; Simon,
M6m.
Ac.
jacquemontii Jovet
163.
&
Sc.
Bull.
A.C.
Smith,
Austr.
St. Petersb.
26.2).
Gudd., [Bull.
(1965)
Fl. Vit.
Bot.
Syst.
2
VI, 5,
Soc.
(1840)
Centre. Et. Rech.
—Type: Jacquemont
by
By
the
erosely
and less than half as
as two
up in Malesia
turn
s.n.,
A°
Sc.,
1827
the
shape
as
truncate
long
as
upper
the
glumes, slight-
spikelet.
taxa, have been reported for Australia and
well. Jovet & Guedes
of the
glumes
it would
(1968) report-ed
seem
this taxon, and
introduced.
(Mycotaxon
Bipolaris
(Curt.)
t.
e.g. S. diandrus
ones,
Domingo.
find in China.
was
var.
Fl. Costaric.
Burger,
usually distinguished
Diseases. Alcorn
the
(1816) 36,
stat.
(1974) 373; Simon,
is distinct from all others
likely,
comb. &
inval.]
&
flaccidus (R.
Vilfa jacquemontii Trin.,
Santo
and it may
depicted
is
in
—
than the lower
Pacific,
2
2
Rev. Gram.
(1968) 60, nom.inval.]
Both its facies,
by
Pohl
18.
(1982)
variety
ly longer
occur.
sinosoana
discussions
forma pyramidalis Peter
nom.
Can.
Sporoboluspyramidalis
(P, holo,
two
(Mt
(G, holo, P?, n.v.), Nigeria.
Soderstrom,
(1979) 307;
Biarritz 7
This
&
Gram.
(1968) 60,
Beauvois
y p e:
var
Sporoboluspyramidalis
Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth,
lets
tangele
(Lingga), rumput
ayam
other
many
comparative
Veldk.,
(Beauv.)
Sporobolus
—
and
Baaijens,
Trop. Afr.,
280 ('Formen'), 291.
then,
unpalatable
New Guinea,
(Padang, Sumatra),
included it. For
cinereo-viridis
(1972) 408;
92.
1950).
times of
troublesome weed in cultures
(Iloilo),
(Papua
been confused with
has
taxon
(1854)
Sporobolus pyramidalis Beauv., Fl.
—
rantai
Java), rumput
pyramidalis
var.
and
produce,
in
Bengal
harmful weed,
moderately
become
has
(Jav.), sangsangitan (Bontoc), torojan (Palu, Celebes).
which Buse
the
of its
quality
in
eaten
Hagen), jukut njenjerehan (Sund.), panjuran (Jav.), rumput
5f.
hat material
a
reputation
& Van Slooten, 1923).
system (Backer
root
Bakuit,
names.
bangsom, kecicing,
rumput ikua kudo padang
in
as
literature its
the
as
is
grain
minor to
be eliminated from pastures.
the strong
by
some
when considerable, is far below that of other cultivated grasses (Backer,
even
to
old. In
not too
439
Malesia
and utilized in Iloilo
peduncles
A moderate fodderwhen
and it is
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
is obtained from the
medium length
(Brown, 1920).
been much
&
Baaijens
G.J.
15, 1982, 34, tab. 5) noted infections of the spike-
crustacea
(Hennings)
Alcorn in S.
Shoemaker in both forms of the present
two
main
forms, usually regarded
jacquemontii
mainly
Jovet &
based
Guedes,
from South
on
sizes.
America,
as
s.s.,
and
two
taxa, S.
pyramidalis
but the difference between the
In W Africa
and Simon gave the
pyramidalis
variety.
intergrading
forms
following distinctions:
would
BLUMEA
440
VOL.
No.
35,
1991
2,
jacquemontii
pyramidalis
Culms 50-75
Leaf blades up
to
(1—)2.5—3.5
Panicle up
to
90-170
tall,
cm
(l-)2-2.5(-3)
40
cm
20-45
5-10
long,
1.5-2
mm
slightly
than 4
cm,
Jovet & Guedes
obovoid,
of course had
and
usually
incorrect,
remarked
the
(p. 60,
only guide
to
Very
cm.
The
ones.
t.
4)
and short
blades,
few
work.
no
with
branch
had erecto-patent
panicles
of the
length
not
panicles
inflorescences may have
large
less than 3
is useless. As
spikelet
discrete differences could be ob-
no
identification remained provenance, and
to
like faith than fact.
therefore have
two taxa
and it is debatable whether Peter
as
setacea
is made
to
(p. 254)
indicus
‘Sporobolus
done in other instances, e.g. for
chloa
truncate
to
be united.
has sug-
Clayton (1974)
that Peter would have made the varietal combination under S. indicus. This
combination is cited
is
with
horizontally patent
(1968)
culms and
narrow
large plants
seems more
By necessity
mm,
conspicuously
served in the seeds. The
this
mm
the material available in L showed that these characters do
plants
none
anthesis,
cm
0.8-1
long,
short branches. Even
branches,
at
cm,
1.6-2.2
long
mm
truncate
Inspection of
Small African
is
3-6
long
obovoid-elliptic,
1-1.1
gested
cm
mm
cm,
lowermost 3-5
cm
mm
cm,
horizontal
Seed
on
70
to
(3—)6—7(—10)
branches loosely appressed,
Spikelets
rely
up
long,
cm
cm,
(2-)3.5-4(-5)
long,
middle branches 3-3.5
longer
base
at
wide
mm
25
diam.
mm
and
'Formen' of S.
var.
made
even
and
capensis,
Cynodon dactylon (p. 256).
and from this it
indicus,
can
intended. At the varietal level the combination still had
available
seems
to
be have been
one at
generated by
the forma level. The
without author or rank,
pyramidalis’
as
for the formae under MicroIn the
key (p. 280)
reference
be deduced that formae
to
be made. The oldest
Jovet & Guedes
(1973):
were
epithet
var.
pyra-
midalis.
6.
Sporobolus
novoguineensis
Sporobolus lenticularis auct.
Annuae
basi
rhizomata
non S.T.
stolones
pectinatis, paniculis
1,8-2,1
Blake:
Henty,
cataphylla dcsunt,
linearibus
10-12-verticillatis, longissimis
linearibusve, spiculis
Baaijens,
parum
0,6-2
mm
spec.
Bot.
foliis
contracts
cm
longis,
nov.
Bull.,
parum
lobatis,
cum
Lae
sine
longis brunnescentibus, glumis
plo longioribus, glumis superioribus spiculis aequantibus,
soideis marginibus 2-angulatis
in
sectione
(LAE, holo, L, fragm.), Papua
New
transversali
Guinea,
Morobe
180.
erecto-patentibus,
glandulis
mm
minutis
inferioribus
seminidibus
1,1-1,2
(1969)
heteromorphis, marginibus
ramis
vel
1
—
T
pusticulatis
spiculis 0,5-0,63-
lateraliter
longis.
saltern
inferioribus
compressis ellip-
y p
Prov., Finschhafen, Dedua,
u
26
s:
Barrie
March
29
1954.
G.J.
&
Baaijens
intra-vaginally
Annuals, tufted, branching
absent.
Rhizomes, stolons, cataphylls
55
Sheaths smooth,
high.
cm
throat with
ed,
more
least
at
base
above the
less
on
the
or
14
c.
1.5
by
less
1.8-2.1
long. Spikelets
0.85-1.25
mm
smooth
microscopically
to
long,
0.5-0.63 times
ovate-oblong, subequal
scaberulous
scopically
ovate
by
spikelet,
the
upwards.
and/or fruit. Lodicules
in
mm
glume
0.25
c.
acute to
long.
mm
(Morobe
Habitat.
in
See
Notes.
Very
Henr. from Con
hairy blades,
one
0.6-2
ovate-oblong,
acute
smooth
the upper
obtuse,
to
ovate to
micro-
to
Palea
glume.
3, 0.35-0.5
transverse
long.
mm
section, 1.1-1.2
adherent; embryo 0.5-0.6
mm
long.
New
(P. Trangan); Papua
Prov.: Finschhafen).
In savannahs
Anatomy.
apex
erecto-
obtuse, easily split by the
Anthers
hardly 2-edged
diam.; pericarp loosely
apex ob-
whorls,
longest
acuminate,
as
at
involute
0; upper glume
Distribution. Malesia: New Guinea: Aru Islands
Guinea
margins
glands, spikeled
ovate to
spikelet,
nerves
mm
rounded. Panicles
the
together,
the
upwards,
apex
0.15
appressed,
linear
to
to
less crowd-
mm,
branches in 6-21
Lemma ovate, otherwise
ellipsoid, laterally compressed,
0.6-0.65
as
and
glabrous,
shorter than the lemma,
ovate-oblong, slightly
to
ovary
Seed
to
long
as
scaberulous
1-4
by
cm
up
glabrous,
c.
ones more or
erect
brownish. Lower
long,
mm
ciliolate rim,
pusticular
in the upper 0.5-0.67th part, the lowermost 10-12
cm
otherwise
margins nearly glabrous,
cm,
without inconspicuous
or
7
to
up
below smooth,
nerves,
linear, loosely contracted, lobed,
patent, capillary,
ones more
obscure
the basal
flattened base, linear, the
tuse, above scaberulous
with
an
flat, linear-lanceolate,
the cauline
pectinate,
more or
ligule
slightly heteromorphous,
less patent,
or
glabrous, smooth, shiny,
margin densely finely hairy,
outer
441
Malesia
base and from the cauline nodes.
at
Culms erect,
bulbous based hairs;
some
blades rather stiff,
long;
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
similar in
Son
more
at
low altitude in P.
Trangan.
Introduction.
of the inflorescence,
aspect, especially
(Poulo Condor), Vietnam,
lobed
with
panicles
which differs
to
the
smaller
spaced whorls,
more
by
S. balansae
longer ligule,
spikelets,
and
smaller seeds.
It is
completely
rescence,
7.
different from S. lenticularis S.T. Blake in the
Sporobolus
Hook,
Philip.
J.
501;
raj,
1
Sc.
Br.
India
7
Pen.
5
Bot.
(1840)68.
34
Lobin,
(1824)
—
Garcia
(1985) 160;
1
excl.
(1833)
S.
Rev. Fl. Mai.
de
Orta,
Davidse
157; Sp.
PL
ciliatus
(1925) 244; Bor,
(1970) 361; Gilliland,
Taxon
Enum.
Gram.
Lectotype:
211
(pro
(1896) 251; Hack., Philip.
1, Suppl. (1906) 373,
Fl. Mai.
Conert &
Diss.
Fl.
f.,
(id.); Ridley,
Gram.
of the inflo-
Kunth
piliferus (Trin.)
Sporobolus piliferus (Trin.) Kunth,
val.);
shape
seeds, and other details.
et
Bot.
al.,
S.
1
Icon.
Wallich
3
6
Prcsl;
Grasses
(1971) 105;
(1828)
3774
t.
a
var.
Sc.
minutus
t.
Enwn.
Philip.
52
58A;
Mehra &
4e-j,
t.
(1986)
M6m.
Kunth,
nom.
in-
1, Suppl. (1906) 269; Merr.,
Fl.
(1960) 632; Clayton,
(1984) 68,
Afr. J. Bot.
J.
523.
Ac.
(LE, holo, BM, K,
Sharma,
6f,
g;
PI.
(1923)
1
Fl. E.
Taxon
24
Christopher
—
80
Trop. Afr.,
(1975)
&
Sam-
Vilfa pilifera Trin.,
Sc. St.
microfiche
Petcrsb.
IDC
VI, 5,
2
7394, US,
fragm.), Nepal.
Sporobolus stachydanthus
Syn.
1
(1854)
(1867) 302,
(P, holo,
156.
311
n.v.;
—
A.
Rich.,
Tent. Fl.
Abyss.
2
Triachyrum stachydanthum
Cstachyanthum"),
B, K), Ethiopia,
nom.
Prov.
inval.
Chire,
(1851)
394.
Aschers.
(Art.
October.
in
—
Vilfa stachydantha Steudel,
Schweinf.,
Beitr.
FI.
Aethiop.
34.1a). —Type: Quartin-Dillon
s.n.
442
BLUMEA
Hochst. ex
Triachyrum nilagiricum
holo, W,
Sporobolus
praecox
(1948) 468.
—
Chev.,
Rev. Bot.
(1934) 113; Bull.
14
Appl.
ciliatus auct.
Sporobolus
lenticularis
Hack., Philip.
Presl:
non
auct.
S.T. Blake:
non
ascending,
glabrous, smooth,
bous-based hairs,
outer
0.8-3
times with
a
mm,
up
inconspicuous
with
0.8(-1.2)
more
long,
cm
0;
less
the
to
up
to
often
ovate, 1.6-2.1
erose,
mm
ellipsoid
to
to
pines (Luzon:
Tamil Nadu,
Dry banks,
Davidse
Sharma, 1975;
Closely
et
al.,
related
to
7,
1899, 648;
Fac.
Anthers
in
4(-6),
glume
the
as
more or
smooth,
spikelet,
spikelet,
mm
obtuse
Malesia:
mm
long.
1-1.25
by
long.
(Kashmir
Zaire
to
Uttar
Malaya (Malacca), PhilipIcon.
(Anon.,
Rendle and
to
split by
Mozambique, Burundi,
to
as
nerves
acute to
truncate, easily
section,
up
in the
0.55-0.75 times
Sri Lanka, India
Islands),
to
(2 or) 3, 0.35-0.6
0.5-0.7
(S Ethiopia
14, usually
to
densely spikeled
Lower
long,
more
and branches
whorl of up
transverse
Records for China
those for
grasslands, savannahs,
Sc.
Imp.
be
conspecific
who
are
involved.
was
Univ., Tokyo,
(Bot. Mag., Tokyo 55,
species
axes
rather
some-
glabrous,
nodes up
long,
long
as
S. ciliatus Presl and S.
1906)
ferent
1—4.5(—11)
Corm. Sin.
tropical
5,
America
disturbed areas,
roadsides,
(1984).
1985),
2n
=
36 (Mehra &
1986).
Hb.
(J.
of throat
less homomor-
acuminate,
to
1.7-2mm
Assam), Nepal;
a
mm
n=10 (Christopher & Samraj,
to
with Ohwi
few bul-
a
(see note).
open
and sometimes considered
Honda
diam.,
shorter than the
tight; embryo
(Steudel)
in
See Introduction and Conert & Lobin
Anatomy.
Chromosomes.
Boiss.
geniculately
alt. in Luzon.
m
Notes.
to
evenly spaced spikelets
apex obtuse
long.
Verde
Baguio).
S. japonicus
S. ciliatus Presl
Habitat.
900-2100
to
0.85-1.7
elliptic
Africa
Tropical
Benguet,
1976, 858) refer
to
more or
brown.
long,
mm
elliptic,
mm
rather
Niger, Guinea, Cape
Pradesh, Karnataka,
probably
erect
involute, linear,
mm
or
less
or
ovate-oblong,
roundly
pericarp
Distribution.
Chad and
c.
obovoid,
in diam.;
mm
4-10
long, slightly
0.25
Lodicules
ovary/fruit.
by
more
1.9-2.2
the
to
17 No-
base and from the
at
glabrous, margin
blades
solitary, paired,
ovate to
0.75
otherwise
cm
ovate-oblong,
spikelet, margins
glume
1-7
acute, 1 -nerved, smooth. Palea
c.
20
smooth, apex finely pointed, above
to
4(-6)
acuminate, smooth. Lemma elliptic
Seed
Paris
180.
Sheaths sometimes with
erecto-patently appressed,
Spikelets
narrowly triangular
upper
(P,
269.
(1969)
punctiform pusticular glands,
or
with
upper 0.33-0.67 part.
as
1
absent. Culms
least the upper
at
dense,
from above the base, the lowermost
long
Lae
few scattered, fine, bulbous-based hairs, below smooth,
less keeled. Panicles rather
less
high.
cm
Bull.,
long, densely ciliate;
mm
margins pectinate
much less, branches
to
931
6194), Guinea, Labe,
intra-vaginally
cataphylls
28
to
the basal sometimes flat and
usually
Hist. Nat.,
Mus. Nat.
neg.
1, Suppl. (1906)
Bot.
margin finely hairy,
0.15-0.35
hairy; ligule
or
n.v., K
J. Sc.
Henty,
Annuals, rather densely tufted, branching
cauline nodes. Rhizomes, stolons and
by
Hohenacker
Type:
—
1851.
1930.
vember
cm
176.
(1854)
1
1991
2,
fragm.), India, Nilgirris,
Type: Chevalier 34907 (P, holo,
Sporobolus
phous,
No.
35,
Steudel, Syn.
B, BM, K, L, US,
n.v.;
VOL.
japonicus (Steudel)
Rendle
with either of them. See Hackel
followed
III,
1941, 393;
3,
Fl.
by
Merrill
1930, 201).
Japan,
We
1965,
(Bull.
(1906, 1923) and
think, however,
176)
that three dif-
G.J.
1.65-1.9
the
Bor's
S.
kept
Pohl
not
spikelets
spikelets
the
The Australian
its
mm
or
as
did. This
we
and the
long),
less
acute
Sporobolus
seeds
larger
and
edges,
branching
high.
at
to
0.3
linear, up
brous,
mm
to
smooth,
6
contracted, up
spikeled only
whorl,
more
less
or
ceolate,
or
2.1-2.4
mm
smooth. Lemma
mm
Anthers
Mus.
as
by
on
mm
into
the
hairy
(1965)
1966, 260)
quite
mm
distinct
the
by
shape
1.5-1.8 mm
smaller anthers
of
long,
(0.25-0.3
flattened with
diam.),
saw
1965).
more
spikelet.
18
(1947)
12.
—
Type:
mm
base and from
at
erect
or
as
with up
all
or
to
with
in
1.5
mm
without
ones
as
diam.,
1-2.7
2.2-2.5
the
2-2.3
a
up
50
to
cm
long, minutely
few hairs;
more
or
ligule
less
cm
times
long,
slightly
branches in 7-9
mm
flat,
keeled.
whorls,
the lowermost 6-10 in
long,
with
long,
brownish. Lower
as
nerves
spikelet,
mm
the cauline
pectinate margins, nearly gla-
glabrous, smooth,
long, 0.5-0.67
long
5459
geniculately ascending,
homomorphous,
fine teeth, smooth,
glume,
Seed
set
cm
longest
Buwalda
1938.
Spikelets
some
about
long.
(Chung,
the nerves, below smooth,
0.5-1.5
glands.
upper
coarsely
Korean Gr.,
glands, spikelets
ones
long, emarginate, easily split by
3, 0.4-0.5
40
=
spikelet,
Sc.
nearly
the basal
only
1.4—1.7
long,
the
more
acuminate. Ohwi
(Man.
throat with
glabrous,
appressed,
tapering
stem,
higher internodes, glabrous, smooth,
blades
10
to
linear
to
glume ovate-lanceolate,
apex acuminate
the
than the
in the upper
part, flexuous,
spicuous punctate
2-2.1
mm,
27 for S. ciliatus.
=
n
Chung (Kor. Gr„ 1965,122)
has 2n
absent. Culms
apex acute, above scaberulous
Panicles
a
by
cm
as
0.8-0.9
margin loosely
outer
long, ciliolate;
20
and Lee
Isles, April
cataphylls
bulbous based hairs, otherwise
up
as
by
Tokyo
Aru
base and from the
Sheaths
leafy
tufted, branching intra-vaginally
nodes. Rhizomes, stolons,
24,
Ohwi
Bull.
(BO, holo, K, L, US), Moluccas,
Annual, loosely
1.5
usually longer
Ohwi,
B) reported
the
by
species
long
as
U.S. Nat. Hb.
(Contr.
usually distinctly
the absence of
(c.
sciadocladus
sciadocladus
f. A,
lenticularis S.T. Blake is
Sporobolus
although
Hitchcock,
long.
long,
mm
long.
that Tri-
suspect
all, only S. ciliatus.
at
203,
Philip-
mm
from Brazil is S. ciliatus,
seems erroneous,
less than 0.5 times
glume
Sporobolus
8.
2-2.2
loosely spikeled inflorescence,
lower
t.
mm
chaffs
long,
but this
long,
range in size
same
1.7-2
as
mm
only
as
mm
piliferus
from E Asia differs
Sporobolus japonicus
gave the
The
1.9-2.2
We
long.
mm
of the Central American grasses
mention S.
blades, spikelets 2.25-3
has themonly 2
piliferus
of S.
15, 1980, 542,
(Fl. Costaric.
He described the
1.8-2.5
its
are
specimens (1.5-1.8
being clearly erroneous).
slightly longer spikelets,
as
spikelets
and S. ciliatus separate in the Flora Brasiliensis.
account
1930, 597) does
9,
seed. The
from Indian
seen
443
the flat basal leaves,
especially by
mm,
spikelets
larger variety
piliferus
however, in his
has
piliferus only
nius' and Kunth's
those
as
Malesia
lenticular, 2-edged
1.25-1.5
described the
Clayton (1970)
Doell
long
as
dimensions,
material of S.
pine
about
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
and the
longer ligule,
long,
mm
long,
mm
J.F.
ciliatus from America differs
Sporobolus
pubescence,
&
Baaijens
apex
long
as
some
the
spikelet,
0; upper glume lanacute
to
acuminate,
1-nerved. Palea
the fruit. Lodicules
laterally flattened, ellipsoid
incon-
c.
in
0.25
elliptic,
mm
long.
longitudinal
and
BLUMEA
444
embryo
1.5-1.8
section,
transverse
0.7
c.
VOL.
0.8-0.9
by
No.
35,
1991
2,
in diam.;
mm
pericarp
adherent;
loosely
long.
mm
Distribution. Malesia: New Guinea: Aru Islands (P. Trangan). Only known
from the type.
Habitat.
Notes.
Not
Ohwi's remark
to
Contrary
is all
branching
indicated.
there
intra-vaginal;
survival mechanisms. Most of the
are
think that this is
we
no
and
cataphylls
of
species
no
the
species:
indicating
organs
Veldk.
Triachyrum
sect.
annual
an
other
annual
are
as
well.
is distinct from the other Malesian
species
The
flat leaves, but for the very basal
without
ones
9.
tenuissimus
Sporobolus
Bull.
Hassler,
8
24,
Boiss.
Can.
(1984) 61,
2
Regensb.
(1969) 125,
J. Bot. 50
fig. 21,
seeds collected in
muralis
Agrosticula
Raddi, Agrost.
Martius
with S.
(merotypic
s.n.
7
Leningrad
Diss.
—
137
tempus
Description
in
W.
Bot.
Hochst.
pluvium'
on
Java
cultivated
throat
by
2-3
mm,
Panicles
glabrous,
in
branches
cate,
as
erose,
long
as
the
Bull.
Davidse
(1970) 386;
Bot.
Bayer.
in
&
Gr. Bahia
(1978) 2140; Renvoize,
cultivated
&
Hb.
Munich
Ges.
from
Monac.'
2.
—
muralis
Sporobolus
368.
1
—
Raddi
Type:
Miq.,
Hochst.
(K
(1823/24) 197,
from
Regensburg
Bras.
seeds
Hitchc.
&
(FI
s.n.
non
R.
Br.
collected
neg.
(1958) 486,
13
(LE, holo,
L
neg.
with
Anal. Bot.
Ind. 2
ex
S.
Steudel, Syn.
10316)], India,
(1827) 88;
1
or
(1810).
in
Brazil
f. 2.
(=
Mart.,
Fl.
f.,
Fl.
us
36.5; M, iso, n.v.), cultivated
in
93,
Verh.
(1854)
Tamil
in
Hook,
Mart i
t.
tenuissimus
1
Doell
(1829) 394;
Berol.
Hort.
(merotypic
glabrous, smooth,
ligule
spikelet,
cm
mm
upper
or
up
0.1-0.2
glabrous,
long-enclosed
solitary
0;
f.
T y p
and P.
Kon.
159.
—
Ned.
—
T
tenuiflorum).
Inst. Wet.
y p
Nadu, Canara,
e:
Ill, 4)
hlochstetler
e:
near
Mangalore,
specimens.
ovate, 0.25-0.3
nerves
Nat.
minutiflora).
Brazil
ex
TUB
gether, erecto-patent, 3-4
glume
Chodat
1847.
glabrous;
base
1,
(1824) 158; Nees, Agrost.
margins smooth,
effuse,
t.
PI. Nov.
in
Annual, tufted, branching intra-vaginally
absent. Culms erect,
glabrous,
1
Schrank, Denkschr.
Ind.) (1917)
Hornschuch, Syll.
Vilfa mangalorica
based
in
U.S.
(1960) 633; Bosser,
Gram.
(M, holo, n.v.),
s.n.
Sporobolus minutiflorus Link,
[U, holo, BM, K, L,
'post
(Grasses
(M, n.v.),
from seeds collected
36.—
J. Bot. 56
(1823) 33,
Bras.
18
tenuiflorum Hort.
Sporobolus mangaloricus
(1851)
Can.
(1896) 248; Schmid, FAgron. Trop.
‘Panicum
Grasses
Afr.,
E.
Contr.
Hitchc.,
nov.;
de Janeiro.
Rio
s.n.
2, 3 (1878) 31.
Br. India
Trop.
tenuissimum
Martius
tenuissimus and V.
Vilfa minutiflora Trin.,
Bras.
Hb.
tenuiflorum Schrank
Type:
—
Type:
long panicle,
Hack,
3, 3 (1898) 369;
Bolivia) (1927) 391; Bor,
Panicum
—
—
PI.
comb,
pro
Fl.
the
flat seed.
large
Brazil.
PI, holo, n.v.), Brazil,
Panicum
and
nearly homomorphous
Ktze
Gen.
Rev.
36 e-j; Clayton,
L
10.
t.
Contr. U.S. Nat.
Chase,
Ktze,
(1904) 278,
(1972) 1443; Dujardin,
26.
(1822)
O.
4
II,
(Grasses Ecuador, Peru,
ORSTOM 35
Pohl,
Hb.
O.
(Schrank)
(Schrank)
tenuissimus
Sporobolus
and the
spikelets,
with short whorled branches with distal
the
by
ones
pectinate margins,
at
to
mm
base.
50
cm
long;
apex
Rhizomes, stolons, cataphylls
high.
up
to
23
0.2-0.37 times
apex acutish
to
by
spikeled,
long. Spikelets 0.9-1.25
glume ovate-oblong,
folded, linear,
filiform, glabrous,
in the sheath,
fascicled, loosely
long,
smooth, margin
Sheaths
blades
as
mm
long
as
0.4-0.75
obtuse. Lemma
6
cm
the
8-15
slightly
diam.,
main axis
lowermost few
long, greenish.
the
mm
spikelet,
long,
ovate to
cm
keeled.
to-
Lower
apex
trun-
0.5-0.62 times
oblong,
as
long
as
G.J.
the
Seed turbinate,
long.
mm
0.3-0.5
Distribution.
(Senegal
Kenya,
to
rather
South
Tropical
rakarta
0.25
c.
in
angular
America
Anthers
long.
mm
3,
0.25
c.
long.
mm
Africa
Paraguay),
to
Tamil
(Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
(Schmid,
to
0.25
c.
section, 0.5-0.7 by
transverse
(Caribbean
India
Tanzania), Madagascar,
445
Malesia
closely adherent; embryo
introduced elsewhere, e.g. in Vietnam
Nadu),
Malesia: Java
1958);
(Su-
City, Malang City).
Habitat.
Roadsides,
Collector's
living
and
compressed
diam.; pericarp
in
mm
in
shorter than the lemma, obtuse
oblong, slightly
the fruit. Lodicules
easily split by
not
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
acute, 1-nerved. Palea
spikelet,
truncate,
&
Baaijens
and
greenhouse, presumably
Spikelets
notes.
profusely seeding (Bosser,
Chromosomes. 2n
12
=
pale
low
at
yellow
altitude
in
(i.e.
(not indicated).
fruit.
JFV).
Short
1969).
& Pohl,
(Davidse
1972; Tateoka
ex
Bosser,
1969;
Dujardin, 1978).
Uses.
Bosser
Notes.
lected
This
different
epithet
have
we
annotated his
see
Schrank's
names.
ex
to
also Renvoize
(1984). Contrary
'Ht. Monac.' and
himself ('V.
mens
spp.
progeny and parents
combinations have been
gel's
10.
to
not
Sporobolus
Hook,
Backer, Trop.
PI.
1
Suiker.
in
93,
f.
4; Bor,
ORSTOM 35
f.,
Can. J. Bot. 50
Manil.
101;
Rev. Gram.
India
S.
7
S.T.
A,
14
6
Presl);
Blake,
Univ.
Neerl.
Gould
(1972) 1443; Clayton,
t.
Backer,
Bot. Gard.
speci-
As
as
long
are
so-
such the later
superfluous.
not
are
to
this
in
species
10; Anon.,
Exk.
Spren-
Rev.
Bull.
Bot.
Fl. Java
Fl.
Java
(1941) 11;
19
1
Fl. Mai.
Can.
Sin.
9
5
Lae
Can.
3
2
p.p.;
1
J.
Gram.
1
Monod
t.
34;
t.
de Froideville
(1970) 1635;
&
(1978) 2140; Hsu,
Bull.
B.C.
Davidse
7123; Paijmans,
Davidse
Nut.
(1958) 488,
(1974) 370; Madulid,
(1976) 147,
Bot. 56
Heyne,
13
(1969) 181; Bosser,
Bot. 48
Fl.
(1928) 204; Onkr.
(1971) 108, pi. 14d;
(1977) 91,
J.
Fl. Austr. 7
(1911) 145,
Backer in
(1965) 295;
Bull.,
Trop. Afr.,
Corm.
65 (1978) 640; Dujardin,
Duperrey, Voy.
(1923) 510; Merr.,Enum.Philip.
18
Soderstrom,
Fl. E.
Icon.
in
(1833) 210; Benth.,
(1952) 479; Schmid, l'Agron. Trop.
Kew
&
1
Handb.
Ql. Pap. 1,
1
Vegetation (1976) 35; Ellis, Agroplantae
Missouri
36.5);
Panicum
relationship
(1988).
reference
Enum. PI.
(1968) 538; Henty,
37 a-e;
and
no
Fl. G6n. I.-C.7
(1970) 192; Gilliland,
(1975) 90,
to
combination
a
(June/July 1829) 67; Brongn.
1
Kunth,
(1960) 634; Clayton,
t.
in such
(1896) 249; Koord.,
humilis
Fl. Java 3
(1969) 123,
Stone, Micronesica
Guinea
Br.
syn.
Grasses
Bakh.
(L photo
Kunth
(L.)
(1920) 176, t. 3; Camus,
t.
Monac.
(late 1824).
(1950)260; Jansen, ActaBot.
Backer &
Pohl,
1
apparently
comb, nov.;
pro
Fl.
(excl.
(1928) 107,
PI. Indon.
t.
Nat. 9
81
(1923)
f.,
Hort.
cultivated
seen
accepted
under the Code
standing
no
virginicus
(July 1829) 17,
(1878) 621;
Pavlowskiano"
with the
independently published
Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth,
2
Trinius who
e.g.
tenuiflorum
Schrank. He said he had
of the
application
the latter's remark Trinius referred
homotypic
that there is
note
Panicum
homotypic. Specimens
Systema Vegetabilium
own
Monde
not to
not
are
are
called merotypes which have
It is curious
m.
culta in Hort.
to
described under 3
was
for the
cc.').
These later synonyms
as
opinion
missis
Sprengelio
a
species
so
Panicum tenui-
names
of contemporary authors,
specimen “Vilfa minutiflora
sem.
tenuiflorum
short time the
a
from seeds col-
by Sprengel
description is rather vague,
the
by
go
disdain it.
distributed under the
was
and P. tenuissimum. Within
florum
to
seem
cultivated in Miinchen
was
Martius. From there it
by
s.h.n.
said that cattle
(1969)
species
Pohl,
Fl.
&
Acta
New
Ann.
Taiwan
5
446
BLUMEA
(1978) 504,
Bot. 6
Orta,
fig.
(1984) 60,
Austr.
White,
J. Bot.
6a, b,
t.
36
virginicus
var.
31
17.
(1982)
comb.
pro
—
T y p
US, fragm.), U.S.A.,
superfl.
—
Diss. Bot.
tremulus
Kunth,
superfl.
nom.
—
littoralis
Agrostis
75,
Zoysia
nom.
—
PI.
Mem.
Rev. Gram.
1
L e c t
Tabl.
John, St.
from
Thomas:
littoralis
Agrostis
Consp.
Vilfa
Fl.
IDC
n.v.,
Lamk.
intermedia
Afr. Austr.
sabulonum
holo, n.v.),
Agrostis
Calotheca
Diss.
Mauritius
1
85.
N. Am. PI.
1
Sporobolus
—
ASBS Newsl.
microfiche
IDC, BM;
Tabl.
76.
iso
in
Hb.
1
181.
Rev.
Gram.
175,
N.
1
1
(1805)
barbata
Vilfa
—
(1829) 68;
Am.
Fl.
17,
comb. nov.
pro
n.v., IDC microfiche
Lamk.,
from
Mem.
top,
—
Islands
7
—
fol.
6207,
Croix,
(St.
Roussillon
Sieber
elongatus
St.
—
11-38
(P, holo,
s.n.
var.
sene-
&
Schinz,
Hb.
Lamk.,
Dur.
left), Senegal.
St. Petersb.
superfl.
barbata
Agrostis
var.
5th from
Ac. Sc.
nom.
Type:
161.
littoralis
Type:
—
row
—
Kunth,
PI.
Pers., Syn.
Antilles, Virgin
(1791)
Sporobolus
superfl.
of
('Ind. Occ'
(1960) 633,
India.
('?'),
(1971)
Sporobolus
—
Grasses
littoralis Hitchc.,
58
nom.
tremula
Vilfa
—
Danarum"), May (1787?) (here appointed).
(1829) 400,
Sert. Austr.
var.
KOzlem.
(1824) 156;
Bras.
147
2; Bor,
(1797) 372,
98.
(1840)
barbata
littoralis
1
1,
(1833) 210; Bor,
Agrostis
—
2
VI, 5,
f.
41, Agrostis
t.
4,
not made.
US, fragm.),
n.v.;
Encycl.
—
701, 2nd
Bot.
1
left; US, fragm.),
nom.
fol.
PI. ed.
2
VI, 5,
Sporobolus
K
[LE, holo,
(1840) 67.
matrella
Nees,
L
5638,
neg.
—
Fl.
neg.
Trin., 1824, erroneous).
Caled.
(1824) 16,
t.
21.
—
T
Labillardiere
y p e:
s.n.
(FI,
Caledonia, Balade.
Schumach.,
congener
n.v., K neg
Lamk.,
6207,
Labill.,
de
Smith-
(1988) 118,
17
(1979) 429; Simon,
(LINN, holo,
combination
Sporobolus
—
insularum
(1805)
Nees, Agrost.
New
Garcia
Lobin,
(1827)
(1791) 161,
St. Petersb.
(P, holo,
Bot.
(1841) 152, nom. superfl.
36.4), K, L],
Aira
1
(1894) 821,
Trin.,
matrella
Vilfa
5
Afr.
&
72 (1985) 852;
Austr. Nat.
Berol. 1
Willd., Sp.
Enum. PI.
(P, holo,
from
Trium
var.:
PI.
Sc.
1
Encycl.
(1791) 161.
Muniz,
6th
"bayis
microfiche
W.
Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 16,
181.
Richard
top,
galensis Pers., Syn.
27
84.30
Sporobolus virginicus
—
e: L.C.M.
row
1
Encycl.
&
Ac.
s.n.
littoralis
213.
Borhidi
o t y p
2nd
Tabl.
tremula
(1829) 67;
Sonnerat
Vilfa
(1833)
J. Bot.
virginica Nutt., Gen.
Hort.
Bot.
Hb. Linnd
Agrostis
(1824) 155;
Lamk.,
486;
(1937)
701,
1
Adam,
Crypsis
—
Austr. J.
507 in
Am.
Vilfa virginica Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 16,
Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 147,
Beauv., Agrost. (1812) 16, 147,
Enum.
&
—
Conert
(1979) 429;
Decker,
virginicum Link,
(1783) 60;
1
syn.
sp.:
—
48.
t.
1991
2,
Virginia.
Type;
superfl.
&
(1753) 63.
(1823)
Clayton
e:
in
(1960) 634,
Grasses
1
Podosemum
Agrostis juncea Lamk., Encycl.
Trin.,
PI. 1
virginicus: Smith-White,
—
Bot. 27
Smith-White
(1988) 23;
Gram. Icon.
149, 182; Trin., Sp.
(1818) 49,
J.
No.
35,
7a; Gallagher
t.
Agrostis virginica L., Sp.
—
Austr.
1412; Smith-White,
t.
VOL.
4212,
sabulosa
microfiche
Steudel,
Beskr. Guin.
PI.
(1827) 66.
—
Type: Thonning
s.n.
(C, holo,
2203), Ghana.
Flora
12
(1829)
488.
—
Ecklon
Type:
944
South
(P, holo, n.v.),
Africa, Cape.
Aira
sabulonum
Hb.
Labill.
Labillardiere
sub
Sporobolus virginicus (L.)
Ewart &
t o t
y p
uniflora Balansa,
var.
s.n.
Kunth
var.
Bailey
s.n.
Kunth
ASBS
(1896) 15; Simon,
S.T.
Fl. Austr.
Blake,
minor
var.
Newsl.
31
F.M.
(1982)
—
t
y p
e:
Sporobolus
479.
—
Schultz
F.M.
212
sundaicus
Type:
Ohwi,
Van
Bailey (1896).
tralia,
New South
Description
var.
—
Bull.
Bot.
Type:
is
Tokyo
Northern
Sc. Mus.
18
7
(1878) 621,
Ql. Papers
Bull.
F.M.
Bot.
Territory,
Type:
var.
E.F.
minor F.M.
Constable
s.n.
Wales, Cape Solander, Botany Bay,
based on Malesian material
only.
ex
Bailey
near
(BRI, holo,
sub
1961.
(‘pallida’);
11.
—
Lec-
Brisbane
13
'rec.
(K, iso,
below).
see
Port Darwin
s.n.
348.
—
Lecto-
(here appointed).
Bot. Neerl.
1
(1952)
Grissee, 29 Sept.
Simon, Austrobaileya
March
Type:
(here appointed).
(1947) 13; Jansen, Acta
Bailey
—
p.p.
(1941)
1
85 (1915)
Slooten 2044 (BO, holo; K), Java, Surabaya,
Kunth
318.
Dept. Agric.,
inadmissible,
robustus Dom., Bibl.
(K, holo), Australia,
Sporobolus virginicus (L.)
non
Bailey
19 (1872)
New Caledonia.
Brisbane River
Bailey,
17.
Aug. 1896'), Australia, Queensland (Simon's neotype
Sporobolus benthami
Univ.
(K, holo), Australia, Queensland,
Sporobolus virginicus (L.)
France
Soc. Bot.,
(Fl, holo, n.v.),
pallidus Benth.,
Davies, Fl. N. Terr. (1917) 42;
e:
Bull.
‘Agrostis virginicus’
no.
2
1928.
(1984) 22,
55195, NSW),
Aus-
G.J.
&
Baaijens
J.F.
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
447
Malesia
Perennial, sometimes densely tufted; branching intra- and extra-vaginally
often
shiny,
and
1
long
(up
one
smooth. Internodes
throat with
with
times with
usually
a
base,
at
spikeled
3.5-15
base,
from base, about
lower
one
spikelet.
1.5-2.3(-2.75)
nerves
spikelet,
0
Lemma
upwards.
broadly
Palea
ovate, 2.1-2.9
elliptic
c.
Distribution.
to
0.3
oblong,
long.
mm
also in
N
Luzon
coast:
3
by
c.
Ilicos Norte,
mm
long,
the
on
0.8-1
mm
or
long,
3,
to
spiciform,
section,
c.
acute
to
times
as
as
or
truncate,
long
the
as
the
as
the
scaberu-
easily split
not
0.5
by
to
greyish.
long
long.
mm
up
obtuse;
nerved, rarely
0.9
some-
densely
together,
times
1-1.65
some-
nerves,
glabrous, rounded,
1-3
apex
acute, 1-
long,
1.9-2.3
Seed
mm
in
usu-
diam.;
long.
Malesia:
coast:
Cagayan,
Malaya: Langkawi,
Singapore;
Cikepu), Semarang, Surabaya,
Arch.;
Ilicos
Sarawak;
Borneo:
Sur,
New Guinea (Irian
Christmas Island
Sepik, Central);
mm
I., Karimunjawa
Bali, Sumba, Timor;
usually
diam., rarely
yellowish, brownish,
upwards,
transverse
0.5
mm
0.25
to
up
La
Union, Rizal);
Lesser
Jaya: Merauke; Papua
(Indian Ocean);
no
Ma-
Philip-
New
doubt elsewhere
on
beaches and coastal dunes.
sandy
Habitat.
Sandy
sea
marshes, in river deltas
with
savanna
slightly clayey
by
the
(1976) reported
the transitional
inland
zone
by
1979),
c.
& Pohl,
30
(Gould
Locally
etc.
coral
outcrops, salt
Pioneering
on
saline,
vegetation forming, growing
vaginatum, Spinifex, Thuarea, Zoysia,
for New Guinea the presence of "a sward
probably seasonally
2n
=
18
1978; Dujardin,
(Smith-White, 1988).
ponds,
mark,
etc.
Able
...
dryland grassland
flooded
by
fresh
or
(occupyeucalypt
water
but is
the tidal salt water."
Chromosomes.
Davidse
soil.
water
sea.
The habitat is
reached
along
high
fish
between Avicennia scrub and
...
only rarely
above the
the coast,
Lepturus, Paspalum
withstand submersion
Paijmans
beaches
near
sometimes
sandy,
together
ing)
cm
the lowermost
Anthers 2
Jakarta, Bogor (S
(Bulacan,
Sunda Islands:
open,
16
to
less contracted
long,
mm
Pan(sub)tropical,
lang, Besuki, Madura, Kangean
Guinea: E
long; ligule
long, (0.67-)0.75-0.9(-0.95)
pericarp closely adherent; embryo
mainly
mm
scaberulous
or
mm
ally absent, broadly ellipsoid,
pines:
glabrous, furrowed,
diam., branches moderately
mm
1; upper glume 2.3-3
or
the fruit. Lodicules
Java:
mm
scaberulous
more or
straight, eglandular,
smooth
ovate-oblong,
cm
wide, then usually involute upwards, stiff
above
3-13
by
cm
gla-
50
to
up
leaves often dis-
short,
few scattered hairs in the lower part, below smooth,
at
long)
mm
with sometimes bulbous-based
2.5
to
acicular, up
mm
long. Spikelets (2-)2.2-2.7(-3)
cm
Glumes
to
to
5
to
up
without a distinct midrib. Panicles
times lobed
2
to
scattered bulbous-based hairs between the cilia; blades
least
at
and
smooth,
Sheaths
few bulbous-based hairs up
a
some
(up
ones
ascending,
erect or
scaberulous, occasionally
or
glaucous, margins smooth,
and pungent;
by
grey. Culms
alternatingly long
less erect, involute, filiform
more or
patent and flat
lous
or
distichous, sometimes subopposite.
long
2 very short
therefore sometimes subternate,
long); cataphylls
cm
base;
at
branching virgately, glabrous, smooth,
alternatingly
shiny, yellow
margin glabrous,
hairs,
4
3
to
often
high, glabrous,
tinctly
mm
internodes
yellowish,
brous, smooth,
outer
and
long, horizontal, widely creeping
stolons
&
(Bosser,
1969),
20
1978; Smith-White,
Soderstrom,
1970),
31
(Davidse
1979),
(Smith-White,
&
30
Pohl,
1972;
(Smith-White,
1988),
40, 50, 60
BLUMEA
448
Vernacular
sand dunes in Guam
lated
Ellis
calia 15, Extra,
of the ashen
Gilimanuk:
(Madulid,
Luzon
a
fodder
1975),
as
a
beaches and
on
and Australia (Smith-
(S.T. Blake,
grass
In
1941).
Jamaica
nutritive grass,
although
Kunth has NAD-ME
(Schreb.)
NAD-type
in the cell walls. The
prominent osmophilic layer
a
In the advanced
notes.
pale
to
leaves and
sometimes soft.
glaucous,
Leaves
binding properties
(Echevarrfa
et
re-
al., Lagas-
1988, 527).
Collector's
cause
dropseed, jatopa, saltgrass (E.)
has shown that the leaf
is of the
anatomy
(1977)
S. pungens
species
as
1991
2,
1950).
but without
eragrostoid,
1970),
esteemed
(Backer,
Anatomy.
and
No.
horses and in Australia considered
fattening
first class
not
(Stone,
1979). Highly
used for
Beach
names.
35,
Effective in reclamation for its sand
Uses.
White,
VOL.
eastern
Rhizomes
deeply
Steenis 7601
Rarely flowering. [Van
buried.
(BO): Bali,
sterile, with curious galls.] Inflorescence greenish
Always
be-
conspicuous
monsoon
panicles. Matforming.
to
straw-
coloured.
When Lamarck
Notes.
remarked "An
p.
20,
n.
Agrostis
69?" In the Tableau
matrella L.
does
'correction'
Bor's
on
S.
nymy of
S.
161,
(Grasses,
Forssk.
/Egypt,
41, Agrostis f. 2) he included
t.
original
combination A.
1960, 634) authority
as
juncea
cited
by
have included it here in
we
and
superfluous
Lamarck in 1783
the
syno-
virginicus.
tremula Willd.
Agrostis
ous, as
1791,
he
Agrostis juncea
Linn. &
virginica
synonym without any indication of doubt, but this later
a
make the
not
1,
(vol.
described
1783, 60)
Agrostis
with A. matrella. The type is Sonnerat s.n.
homotypic
and
as
1,
(Encycl.
matrella? An
Agrostis
Agrostis juncea
(1797)
Lamk.
and all the combinations based
(1783)
on
cited in the synonymy
was
it
superflu-
are
(see
under
note
humilis).
This is
a
rather
polymorphic species.
pantropical
range mention is
leaved
with often different
one
1937, but
cock,
see
in Malesia Ohwi
which
leaves,
mm
he
was
diam.
As far
followed
spikelets
as
leaves,
2.5-3
Jansen
by
long,
spikelets 2-2.3
these dimensions
1.5-2
1-1.4
1985;
HitchThus
1979).
wide
narrow,
1
c.
long (Ohwi msc.).
mm
no
of its
coarse-
relatively
the latter
long,
a
and S. sundaicus in
would have
mm
concerned we have found
are
Decker,
virginicus
anthers
long,
&
parts
fine- and
a
1980; Smith-White,
The first
(1952).
mm
usually
Gallagher
between S.
anthers
from various
accounts
1958; Simon,
distinguished
mm
many
ecologies (e.g.
1951; Schmid,
(1947)
In
made of several forms,
significant
differences
between the two, but at first there seemed to be 2 main vegetative types: the
‘sundaicus’
form with the leaves fine, erect, involute and
coarser
form with the leaves somewhat
often with
some
hairs
at
least
at
base,
broader,
more
like the
what different in appearance from American
above is therefore based
In Vietnam Schmid
on
glabrous above,
patent, less
'typical'
S.
representatives.
Malesian material,
(1958)
usually
coarser,
virginicus, yet
The
a
some-
description given
only.
also mentioned the presence of
coarse-leaved form, the latter with
and
involute and
spikelets 3-4
mm
long,
a
a
size
fine-
we
as
have
well
never
as
a
ob-
served.
In Australia generally
form and
a var.
two
minor Bailey.
such forms have been
distinguished
as
well: the
'typical'
&
G.J. Baaijens
Smith-White (1988),
J.F.
looking only
least there the situation is
at
no
the coastal
cytological
races,
but there is
one
between
diploid
level
ploidy
has
distinguishes
from
ranging
correlation between form and
to
that
reported
four
hexaploid (x
latitude,
at
morphotypes
each form has
as
and
ploidy
449
Malesia
populations,
He
extremely complicated.
with six different chromosome numbers
There is
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
at
=
10).
least
two
and sometimes in
ecology.
The
diploid
ploids
occur
even
distribution is
be
races
limited
are
to
the southern
further North. In the transition
occur
further North. The few
be
extremely
are
in Malesia
rare
tion
by
constant
A
sea.
most
be
may have
we
hexaploids
seen at
least
or
case
even
obtain
of such
a
the
is
species
ical
badly
beaches
sandy
quite
The
formally.
common
more
situation it
so
as
a tan
above
in Wewak, but this
where there should be
due
probably
was
to
data
precise ecological
collected anyway,
prefer
wisest
seems
the
actually
are
a
to
same
is another
at
lacking
are
wide
NE
human
in
nature:
4)
any of
Malesia,
where
people
to
on
be
trop-
locally
the third record for the whole of New Guinea,
of suitable sites.
plenty
at
erecto-patent
to
patent,
short
(up
to
Smith-White's 'var. minor
ligule) (cf.
must
suf-
7
cm
s.s.';
long),
narrow
4n in NW
(up
2
to
Australia,
mm
6n in
Queensland):
Java, Kangean
PI.
and
matter.
present.
1: Blades
Type
that of
naming
A brief survey of the forms
in Malesia with their
representatives
present
fice
be
mor-
different
seems
refrain from
collection. Thus JFV found it
a
to
wider distribu-
morphotypes (1
form, although initially reminiscent of his form 3,
perplexing
they
seems
local form is
The ‘sundaicus’
them
therefore
below).
of Smith-White's
two
but whether
situation
material,
this
may
and seeds have turned
same
among Malesian
from it. In
hexa-
and their
origin
mainly vegetative causing
persist
remarkable
Aira sabulonumLabill. from New Caledonia (see
We think
of local
1928),
The
too.
must
which may
populations
the action of the
(Backer,
in the herbarium,
scarce
present elsewhere. Reproduction therefore
phologically
and
tetra-
while the
triploids,
seem
well.
as
Flowering specimens
out to
pentaploids
known. At least the
insufficiently
in Malesia
expected
Australia while tetraploids
parts of
he found the
zone
574),
(Backer 29875)', Luzon,
Malaban
(Loher
1787),
Manila (Loher 1785; Merrill,
Ilocos Sur
(Clemens
17767),
Bulacan
Philip.
(Loher
1784).
Type
2: Blades wider
tralia
(more
by Smith-White
Java,
no
than 2
and hence
mm
wide
most
locality (Horsfield s.n.),
Madura
(Veldkamp 6908),
Type
3: Blades ±
the shoots,
Benth.
1014,
Central Prov.
erect
long (up
p.p.',
Pasuruan
(Backer 19986), Kangean
1310, 1311), Timor (Monod
and ±
to
20
'var. minor
Wit
not
or
recorded for N Aus-
5n):
4045), Bogor
(Backer 24386,
(S Coast)
Van Slooten
(Backer 28370,29253); Sumba (.Monod
Van Steenis
to
narrow
sensu
2n
18346);
New
E
Sepik
apices
above
Guinea,
(Carr 11412).
appressed
cm),
ligule) (but
Jakarta (De
(Franck 77), Semarang (Kooper 750),
2433),
at
likely different;
the culm
(up
Bailey'
to
fide
2
or
mm
with connivent
wide
original
at
ligule) ('var. pallida
specimen
in
K;
4n in the
BLUMEA
450
Northern
Territory
and North
VOL.
is
generally
1991
2,
6n in
Queensland;
from the ‘sundaicus’ form which
less
No.
35,
different
seems
tufted with fine,
more or
culm leaves:
erect
Java, Jakarta (Backer 26408,35106,37253,
Van der Meer& Den Hoed.
'2112),
(Karta 353), Surabaya (Backer 37211,
Semarang
Slooten 2044, type,
Van Steenis
Zippelius s.n.),
2636), Probolinggo
Pasuruan
37573, Dorgelo 3272,
Van
(Backer 24351, Bijhouwer
185,
Besuki
(Backer A9),
(,Backer 19465, 20306), Luzon, Bulacan (Clemens
New
This
Darwin).
strongly
Merauke
Guinea,
(McKee
1700),
Madura
(Backer 24501),
Rizal
17289)
Central Prov., 50 km
(Loher 12030),
NW of Port Mores-
by (Paijmans 103, 1857).
Type
4: Blades erecto-patent
wide
ligule)
at
Smith-White (1979);
Bali
These
are
a
some
all coastal
mentioned
plants,
the
for
jati
Merrill
by
humilis
subsp.
benthami
to
25
long),
cm
a
be
to
in
there
occurred
litt.)
by
or
forest
may still
in
occur
with
spikelets
majority),
with
a
single
floret
florets with
two
by Vieillard (1484,
up
to
5
mm
Balansa (1972)
of S.
virginicus
virginicus,
(not
however,
var.
cus.
taxa
correctly
which
very
uniflora
(1484,
Sporobolus,
is valid,
Australia,
ally
frequent),
a
form
where the
useful in the
related. It differs
ones
also Lobin
Lobin
p.p.,
the
two
even
spikelet
K, L, P;
same
Agrostis virginicus
on
species.
sensu
Labillardiere's
species
inflores-
same
florets
(the great
with three florets. In
on a
rachilla of variable
Vieillard
It is
1485, P),
and
incomprehensible,
Labillardiere, did
description
or not
is
a
not
of Agrostis
taxonomic,
by being
(Courier
de
etc.
by
are
an
the
proliferous.
and
isotype
include
virgini-
not a nomen-
appear
(1988)
to
be
from
potenti-
Verde Islands has been cited
distinct and
not
even
remotely
glandular inflorescence branches,
Senckenberg
6, 1985, 62,
plantlets
of this clone.
Cape
in B it is
whereby it is clearly
Ser. Bot.
The
spread
annual with
Forsch.-Inst.
Orta,
Smith-White and Adam
reported by
J. A. Schmidt from the
is shown
whorled,
(Garcia
was
spikelets
reproduction, survival,
synonym. As
lower
with
and
not mean
robust than the normal
more
but retained them in Aira. The combination A. sabulonum
it is based
Sporobolus confertus
as
collected
point.
Another curious
W
as
to
Whether this is identical withLinne's
clatural
Ph. Morat
Morat has
P).
p.p.,
and have within the
rachilla,
to
was
realized that this Aira sabulonum and the normal forms
Vieillard
he,
that he, who cited
in
and
long.
Labillardiere had collected belonged
these
(1911)
find it, which does
not
slightly
are
extended
an
according
New Caledonia. It
the latter the upper floret often is exserted from the
length,
Koorders
by
These represent S. humi-
Balade,
plants
New Caledonian representatives of S.
cence
Wales]:
galls).
(q.v.).
be there still. The
not
mm
sensu
Kedungjati
for this form in Balade but could
recently
that it would
7
Philippines.
near
for the
Labillardiere and many years later
searched
to
New South
to
sterile and with curious
always
A curious aberrant form is Aira sabulonum Labill. which
(P,
(up
inland collections mentioned in the literature
only
(1923: 81)
wider
robustus’, 'var. virginicus’
var.
4n, widely spread from N Australia
specimen reported
lis Presl
patent, long (up
Steenis 7601, said
(Van
are
to
[? ‘Sporobolus
t.
a
member of
sect.
53, 1982, 37,
3f).
t.
Triachyrum.
lie)
the
See
and Conert &
G.J.
&
Baaijens
J.F.
SPECIES
1.
Domin
Sporobolus australasicus
S.T.
Blake, Pap. Dept.
232,
68b; Simon,
t.
(PR, holo,
s.n.
Sporobolus
in
EXCLUDENDAE
Bibl.
Fedde, Repert. 9 (1911) 553;
Syst.
Soc.
Bot.
Bot.
Newsl.
31
(1982)
17.
—
1
85,
pulchellus
Austr.,
auct.
Gaz. New S.
R.Br.;
non
Wales Misc.
Benth.,
e.g.
Publ.
Fl.
(1915) 350,
Gr.
18 (1941) 9; Lazarides,
Univ.
Biol., Queensland
Austr.
ET
C.
Austr.
March
globose,
is similar,
c.
0.6
but differs
mm
the
in
the
1.25-1.8
the
in fruit
less
long,
excl.
sp.
Steudel, Syn.
1
Zoll.
in
&
=
Mor.
1769
mm
the
up-
long
as
and the obovoid seed,
long),
0.5
on
0.25-0.4 times
glume
mm
c.
Mor., Syst.
Verz.
101
(1846)
latifolia (Roxb.
there has been
Apparently
3 (1857) 376; Koord.,
was
maxima
Melica
ex
in diameter.
superfl.
nom.
(Roxb.)
Roxb.
Sc.
Imp.
but under Art.
Sporobolus
Sporobolus
—
33.2,
and the
rected,
Univ.
species
regarded
combination is
above.
indicus
(L.)
(L.)
R.Br.
R.Br.
var.
Veg.
(id.);
non
(id.).
—
Wales,
2
(1817) 368,
Lamk.
Jackson,
can
be
8
auct.
seen
Brown
January
non
from
major (Buse) Baaijens
specim.
(1810)
the
as
Nov.
Holl., excl.
auct.
nom.
superfl.
a
by
it
not
—
Type:
priority.
refer
to
bibliographic
Veldkamp
error
flaccida; Roth,
non Beauv.:
to
be
cor-
Bailey
Agrostis elongata
var.
Honda
Hornemann,
& M. Winia.
Bailey, Syn. Queensl.
—
generally
maxima Roxb.
Hornemann [Hort.
has
F.M.
is
belongs
Agrostis
by
did
J.F.
F.M.
170.
ex
Trin., Diss.
Fl.
Roth
Nov.
Bot.
(1883)
ex
PI.
R.
651.
&
(1821)
S.,
41
(1824) 154, 305
6207 (BM, holo, K, US, fragm.), Australia,
New
South
1803.
R. Br.:
this
1
Vilfa elongata
—
Lectotype:R.
Port
Sporobolus indicus
As
(1791).
pro
Prod.
312]
—
Mor.
type. The only specimen
on
elongatus (R.Br.)
var.
elongatus (R.Br.)
Sporobolus elongatus R.Br.,
Syst.
as
(1911) 146,
1843.
validated earlier
III, Bot. (1930)
1
Myriachaeta arundinacea
which it
to
O. Ktze, based
was
Java
Honda
Hornem.)
Ex. 5 this may be
correct
indicus
Tokyo
—
15-19 November
Vindob., Suppl. (1819) 117], and the epithet provided
Fac.
Exk. Fl.
Myriachaeta glauca
('Zollinger 1169'),
1769. The
latifolia
—
in the citationof the
mix-up
Zollinger
Thysanolaena
(1820). However,
a
160.
(March 1854)
('1359') (P, holo), Java, Ciapus,
JFV could find in P
as
1
1854) 404 ('Zollinger 1769'),
(Nov.
Thysanolaena
known
Fl. Ind. Bat.
Vilfa gigas Steudel, Syn.
—
Zollinger
3.
spikelets,
Sporobolus gigas (Steudel) Miq.
Sporobolus gigas (Steudel) Miq.,
[J.
and
evenly distributed,
(0.25-0.8
among
evenly
coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth
lower
section, 0.75-0.95 by
transverse
1.1-1.25 mm long
subglobose,
spikelets
mm
±
glandular, mostly whorled,
Sporobolus
anthers
spikelet, possibly larger
quadrangular
2.
dark,
diam. seed.
by having
per half of the branches,
as
Sporoboli by
inflorescence branches,
spikeled
and the
Australian
p.p.;
1197 (1908) fig.
Domin mentioned this Australian endemic for Southeast Asia. It is distinct
SE Asian and
Domin
1910.
(1878) 623,
7
77;
t.
(1970)
Austr.
Lectotype:
K), Australia, Queensland, Hyghenden, Rolling Downs,
n.v.;
Maiden, Agric.
DUBIAE
451
Malesia
Domin
australasicus
Sporobolus
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
Benth.,
Fl. Austr.
synonymy and
variety
7
(1878) 622,
notes
under
p.p.
Sporobolus
has been confused with that
taxon.
indicus
var.
BLUMEA
452
indicus
Sporobolus
4.
indicus
Sporobolus
Centre
—
Et.
(L.)
Rech.
R. Br.
(L.)
R.
Br.
indicus
Sporobolus
291.
—
Kunth
forma laxus
Ecklon
Lectotype:
(Nees) Stapf,
65.
(1968) 53,
Sporobolus capensis (Willd.)
—
[
—
laxus
var.
Peter in
Fl.
1991
2,
Stapf
Nees,
K),
n.v.;
Jovet &
(1900) 586;
Cap.
Vilfa capensis
40
Beih.
South
Gudd.,
Linnaea 7
(5,
var
Fl. Afr. Austr.
Fedde, Repert.,
(B, holo,
s.n.
No.
35,
laxus (Nees)
var.
laxus
var.
Biarritz 7
Sc.,
VOL.
1
155
(1841)
280
(1931)
Bull.
(1832) 293.]
(‘laxa’).
('Formen'),
Devils
Africa, Cape Div.,
Mt,
December (here appointed).
Jovet & Guedes
&
as
Veldk. and
S.)
Sporobolus
Sporobolus
indicus
1
poiretii
(1810) 258,
Sporobolus
of this synonymy
6.
junceus
2
2
(1817) 367,
(1840) 59,
chella b.
This is
an
use
R.
as
Br.,
Australian
Ind.
Nov.
to var flaccidus
laxus
is
the
not
from
Veldk.,
same
Queens-
and therefore had
complex
queenslandicus
Agrostis
—
(1790),
Poir.
nec
Type:
—
be
to
nom.
re-
nov.
compressa
I.e.,
Bosc
259,
p.
s.n.
Poir., Encycl.
82.
no
(P,
holo,
—
Meth.
Axonopus
P, iso),
n.v.;
Kunth
(Beauv.)
has been associated with and
be
out to
something
39
Prodr.
1
quite
even
used for S. indi-
different. For
an
explanation
(1990) 327].
(1810) 170.
basion.
—
—
Lectotype:
species
Agrostis pulchella
Vilfa pulchella Trin., Mem.
—
1803
R.
Brown
6206
Roth
Ac.
Sc.
ex
R. &
S., Syst.
St. Petersb.
VI,
5,
(BM, holo, ‘Lysispora pul-
(here appointed).
which has
3,
Flasskarl
1857, 377)
Java, 2 (1928)
refers
occasionally
been mixed up with S. har-
Fl.
PI.
1
ed.
2,
to
Rel. Haenk.
1
(1830)243; Miq., Fl.
J.
(1841) 626,
J.
Sc.
768; Syn.
35
1
Sc.
3.
—
156.
—
(1928)
(1854)
Ind. Bat. 3
1, Suppl.
aurita
(Nees)
latifolia
(Roxb.
ex
Hornem.)
(1857)
376
(1906) 374,
Vilfa
scoparia
Type:
US, fragm.), Philippines, Luzon, Sorzogon.
Thysanolaena
1844, 17) copied
Bog.,
Hymenachne
by
Backer
Presl
(1923) 81; Philip.
2
Hort.
(Cat.
168],
App. (1883) 321; Merr., Philip.
Nomencl.,
=
belonged
(1982) 459, fig. 34/1-6]
var.
(1817) 318.
pulchellus by
Bat.
Sporobolus scoparius Presl,
n.v.;
us
(q.v.).
Handb. Fl.
Philip.
2
(1830).
Sporobolus scoparius
Vill.,
with
R.Br.
to the
non Presl
of S.
Miquel (Fl.
[Backer,
1
(1932) 32.
minor’), Australia, 'N Coast',
mandii Henr.
The
14
Veldkamp [Taxon
Sporobolus pulchellus
Veg.
R.Br.
Willd.
non
traditionally
see
Sporobolus pulchellus
7.
78,
but the type turned
s.s.,
by
seen
of the
variety
(L.)
Bartonia
no.
S., Syst. Veg.
This combination
cus
complex
Carolina.
U.S.A.,
=
&
R.
of the S. indicus
(R. & S.) Hitchc.
poiretii
Sporobolus poiretii Hitchc.,
Suppl.
them and
by
[Austrobaileya
which is another
Sporobolus
named
part
major (Buse) Baaijens (q.v.).Var.
laxus Simon
land, Australia,
5.
var.
taxon as
Malesia (Java, Borneo, Timor), Tahiti, and Australia.
from Malesia cited
specimens
The
(R.
this
(p. 53) regarded
distribution: e.g.
pantropical
:
a
Honda.
Haenke
(' scoparia');
sp.
dub.;
Presl
s.n.
ex
F.-
Enum.
Steud.,
(PR, holo,
G.J.
8.
(1812).
in
verticillatus Nees
375.
(1857)
—
J.F.
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
Malesia
453
verticillatus Nees
Sporobolus
Sporobolus
&
Baaijens
J.
Hook.,
Bot.
Eragrostis
aurea
Steud., Syn.
Misc.
Kew
1
Vilfa verticillata Steudel, Syn.
—
(1854) 267.
1
2
—
Fl. Ind.
(1850) 101; Miq.,
(1854) 158,
as
the
to
basionym,
Type: Cuming
545
in
Hb.
Bat. 3
Beauv.
non
Lindley
(CGE, holo, BM, BO, K, L; P, n.v.), Philippines, Laguna.
Eragrostis japonica
=
According
and his
so
E.
BO,
is
aurea
which
latter,
did
and E.
E. diarrhena
japonica
E. tenuissima Schrad., and
We have
do
so we
the
seen
not
not
know
Malesian material
abbreviations
literature, of
A 22694
31:
refer
of
part
that
which
—
Arsin
—
Backer A9:
ifl;
20306:
vir;
24371:
ifl; 24386,
28232:
ifl;
20413:
vir
37573:
van
den Brink
ifl
ifl;
11523:
NGF-series
9853:
ifl
—
993:
—
&
ifl
11702:
ifl;
15465
4374:
seen
the
preferred
specimen,
and
Philip. (1885) 8,
sub
(1924) 180],
cited
by
Sporobolus,
a
here
Adm. Suikerond.
—
ten
—
Anang
—
ica
The
(674 numbers).
collections cited
to
in
the
us.
24/5/1981:
(Smith):
Doekoenringin
Alvins
25/1/1886:
ifl
303:
10/1939: ifl; 302,
Arens & Wurth
—
22/4/1916:
Barrie
(id.),
icv;
11829:
5361
pil;
Edaflo): ifl;
et
hhu
ima;
9818
ifl;
(Ramos),
12000
hhu
—
5905
(Ramos
1404-a:
30184
24422:
313:
ima
—
ifl
—
24145:
26433:
cor;
Beguin
11:
433:
8343:
14:
ifl;
(Curran): (ifl);
ima
4169
—
Edafio): pil;
(Ramos): ima;
84919
5599:
ifl
(Curran): (ifl);
icv
ifl; 2561, 3720,
Bakhuizen
6538:
17214:
Boschma
ima
7846
—
ifl
—
—
bb
ima; 52, 81, 656, 731:
Bremekamp 8/1918:
12030 (Loher):
vir;
32507, 32508,
cor
har;
Broekhuysen 7/9/1943:
—
24351:
ifl;
ima; 26959, 27729,
ima; 5369, 6471,
ima;
ima;
19465, 19986,
37211, 37253: vir; 37507:
Posthumus
4356:
(Lagasca):
(Ramos): pil;
&
&
Bartlett 7948:
ima
ifl;
7384:
13699:
ifl;
30120, 30326: ima;
ifl;
BF 4168
(Loher): (vir);
40521
meijer 330: ifl; 1329: ima;
(Wind):
19001:
ima;
vir;
36757:
Backer
2391:
—
al.): (ima);
ima; 22082,
98:
nov
—
23938:
vir;
icv;
13438:
ima;
18518,
26408:
29875:
1683:
hhu;
icv;
icv;
36186:
0-87:
24:
A-793:
(Curran
21962:
ifl; 5143, 5156: ima; 6973,
12057:
vir;
18117:
25341:
hhu;
5029:
hhu;
12030:
ifl;
ifl; 29253,
& Coert
—
Brinkman
BS
but not
UPNG-series
see
ima; 21896,
ifl; 994,
9025
A-665:
—
have here
brackets refer
Afriastini
—
ANU
—
36088:
vir;
Backer
16206
9088 (Clemens):
(Ramos
103: ifl
vir; 24934,
28419:
vir;
917,
Beumde
dates have been
Donggala 51: ifl; 53: ima
ifl
21479;
35106:
(Ostwald): har;
—
5481,
ifl;
1/12/1886:
(Merritt):
or
between
placed
Amuku,
—
ima;
24501:
28370:
icv;
we
us,
collectors
14576, 15089, 16079, 16997: ima;
32509, 35095: ifl;
9017
to
ifl; 2106, 3142: ima;
11133:
10548,
14011:
Balansa
ifl
Anta 677:
—
to
also identifiedthe CGE
545 in P that would represent
fairly certain,
Idjan
in
ifl.
1119:
vir;
ifl; 9413,
ifl
35:
Veearts
Aet&
—
14/7/1858:
581:
ima; 437,
icv
Adj.
—
and
duplicate
belongs.
numbers
Those
seemed
identity
Aet780: ifl
Amand
—
the
ifl
(Kadir):
ifl
with collector's
Sporobolus
a
Eragrostis,
Steudel. As the differences be-
also Vidal, Phan. Cum.
Cuming
species
the species.
to
mixture of
identified the
(in msc)
clear
Clayton
[see
Index
Only
a
in CGE is the
Jedwabnik in Mez, Bot. Arch. 5
what
to
in L.
ones
was
holotype
(Schult.)
not
are
older combination, with which
Henrard and Jansen the
but the
aurea,
combination. Ohwi
not see, as
species
collection in P
isotype
superfluous
a
we
that
tween
Steudel the
to
species Eragrostis
new
Trin.
(Thunb.)
42:
—
5311
Brass
Bridgland,
—
—
7881
ifl
Brooke
(Ramos):
see
9811,
hhu;
vir; 31759 (Santos): ima; 36896
(Ramos
&
Edaflo):
ifl
—
Biinne-
ima; 5766: ifl; 6049, 6363, 6636,
454
BLUMEA
7050:
6686: ima;
ima
3290:
& Shah
5520:
981:
&
steeg
140:
ama
98:
ifl;
1941:
ifl
876:
Daalen,
van
46:
icv
ifl
ifl
1388:
4352:
Elmer 5758:
—
Everaarts
—
5759:
Feilding
Funke
Gebo,
da Silva
ifl
1731: ifl
A°
Haviland
Dan
—
12:
ifl
5366:
ima
ifl
9760:
Jacobson
ifl
—
22180:
21803:
—
—
—
—
Exp.
12221, 12329:
—
ima
Burkill
—
Burkill
ifl;
BW
—
5459:
8335
20554:
also
see
12:
sci;
(Ver-
ifl
—
IV-
icv;
46:
BS-series;
see also
Curran,
—
Cinatti
—
hhu;
Corner,
ifl
icv
Darbyshire
—
van
pil;
86:
Coert
34-
SF-series; 17/11/
BF-series; 4169:
ifl
icv;
ima
ifl
—
Dillewijn
Dorgelo 3272: vir.
—
Elsener 0-32:
—
937:
Leeuwen-Reijnvaan 20/5/1913,
ifl
Edeling 12/1863:
—
1271:
Eyma
ima
Elbert
—
1465:
138,
Everaarts
—
71:
ima;
icv
—
215: ten
1768: ifl.
Franck
—
15: icv
27/1/1940,
Griffith KD
ima
—
&
77: vir
—
Fryar,
NGF-series
see
Goetghebeur& Coppejans
—
ifl
6659:
—
9: ifl
Hackenberg
Groenhart
—
10/7/1909: har;
ima
also
see
6746:
—
ifl
—
Hose
—
7378:
603:
(ifl);
6:
44:
ifl;
7677:
(ima);
ifl
ima;
ima
—
ifl
—
—
also
18050:
& Pullen
Huitema
8048:
ifl; 7708: ima;
650:
ifl
see
18035: vir;
Hoogland
—
85:
ima;
Henty,
—
Hitchcock
SF-series; 29/7/1946:
ifl
Hume
104:
24/4/1931:
Hiepko & Schultze-Motel 619:
Holttum,
Hallier f.
—
ifl
3470:
ifl.
104:
M-21: ima; MA-5, MA-21, MA-34:
van Leeuwen
Henderson
& Schodde
—
ifl
—
Janaki
Karta
see
van
—
1817:
ifl;
ima
101:
ifl; 8343,
1786:
ifl
(vir);
3439,
hhu;
—
—
—
Jensen
Kasik 53:
—
icv;
54:
—
ima
ifl/ima
Jochems
Kievits
—
Kleinhoonte
Kooper 750:
34:
58:
434, 438,
—
ima
van
455: ifl
Jeswiet
—
1669:
—
—
Kreulen
de Koster
27:
ifl
ifl
—
8:
Kurz
221:
Kobus
—
cor;
289:
17285, 17286,
Koorders
37545, 37546,
ima;
Kingston 1, 23, 52,
185, 330:
ima
—
15:
3190: ifl.
ima;
3117: ifl
ima;
1978:
vir;
32542, 35814: ima;
Kornassi
Kregten 53: ifl;
51339
3346:
Ledesma
—
&
7210:
vir—
icv
—
LOrzing
ifl.
—
2112: vir
Main
—
&
13140:
Aden
—
Loher,
ifl; 3867, 4292: ima;
45:
1525:
Meijer 1539: ima
Res.
ifl;
14675:
ifl
—
Djokja
Leefmans
see
ima;
7666:
ifl;
72442
Coode): ifl;
Landbouwleraar
15-31/3/1913: ifl
7559:
8: ifl
(Stevens
—
Loeters 2365:
1787,
3449:
ima
ima; 9869: har; 12923,
den Hoed
vir
27768:
ifl
9867:
van Maarseveen
—
37547:
icv;
ima
Kostermans
—
43810:
2/2/1858: ifl; 118,
in.
Lam
—
MAKI-12:
353:
PNH-series
50296 (Stevens): ifl;
—
6: ima
20/10/1960: icr
661:
Kooij
Ammal
Jeswiet & Backer 9666: icv
—
25225:
ifl;
BF-series
ima;
—
—
10:
16/9/1894:
Kleckham
Kondo,
337: ima;
4:
ifl
hhu
1766: har
—
icv/ima
LAE
4853:
—
ifl.
A-series
see
icv
8:
2095: ima
558, 668,
171:
ima
ima.
Idenburg 6:
Kadir,
468:
ima
see also
18230:
vir;
Docters
—
(Symington):
't Hart
ifl
Hoogland
—
Hullett
—
ifl
—
1937:
1921,
den Hoed
240:
Clemens,
6881:
6868,
14345: ifl
Gisius
—
1884:
NGF-series; 23, 213:
ifl
ima
22274
de Haas
—
Harrison
—
SF-series
ima.
UPNG-series
see
—
2451: ica
Cuming
BS-series
see
(ima);
18:
FMS
—
10/1915:
Gomes
de Haan
& Yusuf
ifl
Cheesman
—
17767:
hhu;
Danser
—
Noona
see
6523:
ima;
57:
Buysman
—
see PNH-series
Conklin,
—
Edafio,
—
also
see
Burkill & Kiah
—
1826: ifl.
ima;
Dissing,
688:
672,
ima
G-62: hhu
icv;
22/11/ 1916, 1684: ifl; 3561: ima;
Ebalo
Burkill,
—
ima
2686, 3355, 3749, 4112,
8159:
ifl;
2/1930: (ima)
ifl;
Pringgo Atmodjo
see
—
ima
Buwalda
—
8158:
E-30:
2964:
hhu
Cruttwell
—
Curtis
—
792:
icv;
ima
ima;
Roberts
A-34,
1603: cor;
(ima);
8247:
ifl;
16-20/9/1922:
1991
2,
No.
Bijhouwer 185: vir.
—
Clason
—
188:
7891:
ifl;
8019:
ima;
Holttum
Biisgen
Carson
—
35-13:
136:
—
ifl
Vink):
11412: vir
Carr
ifl
5977:
nov;
7760:
ifl;
Burkill &
—
35,
VOL.
—
also
74,
230:
BS-series;
1595:
ifl;
8690:
ima;
(Simpson):
McKee
—
—
Lagasca,
—
GE-8,
1784:
vir; 1785,
3181:
ifl;
3196:
ifl/ima; 9221, 9222:
Ldrzing
&
1700: vir—
PNH-series
—
see
Laurence
van Leeuwen
1782: hhu;
9142:
1699: ifl;
see
ifl
—
1: hhu
1876, 3031: ima;
ima;
16718: har
Mendoza,
ima
& Oud Kedoe
Jochems
van
Merrill
der
ifl;
7558,
Meer &
31, 92, 139:
G.J.
11661:
ifl; 4362, 4718,
see BF-series
Merritt,
1120:
Nauen,
icv
also
see
3099
2526
see Noona
Olsen,
Dan
29633
1857: vir
Paijmans 103,
17033
303:
ima
ifl
ifl
ima
5/1927:
(ifl)
85:
60,
550,
SAN
591:
40407
J.V.
10403:
ifl;
ifl
ima
Pease
—
&
ima
6288:
ima;
1622:
40437
ANU-
5069:
7783:
7063:
—
Sulit,
—
Taylor
Ultde
P-658:
1: ifl
ifl
har
—
4119:
ima
ima;
van Zanten
J.K.
—
10:
ifl
—
29,
NGF
—
(Hcnty): ifl;
1153
20959
1551
(Olsen),
(id.),
Ostwald,
bb-series
see
van
—
18:
&
—
Obedi
—
8810:
PNH
Edaflo),
Politon
—
1:
Pringgo Atmodjo 275,
—
also
see
807:
Rceder
996:
ifl;
ifl;
see also
ifl
1401:
BS-series;
16:
Reilly
—
1708:
ima;
6398:
har
ifl
3113, 5761,
Roesil
—
549,
CES
2079:
ifl
ima;
—
—
2:
ima
8568,
2777:
(ima);
Veemantri
ifl;
3718:
Temanggoeng 2:
8569:
ica
Versteegh 81:
ifl
—
—
Vogel
ima; 6242,
Savini&re
125:
24727
—
ifl;
vir;
Sinclair
—
2394:
2636:
ifl
see
see
vir;
—
1581,
4503
ima
—
SF-series
3160:
29795
(Nauen): ima;
8901:
Stevens,
4604
(Burkill
(id.): ima;
38003
4982:
(id.),
13110
2433: vir
cor;
Spare,
ifl/ima; 605,
Schmutz
—
(id.): ifl;
—
Sinke
Smith,
—
see
Sperna
ill; 5804: ima;
see Lae-series
FMS-series.
—
Tuxen
ifl.
62(18):
cor.
(ima)
ima
—
—
Verdcourt 5205:
de
6080:
(Burkill): ima;
1415: ifl
Pulsford): ifl; 295 (Gebo):
ifl;
37279:
Symington,
Topping
la
18629:
vir;
5745:
(Nur): ima;
ifl
1046-a:
18346:
pil;
551: ima
15:
61:
ifl; 53,
ima; 4719,
ima; 7577, 7598, 7658, 7737,
12882
hhu;
—
4667:
4502
24669
vir
ifl;
ifl
(Nauen): ifl;
835:
65,
17913:
Thull
(id.): ima;
32:
ifl;
4610:
1519:
ifl;
(id.): ifl;
vir; 2072,
Steenis
de
—
(Burkill):
35895
25:
ifl
25:
BS-series;
ima;
7101:
Schiffner
LAE-series;
har;
1561:
pil;
ifl
also
7:
&
ifl
—
&
(Kondo
(Mendoza):
ima
1656:
5593:
ifl;
von
21511
2044:
ima;
van
38830
Ramos,
—
ima;
Santos,
5283
(Nur),
Surbeck
—
1140: ifl
Pleyte
—
Ridley 3/1/1889, 6/1893, 12/3/1896,
—
5079:
SF 925
—
(Nur),
see
icv;
(Amuku
see BW-series
de Vries
1031:
—
886:
Sibolga
Walsh 23, 606:
97752
—
Robinson
—
ica; 8138,
4775
Sohns
—
2482: ifl
Veldkamp
Versteeg,
—
395:
PNH-series
51
ifl
34166
10928:
vir;
UPNG
Veearts
14:
Simpson,
—
Slooten
Vanoverbergh 226: ifl;
—
ifl
ima; 6811, 6919: ifl;
(Holttum): vir;
1920: har
ifl;
—
ima
30
—
(id.),
2361:
ima
2/1921:
ifl
ima; 5078,
8014:
(id.): ima;
17419
7601:
see
1437:
17098:
icv
8/21/1870: ifl;
Schoenig
or NGF-series
icv;
icv
6794:
ifl;
Scheffer
—
4635
van
Weiland A°
17:
14791
ifl
ifl
ifl;
ifl
(id.):
—
20465
4940:
Haniff): ifl;
ifl
Mousset
—
—
4937: ifl.
(id.):
ifl; 6372, 6618,
5868: ifl
38049
ifl
ifl
ifl; 951:
ifl.
257:
594:
Robbins
20210:
20197,
Posthumus
Raynal
Rensch
—
—
(Corner), 33258 (Spare),
40:
38:
Exp.
13895:
ima; 4026, 4040, 4044, 4045, 4054, 4493,
(Burkill): ifl;
&
Dan
3998:
7746, 7756, 7777,
606,
Noona
—
Rosario): ima;
—
Toeroes
si
—
Royen 3363,
ima;
(Mikil):
4727, 4733,
6249,
Nesvadba
—
(id.) ima;
del
ifl
Pullen 172:
Rahmat
152:
ima
van
—
Santos
ima
12520, 13663,
7/1903: ifl; 27/1/1915, 1/2/1915: icv;
10399:
Moore
—
845:
617, 938:
see SF-series.
20358
(Conklin
—
—
Rant
—
Reinwardt
—
42665
31:
Proppe
—
1867:
ima;
Parker 45:
(Mendoza): ifl;
(Mendoza): ifl;
Radermacher
ifl
al.):
et
Nur,
Popta 0005/13: ima; 0006/12:
—
2052: ifl
ima;
Blanc.
vir; Sp.
de Froideville
(Womersley), 3633 (Fryar),
(Coode
—
574:
pil;
Monod
—
15/6/1941:
3161
van Ooststroom
—
—
18254
(Sulit),
42566
ifl
Exp.
1821:
194:
ifl;
455
ima.
6/6/1941,
(id.): (ifl)
187:
Malesia
in
275: icv.
Ottolander
—
2789
(Dissing),
35:
Bog.
(Bridgland),
(Henty & Galore): ica;
PI.
SAN-series
see
1790: ifl;
Bot.
SF-series;
(Smith), 2678,
Mikil,
vir;
Mus Hort.
—
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
J.F.
pil; Philip.
—
1311:
1014, 1310,
ima;
&
Baaijens
4528: ifl
Dienst
Veeartsenijk.
Veldkamp 6908:
ifl
—
—
de
Verheijen
vir;
2747:
7: icv
7153:
ifl
Voogd 2471,2618:
—
icv
ifl.
—
Weber
Wind,
4164:
1034:
ifl
see bb-series
ifl/ima;
22/5/1959, H-30,
4197:
ima
1025: ifl
de
—
—
Wilde
Wisse
—
—
433:
Wray
&
de
ifl;
774:
Wilde-Duyfjes 13461:
514:
icv
—
de
Wit 4038:
ima.
Zollinger 7/1858: icv; 234: (ifl).
ifl
—
ifl;
Winckel
4045:
vir;
BLUMEA
456
Index
Numbers refer
dubiae
et
to the
to
species numbers;
excludendae';
=
gen
VOL.
names
exc with
mentioned
in
the
35,
No.
and
number
1991
2,
synonyms
=
mentioned under this number in
int
generic description;
mentioned
=
in
'Species
the
general
introduction.
Agrosticula Raddi:
muralis Raddi:
Agrostis
sect.
L.:
africana
int
Eragrostis
R.
var.
Willd.:
Retz.:
Eriochloa
10
juncea
Roth
ex R.
& S.:
5, 5d,
3
5e
5
int,
juncea Lamk.:
gen,
juncea Michx.:
gen
10
4a,
Schrank:
Poa
10
Polypogon
maxima
Roxb.: exc
auct.
Thunb.:
tenacissima
2
non R.
ex
&
L.:
sabulonum
5
5
Bauchea Fourn.:
Willd.:
Cinna
& S.:
exc
5
Virginicae
10
5e
(L.)
Nutt.:
Lamk.: int
10
gen
gen
(Poir.) Robyns
&
Tournay: int,
5a
int
Torr.:
int,
gen
albens Balansa: 4a
Veldk.:
int,
1
Buckl.: 5
argutus (Nees)
australasicus
Kunth:
2
Dom.: exc
1
balansae Henr.: 6
batesii Chev.:
benthamii
var.
Veldk.: int
Veldk.: int
arabicus auct. non Boiss.:
Steudel:
vaginata Steudel:
int
Triachyrum (A. Braun)
angustus
gen
gen
virginica (L.)
Veldk.: int
Sporobolus:
amaliae
gen
schoenoides
int
gen
airoides (Torr.)
5a
F.M.
int
Veldk.: int
Stapf:
agrostoides Chiov.:
10
5d
Br.
Eusporobolus Stapf:
africanus
10
Labill.:
japonica Steudel:
Cryptostachys
4b
gen
Agrosticula (Raddi)
5,
Calotheca sabulosa Steudel:
Crypsis
sect.
sect.
Fourn.:
gen,
subg. Chaetorhachia (Stapf) Pilger:
sect.
10
R.
R.
Sporobolus
sect. Fimbriatae
uniflora Balansa:
Axonopus poiretii
6
sect.
10
int,
exc
Llanos:
10
Breistr.: 5
(Gouan)
sect. Chaetorhachia
5
non L.f.: 4b
tremula auct. non
S.:
sect.
Roxb.:
auct.
tremula Willd.:
Bennetia Raf.:
S.: 2
5a
tenuissima Spreng.:
karwinskyi
R. &
Link:
virginicum (L.)
viridis
involutum
Jacq.: 5
tenacissima
9
Spermachiton Llanos: int,
5
tenacissima Linne f.:
tenacissima
5a
L.: 5
ciliaris
L.: gen,
Roth
2
5a
tenuissimum Schrank: 9
matrella
pulchella (R. Br.)
& Mor.: exc 2
Steudel: exc
ex
Willd.:
Podosemum
Nees:
Trin.: 5
arundinacea Zoll.
tenuiflorum
10
var.
2
exc
interruptum
Lamk.:
Aira
5a
gen
Roxb.:
glauca Mor.
littoralis
virginica
Buse:
Panicum caudatum Thunb.:
Steudel:
5d
Backer: exc 6
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.)
elongata (R. Br.)
spicata
Hamilt.:
gen
Pers.:
Myriachaeta
8
8
8
exc
punctata (L.)
Matrella Pers.:
exc
Trim: exc
& Schult. f.: 5a
Lamk.: 5
pulchella
Steudel:
(Schult.)
interrupta (Willd.)
2
8
5
Melica latifolia
elongata
orientalis
gen
exc
Retz.: 5a
Schult.
indica L.:
gen
Hymenachne aurita (Nees)
5d
int,
non
dianthera
exc
R. Br.:
tenuissima Schrad.:
10
5a
coromandelianaRetz.:
diandra auct.
(L.)
diarrhena
Schumach.:
congener
Steudel:
aurea
japonica (Thunb.)
Poir.: exc 5
compressa
fertilis
ciliaris
gen
10
senegalensis Pers.:
capensis
diandra
& S.:
Poir.: 5a
Pers.:
int,
arundinaceum Griseb.:
9
Sporobolus (R. Br.)
barbata
Griseb.:
Diachyrium
gen
gen,
Bailey
robustus Dom.:
10
int
G.J.
&
Baaijens
J.F.
berteroanus
(Trin.)
berteroanus
auct.
Hitchc. & Chase:
Hitchc. & Chase:
non
subsp. purpureo-suffusus (Ohwi)
laxus
Nees:
T.
Presl:
int
7
trinianus
Kunth:
Chiov.:
consimilis
Fresen.: int
contractus
Hitchc.:
coromandelianus
A.
var.
major
var.
nanus Hook,
discosporus
var.
Buse:
Gray: int,
5,
5d
non Beauv.:
Br.:
int,
gen,
int, 5,
non R.
auct.
4a, 5b,
var.
fertilis:
5e
3
Ohwi: 5e
Br.: 5e
5e
Hatusima:
A.
5e
Rich.: int
ftlipes Stapf:
fimbriatus
flexuosus
int
Nees:
int
(Thunb.) Rydb.:
int
geminatus Clayton:
gigas (Steudel) Miq.:
harmandii
helvolus
humilis
Henr.:
Dur.
(Trin.)
Presl:
int, 3, 5,
int,
subsp.
humilis:
subsp.
minor
indicus
var.
laxus
var.
longiglumis
var.
major (Buse) Baaijens: 5, 5d, 5e,
(L.)
R.
auct.,
non
T.
exc
6
& Schinz:
3
T.
var.
pyramidalis (Beauv.)
var.
queenslandicus
non R.
auct.
javensis
Ohwi:
lamarckii
int,
forma
laxus (Nees)
forma pyramidalis
5
5a,
Rendle:
Kunth:
exc 4
5, 5d,
lenticularis
S.T.
lenticularis
auct.
Blake:
non
non
(Lamk.)
Hochst.:
marginatus
gen,
5
matrella
Kunth:
10
Peter: exc
4
Peter:
minutiflorus
5f
mitchelii
int,
Bor:
5,
exc
5
7
3,
6
10
int
5,
Nees:
5d
ex
Miq.:
9
int
10
2
(Trin.)
(Trin.)
4a
7
int
Rich.:
(Nees)
1, 2,
2
microprotus Stapf:
(Beauv.)
5
S.T. Blake:
Benth.:
Chiov.:
A.
5e,
Dur. & Schinz:
elongatus
5
5e
gen,
int
4b,
5f
4
5
laxus
auct.
5,
exc
2
lampranthus Pilger:
Simon:
5,
5f
Kunth:
non
Hamilt.:
macranthelus
5
Koyama:
Veldk.:
Veldk.:
Br.:
mangaloricus Hochst.
Br.:
T.
5e
4a
indicus:
5e
Koyama: 5,
purpureo-suffusus (Ohwi)
maderaspatanus
forma
5e
Koyama:
var.
ludwigii
int
4
exc
Stapf: 5d,5e
pallidior
4a
Veldk.:
subsp. indicus:
5e
var.
var.
5e
gen,
laxus (Nees) Stapf:
littoralis
exc
5,
int,
var.
lindleyi
gen
Veldk.:
S.)
4
5,
junceus (Beauv.)
Shen:
5
Jov. & Gued.:
indicus:
jacquemontii auct.
purpureo-suffusus (Ohwi) Keng &
festivus
&
(R.
japonicus (Steudel)
pallidior (T. Koyama)
Bailey: int,
Koyama:
(Steudel)
jacquemontii Kunth: int,
5e
5c
5d
var.
indicus
5d
T.
(Trin.)
flaccidus
5,
5e
var.
exilis
fertilis
2
exc
5b
int, 5,
exc 3
var.
exc
f.: 5d
(Steudel) Clayton: 5,
var.
gen
1
5c
Gued.:
F.M.
elongatus (R. Br.)
var.
5e
exilis Trin ex Balansa:
fertilis
exc
5c
purpureo-suffusus
elongatus
int, 2,
5d
Nees:
R.
elongatus
Kunth:
Vcldk.:
Jovet &
(Retz.)
5, 5d,exc
int, 5,
diandrus:
auct.
5a
Jovet & Gued.:
Baaijcns: int, 5,
(De Nardi)
diandrus
5, 5c,
gen
var.
diandrus
creber
var.
Beauv.:
(Retz.)
Jov. & Gued.:
non
capensis Engl.: int, 5, 5a,
var.
int
10
(Retz.)
cryptandrus (Torr.)
diandrus
auct.,
cinereo-viridis
var.
int
creber De Nardi:
africanus
var.
var.
Kunth:
J. A. Schmidt:
confertus
conrathii
2
2
Kunth:
(Torr.)
compressus
var.
(Poir.)
5e
(Trin.)
commutatus
4
exc
5e
Koyama:
africanus
var.
Nees:
centrifugus
var.
2
int,
Mez:
5a
3
capillaris Miq.:
var.
Koyama:
5e
5b,
int
Stapf:
capensis (Willd.) Kunth.:
ciliatus
T.
subsp. pallidior (T. Koyama)
5
5e
brockmannii
caroli
457
Malesia
(Sporobolus indicus)
(Sporobolus)
var.
in
Veldkamp: Sporobolus
Link:
C.E.
9
Hubb.
ex
S.T.
Blake:
BLUMEA
458
VOL.
(Sporobolus)
Hochst.:
nervosus
nitens
Stent:
& Chase:
9
5
Kunth:
orientalis (Nees)
auct.
Hack.: int
pellucidus
Hochst.: 5
&
maxima
Kunth:
pulchellus
R. Br.:
pulvinatus
auct.
int, 1, 2, 3,
Kunth:
(Schreb.)
pungens
pyramidalis
Swallen:
non
Beauv.:
exc
6
3
jacquemontii (Kunth)
var.
Jovet & Gudd.:
5f
ramosissimus
Kunth:
rangei Pilger:
int
rigens (Trin.)
Desv.:
sciadocladus
Ohwi:
serotinus
(Torr.)
Stent:
barbata
Bor:
gen,
&
(Schult.
int
Trin.
Trin.:
ex
retzii
Kunth:
5
O. Ktze:
tremulus
auct.
3
non
Kunth:
trimenii Seneratna:
5d
vaginiflorus (Torr.)
Wood:
verticillatusNees:
Trin.:
Beauv.:
exc
4a, 4b, 5
8
5f
10
9
7
Trin.: exc
Nees ex
Presl
tremula
tremula
Kunth:
exilis
6
2
Wight:
ex Steudel:
Steudel:
5
(Trin.)
Fourn.:
5
(Willd.) Trin.: 10
auct.
verticillata
gen
5
Hochst. ex Steudel:
stachydantha (A. Rich.)
var.
10
4a
Steudel:
10
scoparia (Presl)
int,
4b
Steudel: 5d
roxburghiana
Kunth: 5
Kunth:
3
10
pulchella (R. Br.)
tenacissima
(Willd.)
exc
2
(Presl) Steudel:
matrella Nees:
3
int, 1,
Steudel: 5a
f.)
5,
Steudel:
ex
exc
mangalorica(Miq.)
9
tremulus
Schult.
5d
5,
littoralis (Lamk.)
10
non
Beauv.: 2
Beauv.:
intermedia Trin.:
int
(Schrank)
Bor:
(Retz.)
minutiflora Trin.:
auct.
5a
Trin.: 5d
(Retz.)
(L.)
pilifera
[Jacq.]
tetragonus
int
int
tenacissimus
10
Beauv.:
jacquemontii (Kunth)
tenacissimus
tenuissimus
humilis
int
Ohwi:
5a
Trin.: 5
Trin.:
indica
Kunth:
sumatranus Ohwi:
sundaicus
8
A. Rich.: 7
Kunth:
Beauv.:
(Pers.)
gigas Steudel:
gen
Gray:
stapflanus Gandoger:
stocksii
Beauv.:
coromandeliana
exilis
int
spicatus (Vahl)
stachydanthus
A.
7
Aschers.: 7
erosa Trin.: 5d
int
int,
Presl: exc 7
subtilis
Buckl.: 5
geniculata Nees
scoparius
smutsii
(Poir.)
angusta
elongata (Lamk.)
5
int,
gen
Adans.: int
dianthera
Hitchc.: 2
quadratus Clayton: int,
int,
gen
Hochst. ex Steudel:
africana
diandra
pyramidalis:
A. Braun:
ex
commutata Trin.: 2
5f
pyramidatus (Lamk.)
Hochst. ex A. Braun:
capensis (Willd.)
5f
Hornem.)
ex
O. Ktze: exc 2
(Roxb.)
berteroana
int
int, 5,
(Roxb.
exc 7
2,
stachydanthum (A. Rich.)
Hitchc.: 5
non
4a
gen
latifolia
nilagiricum
int,
10
Kunth:
non
adoense Hochst.
7
Hitchc.:
S.)
7
int,
Chev.: 7
praecox
auct.,
10
Bailey: 10
Benth.:
Scribn.:
Triachyrum
Vilfa
auct.
virginicus: 10
wrightii
5
exc
poiretii
var.
Thysanolaena
minutus Kunth:
poiretii (R.
pallidus
Honda: exc
pectinatus
var.
5d
Stent: 2
piliferus (Trin.)
minor F.M.
var.
10
int, 4b,
Hitchc.:
var.
virginicus
5,
A. Rich.: int
panicoides
var.
5
Kunth:
non
Kunth:
littoralis
var.
int
olivaceus Napper:
parvulus
1991
2,
virginicus (L.)
int
novoguineensis Baaijens: int, 6
orientalis
No.
(Sporobolus)
Hitchc.
(Raddi)
muralis
35,
non Trin.: 4b
(Nees) Steudel:
virginica (L.)
Beauv.:
Zoysia matrella (L.)
exc
10
Merr.:
gen
8
exc
7
7
9