APPENDIX 1
Chemistry and Biology of Siderophores
R. C. Hider and X. L. Kong
List of Siderophore Structures
(Prepared November 2009)
(Updated January 2015)
Index
1 – 12
Siderophore structures
13 – 83
References for original structural elucidation
84 – 106
Index of Appendix 1
Name of siderophore
Code number in appendix
Achromobactina
104
Acinetobactin
264
Acinetoferrin
218
Aerobactin
212
Aeruginic acid
277
Agrobactin
85
Agrobactin A
88
Albomycin
294
Alcaligin
244
Alterobactin A
233
Alterobactin B
234
Aminochelin
285
Amonabactin P693
257
Amonabactin P750
255
Amonabactin T732
256
Amonabactin T789
254
Amphibactin B
65
Amphibactin C
66
Amphibactin D
67
Amphibactin E
68
Amphibactin F
69
Amphibactin G
70
Amphibactin H
71
Amphibactin I
72
Amphibactin S
73
Amphibactin T
74
Amphi-enterobactin
98
1
Amphi-enterobactin C12-OH
99
Amycolachrome
251
Anachelin 1
260
Anachelin 2
261
Anguibactin
263
Aquachelin A
192
Aquachelin B
193
Aquachelin C
194
Aquachelin D
195
Aquachelin I
196
Aquachelin J
197
Arthrobactin
213
Asperchrome A
34
Asperchrome B1
35
Asperchrome B2
36
Asperchrome B3
37
Asperchrome C
38
Asperchrome D1
39
Asperchrome D2
40
Asperchrome D3
41
Asperchrome E
42
Asperchrome F1
43
Asperchrome F2
44
Asperchrome F3
45
Aspergillic acid
287
Avenic acid
228
Azotobactin
252
Azotobactin 87
186
Azotobactin D
187
2
Azotochelin
252
Azoverdin
185
Bacillibactin
94
Basidiochrome
48
Bisucaberin
246
Carboxymycobactin
118
Carboxymycobactin 1
119
Carboxymycobactin 2
120
Carboxymycobactin 3
121
Carboxymycobactin 4
122
Cepabactin
289
Chrysobactin
284
Citrate
283
Coelichelin
81
Coprogen
53
Coprogen B
54
Corynebactin
93
Deoxydistichonic acid
230
2'-Deoxymugineic acid
227
Deoxyschizokinen
268
Des(diserylglycyl)-ferrirhodin
47
Desacetylcoprogen
54
Desferrioxamine A1A
1
Desferrioxamine A1B
2
Desferrioxamine A2
3
Desferrioxamine B
4
Desferrioxamine D1
5
Desferrioxamine D2
6
Desferrioxamine E
7
3
Desferrioxamine Et1
23A
Desferrioxamine Et2
23B
Desferrioxamine Et3
23C
Desferrioxamine G1
8
Desferrioxamine G2A
9
Desferrioxamine G2B
10
Desferrioxamine G2C
11
Desferrioxamine H
12
Desferrioxamine N
13
Desferrioxamine P1
24
Desferrioxamine T1
14
Desferrioxamine T2
15
Desferrioxamine T3
16
Desferrioxamine T7
17
Desferrioxamine T8
18
Desferrioxamine Te1
23D
Desferrioxamine Te2
23E
Desferrioxamine Te3
23F
Desferrioxamine X1
19
Desferrioxamine X2
20
Desferrioxamine X3
21
Desferrioxamine X4
22
Desferrithiocin
276
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine
281
Dimerum acid
250
Dimethylcoprogen
58
Dimethylneocoprogen I
59
Dimethyltriornicin
60
Distichonic acid
229
4
E,E-putrebactene
247
Enantio Rhizoferrin
101
Enantio-Pyochelin
280
Enterobactin
84
Enterochelin
84
E-putrebactene
248
Exochelin MN
241
Exochelin MS
82
Ferrichrome
25
Ferrichrome A
30
Ferrichrome C
26
Ferrichrysin
29
Ferricrocin
27
Ferrimycin A
292
Ferrirhodin
32
Ferrirubin
31
Ferrocin A
80
Fimsbactin A
270
Fimsbactin B
271
Fimsbactin C
272
Fimsbactin D
273
Fimsbactin E
274
Fimsbactin F
275
Fluvibactin
87
Formobactin
117
Fusarinine (monomer)
267
Fusarinine A
240
Fusarinine B
51
Fusarinine C
50
5
Heterobactin A
188
Heterobactin B
269
Hydroxycopropen
61
Hydroxyisoneocoprogen I
63
3-Hydroxymugineic acid
226
Hydroxy-neocoprogen I
62
Isoneocoprogen I
55
Isopyoverdin 10.7
177
Isopyoverdin 6.7
129
Isopyoverdin 7.13
143
Isopyoverdin 90-33
143
Isopyoverdin 90-44
177
Isopyoverdin BTP1
129
Isotriornicin
56
Itoic acid
288
Loihichelin A
204
Loihichelin B
205
Loihichelin C
206
Loihichelin D
207
Loihichelin E
208
Loihichelin F
209
Maduraferrin
243
Malonichrome
33
Marinobactin A
198
Marinobactin B
199
Marinobactin C
200
Marinobactin D1
201
Marinobactin D2
202
Marinobactin E
203
6
Micacocidin
266
Moanachelins ala-B
76
Moanachelins ala-D
78
Moanachelins gly-B
75
Moanachelins gly-D
77
Moanachelins gly-E
79
Monoglucosylated Enterobactin (MGE)
97
Mugineic acid
225
Mycobactin A
106
Mycobactin Av
114
Mycobactin F
107
Mycobactin H
108
Mycobactin J
116
Mycobactin M
109
Mycobactin N
110
Mycobactin NA
115
Mycobactin P
105
Mycobactin R
111
Mycobactin S
112
Mycobactin T
113
Myxochelin
253
Nannochelin A
215
Nannochelin B
216
Nannochelin C
217
Neocoprogen I
56
Neocoprogen II
57
Neurosporin
52
Nocobactin
115
Ochrobactin A
219
7
Ochrobactin B
220
Ochrobactin C
221
Ornibactin – C4
189
Ornibactin – C6
190
Ornibactin – C8
191
Ornicorrugatin
242
Palmitoylcoprogen
64
Parabactin
86
Parabactin A
89
Petrobactin
237
Petrobactin disulphonate
239
Petrobactin sulphonate
238
Pistillarin
262
Protochelin
92
Pseudoalterobactin A
235
Pseudoalterobactin B
236
Pseudobactin
123
Pseudobactin 589A
165
Putrebactin
245
Pyochelin
278
Pyoverdin 1, 2
176
Pyoverdin 10.1
171
Pyoverdin 10.10
180
Pyoverdin 10.2
172
Pyoverdin 10.3
173
Pyoverdin 10.4
174
Pyoverdin 10.5
175
Pyoverdin 10.6
176
Pyoverdin 10.8
178
8
Pyoverdin 10.9
179
Pyoverdin 11.1
181
Pyoverdin 11.2
182
Pyoverdin 11370
139
Pyoverdin 12
182
Pyoverdin 12.1
183
Pyoverdin 12.2
184
Pyoverdin 13525
142
Pyoverdin 1547
184
Pyoverdin 17400
173
Pyoverdin 18-1
175
Pyoverdin 19310
141
Pyoverdin 2192
179
Pyoverdin 2392
163
Pyoverdin 2461
166
Pyoverdin 2798
171
Pyoverdin 51W
181
Pyoverdin 6.1
123
Pyoverdin 6.2
124
Pyoverdin 6.3
125
Pyoverdin 6.4
126
Pyoverdin 6.5
127
Pyoverdin 6.6
128
Pyoverdin 6.8
130
Pyoverdin 7.1
131
Pyoverdin 7.10
140
Pyoverdin 7.11
141
Pyoverdin 7.12
142
Pyoverdin 7.14
144
9
Pyoverdin 7.15
145
Pyoverdin 7.16
146
Pyoverdin 7.17
147
Pyoverdin 7.18
148
Pyoverdin 7.19
149
Pyoverdin 7.2
132
Pyoverdin 7.3
133
Pyoverdin 7.4
134
Pyoverdin 7.5
135
Pyoverdin 7.6
136
Pyoverdin 7.7
137
Pyoverdin 7.8
138
Pyoverdin 7.9
139
Pyoverdin 8.1
150
Pyoverdin 8.2
151
Pyoverdin 8.3
152
Pyoverdin 8.4
153
Pyoverdin 8.5
154
Pyoverdin 8.6
155
Pyoverdin 8.7
156
Pyoverdin 8.8
157
Pyoverdin 8.9
158
Pyoverdin 9.1
159
Pyoverdin 9.10
168
Pyoverdin 9.11
169
Pyoverdin 9.12
170
Pyoverdin 9.2
160
Pyoverdin 9.3
161
Pyoverdin 9.4
162
10
Pyoverdin 9.5
163
Pyoverdin 9.6
164
Pyoverdin 9.7
165
Pyoverdin 9.8
166
Pyoverdin 9.9
167
Pyoverdin 90-51
153
Pyoverdin 95-275
168
Pyoverdin 96-312
146
Pyoverdin 96-318
155
Pyoverdin 9AW
126
Pyoverdin A214
150
Pyoverdin BTP2
132
Pyoverdin C
169
Pyoverdin CHAO
157
Pyoverdin D-TR133
152
Pyoverdin E
158
Pyoverdin G + R
133
Pyoverdin GM
183
Pyoverdin I-III
156
Pyoverdin P19
151
Pyoverdin Pau
160
Pyoverdin PL8
138
Pyoverdin PVD
134
Pyoverdin R`
144
Pyoverdin Thai
125
Pyoverdin TII
135
Pyridoxatin
290
Quinolobactin
291
Rhizobactin
231
11
Rhizobactin 1021
214
Rhizoferrin
100
Rhizoferrin analogues
100A-100E
Rhodotrulic acid
249
Sake Colorant A
28
Salmochelin S1
258
Salmochelin S2
96
Salmochelin S4
95
Salmochelin SX
282
Salmycin A
293
Schizokinen
211
Serratiochelin
259
Siderochelin A
286
Snychobactin A
222
Snychobactin B
223
Snychobactin C
224
Staphyloferrin A
102
Staphyloferrin B
232
Taiwachelin
210
Tetraglycine ferrichrome
46
Thiazostatin
279
Triacetylfusarine
49
Triornicin
55
Vibriobactin
90
Vibrioferrin
103
Vicibactin
83
Vulnibactin
91
Yersiniabactin
265
12
1. HEXADENTATE SIDEROPHORES
1.1
HYDROXAMATES
1.1.1 Desferrioxamines (iron complexes – ferrioxamines)
O
O
N
HO
N
HO
HN
O
O
O
NH
HO
O
HN
O
NH
O
N
N
HO
N
O
OH
O
N OH
H
N
E
COOH
NH2
O
G1
Examples of a cyclic (Desferrioxamine E) and an acyclic (Desferrioxamine G1)
trihydroxamate. Within the group the hydroxamate and internal succinyl groups are
conserved, the lengths of the interconnecting diaminoalkane groups are variable:
HO
N
H2N
(CH2)
O
HO
N
NH
m
O
(CH2)
n
HO
N
O
(CH2)
O
H
N
HO
N
O O
r
(CH2)
p
o
O
NH
O
general structure
13
OH
Number of methylene groups
Code
Name
Cyclic
m
n
o
p
r
N-terminal
C-terminal
modification
modification
1
Desferrioxamine A1A
-
5
5
4
0
0
-
CH3CO replaces succinyl
2
Desferrioxamine A1B
-
5
4
5
0
0
-
CH3CO replaces succinyl
3
Desferrioxamine A2
-
5
4
4
0
0
-
CH3CO replaces succinyl
4
Desferrioxamine B
-
5
5
5
0
0
-
CH3CO replaces succinyl
5
Desferrioxamine D1
-
5
5
5
0
0
CH3CO
6
Desferrioxamine D2
+
4
5
5
0
0
-
-
7
Desferrioxamine E
+
5
5
5
0
0
-
-
8
Desferrioxamine G1
-
5
5
5
0
0
-
-
9
Desferrioxamine G2A
-
5
5
4
0
0
-
-
10
Desferrioxamine G2B
-
5
4
5
0
0
-
-
11
Desferrioxamine G2C
-
4
5
5
0
0
-
-
12
Desferrioxamine H
-
5
5
0
0
0
Succinyl
CH3CO replaces succinyl
13
Desferrioxamine N
-
6
5
5
0
0
-
CH3CO replaces succinyl
14
Desferrioxamine T1
+
5
5
5
5
1
-
-
15
Desferrioxamine T2
+
4
5
5
5
1
-
-
16
Desferrioxamine T3
+
3
5
5
5
1
-
-
17
Desferrioxamine T7
+
4
4
5
5
1
-
-
18
Desferrioxamine T8
+
3
3
3
5
1
-
-
19
Desferrioxamine X1
+
4
4
5
0
0
-
-
20
Desferrioxamine X2
+
4
4
4
0
0
-
-
21
Desferrioxamine X3
+
5
5
6
0
0
-
-
22
Desferrioxamine X4
+
5
6
6
0
0
-
-
14
CH3CO replaces succinyl
Some of the above listed siderophores are prepared by directed fermentation of
Streptomyces olivaceus. Examples are ferrioxamines D2, E, X1 –X6. Additional artificial
siderophores have been made using the same organism using 1,5-diamine ethyl ether
( H2N
O
NH2
S
), S,2-aminoethylcysteine ( H2N
H2N
NHCO
N-glycine-1,2-ethylenediamine (
NH2
(NH2)CO2H
) and
) (21A – 21F, 22)
O
HO
O
N
HN
OH
R3
N
R2
O
H
N
NH
O
R1
O
O
N
OH
Cyclic desferrioxamines 21 and 22
Code
Name
R1
R2
R3
23A
Desferrioxamine Et1
O
(CH2)5
(CH2)5
23B
Desferrioxamine Et2
O
O
(CH2)5
23C
Desferrioxamine Et3
O
O
O
23D
Desferrioxamine Te1
S
(CH2)5
(CH2)5
23E
Desferrioxamine Te2
S
S
(CH2)5
23F
Desferrioxamine Te3
S
S
S
24
Desferrioxamine P1
(CH2)5
(CH2)5
NHCO
15
1.1.2 Desferriferrichromes (iron complexes – ferrichromes)
R2
O
N
H HN
O
O
NH H
N
N
H
O
N
R3
R5
O
R1
H
N
OH
O
N
O
OH
R4
N
OH
O
O
Trishydroxamate attached to peptide backbone (all L-amino acids)
Code
Name of
Iron complex
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
25
Ferrichrome
H
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
26
Ferrichrome C
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
27
Ferricrocin
CH2OH
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
28
Sake Colorant A
CH3
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
29
Ferrichrysin
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
30
Ferrichrome A
CH2OH
H
CH3
CH2OH
CH3
31
CH2OH
CH2OH
Ferrirhodin
33
Malonichrome
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
H
CH3
H
OH
OH
CH3
CH2CO2H
16
OH
OH
H
H
CH3
CH2CO2H
CH3
OH
H
32
H
CH2CO2H
CH2CO2H
Ferrirubin
CH3
H
CH3
CH2CO2H
OH
H
CH3
CH2CO2H
CH3
34
Asperchrome A
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
CO2H
H
CO2H
H
CH3
35
Asperchrome B1
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
OH
H
OH
H
CH3
36
Asperchrome B2
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
OH
OH
H
H
CH3
37
Asperchrome B3
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
OH
H
Asperchrome C
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
OH
H
CH3
38
CO2H
CH3
CH3
OCOCH3
OH
OH
H
H
H
CH3
39
Asperchrome D1
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
OH
H
CH3
40
Asperchrome D2
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
OH
H
CH3
41
Asperchrome D3
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH3
CH3
OH
H
42
43
Asperchrome E
Asperchrome F1
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
CH3
Me
OH
CH2OH
Asperchrome F2
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
H
OH
CH2OH
H
H
Me
OH
OH
CH2OH
17
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
H
OH
OH
CH3
45
CH3
CH3
H
Asperchrome F3
OH
OH
CH3
44
CH3
CH3
OH
OH
H
OH
H
Me
OH
OH
46 Tetraglycine ferrichrome
H3C
N
HN
O
H3C
O
N
OH
N
OH
OH
O
CONH
CONH
O
H3C
HN
O
NHCO
NHCO
NHCO
47 Des(diserylglycyl)ferrirhodin
OH
H3C
OH
H3C
H3C
O
N
H2N
OH
OH
O
N
OH
CONH
O
N
OH
CO2H
CONH
48 Basidiochrome
H3C
CO2H
H3C
CO2H
H3C
CO2H
O
O
O
N
H2N
OH
CONH
N
OH
CONH
N
OH
CO2H
18
1.1.3 Fusarinines
CH3
CH3
O
O
RNH
O
O
O
N
OH
O
N
RNH
O
OH
N
HO
O
RNH
H3C
RNH
O
O
O
O
RNH
O
OH
O
CH3
N
N
OH
HO
N
CH3
H3C
RNH
OH
O
O
O
Cyclic form 49, 50, 52
Code
OH
Linear form 51
Name
R
Chirality of ornithine
49
Triacetylfusarine
CH3CO
L
50
Fusarinine C
H
L
51
Fusarinine B
H
L
52
Neurosporin
CH3CO
D
1.1.4 Coprogens (name refers to iron complex)
R4R3N
O
O
HO
H3C
R2
N
O
O
O
R1
N OH
HO N
O
NH
HN
O
19
Code
Name
R1
R2
Me
53
Coprogen
55
Coprogen B
(Desacetylcoprogen)
Triornicin
(isoneocoprogen I)
OH
CH3-CO
H
OH
H
H
CH3CO
H
CH3CO
H
CH3CO
H
OH
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3CO
H
CH3CO
H
CH3CO
H
H
C15H31CO
H
Me
Me
OH
H
H
Me
CH3
OH
H
Me
Isotriornicin
(neocoprogen I)
CH3
57
Neocoprogen II
CH3
58
Dimethylcoprogen
56
R4
Me
OH
H
54
R3
OH
H
CH3
Me
Me
OH
H
H
Me
59
Dimethylneocoprogen I
CH3
H
Me
60
Dimethyltriornicin
CH3
OH
H
CH3
Me
61
Hydroxycopropen
OH
H
OH
HO
CH3
62
Hydroxy-neocoprogen I
CH3
HO
OH
CH3
63
Hydroxyisoneocoprogen I
CH3
HO
OH
Me
64
Palmitoylcoprogen
Me
OH
H
OH
H
20
1.1.5 Amphibactins
H3C
C
N
O
O
OH HO
C
N
O
CH3
HO
C
N
CH3
OH
HNR
D
Code
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
L
CO2H
Name
R
OH
65
Amphibactin B
66
Amphibactin C
O
OH O
O
67
Amphibactin D
O
68
Amphibactin E
69
Amphibactin F
70
Amphibactin G
71
Amphibactin H
OH
O
OH O
O
O
72
Amphibactin I
O
73
Amphibactin S
O
74
Amphibactin T
21
1.1.6 Moanachelins
H3C
C
N
O
O
OH HO
C
N
O
CH3
HO
C
N
CH3
R1
HNR2
Code
CONH
CONH
Name
CONH
CO2H
R1
R2
O
75
Moanachelins gly-B
H
O
76
Moanachelins ala-B
CH3
O
77
Moanachelins gly-D
H
78
Moanachelins ala-D
CH3
79
Moanachelins gly-E
H
O
O
22
1.1.7 Other hexadentate hydroxamate siderophores
80 Ferrocin A (X = H)
[Ferrocin B; X = OH]
(based on L-amino acids)
O
HO
OH
N
O
H
N
CONH
H
N
O
HN
O
O
HN
O
O
O
O
NH
OH
NH
O O
NH HN
NH
OH
N
O
O
X
N OH
O
81 Coelichelin
(based on L-ornithine)
H
O
HO
O
NH D
H
O
N
OH
O
N
OH
N OH
O
D
NH2
NH
D
L
HO
NH2
O
82 Exochelin MS
H2N
CO2H
O
O
H
O
NH
N
OH
OH
N
NH2
NH
D
NH2
L
D
O
HO
D
N OH
O
23
83 Vicibactin
CH3 O
O
CH3CONH
HO
D
N
O
OH
N
O
D
O
O
H3C
D
O
O
CH3
CH3CONH
1.2
NHCOCH3
N
O
OH
CATECHOLATES AND PHENOLATES
84 Enterobactin
(catechol ligands)
OH
OH
O
O
HN
H
N
O
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
NH
HO
HO
24
X
OH
HO
OH
N
OH
O
Code
O
O
NH
OH
CH3
HN
(CH2)n
N
O
Name
X
N
Ligands
85
Agrobactin
OH
4
Catechol
2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline
86
Parabactin
H
4
Catechol
2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline
87
Fluvibactin
OH
3
Catechol
2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline
X
HO
OH
O
OH
OH H3C
O
Code
OH
N
N
H
OH
NH
O
HN
O
Name
X
Ligands
88
Agrobactin A
OH
Catechol
89
Parabactin A
H
Catechol and salicylate
25
N
X
X
OH
OH
OH
O
N
O
CH3
O
OH
CH3
N
H
Code
O
N
N
H
O
Name
X
Ligands
90
Vibriobactin
OH
Catechol
91
Vulnibactin
H
Catechol and
2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline
OH
OH
OH O
O
OH
OH
NH
N
H
OH
H
N
N
H
O
O
92 Protochelin
(catechol ligands)
O
N
H
OH
OH
O
O
R
O
HN
NH
O
O
N
H
HO
OH
R
O
O
R
O
O
NH
O
N
H
Code
O
OH
OH
Name
R
Ligands
93
Corynebactin
H
Catechol
94
Bacillibactin
CH3
Catechol
26
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
O
OH
O
HN
H
N
O
O
O
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
NH
O
HO
HO
95 Salmochelin (S4)
(catechol ligands)
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
OH
HO
O
O
HN
O
OH
O
NH
O
HO
HO
96 Salmochelin (S2)
27
O
H
N
O
O
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
97 Monoglucosylated Enterobactin (MGE)
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
O
OH
O
HN
H
N
O
O
O
O
OH
O
OH
O
NH
O
HO
HO
98 Amphi-enterobactin
OH
HO
HO
O
O
NH
HO
O
NH
O
O
O
O
O
O
HN
O
O
O
HN
OH
OH
99 Amphi-enterobactin C12-OH
OH
HO
HO
O
O
NH
HO
O
NH
O
O
O
O
O
O
HN
O
O
O
HN
OH
OH
OH
28
α-HYDROXYCARBOXYLATES
1.3
R
O
HO
OH
HO2C
CO2H
CO2H
OH
HO2C
CO2H
CO2H
HO2C
89
88
100
N
H
HO2C
HO
HN
NH
Code
O
H
N
O
O
Name
R
Ligand
Rhizoferrin
(CH2)2
α-Hydroxycarboxylate and
carboxylate
100A-100E are artifical siderophores produced by directed fermentation
100A
Homorhizoferrin
-(CH2)3-
α-Hydroxycarboxylate and
carboxylate
100B
Norrhizoferrin
-(CH2)-
α-Hydroxycarboxylate and
carboxylate
100C
Oxahomorhizoferrin
-CH2OCH2-
α-Hydroxycarboxylate and
carboxylate
100D
2-Methylhomorhizoferrin
-CH(CH3)CH2CH2-
α-Hydroxycarboxylate and
carboxylate
100E
2-Oxorhizoferrin
-COCH2-
α-Hydroxycarboxylate and
carboxylate
101
O
N
H
OH
CO2H
CO2H
α-Hydroxycarboxylate and
carboxylate
Enantio Rhizoferrin
H
N
D
O
CO2H
HO
HO2C
HO2C
102 Staphyloferrin A
(α-hydroxycarboxylate and carboxylate ligands)
29
O
N
H3C
L
CO2H
OH
H
N
O
O
OH
CO2H
CO2H
O
103 Vibrioferrin
(α-hydroxycarboxylate and carboxylate ligands)
O
O
O
CO2H
N
HO
CO2H
OH
O
NH
CO2H O
N
HO
HO2C
104 Achromobactin
(α-hydroxycarboxylate ligands)
30
1.4
MIXED FUNCTION SIDEROPHORES
1.4.1 Hydroxamate / Phenolate
1.4.1.1
Mycobactins
R1/R4 – Generally a long chain fatty acid (C10-21) which is frequently unsaturated with a cis
double bond conjugated to the CO function.
O
e.g.
C9
R2
HO
O
N
HO
R3
O
HO
N
O
R1
NH
N
O
O
O
NH
O
R4
R5
Hydroxamate and 2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline ligands
Code
Name
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
105
Mycobactin P
C15-19
CH3
H
C2H5
CH3
106
Mycobactin A
C13
CH3
H
CH3
H
107
Mycobactin F
C9-17
H
CH3
CH3
H
108
Mycobactin H
C17-19
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
109
Mycobactin M
CH3
H
CH3
C15-18
CH3
31
110
Mycobactin N
C2H5
H
CH3
C15-18
CH3
111
Mycobactin R
C19
H
H
C2H5
CH3
112
Mycobactin S
C9-19
H
H
CH3
H
113
Mycobactin T
C17-20
H
H
CH3
H
114
Mycobactin Av
C11-18
H
CH3
C2H5
CH3
115
Mycobactin NA
(Nocobactin)
CH3
H
CH3
C9-11
CH3
116
Mycobactin J
C15
H
CH3
C2H5
CH3
117
Formobactin
H
H
CH3
C9
CH3
32
1.4.1.2
Carboxymycobactins
HO
O
N
HO
R3
O
HO
N
O
R
NH
N
O
O
O
NH
O
R4
R5
Hydroxamate and 2-Hydroxyphenyloxazoline ligands
Carboxymycobactin (M . smegmatis)
Code
118
(8 isoforms )
R
(CH2)nCO2H
(n=2-9)
R3
R4
R5
H
CH3
H
Carboxymycobactins (M . avium )
119
(6 isoforms )
120
(3 isoforms )
121
(9 isoforms )
122
(4 isoforms )
(CH2)nCO2H
(n=2-7)
CH3
C2H5
CH3
(CH2)nCO2CH3
(n=2-4)
CH3
C2H5
CH3
CH3
C2H5
CH3
CH3
C2H5
CH3
(CH2)nCO2H
(CH2)nCO2CH3
(n=1-9)
(n=2-5)
33
1.4.1.3
Pyoverdins
General structure
NH
O
HO
Ch1
N
NH
O
HO
N
H
R1
Ch2
Bidentate chelation sites Ch1 and Ch2 are placed on a peptide backbone of varied length
(6 – 12 amino acids) and create a hexadentate coordination site with the chromophore
5-amino-2,3-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrimido [1 ,2 ] quinoline-1-carboxylic acid. The
two bidentate chelation sites can be hydroxamates, α-hydroxycarboxylates or 1 of each
type. Isopyoverdines have been isolated from P . putida where the carboxylate group is
located at C-3 instead of C-1 of the ring system.
HN
O
HO
HO
N
NH
O
N
H
R1
Chromophore in isopyoverdines
34
Side chains R1 of pyoverdin isoforms include:
CH2CH2CO2H
CH2CH2CONH2
CH2CHOHCO2H
CH2CHOHCONH2
CH2CH2CHNH2CO2H
CH2CH2COCO2H
A mixture of these isoforms is common in most isolates.
Pyoverdins can be classified according to their chelating functions, macrocyclic structure
or molecular size. In this listing we have adopted a numbering system which is based on
peptide length and molecular size. The first digit indicates the number of amino acids in
the peptide backbone. The second digit is allocated in order of molecular wt.
62 pyoverdins have been sequenced, there are a further 40 known pyoverdins which
have been partially characterised but have not been fully sequenced at the present time.
There is an excellent comprehensive review describing pyoverdins in “Progress in the
Chemistry of Organic Nature Products by Budlzikiewicz (2004).
Pyoverdins with a six amino acid backbone
123 Pyoverdin 6.1
(Pseudobactin )
O
HO
CONH2
NH
HO
N
NH
O
NH2
HO
CO2H
CH3
H3C
OH
CH3
OH
N
O
HN
L
CONH
D
CONH
35
L
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
D
124 Pyoverdin 6.2
(chirality not assigned)
O
HO
CONH2
NH
N
HO
NH
HO
O
HN
CONH
CONH
OH
OH
CO2H
CONH
OH
CONH
OH
N
O
CONH
NH2
125 Pyoverdin 6.3
(Pyoverdin Thai)
O
HO
(chirality not assigned)
CO2H
NH
N
HO
O
NH
HO
O
H3C
N
HN
N
H
OH
N
O
OH
OH
CONH
CH3
CONH
CONH
OH
N
CONH
126 Pyoverdin 6.4
(Pyoverdin 9AW)
HO
NHCO
HO
N
CONH2
NH
H3C
NH2
O
HN
CONH
L
L
CONH
CONH
D
OH
OH
HN
N
36
OH
OH
D
CONH
L
OH
N
O
CONH
L
127 Pyoverdin 6.5
(chirality not determinel)
O
HO
CONH2
NH
HO
N
O
NH
HO
O
H
N
O
O
NH2
HO
H
N
N
HN
N
H
OH
CONH
CONH
CONH
CONH
CO2H
128 Pyoverdin 6.6
CO2H
O
HO
NH
H3C
O
N
HO
N
NH
H3C
CH3
O
CONH
HN
CONH
D
OH
N
OH
CONH
L
CONH
OH
D
CONH
O
CH3
L
CONH
L
D
OH
129 Pyoverdin 6.7
(Isopyoverdin BTP1)
O
O
HO
HO
CO2H
O
NH
N
HO
CO2H
NH
CH3
O
HN
CONH
L
CONH
L
L
CO2H
37
CONH
CH3
N
OH
D
CONH
L
OH
N
O
CONH
L
130 Pyoverdin 6.8
O
CONH2
O
NH
HO
NH2
HO
N
NH
HO
O
HN
CONH
NH2 HO
L
CONH
CH3
NH2
N
CO2H
L
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
L
CO2H
D
CH3
Pyoverdins with a seven amino acid backbone
131 Pyoverdin 7.1
O
CONH2
HO
HO
NH
N
CONH
OH
H3C
O
HN
O
NH2
NH
HO
L
CONH
L
CH3
N
O
OH
CONH
D
OH
N
CONH
L
CONH
L
D
CH3
132 Pyoverdin 7.2
(Pyoverdin BTP2)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
HO
N
NH
HO
O
CONH
HN
L
CONH
H3C
CO2H
L
CONH
D
OH
38
CONH
OH
L
CONH
OH
D
O
CONH
OH
N
133 Pyoverdin 7.3
(Pyoverdin G + R)
O
HO
CONH2
NH
H2N
HO
N
HO
O
HN
CONH
L
H
N
NH2
NH
CONH
CO2H
D
OH
CONH
L
CONH
CONH
L
O
CONH
L
L
CO2H
134 Pyoverdin 7.4
(Pyoverdin PVD)
O
HO
COCO2H
NH
NH2
N
HO
NH
HN
CO2H
HO
O
CONH
L
CONH
L
OH
OH
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
OH
D
OH
N
O
CONH
L
D
OH
135 Pyoverdin 7.5
(Pyoverdin TII)
COCH2CH2CO2H
O
HO
H
NH
O
N
HO
NH
N
NH2
OH
H3C
O
HN
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
D
OH
39
CONH
OH
D
CONH
OH
L
OH
N
O
CONH
L
136 Pyoverdin 7.6
(chirality not assigned)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
NH2
NH2
HO
NH
N
HN
CO2H
HO
O
CONH
CONH
CONH
CONH
CONH
OH
OH
OH
N
O
CONH
CH3
137 Pyoverdin 7.7
CONH2
O
HO
OH
NH
O
HO
L
NH
N
HO2C
O
OH H3C
HO
NHCO
O
CO2H
O
D
OH
HN
L
HN
CONH
L
CONH
D
L
CONH
CONH
CO2H
OH
OH
NH2
138 Pyoverdin 7.8
(Pyoverdin PL8)
CO2H
O
NH
HO
O
H3C
N
N
HO
NH
H3C
CH3
O
HN
CONH
D
OH
N
OH
CONH
L
CONH
D
NH2
40
CONH
D
CONH
L
O
CONH
L
139 Pyoverdin 7.9
(Pyoverdin 11370)
OH
O
HO
NH
HO
N
CO2H
NH
NH2
O
CONH
HN
L
HO
CONH
CO2H
CONH
D
OH
CONH
D
OH
CH3
CONH
L
D
CONH
L
CO2H
140 Pyoverdin 7.10
(chirality not assigned)
CONH2
O
NH2
NH
HO
H2N
N
HO
NH
HO
O
HN
CONH
CONH
CO2H
OH
OH
CONH
CONH
CONH
O
CONH
OH
141 Pyoverdin 7.11
(Pyoverdin 19310)
CONH2
O
OH
O
NH
HO
HO
N
O
O
NH
L
NH2
HN
L
CONH
OH H3C
H3C
HO2C
D
CONH
L
CONH
O
L
OH
N
H
O
CONH
D
NH
L
OH
41
CO2H
OH
N
O
OH
N
L
142 Pyoverdin 7.12
(Pyoverdin 13525)
O
CONH2
O
NH2
NH
HO
HO
HO
N
H
O
N
N
H
NH
O
HN
CONH
CONH
CONH
L
CONH
L
L
OH
O
L
HN
CONH
OH
N
O
D
H
D
OH
143 Pyoverdin 7.13
(Isopyoverdin 90-33)
CHNH2CO2H
O
NH
HO
HO
NH
N
OH
NH2
H3C
H
N
HN
L
L
O
O
CONH
HO
OH
CONH
L
O
H3C
CONH
D
OH H3C
L
CONH
OH
D
CO2H
144 Pyoverdin 7.14
(Pyoverdin R`)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
HO
N
O
NH
HO
D
N
NH
O
HO
H
N
CH3
O
CONH2
CONH2
HO
N
NH
L
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
42
D
CONH
D
CONH
CO2H
OH
N
O
CONH
L
145 Pyoverdin 7.15
O
HO
CONH2
O
NH
HO
HO
NH
N
CH3
NHCO
N
OH
O
L
HN
CH3
O
HN
CONH
HN
CONH
L
L
CONH
CONH
L
OH
O
N
L
D
O
D
OH
CH3
CO2H
146 Pyoverdin 7.16
(Pyoverdin 96-312)
O
HO
CONH2
O
NH
HO
N
HO
NH
H
NHCO
N
OH
O
L
HN
OH
O
HN
HN
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
CONH
L
L
L
O
D
OH
NH2
HO
N
O
H
147 Pyoverdin 7.17
CONH2
O
H2N
HO
NH
N
H
O
NH
HO
HO
NHCO
N
OH
O
L
HN
O
HN
CONH
HN
L
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
L
D
O
D
OH
N
H3C
43
OH
L
O
CO2H
148 Pyoverdin 7.18
COCO2H
O
HO
NH
N
HO
O
NH2
HO
NH
H
NHCO
HN
O
HN
CONH
HN
CONH
L
L
OH
O
D
N
CONH
CONH
L
D
D
O
D
CO2H
OH
N
H
OH
O
149 Pyoverdin 7.19
(chirality not assigned)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
NH2
H2N
NH2
NH
HO
N
NH
OH
O
HN
CONH
CONH
CONH
CO2H
HO
O
N
CH3
44
CONH
CONH
CO2H O
CONH
OH
N
Pyoverdins with an eight amino acid backbone
150 Pyoverdin 8.1
(Pyoverdin A214)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
H3C
N
HO
NH
N
OH
H3C
O
O
L
OH
O
N
H
HN
CH3
O
HN
CONH
CONH
D
L
O
OH
L
CO2H
O
L
CONH
CONH
D
CONH
CH3
D
OH
151 Pyoverdin 8.2
(Pyoverdin P19)
(chirality of alanines not assigned)
CONH2
O
HO
NH
H3C
N
HO
NH
N
OH
H3C
O
O
L
OH
O
N
H
CH3
O
HN
CONH
D
D
HN
L
CONH
CONH
O
L
OH
45
CONH
CONH
D
OH
CO2H
D
O
OH
152 Pyoverdin 8.3
(Pyoverdin D-TR133) (chirality of alanines not assigned)
CONH2
O
H
O
H
NH
HO
O
N
N
HO
HO N
NH
CH3
NH2
O
OH
O
H3C
O
NHCO
O
D
HN
CH3
HN
CONH
CONH
D
L
CONH
CONH
CONH
L
L
CH3
CO2H
153 Pyoverdin 8.4
(Pyoverdin 90-51)
O
CONH2
NH
HO
N
HO
NH2
OH
NH
HO
NH2
O
CONH
HN
L
CONH
CO2H
D
CONH
H3C
OH
L
CONH
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
L
CO2H
154 Pyoverdin 8.5
(chirality not assigned)
O
HO
NH
HO
N
NH
O
HN
NHCO
O
COCO2H
O
HO
H
O
N
OH
OH
NHCO
NHCO
CONH
OH
CONH
N
H
HN
HO
N
O
CONH
OH
OH
46
OH
N
O
OH
H
L
155 Pyoverdin 8.6
(Pyoverdin 96-318) (chirality not assigned)
CONH2
O
H2N
HO
HO
NH
N
H
O
NH
HO
O
N
OH
O
HN
CONH
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
D
N
H
OH
CONH
L
CONH
L
OH
O
L
HN
L
D
HO
OH
H
N
O
156 Pyoverdin 8.7
(Pyoverdin I-III) (chirality of alanines not determined)
CO2H
NH2
O
H
O
H
NH
HO
O
N
HO
NH
N
HO N
NH2
O
OH
L
O
HN
CONH
CONH
D
CONH
L
NHCO
O
H3C
CH3
O
HN
CH3
CONH
CONH
L
D
L
CONH2
157 Pyoverdin 8.8
(Pyoverdin CHAO) (chirality of alanines not determined)
CONH2
NH2
O
H
O
HO
O
H
NH
N
N
HO
NH
HO N
NH2
O
OH
L
O
HN
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
L
CO2H
47
NHCO
O
H3C
L
CONH
D
CH3
O
HN
CONH
CH3
158 Pyoverdin 8.9
(Pyoverdin E)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
NH
HO
HO
NH
N
CH3
H
O
NH2
H2N
NHCO
HN
OH
O
OH
HN
CONH
HN
OH
O
L
N
L
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
CONH
L
O
L
D
L
CH3
OH
N
H
OH
O
Pyoverdins with a nine amino acid backbone
159 Pyoverdin 9.1
(chirality not assigned)
H3C
CONH2
OH HN
O
HO
N
HN
NH2
CONH
HO2C
CONH
OH HO
O
NH
CONH
O
CO2H
48
O
O
CH3
OH
NH
O
N
OH HN
NH
O
HN
O
O
H3C
NH
HO
OH
H
N
OH
160 Pyoverdin 9.2
(Pyoverdin Pau)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
O
H3C
N
N
HO
NH
CONH2
OH
OH H3C
H3C
O
CONH
HN
CONH
D
OH
N
O
CONH
L
CONH
OH
D
HO
CONH
D
D
O
NH
CONH
L
HN
D
O
OH
161 Pyoverdin 9.3
(chirality not determined)
HO
COCO2H
O
O
HO
NH
NH2
HN
H
O
CONH
CONH
CONH
CONH
NH
OH
OH
CH3
O
HN
O
HO
N
HO
NH
N
HO
N
O
NH
CONH
O
CO2H
162 Pyoverdin 9.4
(chirality not determined)
CONH2
OH
N
O
HO
NH
HO
N
HO
NH
CH3
O
HN
CONH
CONH
CONH
OH
CONH
OH
CONH
O
CH3
O
NH2
N
OH HN
HO
O
NH
CONH
O
OH
49
163 Pyoverdin 9.5
(Pyoverdin 2392)
OH
N
CO2H
O
O
NH
HO
O
H3C
N
N
HO
NH
OH HN
CONH2
OH
O
HN
CONH
D
CONH
CONH
D
CONH
D
OH
OH H3C
H3C
HN
CONH
L
L
D
O
O
CONH
D
NH2
164 Pyoverdin 9.6
(chirality not assigned)
O
HO
CONH2
NH
N
HO
O
NH2
NH
HO
O
CO2H H3C
OH
OH H3C
H3C
NH2
D
NHCO
NHCO
O
NH
CONH
HN
CONH
CONH
CONH
CONH
CONH
CH3
O
HO2C
OH
165 Pyoverdin 9.7
(Pseudobactin 589A)
CONH2
HO
O
HO2C
NH
HO
HO
NH
N
NH2
O
CO2H
HO
H
N
HN
L
D
O
O
OH H3C
OH HN
CONH
CONH
O
D
CONH
HN
L
CONH
D
CONH
L
CO2H
50
L
L
CH3
O
L
N
OH
166 Pyoverdin 9.8
(Pyoverdin 2461)
NH2
OH HN
CO2H
OH H3C
H3C
L
OH HN
CONH
CONH
O
HO
CO2H
HO
NH2
NH
H
N
O
L
N
D
O
O
O
L
N
HO
L
NH
CONH
D
CONH
L
CH3
O
CONH
HN
L
CO2H
167 Pyoverdin 9.9
CONH2
OH
N
O
O
HO
NH
H3C
N
HO
N
NH
O
L
OH
L
N
H3C
OH
CH3
H3C
HN
L
D
O
O
OH HN
L
H
N
CONH
HN
H2NCO
O
CONH
L
L
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
OH
CH3
CO2H
51
OH
168 Pyoverdin 9.10
(Pyoverdin 95-275)
(chirality of serine not established)
O
HO
H
CO2H
HO
N
N
O
OH
NH
O
O
NHCO
HN
OH
OH
HN
HN
CONH
CONH
L
D
L
OH
O
L
OH
CONH
CONH
CONH
L
CONH
L
O
L
OH
NH2
N
H
OH
O
169 Pyoverdin 9.11
(Pyoverdin C)
CONH2
HO
HO
O
HO
O
NH
N
N
HO
OH HN
OH
NH
NH2
CONH
OH HN
H3C
O
HN
D
D
CONH
D
CONH
L
OH
H
N
L
OH
CO2H
L
O
O
O
NH
O
L
OH
HO2C
CH3
CONH
L
CO2H
170 Pyoverdin 9.12
(chirality not determined)
CONH2
NH2
O
H2N
NH
HO
H3C
NH
N
OH
CONH
NH2
OH
CONH
OH
H
N
HN
O
HN
HO2C
O
N
HO
NH
CONH
CH3
52
CONH
OH
HN
CONH
O
O
O
OH
CH3
OH
CO2H
Pyoverdins with a ten amino acid backbone
171 Pyoverdin 10.1
(Pyoverdin 2798)
HO
CONH2
HO
O
NH
HO
N
HO
N
O
NH
O
H3C
L
N
O
HN
NH
HO
L
HN
OH HO
NH
L
CO2H
CONH
CONH
L
CONH
D
CONH
D
CH3
D
HN
O
O
CONH
172 Pyoverdin 10.2
CO2H
O
OH HN
NH
HO
HO
N
NH2
HN
CONH2
NH
HO
D
CONH
D
CONH
CONH
CONH
CO2H
L
CONH
H
N
D
N
CH3
173 Pyoverdin 10.3
(Pyoverdin 17400)
53
L
O
O
L
O
HN
OH
N
O
NH
L
O
OH
N
O
CONH2
O
HO
CONH
D
CONH
CONH
CONH
D
O
O
L
CO2H
HO
O
HN
D
HN
CONH2
NH
N
L
H3C
NH2
NH
HO
HN
L
H
N
CONH
OH
HN
D
O
L
N
CH3
174 Pyoverdin 10.4
(chirality not determined)
COCO2H
NHCO
OH
O
O
HO
HO
H
O
NH2
NH
HO
HN
N
HN
NH
N
OH
CONH
OH
O
O
CONH
CONH
CONH
HN
CONH
NH
CONH
HO
H
N
O
O
OH
175 Pyoverdin 10.5
O
(Pyoverdin 18-1)
N
H
O
CO2H
H
HO
O
N
HO
NH2
CONH
L
HN
NH
OH
OH
O
O
O
D
OH
L
NH
HN
N
N
H
OH
O
L
HN
L
CONH
NH
D
O
CONH
D
OH
54
L
CONH
O
HO
N
H
O
176 Pyoverdin 10.6
(Pyoverdin 1,2)
CONH2
O
NH
HO
H2N
HO
NH
H3C
N
O
HN
OH
OH
CONH
CONH
L
D
HO
CONH
OH
H
N
CONH2
CO2H
CONH
L
CONH
L
HN
H
N
OH
D
L
O
O
D
L
L
CH3
NH
O
L
N
OH
O
N
OH
177 Pyoverdin 10.7
(Isopyoverdin 90-44)
(chirality of serine not determined)
OH
H
N
OH HN
O
CO2H
O
O
HN
HO
O
HO
NH2
HO
NH
N
O
CH3
O
HN
H3C
N L
H
CO2H
CONH
L
D
D
N
OH
O
OH HN
N
O
O
CONH
O
O
OH HN
L
OH
CONH
178 Pyoverdin 10.8
(chirality not determined)
NHCO
CONH2
O
HO
HN
NH
N
HO
NH
NH2
O
HO
CH3
CONH
N
HN
OH
CONH
OH
HN
O
HN
OH
O
CONH
OH
NH
CONH
CONH
O
HO
O
OH
O
55
O
N
H
179 Pyoverdin 10.9
(Pyoverdin 2192)
O
HO
NH
N
HO
OH
H
N
CONH2
OH HN
NH2
NH
OH H3C
OH
O
OH
H3C
L
OH HN
O
L
N
D
O
O
OH
O
L
HN
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
D
CONH
L
CONH
D
CONH
D
HO
OH
N
CH3
O
180 Pyoverdin 10.10
(chirality not determined)
CONH2
OH
H
N
O
NH
HO
HO
N
NH
OH
O
HN
CONH
OH HN
NH2
CONH
CONH
OH H3C
OH H3C
OH HN
CONH
CONH
CONH
O
O
N
O
HO
OH
O
CH3
N
O
56
OH
Pyoverdins with an eleven amino acid backbone
181 Pyoverdin 11.1
(Pyoverdin 51W)
H3C
CONH2
O
CH3
NH
HO
HO
NH2
OH HN
D
NH
N
HO2C
O
OH HN
L
O
O
HN
H
N
D
O
OH
H
N
O
L
O
O
D
HN
CONH
D
CONH
CONH
CONH
D
CONH
D
CH3
CONH2
182 Pyoverdin 11.2
(Pyoverdin 12)
NHCO
OH
O
L
HN
CONH2
O
HO
HO
NH
HO
HN
N
HN
HN
O
L
CONH
D
CONH
CONH
D
NH
L
L
CONH
D
O
HO
O
O
HN
OH
OH
NH2
NH
N
H
O
O
NH
L
O
OH
57
N
H
L
O
CO2H
N
OH
Pyoverdins with a twelve amino acid backbone
183 Pyoverdin 12.1
(Pyoverdin GM)
CH3
CONH2
OH HN
O
HO
H2NCO
NH
N
HO
NH2
D
OH HN
HO2C
NH
HN
O
O
CH3
D
O
NH
O
O
NH
D
CH3
CH3
D
O
O
O
D
H
N
L
HN
L
O
NH
L
D
HN
CONH
D
CONH
O
CONH
N
CH3
OH
184 Pyoverdin 12.2
(Pyoverdin 1547)
OH HN
CH3
H2NOC
CO2H
HO
N
HO
O
NH2
O
HO
NH
O
CH3
D
HN
CH3
L
HN
CONH
L
D
D
O
O
CONH
D
CONH
L
O
HN
H3C
N
NH
HN
HN
CONH
D
O
O
OH
CH3
OH
58
L
L
O
OH
H
N
O
O
L
N
OH
1.4.1.4
Other hexadentate hydroxamate / phenolate siderophores
185 Azoverdin
CONH2
O
HO
O
NH
N
HO
HO
OH
NH
O
CONH
D
CONH
D
D
OH
N
O
CONH
L
L
N
L
N
OH
H
N
CONH
HN
CH3
OH
186 Azotobactin 87
(chirality of homoserine not fully determined)
HO
H
N
HO
O
HO
N
N
CONH
HN
OH
OH
O
HN
CO2H
H
N
HO
D
CONH
OH
D
O
O
O
NH
N
OH
H
N
N
H
O
L
L
O
OH
OH
O
N
H
O
H
N
L
L
O
OH
O
O
187 Azotobactin D
H2N
H
N
HO
HO
O
HO
N
N
OH
O
HN
CONH
L
HN
OH
D
CONH
CO2H
H
N
D
O
NH
L
O
OH
59
O
H3C
NH
OH
OH
L
O
O
N
H
O
N
H
N
D
L
O
O
N
H
OH
H
N
D
OH
L
O
CO2H
188 Heterobactin A
N
O
OH
N
O
L
HO
O
NHCO
NH
NHCO
H
N
OH
D
O
OH
1.4.2 Hydroxamate / α-Hydroxycarboxylate
1.4.2.1
Ornibactins
OH
NH2
L
R
N
CONH
D
HO
CONH
CONH
L
NH2
CONH
CO2H
OH
HO
OH O
O
Code
L
N
H
Name
R
189
Ornibactin – C4
CH3
190
Ornibactin – C6
CH3CH2CH2
191
Ornibactin – C8
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2
60
1.4.2.2
Aquachelins
O
CONH2
CO2H
HO
RHN
D
Code
O
N
HO
CONH
CONH
L
D
CONH
CONH
D
Name
192
Aquachelin A
193
Aquachelin B
194
Aquachelin C
195
Aquachelin D
196
Aquachelin I
197
Aquachelin J
CONH
D
R
O
O
O
O
OH
O
1.4.2.3
Marinobactins
(α-Hydroxycarboxyamide / hydroxamate )
O
HO
H
N
O
CH3
O
N
HO
OH
CH3
N
OH
HO
RHN
D
O
N
H
NH D CONH
L
D
CH3
N
OH
OH
OH
CONH
L
HO
CH3
CONH
L
O
61
CONH
L
CO2H
O
L
CO2H
Code
Name
R
198
Marinobactin A
199
Marinobactin B
200
Marinobactin C
201
Marinobactin D1
202
Marinobactin D2
203
Marinobactin E
O
O
O
O
O
O
1.4.2.4 Loihichelins
CH3
O
HO
CONH2
HO
R
N
H
CO2H
D
CONH
OH
OH
D
CONH
N
L
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
CH3
H
N
D
O
O
OH
NH
D
N
62
O
OH
Code
Name
204
Loihichelin A
205
Loihichelin B
206
Loihichelin C
207
Loihichelin D
208
Loihichelin E
209
Loihichelin F
210
Taiwachelin
R
O
OH
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O
N
H
N
O
HO
O
N
H
O
OH
H
N
O
OH
O
N
H
O
OH
63
H
N
O
OH
O
N
H
OH
N
O
OH
1.4.2.5
Other hexadentate hydroxamate / α-hydroxycarboxylate
R1
(CH2)n
CONH H
OH
OH
O
N
R2
CO2H
CONH
H
R3
(CH2)n
R1
Code
O
N
OH
Name
R1
R2
R3
n
211
Schizokinen
H
CH3
CH3
2
212
Aerobactin
CO2H
CH3
CH3
4
213
Arthrobactin
H
CH3
CH3
4
214
Rhizobactin 1021
H
CH3
215
Nannochelin A
CO2CH3
216
Nannochelin B
CO2CH3
and
CO2H
217
Nannochelin C
CO2H
Ph
(CH2)6CH3
2
Ph
4
Ph
Ph
4
Ph
Ph
4
R2
218
Acinetoferrin
2
H
R3
64
R2
219
Ochrobactin A
CO2H
4
R3
R2
220
Ochrobactin B
CO2H
4
R3
R2
221
Ochrobactin C
CO2H
4
R3
R2
222
Snychobactin A
CH3
H
3
R3
R2
223
Snychobactin B
CH3
H
3
R3
R2
224
Snychobactin C
CH3
H
3
R3
1.4.3 α-Hydroxycarboxylate / α-aminocarboxylate
Mugineic acids
X
CO2H
CO2H
CO2H
N
N
H
Z
Y
65
Code
Name
225
Mugineic acid
226
3-Hydroxymugineic acid
227
2-Deoxymugineic acid
X
Y
Z
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
H
H
OH
228 Avenic acid
CO2H
CO2H
N
H
N
H
HO
CO2H
OH
Distichonic acids
CO2H
N
H
CO2H
R
N
H
Code
CO2H
OH
Name
229
Distichonic acid
230
Deoxydistichonic acid
R
OH
H
231 Rhizobactin
CO2H
CO2H
HO
CONH
L
N
H
H
N
D
CO2H
CH3
66
232 Staphyloferrin B
OH O
NH2
HO2C
O
OH
NHCO
L
N
CONH
HO
CO2H
1.4.4 Phenol / α-hydroxycarboxylate
233 Alterobactin A
HN
NH2
NH
O
OH
NH
O
OH
OH O
O
NH
N
H
L
O
CO2H
OH
L
D
NH2
O
L
O
HO
H
N
HN
O
O
CO2H
67
234 Alterobactin B
HN
NH2
NH
O
OH
NH
O
OH
O
OH O
NH
N
H
O
L
CO2H
OH
L
D
NH2
OH
HO
L
O
HO
H
N
O
HN
O
CO2H
Pseudoalterobactins
O
HO3S
H
N
HO
OH O
OH O
N
H
NH2
L
NH2
CO
H
N
O
HO
N
H
O
L
N
H
H
N
L
HN
O
O
L
L
N
H
O
COOH
R
Code
Name
235
Pseudoalterobactin A
236
Pseudoalterobactin B
R
CH2NH2
NH2
NH
NH2
Petrobactins
CONH
N
H
OH
NHCO
OH
R1
OH
CO2H
CONH
N
H
OH
NHCO
R2
OH
68
COOH
OH
Code
Name
R1
R2
H
H
237
Petrobactin
238
Petrobactin sulphonate
SO3H
H
239
Petrobactin disulphonate
SO3H
SO3H
1.4.5 Hydroxamate / α-aminocarboxylate
240 Fusarinine A
NH2
HO2C
OH
N
O
NH2
O
OH
N
O
L
L
OH
O
1.4.6 Hydroxamate / β-hydroxyhistidine
241 Exochelin MN
H
N
N
NH2
L
OH
CONH
O
O
N
N
H
OH
L
O
HO
N
L
H
N
HN
NHCH3
O
L
O
NH2
69
1.4.7 α-Hydroxycarboxylate / β-hydroxyhistidine
242 Ornicorrugatin
N
NH
HO
CONH
H
N
NH2
L
N
OH HO
OH
CO2H
H
N
L
O
N
H
D
CONH
L
CONH
D
CONH
L
N
L
O
NH
L
HO2C
OH
CO2H
1.4.8 Salicylate / hydroxamate / pyridazine
243 Maduraferrin
O
H3C
N
N
L
NH
O
N
C
HO
L
HN
OH
O
NHCO
O
HO
H
N
O
70
2. Tetradentate siderophores
2.1
Hydroxamates
O
HO
O
N
HN
R
R
NH
C
O
O
N
OH
Code
Name
244
Alcaligin
245
Putrebactin
R
OH
H
246 Bisucaberin
O
HO
O
N
HN
NH
N
O
OH
O
71
247
E,E-putrebactene
O
HO
O
N
HN
NH
N
C
O
O
OH
248 E-putrebactene
O
HO
O
N
HN
NH
N
C
O
O
O
R
O
N
OH
Code
249
OH
H
N
L
N
H
R
L
N
HO
O
O
Name
R
Rhodotrulic acid
CH3
CH3
250
Dimerum acid
OH
72
251 Amycolachrom
CH3CONH
L
OH
OH
OH
CONH
L
CONH
OH
N
O H3C
L
CONH
O
HN
L
HN
L
N
L
O
N
H
2.2
Catecholates and Phenolates
OH
OH
O
NH
OH O
HO
N
H
Code
L
R
Name
R
252
Azotochelin
CO2H
253
Myxochelin
CH2OH
73
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
CONH
OH
OH
CONH
CONH
R
H2N
L
CONH
CONH
L
Code
O
D
Name
254
Amonabactin T789
255
Amonabactin P750
OH
OH
OH
OH
NH
CO2H
O
R
N
H
NH
R
H2N
L
CONH
Code
256
L
CONH
D
CO2H
Name
R
Amonabactin T732
N
H
257
Amonabactin P693
74
258 Salmochelin S1
HO
HO
OH
HO
OH
O
O
NH
O
O
OH
NH OH
O
HO2C
OH
HO
259 Serratiochelin
OH
OH
OH
H
N
OH
N
H
N
O
O
O
260 Anachelin 1
OH
H3C
N
OH
OH
OH
H H
N
O
CONH
L
CONH
L
CONH
N
L
OH OH
CH3
O
CH3
OH
OH
261 Anachelin 2
OH
O
OH
H3C
OH
N
CONH
L
CONH
OH
L
CONH
OH
H H
N
L
O
HO
N
CH3
CH3
OH
OH
75
262 Pistillarin
O
OH
HO
OH
HO
NH
HN
O
N
H
2.3
Mixed Function Tetradentate Siderophores
OH
N
OH
HN
N
X
N
HO
R
O
Code
Name
R
X
263
Anguibactin
H
S
Phenolic / Hydroxamate
264
Acinetobactin
CH3
O
Phenolic / Hydroxamate
R1
S
N
R2
N
OH
S
H3C
CO2H
N
S
R3
CH3
OH
Code
Name
R1
R2
R3
265
Yersiniabactin
H
H
OH
2 Hydroxyphenyl thiazoline
/ α-hydroxycarboxylate
266
Micacocidin
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2
CH3
CH3
2 Hydroxyphenyl thiazoline
/ thiazolecarboxylate
76
267 Fusarinine (monomer)
NH2
OH
N
O
HO
OH
O
268 Deoxyschizokinen
(Hydroxamate / α-hydroxycarboxylate)
OH
O
N
CONH
OH
CH3
CO2H
H
N
CONH
CH3
O
269 Heterobactin B
(Catecholato / hydroxamate)
OH
OH
O
NH
H
N
HN
O
D
O
L
N
OH
O
NH2
77
HO
O
OH
R2
N
O
R4
O
R1
Name
R1
R2
Fimsbactin A
H
H
Code
270
N
H
OR3
271
Fimsbactin B
Me
H
272
Fimsbactin C
Me
Me
273
Fimsbactin D
H
R3
R4
O
H
N
O
N
OH
OH
OH
H
N
H
H
N
O
274
Fimsbactin E
275
Fimsbactin F
H
H
H
OH
H
H
3. Tridentate Siderophores
276 Desferrithiocin
(Hydroxyphenylthiazolone / carboxylate)
N
S
OH
N
CH3
CO2H
78
H
N
O
N
OH
277 Aeruginic acid
(Hydroxyphenylthiazolone / carboxylate)
OH
S
N
CO2H
OH
S
N
L
S
H
R1 N
R2
L
CO2H
Code
Name
R1
R2
278
Pyochelin
H
H
Hydroxyphenylthiazolone / carboxylate
279
Thiazostatin
CH3
CH3
Hydroxyphenylthiazolone / carboxylate
280 Enantio-Pyochelin
(Hydroxyphenylthiazolone / carboxylate)
OH
S
N
D
HN
HO2C
S
D
H
79
281 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine
OH
OH
NH
O
L
O
OH OH
282 Salmochelin SX
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
HO
O
OH
HN
O
OH
OH
283 Citrate
O
OH
HO
HO
OH
O
O
4. Bidentate Siderophores
284 Chrysobactin
OH
OH
O
H2N
OH
NH
CONH
CO2H
80
285 Aminochelin
OH
OH
NH2
N
H
O
286 Siderochelin A
OH
N
H
H3C
CONH2
HO
287 Aspergillic acid
N
N
O
OH
288 Itoic acid
OH
OH
O
N
H
CO2H
289 Cepabactin
H3CO
H3C
N
O
OH
81
290 Pyridoxatin
CH3
OH
N
O
OH
CH3
291 Quinolobactin
OCH3
OH
N
O
OH
5. Antibiotic-based Siderophores
292 Ferrimycin
H3N
H3C
HO
HO
H2N
N
O
O
CH3
H NH
HO
HO
N
NH
O
(CH2)
O
HO
N
NH
5
O
(CH2)
HO
N
O
(CH2)
NH
5
O
82
O
CH3
5
293 Salmycin A
HO
HO
N
(CH2)
O
5
O
(CH2)
HO
N
O
HO
N
NH
(CH2)
O
O
H2C
5
NH
5
OH
OH
O
N
O
O
OH
O
HO
O
OH
HO
NH OH
H3C
294 Albomycin δ1 X = O
O
Albomycin δ2 X =
Albomycin ε
CH3
O
HO
N
HO
X = NH
CH3
O
N
NH2
N
O
HO
X
CH3
N
N CH3
OH
H2N
CONH
CONH
CONH
N
O
CO2H S
OH
CONH
OH
83
OH
References for original structural elucidation
Code
Name
Organism
Key Reference
1
Desferrioxamine A1A
Nocardia, sp, Streptomyces sp
Keller-Schierlein, W., Mertens, P., Prelog, V., Walser, A. (1964) Helv. Chim. Acta 48, 710-723
2
Desferrioxamine A1B
Salinispora, tropica
Ejje, N., Soe, C. Z., Gu, J., Codd, R. (2013) Metallomics 5, 1519-1528.
3
Desferrioxamine A2
Nocardia, sp, Streptomyces sp
Keller-Schierlein, W., Mertens, P., Prelog, V., Walser, A. (1964) Helv. Chim. Acta 48, 710-723
4
Desferrioxamine B
Nocardia, sp, Streptomyces sp
Prelog, V., Walser, A. (1962) Helv. Chim. Acta 45, 631-637
5
Desferrioxamine D1
Nocardia, sp, Streptomyces sp
Keller-Schierlein, W., Prelog, V., (1961) Helv. Chim. Acta 44, 709-713
6
Desferrioxamine D2
Nocardia, sp, Streptomyces sp
Keller-Schierlein, W., Mertens, P., Prelog, V., Walser, A. (1964) Helv. Chim. Acta 48, 710-723
7
Desferrioxamine E
Nocardia, sp, Streptomyces sp
Keller-Schierlein, W., Prelog, V., (1963) Helv. Chim. Acta 44, 1981-1983
8
Desferrioxamine G1
Nocardia, sp, Streptomyces sp
Reissbrodt, R., Rabsch, W., Chapeaurouge, A., Jung, G., Winkelmann (1990) Biometals. 3,
54-60
9
Desferrioxamine G2A
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
10
Desferrioxamine G2B
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
11
Desferrioxamine G2C
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
12
Desferrioxamine H
Streptomyces spp
Adapa, S., Huber, P., Keller-Schierlein, W. (1982) Helv. Chim. Acta 65, 1818-1824
84
13
Desferrioxamine N
Salinispora, tropica
Ejje, N., Soe, C. Z., Gu, J., Codd, R. (2013) Metallomics 5, 1519-1528.
14
Desferrioxamine T1
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
15
Desferrioxamine T2
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
16
Desferrioxamine T3
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
17
Desferrioxamine T7
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
18
Desferrioxamine T8
Erwinia amylovora
Feistner, G. J., Gabrik, A. H., Beer, S. V. (1993) Org. Mass. Spectrom. 28, 163-175
19
Desferrioxamine X1
Erwinia amylovora
Meives, J., Fiedler, H-P., Zahner, H., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 32, 505-510
20
Desferrioxamine X2
Erwinia amylovora
Meives, J., Fiedler, H-P., Zahner, H., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 32, 505-510
21
Desferrioxamine X3
Erwinia amylovora
Meives, J., Fiedler, H-P., Zahner, H., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 32, 505-510
22
Desferrioxamine X4
Erwinia amylovora
Meives, J., Fiedler, H-P., Zahner, H., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 32, 505-510
23A
Desferrioxamine Et1
Streptomyces olivaceus
Fiedler, H-P., Meiwes, J., Werner, I., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) J. Chromat. 513,
255-262
23B
Desferrioxamine Et2
Streptomyces olivaceus
Fiedler, H-P., Meiwes, J., Werner, I., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) J. Chromat. 513,
255-262
23C
Desferrioxamine Et3
Streptomyces olivaceus
Fiedler, H-P., Meiwes, J., Werner, I., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) J. Chromat. 513,
255-262
23D
Desferrioxamine Te1
Streptomyces olivaceus
Fiedler, H-P., Meiwes, J., Werner, I., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) J. Chromat. 513,
255-262
85
23E
Desferrioxamine Te2
Streptomyces olivaceus
Fiedler, H-P., Meiwes, J., Werner, I., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) J. Chromat. 513,
255-262
23F
Desferrioxamine Te3
Streptomyces olivaceus
Fiedler, H-P., Meiwes, J., Werner, I., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) J. Chromat. 513,
255-262
24
Desferrioxamine P1
Streptomyces olivaceus
Fiedler, H-P., Meiwes, J., Werner, I., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) J. Chromat. 513,
255-262
25
Ferrichrome
Aspergillus,Penicillium,
Ustilago sp
Emery, T., Neilands J. B. (1961) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 83, 1626-1628
26
Ferrichrome C
Aspergillus, Cryptococcus,
Neurospora sp
Llinas, M., Neilands J. B. (1976) Biophys. Struct. Mech. 2, 105-117
27
Ferricrocin
Aspergillus, Neurospora sp
Keller-Schierlein, W., Deẻr, A. (1963) Helv. Chim. Acta 46, 1907-1920
28
Sake Colorant A
Aspergillus sp
Llinas, M., Neilands J. B. (1976) Biophys. Struct. Mech. 2, 105-117
29
Ferrichrysin
Aspergillus sp
Tadenuma, M., Sato, S., (1967) Agr. Biol. Chem. 31, 1482-1489
30
Ferrichrome A
Ustilago sp
Garibaldi, J. A., Neilands J. B. (1955) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 2429-2430
31
Ferrirubin
Penicillium sp
Keller-Schierlein, W. (1963) 46, 1920-1929
32
Ferrirhodin
Aspergillus sp
Keller-Schierlein, W. (1963) 46, 1920-1929
33
Malonichrome
Fusarium sp
Emery, T. (1980) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 629, 382-390
34
Asperchrome A
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
35
Asperchrome B1
Aspergillus ochraceous
J Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
86
36
Asperchrome B2
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
37
Asperchrome B3
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
38
Asperchrome C
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
39
Asperchrome D1
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
40
Asperchrome D2
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
41
Asperchrome D3
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal M. A. F., Mocharla, R., Barnes, C. L., Hossain, M. B., Powell, D. R., Eng-Wilmot, D. L.,
Grayson, S. L., Benson, B. A., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158, 683-688
42
Asperchrome E
Aspergillus ochraceous
Jalal, M. A. F., Mocharla, R., van der Helm, D. (1984) J. Chromat. 301, 247-252
43
Asperchrome F1
Aspergillus sp
Holinsworth, B., Martin, J. D. (2009) Biometals. 22, 625-632
44
Asperchrome F2
Aspergillus sp
Holinsworth, B., Martin, J. D. (2009) Biometals. 22, 625-632
45
Asperchrome F3
Aspergillus sp
Holinsworth, B., Martin, J. D. (2009) Biometals. 22, 625-632
46
Tetraglycine ferrichrome
Neovossia indica
Deml, G., Voges, K., Jung, G., Winkelmann, G. (1984) FEBS. Letts. 173, 53-57
47
Des(diserylglycyl)ferrirhodin
Aspergillus ochraceus
Jalal, M. A. F., Galles, J. L., van der Helm, D. (1985) J. Org. Chem. 50, 5642-5645
48
Basidiochrome
Ceratobasidium, Rhizoctonia sp
Haselwandter, K., Passler, V., Reiter, S., Schmid, D. G., Nicholson, G., Hentschel, P., Albert, K.,
Winkelmann, G. (2006) Biometals. 19, 335-343
49
Triacetylfusarine
Penicillium sp
Moore, R. E., Emery, T. (1976) Biochem. 15, 2719-2723
87
50
Fusarinine C
Fusarium sp
Diekmann, H., Zähner, H. (1967) Eur. J. Biochem. 3, 213-218
51
Fusarinine B
Fusarium sp
Sayer, J. M., Emery, T. (1968) Biochem. 7, 184-188
52
Neurosporin
Neurospora crassa
Eng-Wilmot, D. L., Rahman, A., Mendenhall, J. V., Grayson, S. L., van der Helm, D. (1984) J.
Amer. Chem. Soc. 106, 1285-1290
53
Coprogen
Neurospora, Penicillium sp
Pidacks, C., Whitehill, A. R., Pruess, L. M., Hesseltine, C. W., Hutchings, B. L., Bohonos, N.,
Williams, J. H. (1953) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75, 6064-6065
54
Coprogen B
(Desacetylcoprogen)
Fusarium, Neurospora sp
Diekmann, H. (1970) Arch. Mikrobiol 73, 65-76
55
Triornicin
(Isoneocoprogen I)
Epicoccum purpurascens
Frederick, C. B., Bently, M. D., Shire, W. (1981) Biochem. 20, 2436-2438
56
Isotriornicin
(Neocoprogen I)
Epicoccum purpurascens
Frederick, C. B., Bently, M. D., Shire, W. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 105, 133-138
57
Neocoprogen II
Curvularia sp
Hossain, M. B., Jalal, M. A. F., Benson, B. A., Barnes, C. L., van der Helm, D. (1987) J. Amer.
Chem. Soc. 109, 4948-4954
58
Dimethylcoprogen
Alternaria, Fusarium sp
Jalal, M. A. F., Love, S. K., van der Helm, D. (1988) Biometals, 1, 4-8
59
Dimethylneocoprogen I
Alternaria longipes
Jalal, M. A. F., Love, S. K., van der Helm, D. (1988) Biometals, 1, 4-8
60
Dimethyltriornicin
Alternaria longipes
Jalal, M. A. F., Love, S. K., van der Helm, D. (1988) Biometals, 1, 4-8
61
Hydroxycopropen
Neurospora sp
Hollinswood, B., Martin, J. D. (2009) Biometals. 22, 625-632
62
Hydroxy-neocoprogen I
Neurospora sp
Hollinswood, B., Martin, J. D. (2009) Biometals. 22, 625-632
63
Hydroxyisoneocoprogen I
Neurospora sp
Hollinswood, B., Martin, J. D. (2009) Biometals. 22, 625-632
64
Palmitoylcoprogen
Neurospora sp
Hollinswood, B., Martin, J. D. (2009) Biometals. 22, 625-632
88
65
Amphibactin B
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
66
Amphibactin C
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
67
Amphibactin D
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
68
Amphibactin E
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
69
Amphibactin F
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
70
Amphibactin G
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
71
Amphibactin H
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
72
Amphibactin I
Vibrio sp
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
73
Amphibactin S
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014) Metallomics 6,
1150-1155.
74
Amphibactin T
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014) Metallomics 6,
1150-1155.
75
Moanachelins gly-B
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014) Metallomics 6,
1150-1155.
76
Moanachelins ala-B
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014) Metallomics 6,
1150-1155.
77
Moanachelins gly-D
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014) Metallomics 6,
1150-1155.
89
78
Moanachelins ala-D
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014) Metallomics 6,
1150-1155.
79
Moanachelins gly-E
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014) Metallomics 6,
1150-1155.
80
Ferrocin A
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Katayama, N., Nozaki, Y., Okonogi, K., Harada, S., Ono, H. (1993) J. Antibiot. 46, 65-70
81
Coelichelin
Streptomyces aizunensis
Lautru, S., Deeth, R. J., Bailey, L. M., Challis, G. L. (2005) Nat. Chem. Biol. 1, 265-269
82
Exochelin MS
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Sharman, G. J., Williams, D. H., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1995) Biochem. J. 305, 187-196
83
Vicibactin
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Dilworth, M. J., Carson, K. C., Giles, R. G. F., Byrne, L. T., Glenn, A. R. (1998) Microbiology.
144, 781-791
84
Enterobactin
(Enterochelin)
Klebisella, sp, Enterobacter,
Erwinia sp
Pollock, J. R., Neilands, J. B. (1970) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 38, 989-992
O Brian, G., Gibson, F. (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 215, 393-402
85
Agrobactin
Agrobacterium sp
Peterson, T., Falk, K. E., Leong, S. A., Klein, M. P., Neilands, J. B. (1980) J. Amer. Chem. Soc.
102, 7715-7718
86
Parabactin
Paracoccus denitrificans
Peterson, T., Falk, K. E., Leong, S. A., Klein, M. P., Neilands, J. B. (1980) J. Amer. Chem. Soc.
102, 7715-7718
87
Fluvibactin
Vibrio fluvialis
Yamamoto, S., Okujo, N., Fujita, Y., Saito, M., Yoshida, T., Shinoda, S. (1993) J. Biochem
(Tokyo). 113, 538-544
88
Agrobactin A
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Peterson, T., Falk, K. E., Leong, S. A., Klein, M. P., Neilands, J. B. (1980) J. Amer. Chem. Soc.
102, 7715-7718
89
Parabactin A
Paracoccus denitrificans
Tait, G. H. (1975) Biochem. J. 146, 191-204
90
Vibriobactin
Vibrio cholerae
Griffiths, G. L., Sigel, S. P., Payne, S. M., Neilands, J. B. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 383-385
91
Vulnibactin
Vibrio vulnificus
Okujo, N., Saito, M., Yamamoto, S., Yoshida, T., Miyoshi, S., Shinoda. (1994) Biometals. 7,
109-116
90
92
Protochelin
Azotobacter vinelandii
Taraz, K., Ehlert, G., Geiseh, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Korth, H., Pulverer, G. (1990) Z.
Naturforsch. 45b, 1325-1332
93
Corynebactin
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Budzikievicz, H., Bossenkamp, A., Taraz, K., Pandey, A., Meyer, J-M. (1997) Z. Naturforsch.
52c, 551-554
94
Bacillibactin
Bacillus subtilis
May, J. J., Wendrich, T. M., Marahiel, M. A. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 7209-7217
95
Salmochelin S4
Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enterica
Bister, B., Bischoff, D., Nicholson, G. J., Valdebenito, M., Schneider, K., Winkelmann, G.,
Hanke, K., Sussmuth, R. D. (2004) Biometals. 17, 471-481
96
Salmochelin S2
Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enterica
Bister, B., Bischoff, D., Nicholson, G. J., Valdebenito, M., Schneider, K., Winkelmann, G.,
Hanke, K., Sussmuth, R. D. (2004) Biometals. 17, 471-481
97
Monoglucosylated
Enterobactin (MGE)
Synthetic Origin
Zheng, T., Bullock, J. L., Nolan, E. M. (2012) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 18388-18400.
98
Amphi-enterobactin
Vibrio harveyi
Zane, H. K., Naka, H., Rosconi, F., Sandy, M., Haygood, M. G. (2014) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136,
5615-5618.
99
Amphi-enterobactin
C12-OH
Vibrio harveyi
Zane, H. K., Naka, H., Rosconi, F., Sandy, M., Haygood, M. G. (2014) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136,
5615-5618.
100
Rhizoferrin
Zygomycetes sp
Thieken, A., Winkelmann, G. (1992) FEMS. Microbiol. Lett. 94, 37-42
100A
-100E
Rhizoferrin analogues
Cunninghamella elegans
Drechsel, H., Tschierske, M., Thieken, A., Jung, G., Zähner, H., Winkelmann, G. (1995) J.
Industr. Microbiol. 14, 105-112
101
Enantio Rhizoferrin
Ralstonia pickettii
Münzinger, M., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Drechsel, H., Heymann, P., Winkelmann, G.,
Meyer, J-M. (1999) Biometals. 12, 189-193
102
Staphyloferrin A
Staphylococcus aureus
Meiwes, J., Fiedler, H-P., Haag, H., Zähner, H., Konetschny-Rapp, S., Jung, G. (1990) FEMS.
Microbiol. Lett. 67, 201-206
103
Vibrioferrin
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Yamamoto, S., Okujo, N., Yoshida, T., Matsuura, S., Shinoda, S. (1994) J. Biochem(Tokyo). 115,
868-874
104
Achromobactin
Pectobacterium sp
Schmelz, S., Kadi, N., McMahon, S. A., Song, L., Oves-Costales, D., Oke, M., Liu, H., Johnson,
91
K. A., Carter, L. G., Botting, C. H., White, M. F., Challis, G. L., Naismith, J. H. (2009) Nat.
Chem. Biol. 5, 174-182
105
Mycobactin P
Mycobacterium phlei
Snow, G. A. (1954) J. Chem. Soc. 2588-2596; 4080-4093
106
Mycobactin A
Mycobacterium aurum
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
107
Mycobactin F
Mycobacterium fortuitum
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
108
Mycobactin H
Mycobacterium thermoresistible
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
109
Mycobactin M
Mycobacterium marinum
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
110
Mycobactin N
Mycobacterium marinum
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
111
Mycobactin R
Mycobacterium terrae
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
112
Mycobactin S
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
113
Mycobactin T
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
114
Mycobactin Av
Mycobacterium avium
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
115
Mycobactin NA
(Nocobactin)
Nocardia asteroides
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
116
Mycobactin J
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Luo, M., Fadeev, E. A., Groves, J. T. (2005) Nat. New. Biol. 1, 149-153
117
Formobactin
Nocardia sp
Snow, G. A. (1970) Bacterial Rev. 34, 99-125
92
Barclay, R., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 896-903
118
Carboxymycobactin
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Lane, S. J., Marshall, P. S., Upton, R. J., Ratledge, C. (1998) Biometals. 11, 13-20
119
Carboxymycobactin 1
Mycobacterium avium
Lane, S. J., Marshall, P. S., Upton, R. J., Ratledge, C., Ewing, M. (1995) Tetrahedron. Letts. 36,
4129-4132
Wong, D. K., Gobin, J., Horwitz, M. A., Gibson, B. W. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 6394-6398.
120
Carboxymycobactin 2
Mycobacterium avium
Lane, S. J., Marshall, P. S., Upton, R. J., Ratledge, C., Ewing, M. (1995) Tetrahedron. Letts. 36,
4129-4132
121
Carboxymycobactin 3
Mycobacterium avium
Lane, S. J., Marshall, P. S., Upton, R. J., Ratledge, C., Ewing, M. (1995) Tetrahedron. Letts. 36,
4129-4132
122
Carboxymycobactin 4
Mycobacterium avium
Lane, S. J., Marshall, P. S., Upton, R. J., Ratledge, C., Ewing, M. (1995) Tetrahedron. Letts. 36,
4129-4132
123
Pyoverdin 6.1
(Pseudobactin)
Pseudomonas sp
Teintze, M., Houssain, M. B., Barnes, C. L., Leong, J., van der Helm, D. (1981) Biochem. 20,
6446-6457
124
Pyoverdin 6.2
Pseudomonas putida
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
125
Pyoverdin 6.3
(Pyoverdin Thai)
Pseudomonas putida
Ruangviriyachai, C., Uria-Fernandez, D., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Spectroscopy.
18, 453-458
126
Pyoverdin 6.4
(Pyoverdin 9AW)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Budzikiewicz, H., Kilz, S., Taraz, K., Meyer, J-M. (1997) Z. Naturforsch. 52c, 721-728
127
Pyoverdin 6.5
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Ruangviriyachai, C., Fernandez, D. U., Fuchs, R., Meyer, J-M. (2001) Z. Naturforsch. 56c,
933-938
128
Pyoverdin 6.6
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Barelmann, I., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Geoffroy, V. A., Meyer, J-M. (2002) Z. Naturforsch
57c, 9-16
129
Isopyoverdin 6.7
(Isopyoverdin BTP1)
Pseudomonas putida
Jacques, P., Ongena, M., Gwose, I., Seinsche, D., Schroder, H., Delfosse, P., Thonard, P., Taraz,
K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1995) Z. Naturforsch. 50c, 622-629
93
130
Pyoverdin 6.8
Pseudomonas sp
Budzikiewicz, H., Schäfer, M., Fernandez, D. U., Meyer, J-M. (2006) Z. Naturforsch.
61c,815-820
131
Pyoverdin 7.1
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Budzikiewicz, H., Schroder, H., Taraz, K. (1992) Z. Naturforsch. 47c, 26-32
132
Pyoverdin 7.2
(Pyoverdin BTP2)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Ongena, M., Jacques, P., Thonart, P., Gwose, I., Fernandez, D. U., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz,
H. (2001) Tetrahedron Letts. 42, 5849-5851
133
Pyoverdin 7.3
(Pyoverdin G + R)
Pseudomonas putida
Salah-el-Din, A. L. M., Kyslic, P., Stephan, D., Abdallah, M. A. (1997) Tetrahedron 53,
12539-12552
134
Pyoverdin 7.4
(Pyoverdin PVD)
Pseudomonas sp
Vossen, W., Taraz, K. (1999) Biometals. 12, 323-329
135
Pyoverdin 7.5
(Pyoverdin TII)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Tappe, R., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Meyer, J-M., Lefevre, J. F. (1993) J. Prakt. Chem. 335,
83-87
136
Pyoverdin 7.6
Pseudomonas libanensis
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
137
Pyoverdin 7.7
Pseudomonas cichorii
Bultreys, A., Gheyse, I., Wathelet, B., Schafer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Z. Naturforsch.
59c, 613-618
138
Pyoverdin 7.8
(Pyoverdin PL8)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Barelmann, I., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Geoffroy, V. A., Meyer, J-M. (2002) Z. Naturforsch
57c, 9-16
139
Pyoverdin 7.9
(Pyoverdin 11370)
Pseudomonas putida
Budzikiewicz, H., Fernandez, D. U., Fuchs, R., Michalke, R., Taraz, K., Ruangviriyachai, C.
(1999) Z. Naturforsch. 54c, 1021-1026
140
Pyoverdin 7.10
Pseudomonas sp
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
141
Pyoverdin 7.11
(Pyoverdin 19310)
Pseudomonas syringae
Jülich, M., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Geoffroy, V., Meyer, J-M., Gardan, L. (2001) Z.
Naturforsch. 56c, 687-694
142
Pyoverdin 7.12
(Pyoverdin 13525)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Hohineicher, U., Hartmann, R., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1995) Z. Naturforsch. 50c,
337-344
94
143
Isopyoverdin 7.13
(Isopyoverdin 90-33)
Pseudomonas putida
Sultana, R., Siddiqui, B. S., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Meyer, J-M. (2001) Tetrahedron 57,
1019-1023
144
Pyoverdin 7.14
(Pyoverdin R`)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gipp, S., Hahn, J., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1991) Z. Naturforsch. 46c, 534-541
145
Pyoverdin 7.15
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Uria-Fernandez, D., Fuchs, R., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2003) Z. Naturforsch. 58c, 1-10
146
Pyoverdin 7.16
(Pyoverdin 96-312)
Pseudomonas sp
Schlegel, K., Fuchs, R., Schäfer, M., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (2001) Z. Naturforsch. 56c,
680-686
147
Pyoverdin 7.17
Pseudomonas sp
Schäfer, M., Fuchs, R., Budzikiewicz, H., Springer, A., Meyer, J-M., Linscheid, M. (2006) J.
Mass. Spectrom. 41, 1162-1170
148
Pyoverdin 7.18
Pseudomonas sp
Weber, M., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Geoffroy, V., Meyer, J-M. (2000) Biometals. 13,
301-309
149
Pyoverdin 7.19
Pseudomonas sp
Uria-Fernandez, D., Geoffroy, V., Schäfer, M., Meyer, J-M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2003) Monatsh.
Chem. 134, 1421-1431
150
Pyoverdin 8.1
(Pyoverdin A214)
Pseudomonas putida
Uria-Fernandez, D., Geoffroy, V., Schäfer, M., Meyer, J-M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2003) Monatsh.
Chem. 134, 1421-1431
151
Pyoverdin 8.2
(Pyoverdin P19)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Uria-Fernandez, D., Fuchs, R., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2003) Z. Naturforsch. 58c, 1-10
152
Pyoverdin 8.3
(Pyoverdin D-TR133)
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Barelmann, I., Fernandez, D. U., Budzikiewicz, H., Meyer, J-M. (2003) Biometals. 16, 263-270
153
Pyoverdin 8.4
(Pyoverdin 90-51)
Pseudomonas putida
Sultana, R., Siddiqui, B. S., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Meyer, J-M. (2000) Biometals. 13,
147-152
154
Pyoverdin 8.5
Pseudomonas sp
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
155
Pyoverdin 8.6
(Pyoverdin 96-318)
Pseudomonas sp
Schlegel, K., Fuchs, R., Schäfer, M., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Geoffroy, V., Meyer, J-M.
(2001) Z. Naturforsch. 56c, 680-686
95
156
Pyoverdin 8.7
(Pyoverdin I-III)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 87, 81-237
157
Pyoverdin 8.8
(Pyoverdin CHAO)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Wong-Lun-Sang, S., Bernardini, J. J., Hennard, C., Kyslic, P., Dell, A., Abdallah, M. A. (1996)
Tetrahedron. Letts. 37, 3329-3332
158
Pyoverdin 8.9
(Pyoverdin E)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Briskot, G., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1989) Liebigs Ann. Chem. 375-384
159
Pyoverdin 9.1
Pseudomonas sp
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
160
Pyoverdin 9.2
(Pyoverdin Pau)
Pseudomonas aureofaciens
Beiderbeck, H., Risse, D., Budzikiewicz, H., Taraz, K. (1999) Z. Naturforsch. 54c, 1-5
161
Pyoverdin 9.3
Pseudomonas monteilii
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
162
Pyoverdin 9.4
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
163
Pyoverdin 9.5
(Pyoverdin 2392)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Beiderbeck, H., Taraz, K., Meyer, J-M. (1999) Biometals. 12, 331-338
164
Pyoverdin 9.6
Pseudomonas putida
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
165
Pyoverdin 9.7
(Pseudobactin 589A)
Pseudomonas putida
Persmark, M., Frejd, T., Mattiasson, B. (1990) Biochem. 29, 7348-7356
166
Pyoverdin 9.8
(Pyoverdin 2461)
Pseudomonas putida
Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 87, 81-237
167
Pyoverdin 9.9
Pseudomonas putida
Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 87, 81-237
168
Pyoverdin 9.10
(Pyoverdin 95-275)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Sultana, B., Fuchs, R., Schmickler, H., Schlegel, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Siddiqui, B. S.,
Geoffroy, V., Meyer, J-M. (2000) Z. Naturforsch. 55c, 857-865
96
169
Pyoverdin 9.11
(Pyoverdin C)
Pseudomonas putida
Seinsche, D., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Gondol, D. (1993) J. Prakt. Chem. 335, 157-168
170
Pyoverdin 9.12
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
171
Pyoverdin 10.1
(Pyoverdin 2798)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Demange, P., Bateman, A., Mertz, C., Dell, A., Piemont, Y., Abdullah, M. (1990) Biochem. 29,
11041-11051
172
Pyoverdin 10.2
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Georgias, H., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Geoffroy, V., Meyer, J-M. (1999) Z. Naturforsch.
54c, 301-308
173
Pyoverdin 10.3
(Pyoverdin 17400)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Demange, P., Bateman, A., Mertz, C., Dell, A., Piemont, Y., Abdullah, M. (1990) Biochem. 29,
11041-11051
174
Pyoverdin 10.4
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
175
Pyoverdin 10.5
(Pyoverdin 18-1)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Amann, C., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Meyer, J-M. (2000) Z. Naturforsch. 55c, 671-680
176
Pyoverdin 10.6
(Pyoverdin 1, 2)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gwose, J., Taraz, K., (1992) Z. Naturforsch. 47c, 487-502
177
Isopyoverdin 10.7
(Isopyoverdin 90-44)
Pseudomonas putida
Sultana, R., Siddiqui, B. S., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H., Meyer, J-M. (2001) Z. Naturforsch.
56c, 303-307
178
Pyoverdin 10.8
Pseudomonas rhodesiae
Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 87, 81-237
179
Pyoverdin 10.9
(Pyoverdin 2192)
Pseudomonas tolaasii
Demange, P., Bateman, A., Mertz, C., Dell, A., Piemont, Y., Abdullah, M. (1990) Biochem. 29,
11041-11051
180
Pyoverdin 10.10
Pseudomonas putida
Meyer, J-M., Gruffaz, C., Raharinosy, V., Bezverbnaya, I., Schäfer, M., Budzikiewicz, H. (2008)
Biometals. 21, 259-271
181
Pyoverdin 11.1
(Pyoverdin 51W)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Voss, J., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1999) Z. Naturforsch. 54c, 156-162
97
182
Pyoverdin 11.2
(pyoverdin 12)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Geisen, K., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1992) Monatsh. Chem. 123, 151-178
183
Pyoverdin 12.1
(Pyoverdin GM)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Mohn, G., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1990) Z. Naturforsch. 45b, 1437-1450
184
Pyoverdin 12.2
(Pyoverdin 1547)
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Ruangviriyachai, C., Barelmann, I., Fuchs, R., Budzikiewicz, H. (2000) Z. Naturforsch. 55c,
323-327
185
Azoverdin
Azomonas macrocytogenes
Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 87, 81-237
186
Azotobactin 87
Azotobacter agile
Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 87, 81-237
187
Azotobactin D
Azotobacter vinelandi
Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 87, 81-237
188
Heterobactin A
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Carrano, C. J., Jordan, M., Drechsel, H., Schmid, D. G., Winkelmann, G. (2001) Biometals. 14,
119-125
189
Ornibactin – C4
Burkholderia cepacia
Holger, S., Freund, S., Meyer, J-M., Winkelmann, G., Jung, G. (1993) Liebigs. Ann. Chem. 43-48
190
Ornibactin – C6
Burkholderia cepacia
Holger, S., Freund, S., Meyer, J-M., Winkelmann, G., Jung, G. (1993) Liebigs. Ann. Chem. 43-48
191
Ornibactin – C8
Burkholderia cepacia
Holger, S., Freund, S., Meyer, J-M., Winkelmann, G., Jung, G. (1993) Liebigs. Ann. Chem. 43-48
192
Aquachelin A
Halomonas aquamarina
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
193
Aquachelin B
Halomonas aquamarina
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
194
Aquachelin C
Halomonas aquamarina
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
195
Aquachelin D
Halomonas aquamarina
Martinez, J. S., Carter-Franklin, J. N., Mann, E. L., Martin, J. D., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 100, 3754-3759
98
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014)
Metallomics 6, 1150
Kem, M. P., Zane, H. K., Springer, S. D., Gauglitz, J. M. and Butler, A. (2014)
Metallomics 6, 1150
196
Aquachelin I
197
Aquachelin J
198
Marinobactin A
Marinobacter sp
Martinz, J. S., Zhang, G. P., Holt, P. D., Jung, H-T, Carrano, C. J., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2000) Science 287, 1245-1247
199
Marinobactin B
Marinobacter sp
Martinz, J. S., Zhang, G. P., Holt, P. D., Jung, H-T, Carrano, C. J., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2000) Science 287, 1245-1247
200
Marinobactin C
Marinobacter sp
Martinz, J. S., Zhang, G. P., Holt, P. D., Jung, H-T, Carrano, C. J., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2000) Science 287, 1245-1247
201
Marinobactin D1
Marinobacter sp
Martinz, J. S., Zhang, G. P., Holt, P. D., Jung, H-T, Carrano, C. J., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2000) Science 287, 1245-1247
202
Marinobactin D2
Marinobacter sp
Martinz, J. S., Zhang, G. P., Holt, P. D., Jung, H-T, Carrano, C. J., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2000) Science 287, 1245-1247
203
Marinobactin E
Marinobacter sp
Martinz, J. S., Zhang, G. P., Holt, P. D., Jung, H-T, Carrano, C. J., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A.
(2000) Science 287, 1245-1247
204
Loihichelin A
Halomonas LOB-5
Homann, V. V., Sandy, M., Tincu, A., Templeton, A., Tebo, B., Butler, A. (2009) J. Nat. Prod.
72, 884-888
205
Loihichelin B
Halomonas LOB-5
Homann, V. V., Sandy, M., Tincu, A., Templeton, A., Tebo, B., Butler, A. (2009) J. Nat. Prod.
72, 884-888
206
Loihichelin C
Halomonas LOB-5
Homann, V. V., Sandy, M., Tincu, A., Templeton, A., Tebo, B., Butler, A. (2009) J. Nat. Prod.
72, 884-888
207
Loihichelin D
Halomonas LOB-5
Homann, V. V., Sandy, M., Tincu, A., Templeton, A., Tebo, B., Butler, A. (2009) J. Nat. Prod.
72, 884-888
208
Loihichelin E
Halomonas LOB-5
Homann, V. V., Sandy, M., Tincu, A., Templeton, A., Tebo, B., Butler, A. (2009) J. Nat. Prod.
72, 884-888
99
209
Loihichelin F
Halomonas LOB-5
Homann, V. V., Sandy, M., Tincu, A., Templeton, A., Tebo, B., Butler, A. (2009) J. Nat. Prod.
72, 884-888
210
Taiwachelin
Cupriavidos taiwanensis
Kreutzer, M. F., Nett, M. (2012) Org. Biomol. Chem. 10, 9338-9343.
211
Schizokinen
Bacillus megaterium
Mullis, K. B., Pollack, J. R., Neilands, J. B. (1971) Biochem. 10, 4894-4898
212
Aerobactin
Aerobacter aerogenes
Gibson, F., Magrath, D. I. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 192, 175-184
213
Arthrobactin
Arthrobacter pascens
Linke, W. D., Crueger, A., Diekmann, H. (1972) Arch. Mikrobiol. 85, 44-50
214
Rhizobactin 1021
Rhizobium meliloti
Persmark, M., Pittman, P., Buyer, J. S., Schwyn, B., Gill, P. R., Neilands, J. B. (1993) J. Amer.
Chem. Soc. 115, 3950-3956
215
Nannochelin A
Nannocystis exedens
Kunze, B., Trowitzsch, W., Hӧfle, G., Reichenbach, H. (1992) J. Antibiot. 45, 147-150
216
Nannochelin B
Nannocystis exedens
Kunze, B., Trowitzsch, W., Hӧfle, G., Reichenbach, H. (1992) J. Antibiot. 45, 147-150
217
Nannochelin C
Nannocystis exedens
Kunze, B., Trowitzsch, W., Hӧfle, G., Reichenbach, H. (1992) J. Antibiot. 45, 147-150
218
Acinetoferrin
Acinetobacter haemolyticus
Okujo, N., Sakakibara, Y., Yoshida, T., Yamamoto, S. (1994) Biometals. 7, 170-176
219
Ochrobactin A
Ochrobactrum SP18
Martin, J. D., Ito, Y., Homann, V. V., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A. (2006) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 11,
633-641
220
Ochrobactin B
Ochrobactrum SP18
Martin, J. D., Ito, Y., Homann, V. V., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A. (2006) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 11,
633-641
221
Ochrobactin C
Ochrobactrum SP18
Martin, J. D., Ito, Y., Homann, V. V., Haygood, M. G., Butler, A. (2006) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 11,
633-641
222
Snychobactin A
Synechococcus PCC7002
Ito, Y., Butler, A. (2005) Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1918-1923
223
Snychobactin B
Synechococcus PCC7002
Ito, Y., Butler, A. (2005) Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1918-1923
100
224
Snychobactin C
Synechococcus PCC7002
Ito, Y., Butler, A. (2005) Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1918-1923
225
Mugineic acid
Hordium vulgare
Takemota, T., Nomoto, K., Fushiya, S., Ouchi, R., Kusano, G., Hikino, H., Takagi, S., Matsuura,
Y., Kakudo, M. (1978) Proc. Japan. Acad. 54B, 469-473
226
3-Hydroxymugineic acid
Hordium vulgare
Nomoto, K., Ohfune, Y. (1982) J. Syn. Org. Chem. Japan 40, 401-406
227
2`-Deoxymugineic acid
Triticum aestivum
Nomoto, K., Yoshioka, H., Arima, M., Takemoto, T., Fushiya, S., Takagi, S. (1981) Chimia. 35,
249-254
228
Avenic acid
Avena sativa
Fushiya, S., Sato, Y., Nozoe, S., Nomoto, K., Takemoto, T., Takagi, S. (1980) Tetrahedron Letts.
21, 3071-3072
229
Distichonic acid
Hordium vulgare
Nomoto, K., Ohfune, Y. (1982) J. Syn. Org. Chem. Japan 40, 401-406
230
Deoxydistichonic acid
Oriza sativa
Klair, S., Hider, R. C., Adams, M. Z., Leigh, R. A. (1996) J. Plant. Nutrit. 19, 1295-1307
231
Rhizobactin
Rhizobium meliloti
Smith, M. J., Shoolery, J. N., Schwyn, B., Holden, I., Neilands, J. B. (1985) J. Amer. Chem. Soc.
107, 1739-1743
232
Staphyloferrin B
Staphylococcus hyicus
Drechsel, H., Freund, S., Nicholson, G., Haag, H., Zähner, H., Hanke, K., Jung, G. (1993)
Biometals. 6, 185-192
233
Alterobactin A
Alteromonas luteoviolacea
Reid, R. T., Live, D. H., Faulkner, D. J., Butler, A. (1993) Nature 366, 455-458
234
Alterobactin B
Alteromonas luteoviolacea
Reid, R. T., Live, D. H., Faulkner, D. J., Butler, A. (1993) Nature 366, 455-458
235
Pseudoalterobactin A
Pseuodoalteromonas sp
Kanoh, K., Kamino, K., Leleo, G., Adachi, K., Shizuri, Y. (2003) J. Antibiot. 10, 871-875
236
Pseudoalterobactin B
Pseuodoalteromonas sp
Kanoh, K., Kamino, K., Leleo, G., Adachi, K., Shizuri, Y. (2003) J. Antibiot. 10, 871-875
237
Petrobactin
Marinobacter
hydrocarbonoclasticus
Barbeau, K., Zhang, G., Live, D. H., Butler, A. (2002) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 124, 378-379
101
238
Petrobactin sulphonate
Marinobacter
hydrocarbonoclasticus
Hickford, S. J. H., Küpper, F. C., Zhang, G., Carrano, C. J., Blunt, J. W., Butler, A. (2004) J.
Nat. Prod. 67, 1897-1899
239
Petrobactin disulphonate
Marinobacter
hydrocarbonoclasticus
Homann, V. V., Edwards, K. J., Webb, E. A., Butler, A. (2009) Biometals. 22, 565-571
240
Fusarinine A
Fusarium roseum
Sayer, J. M., Emery, T. F. (1968) Biochem. 7, 184-190
241
Exochelin MN
Mycobacterium neoaurum
Sharman, G., Willians, D. H., Ewing, D. F., Ratledge, C. (1995) Chem. Biol. 2, 553-561
242
Ornicorrugatin
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Matthijs, S., Budzikiewicz, H., Schäfer, M., Wathelet, B., Cornelis, P. (2008) Z. Naturforsch
63c, 8-12
243
Maduraferrin
Actinomadura madurae
Keller-Schierlein, W., Hagmann, L., Zähner, H., Huhn, W. (1988) Helv. Chim. Acta 71,
1528-1540
244
Alcaligin
Bordetella pertussis
Moore, C. H., Foster, L-A., Gerbig, D. G., Dyer, D. W., Gibson, B. W. (1995) J. Bacter. 177,
1116-1118
245
Putrebactin
Shewanella putrefaciens
Ledyard, K. M., Butler, A. (1997) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2, 93-97
246
Bisucaberin
Alteromonas haloplanktis
Kameyama, T., Takahashi, A., Kurasawa, S., Ishizuka, M., Okami, Y., Takechi, T., Umezawa, U.
(1987) J. Antibiot. 40, 1664-1669
247
E,E-putrebactene
Shewanella, putrefaciens
248
E-putrebactene
Shewanella, putrefaciens
249
Rhodotrulic acid
Rhodotorula pilimanae
Atkin, C. L., Neilands, J. B. (1968) Biochem. 7, 3734-3739
250
Dimerum acid
Fasarium dimerum
Diekmann, H. (1970) Arch. Mikrobiol. 73, 65-76
251
Amycolachrome
Amycolatopsis orientalis
Fiedler, H-P, Zähner, H. (2001) in Microbial Fundamentals of Biotechnology (V Braun, F Gӧtz
Eds) Wiley-VCH PP 16-51
Soe, C. Z., Codd, R. (2014) ACS Chem. Biol. 9, 945
Soe, C. Z., Codd, R. (2014) ACS Chem. Biol. 9, 945
102
252
Azotochelin
(Azotobactin)
Azotobacter vinelandii
Corbin, S. L., Bulen, W. A. (1969) Biochem. 8, 757-762
253
Myxochelin
Angiococcus disciformis
Kunze, B., Bedorf, N., Kohl, W., Hӧfle, G., Reichenbach, H. (1989) J. Antibiot. 42, 14-17
254
Amonabactin T789
Aeromonus hydrophila
Telford, J. R., Raymond, K. N. (1998) Inorganic. Chem. 37, 4578-4583
255
Amonabactin P750
Aeromonus hydrophila
Telford, J. R., Raymond, K. N. (1998) Inorganic. Chem. 37, 4578-4583
256
Amonabactin T732
Aeromonus hydrophila
Telford, J. R., Raymond, K. N. (1998) Inorganic. Chem. 37, 4578-4583
257
Amonabactin P693
Aeromonus hydrophila
Telford, J. R., Raymond, K. N. (1998) Inorganic. Chem. 37, 4578-4583
258
Salmochelin S1
Salmonella enterica
Bister, B., Bischoff, D., Nicholson, G. J., Valdebenito, M., Schneider, K., Winkelmann, G.,
Hanke, K., Süssmuth, R. D. (2004) Biometals. 17, 471-481
259
Serratiochelin
Serratia marcescens
Ehlert, G., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (1974) Z. Naturforsch. 49c, 11-17
260
Anachelin 1
Anabaena cylindrica
Beiderbeck, H., Taraz, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (2000) Z. Naturforsch. 55c, 681-687
261
Anachelin 2
Anabaena cylindrica
Gademann, K., Budzikiewicz, H. (2004) Chimia. 58, 212-214
262
Pistillarin
Penicillium bilaii
Capon, R. J., Stewart, M., Ratnayake, R. (2007) J. Nat. Prod. 70, 1746-1752
263
Anguibactin
Vibrio anguillarium
Actis, L. A., Fish, W., Crosa, J. H., Kellerman, K., Ellenberger, S. R., Hauser, F. M.,
SandersLoehr (1986) J. Bacter. 167, 57-65
264
Acinetobactin
Acinetobacter baumannii
Yamamoto, S., Okuio, N., Sakakibara, Y. (1994) Arch. Microbiol. 162, 249-254
265
Yersiniabactin
Yersinia enterocolitica
Drechsel, H., Stephan, H., Lotz, R., Haag, H., Zähner, H., Hanke, K., Jung, G. (1995) Liebig.
Ann. Chem. 1725-1733
266
Micacocidin
Pseudomonas sp
Kobayashi, S., Nakai, H., Ikenishi, Y., Sun, W-Y., Ozaki, M., Hayase, Y., Takeda, R. (1998) J.
Antibiot. 51, 328-332
103
267
Fusarinine (monomer)
Laccaria laccata
L. bicolor
Haselwandter, K., Häninger, G., Ganzera, M., Haas, H., Nicholson, G., Winkelmann, G. (2013)
Biometals 26, 969-979.
268
Deoxyschizokinen
Bacillus megaterium
Hu, X., Boyer, G. L. (1995) Biometals. 8, 357-364
269
Heterobactin B
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Carrano, C. J., Jordan, M., Drechsel, H., Schmid, D. G., Winkelmann, G. (2001) Biometals. 14,
119-125
270
Fimsbactin A
Acinetobacter baumannii
A. baylyl
Proschak, A., Lubuta, P., Grün, P., Löhr, F., Wilharm, G., De Berardinis, V., Bode, H. B. (2013)
Chem. BioChem. 14, 633-638.
271
Fimsbactin B
Acinetobacter baumannii
A. baylyl
Proschak, A., Lubuta, P., Grün, P., Löhr, F., Wilharm, G., De Berardinis, V., Bode, H. B. (2013)
Chem. BioChem. 14, 633
272
Fimsbactin C
Acinetobacter baumannii
A. baylyl
Proschak, A., Lubuta, P., Grün, P., Löhr, F., Wilharm, G., De Berardinis, V., Bode, H. B. (2013)
Chem. BioChem. 14, 633
273
Fimsbactin D
Acinetobacter baumannii
A. baylyl
Proschak, A., Lubuta, P., Grün, P., Löhr, F., Wilharm, G., De Berardinis, V., Bode, H. B. (2013)
Chem. BioChem. 14, 633
274
Fimsbactin E
Acinetobacter baumannii
A. baylyl
Proschak, A., Lubuta, P., Grün, P., Löhr, F., Wilharm, G., De Berardinis, V., Bode, H. B. (2013)
Chem. BioChem. 14, 633
275
Fimsbactin F
Acinetobacter baumannii
A. baylyl
Proschak, A., Lubuta, P., Grün, P., Löhr, F., Wilharm, G., De Berardinis, V., Bode, H. B. (2013)
Chem. BioChem. 14, 633
276
Desferrithiocin
Streptomyces antibioticus
Naegeli, H., Zähner, H. (1980) Helv. Chim. Acta 61, 2088-2095
277
Aeruginic acid
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Yamada, Y., Seki, N., Kitahara, T., Takahasi, M., Matsui, M. (1970) Agr. Biol. Chem. 34,
780-783
278
Pyochelin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Cox, C. D., Rinehart, K. L., Moore, M. L., Cook, J. C. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 78,
4256-4260
279
Thiazostatin
Streptomyces tolurosus
Shindo, K., Takenaka, A., Noguchi, T., Hayakawa, Y., Seto, H. (1989) J. Antibiotic. 62,
1526-1528
280
Enantio-Pyochelin
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Youard, Z., Reimmann, C. (2008) Biometals 2008. (Santiago de Compostela, Spain) Abstract
104
P17.
281
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Hantke, K. (1990) FEMS. Microbiol. Letts. 67, 5-8
282
Salmochelin SX
Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enterica
Bister, B., Bischoff, D., Nicholson, G. J., Valdebenito, M., Schneider, K., Winkelmann, G.,
Hanke, K., Sussmuth, R. D. (2004) Biometals. 17, 471-481
283
Citrate
Escherichia coli
Braun,. V., Enz, S., (2001) Microbial Fundamentals of Biotechology, eds. V. Braun and F. Götz,
wiley-VCH, Weinheim, ch. 11, pp 205-211.
284
Chrysobactin
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Persmark, M., Expert, D., Neilands, J. B. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 3187-3193
285
Aminochelin
Azotobacter vinelandi
Page, W. J., Tigerstrӧm, M. (1988) J. Gen. Microbiol. 134, 453-460
286
Siderochelin A
Nocardia sp
Liu, W., Fisher, S., Wells, J. S., Ricca, C. S., Principe, P. A., Trejo, W. H., Bonner, D. P.,
Gougoutos, J. Z., Poeplitz, B., Sykes, R. B. (1981) J. Antibiot. 34, 791-799
287
Aspergillic acid
Aspergillus flavus
Barker, W. R., Callaghan, C., Hill, L., Noble, D., Acred, P., Harper, P. B., Sowa, M. A., Fletton,
R. A. (1979) J. Antibiotic 32, 1096-1103
288
Itoic acid
Bacillus subtilis
Ito, T., Neilands, J. B. (1958) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 4645-4647
289
Cepabactin
Pseudomonas cepacia
Winkler, S., Ockels, W., Budzikiewicz, H., Korth, K., Pulverer, G. (1986) Z. Naturforsch. 41c,
807-808
290
Pyridoxatin
Acremonium sp
Teshima, Y., Shinya, K., Shimazu, A., Furihata, K., Chul, H. S., Hayakawa, Y., Naqai, K. (1991)
J. Antibiot. 44, 685-687
291
Quinolobactin
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Mossialos, D., Meyer, J-m., Budzikiewicz, H., Wolff, U., Koedam, N., Baysse, C., Anjaiah, V.,
Cornelis, P. (2000) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 487-492
Streptomyces griseoflavus
Bickel, H., Mertens, P., Prelog, V., Seibl, J., Walser, A. (1996) Tetrahedron, Supplement 8,
171-179.
Neilands, J. B., Valenta, J. R. in Metal Ions in Biological Systems, ed. H. Sigel and A. Sigel,
Dekker, New York, 1985, vol 19, ch. 11, 313-333.
292
Ferrimycin A
105
293
Salmycin A
Streptomyces violaceus 37290
Vertesy, L., Aretz, W., Fehlhaber, H-W., Kogler, H. (1995) Helv. Chim. Acta 78, 46-60.
294
Albomycin
Streptomyces sp WS116
Benz, G., Schroder, T., Kurz, J., Wünsche, C., Karl, W., Steffens, G., Pfitzner, J., Schmidt, D.
(1982) Angew. Chem. 21, 527-528.
106
Nocobactin NA
Nocardia asteroides
Ratledge, C., Snow, G. A. (1974) Biochem. J. 139, 407-413
106