InAmerica Education Internal Use Only
在美国教育 内部材料 仅供教师学生参考
附注：红色字体-关键信号词；黄色高亮-关键单词短语；绿色字体-同义改写/解释举例；下划线主题句；蓝色字体-背景知识文化补充
AppliedArtsandFineArts
Commented [LL1]: 对比信号词，练精读时要对此类词
汇较为敏感
Althoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccordingtothematerialsusedto
constructthem—clay,glass,wood,fiber,andmetal—itwasoncecommontothinkofcrafts
intermsoffunction,whichledtotheirbeingknownasthe"appliedarts."Approachingcrafts
fromthepointofviewoffunction,wecandividethemintosimplecategories:containers,
sheltersandsupports.Thereisnowayaroundthefactthatcontainers,shelters,andsupports
mustbefunctional.Theappliedartsarethusboundbythelawsofphysics,whichpertainto1
both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained,
supported,andsheltered.Theselawsareuniversalintheirapplication,regardlessofcultural
beliefs, geography,orclimate.If a pothasno bottomorhaslarge openings in its sides, it
couldhardlybeconsideredacontainerinanytraditionalsense.Sincethelawsofphysics,not
somearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied‐artobjects,theyfollow
basicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.Buildings
withoutroofs,forexample,areunusualbecausetheydepartfrom2thenorm.However,not
all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as
beingdifferentfromanIncavase.Whatvariesisnotthebasicformbuttheincidentaldetails
thatdonotobstruct3theobject'sprimaryfunction.
Commented [LL2]: 主题句：对应标题，点明这一段讨
论的是什么，提供语境—‘应用艺术’
Sensitivitytophysicallawsisthusanimportantconsiderationforthemakerofapplied‐
artobjects.Itisoftentakenforgranted4thatthisisalsotrueforthemakeroffine‐artobjects.
Thisassumptionmissesasignificantdifferencebetweenthetwodisciplines.Fine‐artobjects
are not constrained5by the laws of physics in the same way that applied‐art objects are.
Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the
materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an
understandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthave
rigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate,crack,or
discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to
intrude upon 6 his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian
Renaissance,bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforelegusuallyhadacannonballunder
thathoof.Thiswasdonebecausethecannonballwasneededtosupporttheweightofthe
leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic
intentions,placedtheballthere.Thatthisdevicewasanecessarystructuralcompromiseis
clearfromthefactthatthecannonballquicklydisappearedwhensculptorslearnedhowto
strengthentheinternalstructureofastatuewithironbraces(ironbeingmuchstrongerthan
bronze).
Commented [LL12]: 预示之后会讲解纯艺术作品与应用
型艺术作品的区别以及原因
Commented [LL3]: 类型：艺术品功能的分类
Commented [LL4]: 对应分类的功能
Commented [LL5]: 解释物理学与这类艺术品能够归类
的功能性模式的关系
Commented [LL6]: 转折信号词
Commented [LL7]: 承接上文的‘模式’，然而也点明
了具体的艺术品是不尽相同的
Commented [LL8]: 转折信号词
Commented [LL9]: 具体的不同之处在于：细节，而不
是功能
Commented [LL10]: 这一段落主题句
Commented [LL11]: 此处在语义上对应了 take…for
granted
Commented [LL13]: 以雕塑与绘画作为例子展开对应刚
才的主题句，fine art 的限制不在于物理学，而在于展
示的材料
Commented [LL14]: 明显的举例信号词，在进行快速阅
读时这类可以根据题型选择性地阅读
Commented [LL15]: 可能的定位词，大写专有名词，容
易寻找发现，同时因为其特殊的历史意义，拥有相关知
识的同学可以带入 context 进行理解
Commented [LL16]: The Italian Renaissance (Italian:
Rinascimento [rinaʃʃiˈmento]) was the earliest
manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a
period of great cultural change and achievement that
began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until
the 16th century, marking the transition between
Medieval and Early Modern Europe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance
http://baike.baidu.com/view/324612.htm
Commented [LL17]: 解释性信号词
1beconnectedorassociatedwithsth．从属；附属；关于
2actinadifferentwayfrom；deviatefrom违反；不合；偏离
hinderorpreventtheprogressoraccomplishmentof;blockpassagethrough;shutoutfromvieworgetinthewaysoas
tohidefromsight;阻碍;阻隔、妨碍
3
4toassumeastrue,real,orexpected;tovaluetoolightly对…信以为真；认为…理所当然
toholdback,torestrict;阻碍；阻拦；妨碍；限制
6put(oneself/sth)intoaplaceorsituationwhereone/itisunwelcomeorunsuitable;todisturbsthorhaveanunpleasant
effectonit;打扰;入侵;插入;
5
Commented [LL18]: 解释了为什么骑马的雕像蹄子下总
是踩着个加农炮弹：稳住中心 以此对应了之前的
argument:艺术家面临着这样一个难题，使用的材料上对
其艺术构思的干扰
Commented [LL19]: 又是一种类型的解释信号词
Commented [LL20]: 顺着之前的论点，此处继续利用加
农炮的这个例子，解释 fine art 纯艺术创作者当找到
... [1]
Commented [LL21]: 括号也是一种解释信号
InAmerica Education Internal Use Only
在美国教育 内部材料 仅供教师学生参考
附注：红色字体-关键信号词；黄色高亮-关键单词短语；绿色字体-同义改写/解释举例；下划线主题句；蓝色字体-背景知识文化补充
Eventhoughthefineartsinthetwentiethcenturyoftentreatmaterialsinnewways,the
basic difference inattitudeofartistsinrelation totheirmaterials in thefine artsandthe
appliedartsremainsrelativelyconstant.Itwouldthereforenotbetoogreatanexaggeration7
tosaythatpractitionersofthefineartsworktoovercomethelimitationsoftheirmaterials,
whereas8thoseengagedintheappliedartsworkinconcertwith9theirmaterials.
Commented [LL22]: 让步转折
Commented [LL23]: 总结句
Commented [LL24]: 总结句 2
解题实战：
【Paragraph1】Althoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccordingtothematerials
usedtoconstructthem—clay,glass,wood,fiber,andmetal—itwasoncecommontothinkofcrafts
intermsoffunction,whichledtotheirbeingknownasthe"appliedarts."Approachingcraftsfrom
thepointofviewoffunction,wecandividethemintosimplecategories:containers,sheltersand
supports.Thereisnowayaroundthefactthatcontainers,shelters,andsupportsmustbe
functional.Theappliedartsarethusboundbythelawsofphysics,whichpertaintoboththe
materialsusedintheirmakingandthesubstancesandthingstobecontained,supported,and
sheltered.Theselawsareuniversalintheirapplication,regardlessofculturalbeliefs,geography,or
climate.Ifapothasnobottomorhaslargeopeningsinitssides,itcouldhardlybeconsidereda
containerinanytraditionalsense.Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,have
determinedthegeneralformofapplied‐artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothat
functionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.Buildingswithoutroofs,forexample,are
unusualbecausetheydepartfromthenorm.However,notallfunctionalobjectsareexactlyalike;
thatiswhywerecognizeaShangDynastyvaseasbeingdifferentfromanIncavase.Whatvariesis
notthebasicformbuttheincidentaldetailsthatdonotobstructtheobject'sprimaryfunction.
2.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?
Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
○Functionalapplied‐artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelaws
ofphysics.
○Thefunctionofapplied‐artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.
○Sincefunctionalapplied‐artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannot
havedeterminedtheirgeneralform.
○Thegeneralformofapplied‐artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnot
determinedbythelawsofphysics.
astatementordescriptionthatmakessthseemlarger,better,worseormoreimportantthanitreallyis;theactof
makingastatementlikethis; 夸张
7
8conj,Itbeingthefactthat;inasmuchas;考虑到；然而；虽然；
9
inconcertwith:actingjointly与..保持一致和谐
Commented [LL25]: 同义改写题
Commented [LL26]: 信息不完整
Commented [LL27]: 文意不符合，因果相反
Commented [LL28]: 文意彻底不对了
InAmerica Education Internal Use Only
在美国教育 内部材料 仅供教师学生参考
附注：红色字体-关键信号词；黄色高亮-关键单词短语；绿色字体-同义改写/解释举例；下划线主题句；蓝色字体-背景知识文化补充
【Paragraph2】Sensitivitytophysicallawsisthusanimportantconsiderationforthemakerof
applied‐artobjects.Itisoftentakenforgrantedthatthisisalsotrueforthemakeroffine‐art
objects.Thisassumptionmissesasignificantdifferencebetweenthetwodisciplines.Fine‐art
objectsarenotconstrainedbythelawsofphysicsinthesamewaythatapplied‐artobjectsare.
Becausetheirprimarypurposeisnotfunctional,theyareonlylimitedintermsofthematerialsused
tomakethem.Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable,whichrequiresanunderstandingofthe
propertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthe
canvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate,crack,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthat
mustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthe
work.Forexample,intheearlyItalianRenaissance,bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforeleg
usuallyhadacannonballunderthathoof.Thiswasdonebecausethecannonballwasneededto
supporttheweightoftheleg.Inotherwords,thedemandsofthelawsofphysics,notthesculptor's
aestheticintentions,placedtheballthere.Thatthisdevicewasanecessarystructuralcompromise
isclearfromthefactthatthecannonballquicklydisappearedwhensculptorslearnedhowto
strengthentheinternalstructureofastatuewithironbraces(ironbeingmuchstrongerthan
bronze).
3.Accordingtoparagraph2,sculptorsintheItalianRenaissancestoppedusingcannonballsin
bronzestatuesofhorsesbecause
○theybeganusingamaterialthatmadethestatuesweighless
○theyfoundawaytostrengthenthestatuesinternally
○theaesthetictastesofthepublichadchangedovertime
○thecannonballsaddedtoomuchweighttothestatues
4.WhydoestheauthordiscussthebronzestatuesofhorsescreatedbyartistsintheearlyItalian
Renaissance?
○Toprovideanexampleofaproblemrelatedtothelawsofphysicsthatafineartistmustovercome
○Toarguethatfineartistsareunconcernedwiththelawsofphysics
○Tocontrasttherelativesophisticationofmodernartistsinsolvingproblemsrelatedtothelawsof
physics
○Tonoteanexceptionalpieceofartconstructedwithouttheaidoftechnology
5.Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe
summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthe
passage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenot
presentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Thispassagediscussesfundamentaldifferencesbetweenapplied‐artobjectsandfine‐artobjects.
●
●
●
AnswerChoices
○Applied‐artobjectsfulfillfunctions,suchascontainingorsheltering,andobjectswiththesame
functionhavesimilarcharacteristicsbecausetheyareconstrainedbytheirpurpose.
○ItiseasytorecognizethatShangDynastyvasesaredifferentfromIncavases.
○Fine‐artobjectsarenotfunctional,sotheyarelimitedonlybythepropertiesofthematerialsused.
○Renaissancesculptorslearnedtouseironbracestostrengthentheinternalstructuresofbronze
statues.
Commented [LL29]: 定位词出现，迅速跳到后半段
Commented [LL30]: 二阶定位词，迅速跳到例子后半段
Commented [LL31]: 推断意图题，注意这个例子使用的
位置、语境、目的
Commented [LL32]: 直接 refer 到了这一部分的一个主
题句：Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebythe
artistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorher
conceptionofthework.
Commented [LL33]: 正确答案都和精读部分画出的主题
句吻合或高度相关；错误答案的感觉总体上太过苛求细
节
InAmerica Education Internal Use Only
在美国教育 内部材料 仅供教师学生参考
附注：红色字体-关键信号词；黄色高亮-关键单词短语；绿色字体-同义改写/解释举例；下划线主题句；蓝色字体-背景知识文化补充
○Inthetwentiethcentury,fineartistsandappliedartistsbecamemoresimilartooneanotherin
theirattitudestowardtheirmaterials.
○Inallperiods,fineartiststendtochallengethephysicallimitationsoftheirmaterialswhileapplied
artiststendtocooperatewiththephysicalpropertiesoftheirmaterials.
6.【Directions】Completethetablebelowtosummarizeinformationaboutthetwotypesofart
discussedinthepassage.Matchtheappropriatestatementstothetypesofartwithwhichtheyare
associated.Thisquestionisworth3points.
TYPESOFARTSTATEMENTS
TheAppliedArts
TheFineArts
●Objectsserveafunctionalpurpose.
●Thebasicformofobjectsvarieslittleacross
cultures.
●Artistsworkinconcertwiththeirmaterials.
●Anobject'spurposeisprimarilyaesthetic.
●Artistsworktoovercomethelimitationsoftheir
materials.
Statements
○Anobject'spurposeisprimarilyaesthetic.
○Objectsserveafunctionalpurpose.
○Theincidentaldetailsofobjectsdonotvary.
○Artistsworktoovercomethelimitationsoftheirmaterials.
○Thebasicformofobjectsvarieslittleacrosscultures.
○Artistsworkinconcertwiththeirmaterials.
○Anobject'splaceoforiginisdifficulttodetermine.
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐INAMERICAEDUCATION‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
附注 2：本篇出自 OG 的一篇例文，难度略低于真实托福考试的难度，但作为初次开始练习精
读，并有较充足的时间去备考练习精读的同学，OG 的文章是一个很好的开始。强烈建议有针对
性地进行精读，例如有些同学可能对于段落大意的把握不足，那么就针对找主题句、理解主题
句、理解主题句和主题句之间的结构联系开始入手；而另一些同学则可能找定位词能力更弱一
些，那么针对细节题的练习应该作为重点。精读同时也是扩充词汇量的一个好方法，重在积累和
运用！加油！
PreparedbyLindseyLiu
2016InAmericaEducation
Commented [LL34]: 很容易从主题句、副主题句中得到
答案
InAmerica Education Internal Use Only
在美国教育 内部材料 仅供教师学生参考
Page 1: [1] Commented [LL20]
Lindsey Liu
6/29/2016 10:11:00 AM
顺着之前的论点，此处继续利用加农炮的这个例子，解释 fine art 纯艺术创作者当找到了一种可以突破材
料对构思的限制的方法，他们很快就会以构思为首要追求进行创作