Integrative Physiology (Fall 2016)
Lecture / recitation course: 11:067:300:01;4cr; index:09914; T1W1 lecture (9:15-10:35AM), F3 recitation (12:351:55PM), in Bartlett 123. Dr. JP Advis; (848) 932-9240; e-mail: [email protected]; Office Hours: in Bartlett
r102 (MT 11AM - 2PM and on F 11AM - 12PM), or by appointment; course website: http://rci.rutgers.edu/~advis/
MEETINGS & DATES
TOPICS
TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Tue Sept 06 Lecture: The Basis of Animal Function and Homeostasis (prerequisites)
Wed
07 Lecture: Membranes, Homeostasis & Signal Transduction (prerequisite)
Fri
09 Recitation: Homeostasis, Signal Transduction and Recitations #01 - #02
Tue
13 Lecture: Endocrine Communication (principles of hormonal systems)
Wed
14 Lecture: Neural Communication (mechanisms and sensory systems)
Fri
16 Recitation: Neuroendocrine communication and Recitation #03
Tue
20 Lecture: Muscle contraction and the Control of body movement
Wed
21 REVIEW #1 - Material from lectures #1 through lecture #7
Fri
23 EXAM #1 - 20% of final grade (lectures #1 through #8)
1-5
1-6
1-6
7
8-11
7-11
12-13
1-13
1-13
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Tue
Wed
Fri
Tue Oct
Wed
Fri
Tue
Wed
Fri
Tue
Wed
Fri
27
28
30
04
05
07
11
12
14
18
19
21
Lecture: Cardiovascular (CV) Design and the Heart as a Pump
Lecture: Blood Pressure and CV function (in health and disease)
Recitation: Heart, Blood Pressure and Recitation # 04
Lecture: CV integration and Basics of Respiratory System Mechanics
Lecture: Gas Transport and Control of Respiration / The renal system
Recitation: CV Integration, the Respiratory System and Recitation # 05
Lecture: The Kidney, Clearance and the Countercurrent Mechanism
Lecture: Clearance and the Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
Recitation: The basic functions of the Renal System and Recitation #06
Lecture: Gastrointestinal (GI) motility, secretion, digestion and absorption
REVIEW #2 - Material from lecture #10 through lecture #18
EXAM #2 - 20% of final grade (lectures #1 through #18 + #20)
14-16
17
14-17
17-18
18-19
14-18
19
19-20
19-20
21
1-20
1-20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Tue
Wed
Fri
Tue Nov
Wed
Fri
Tue
Wed
Fri
25
26
28
01
02
04
08
09
11
Lecture: Regulation of Organic Metabolism, Growth and Energy Balance 21-23
Lecture: Neuroendocrine Control of Food Intake and Energy Balance
23-25
Recitation #7 on Metabolism, Food intake and Energy Balance
21-25
Lecture: From Sex Differentiation to Adult Reproduction in males / females 26
Lecture: Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction & Reproduction Cycles 26
Recitation #8 on basic physiology of the Reproductive System
26
Lecture: Role of Biological Clocks in Animal Health and Production
1-26
REVIEW #3- Material from lecture #19 + lectures #22 through #27
1-26
EXAM #3 - 20% final grade (lectures #1 through #27 + #29)
1-26
31
32
33
34
Tue
Wed
Fri
Tue
15
16
18
22
Lecture: Stress, Immunity and the Physiology of Health and Production
Lecture: Physiology of Health and Production: Growth and Muscles
Recitation #9 on Stress and Physiology of Health and Production
Lecture: Physiology of Health and Production: Exercise and Racing
(Friday meting due to Thanksgiving recess, lecture instead of recitation)
35 Fri
25
36
37
38
39
40
41
29
30
02
06
07
09
Tue
Wed
Fri
Dec
Tue
Wed
Fri
42 Tue
21-23
23-25
21-25
26
NO CLASSES – THANKSGIVING RECESS (from Thu Nov 24 to Sun Nov 27)
Lecture: Physiology of Health and Production: Ovulation and Lactation
26
Recitation: Stress and Physiology of Health & Production
1-26
Discussion of lectures #01-09 / Recitations #01-03, and / test #1
1-26
Discussion of lectures #10-30 / Recitations #04-06, and / test #2
1-26
Discussion of lecture #31-36 / Recitations #07-10, and / test #3
1- 26
REVIEW #4 - Material from lecture #28 + lectures #31 through #37
1-26
Deadline for submitting edited final answers of recitation questions
13 EXAM #4 - 20% final grade (meetings #01 through #41)
1-26
EXAM #5 – 20% of final grade (mean final answers recitation questions)
th
Textbook: “Human Physiology, 7ed, by Dee Ungleb Silverthorn, Pearson, Benjamin Cummins Publishers (2016). The 6 ed. Of
this book (2013) is also acceptable for this course. All students are required to have access to this text. This book is available at
the Rutgers Fennen Mall College Bookstore.
Exams and grades: There are no make-up exams. Student’s problems with exam dates must be discussed with the instructor
BEFORE the exam. If a student fails to do so, and does not show up to take the exam at the appointed time a grade of "F" might
be assigned for the missing test. Students with a medical excuse will receive an essay test to replace their missing test. The letter
and % grade equivalence, for a final 75% class average corrected grade, are: A=91-100%; B+=86-90%; B=81-85%;C+=76-80%;
C=71-75%; D=61-70%; F=0-60%.
The recitation section of the Lecture Integrative Physiology course
This section of the course meets mostly on F3. Recitations have been developed as reinforcement for each week material based
on a specific essay question, requiring critical thinking. The average of all your weekly recitation answers will be your EXAM #5 and
will have the same weight (20%) as any of your four other tests.
Students should e-mail the instructor ([email protected]) their first draft of each weekly
recitation question the Monday before each recitation is due. The rationale for this weekly deadline
is for students to be able to participate in the coming recitation discussion. By the following week,
students that met the deadline will receive the instructor comments about their recitation answers.
Only answers submitted by the set deadline for each question (see below) are assured to receive
these comments, which you can use to edit further your answers. All late submissions might receive
comments during regular office hours, based on the time availability of the instructor (remember that
the goal of this exercise is to prepare you for the discussion at each weekly recitation by reviewing
the lecture material, week by week). Late submissions students might also get feedback about their
answers during lectures and recitations. Only final edited answers of the recitation questions
will be graded and their average will be each student grade for EXAM #5. The deadline for
submitting the edited final version of all your answers is Dec 09. Thus, students should consider
EXAM #5 as a written essay test having 10 questions that you answer first in a draft form once a
week and which you can edit based on the instructor comments to your specific answer. Finally, you
can also edit each answer based on the general example presented by the instructor at the
recitation, when each weekly question will be debated. Remember that if you want comments from
the instructor about your specific answer, your weekly e-mail answers must be submitted in the body
of the e-mail (NOT as attachments) with your last name followed by “PHYS recitation XX” in the
subject of the e-mail (XX stands for the recitation #, 01 through 10). The instructor’s comments will
be below your answer preceded by the acronym: “JP.-“. Thus, the main punch-line about the
recitation section is the following:
The average grade of your recitation answers is your exam #5. It has the same weight as
each of your other exams (20%), and is an essay with ten questions (one per week) whose
answers you edit before submitting them for grading on Dec 09. Final recitations must be
submitted in a single e-mail with “PHYS rec. final, last name” in the subject box. Except for
questions #1 and #6 (see below), all recitation answers must have the following outline.
Answers not following this outline (sub-questions a, b, c, d) and / or failure to submit the
final recitation will get a 0% - 20% grade (F).
The four sub-questions to be used in answering most recitation questions are:
a)
Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific
as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer,
since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a).
Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”).
This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In
same cases a second sentence might be needed.
b)
Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention
based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved
in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as
“b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and
measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”.
Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can
be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true.
c)
Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its
main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please
notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”).
These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization
involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle
event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from
each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer.
Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”.
d)
Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)?
Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3).
Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”).
These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand
must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback.
For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even
is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed
equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback
story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named
in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback
described in d2 to be operational.
The individual (weekly) recitation questions are as follows:
Question #01: Introduction to this lecture / recitation course (pre-requisite material)
Please remember that your answers for questions #1 and #6 do not follow the structural answer
defined above but they have their own formats. The question for this week is as follows: An “active
learning” process is the best approach to study, physiology. This first recitation uses the first two
lectures to outline and practice an active learning process technique. In your report for recitation #01
provide a list of 5 questions that in your opinion, summarize the prerequisite lecture material (first
two lectures), as well as that provided in the assigned chapters of the course textbook (first five
chapters). Answer each of these five questions using no more than 10 sentences per question. Then
start editing your answer for each question, if it is possible, into a single sentence. Keep in mind that
it is quite difficult to summarize information into a single sentence, since it requires that you
comprehend the material you are studying. Thus, accept that if you are not able to write an answer
initially using less than 10 sentences and then editing this answer into a single sentence, you have
not yet fully understand the topic and keep trying, or ask help from your instructor. It is important you
attempt to master this technique (or a similar one) ASAP. Please remember that the best answers
for each of your 5 questions for this report are at the most 2 sentences long,
Question #02: Membrane and Homeostasis / related events
The question for this week is as follows: Select a homeostatic event and/or physiological system in
which you can show the importance of structure/function relationship, organization levels, and
feedback control. Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b,
c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question you select both the structure and the function on
which your answer will be based. Hint: think on “the circle”.
Question #03: Endocrine and Neural Physiological Communication
The question for this week is as follows: Select a neuroendocrine event in which you can show the
importance of structure/function relationship, organization levels, and feedback control. Your answer
must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice
that in this question you select both the structure and the function on which your answer will be
based. Important hint for your answer: “what does a neuroendocrine event means” ??. Hint: think
on “the circle”.
Question #04: Heart and Blood Pressure - related functions
The question for this week is as follows: Select four characteristics of cardiocytes not present in
skeletal muscle cells, in which you can show the importance of structure / function relationship,
levels of organization, and feedback control. Your answer must follow the outline shown in the
introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question both the
structure and the function of the four characteristics on which your answer will be based, were
presented in the heart lecture. Please remember that your answer should be structured as follows:
Characteristic #1 (answers a,b,c,d),; characteristic #2 (answers a,b,c,d); characteristic #3 (answers
a,b,c,d); and characteristic #4 (answers a,b,c,d). Hint: think on “the circle” for each one of these four
characteristics.
Question #05: CV Integration and the Respiratory System
The question for this week is as follows: Select a position on the question “how good an athlete is
the horse”. Do you think the respiratory limitations of this specie (e.g. pulmonary hypertension,
exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage or EIPH) are expression of physiological compensation for
a fit athlete, or are they manifestation of a system being “run down to the ground in a very stressed
athlete”? Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see
above). Please notice that in this question both the structure and the function you are asked to
select must be related to the EIPH syndrome. Hint: think on “the circle”.
Question #06: Basic functions of Renal, CV and Respiratory Systems
The question for this week is as follows: Name the physiological responses and/or the relationships
among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems involved in the homeostatic control
following a metabolic acidosis. It is an absolute requirement that you answer this question based on
the outline below. Precede each section of your answer with its heading, and make sure you answer
ALL aspects outlined in each section. Hint: for this question you really have to think on “the circle”.
The following are the section headings and their requirements:
a) the example: which are the physiological responses and/or relationships among buffers,
respiratory, circulatory and renal systems on which your answer will be based. Which was the
origin of the metabolic acidosis in your example. Be as specific as you can in delimiting the
boundaries of your example and the level(s) of organization your example will involve.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
the buffer involvement: how does the buffer system attempt to control the homeostatic
variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the buffer system recognized as
input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration
center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute
(fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism.
the respiratory involvement: how does the respiratory system attempt to control the
homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the respiratory system
recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of
the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal
elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism.
the circulatory involvement: how does the circulatory system attempt to control the
homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the cardiovascular
system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the
output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this
signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism.
the renal involvement: how does the renal system attempt to control the homeostatic variable
(blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the renal system recognized as input
(receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration
center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute
(fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism.
the integration pathways: how (the sensor, afferent, integrator, efferent, effector and
feedback signals) and in which order (buffers, respiratory, cardiovascular, kidney) were the
physiological systems involved, and recruited to participate in the homeostatic response to a
metabolic acidosis. The most important component of this answer is: Why do you think such
a sequential order in this homeostatic response was achieved? Please notice that this
subquestion does NOT ask you to tell me what is the order, but it asks why that order occurred.
Question #07: Physiology of Metabolism, Food intake AND Energy Balance
The question for this week is as follows: The neuroendocrine control of food intake AND thyroid
function involves neurotransmitters / neuropeptides as inputs and outputs to an integrator located in
the PVN (paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, a main integrator center). From a conceptual
view of cell connectivity and function, describe a possible circuitry consisting of neuronal and
endocrine signals to and from the PVN integrator, operating during a typical Thanksgiving day, an
hypermetabolic AND thermogenic condition. Your answer must follow the outline shown in the
introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question the structure is
defined as the PVN integrator in relation to food intake AND thyroid involvement. You should define
a function associated to the PVN in relation to this hypermetabolic condition (hint: TRH cell bodies
are located in the PVN). Hint: think on “the circle”. This question is an attempt to make you navigate
through two circles. The answer will be achieved if you are able to transform these two circle into
one. It’s a good exercise and summary.
Question #08: Basic physiology of the Reproductive System
The question for this week is as follows: From a conceptual view of nerve cell connectivity and
function describe a mechanism that would allow for a hypothalamic network of GnRH (or two GnRH
sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) to synchronize both its tonic (or basal pulsatile gonadotropin
release) and its phasic (or preovulatory surge like release of gonadotropin) operation, as it is
observed during the estrous or menstrual reproductive cycles. Consider how the pulsatile output of
such hypothalamic network might affect gonadotropin release during puberty, reproductive
adulthood and menopause (aging). Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction
(sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question the structure is defined as
the GnRH neuronal network (or two GnRH sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) and you should define
a specific function common to puberty, reproductive adulthood and menopause (aging). Hint: think
on “the circle”.
Question #09: Case Studies on Stress, Growth and Meat Production
The question for this week is as follows: Select an homeostatic event and/or physiological system or
question in which you can show the importance of structure/function relationship, levels of
organization, and feedback control related to the use of Ractopamine, a beta-agonist, as a growth
promoter in both animals and humans. Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction
(sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question you should define both a
structure and a function associated to the use of Ractopamine as a growth promoter (remember
which was the main punch-line of the growth and production lecture). Hint: think on “the circle”.
Question #10: Case Studies on Stress, Milk and Egg Production
The question for this week is as follows: Select a homeostatic event and/or physiological system or
question in which you can show the importance of structure / function relationship, levels of
organization, and feedback control related to the toxicity induced by fescue in dairy cows. Your
answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above).
Please notice that in this question you should define both a structure and a function associated with
the thermogenic effect of fescue toxicity in dairy cows (remember which was the main punch-line of
the stress and production lectures). Hint: think on “the circle”.