The Rest of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
1
2
Occurs outside the mitochondria in the cell cytoplasm…
3
What you need to know about glycolysis …
• What goes in and where did it come from?
• What comes out and where will it go?
• How ATP is made and what it will be used for.
i
d
d h i ill b
df
• How NADH is made and what it will be used for!
THAT’S IT!!!
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Glycolysis: Phase 1
The energy investment phase!
ATP/NADH Ledger
carbons
Glycolysis: Phase 2
The energy payoff phase!
e‐
How are these SLPs different from the previous SLPs?
ATP/NADH Ledger
Glycolysis
2
Team think and share…
• What went into glycolysis?
• What came out of glycolysis?
• How was the ATP made?
• How was the NADH made?
• What will happen to the NADH?
What do we mean by “High Energy Electrons”?
High potential energy
Low potential energy
Aerobic Metabolism
ATP Ledger
If enough O2 is present…
Mitochondrial matrix
3
Krebs Cycle
Team think and share…
• What went into the Krebs cycle?
• What came out of the Krebs cycle?
• How was the ATP made?
• How was the NADH/FADH2 made?
• What will happen to the NADH & FADH2?
A mitochondrion in a cell starved of oxygen for several minutes is suddenly provided with oxygen at time A. The mitochondrion actively undergoes aerobic cellular respiration for a period of time and then the oxygen is removed. Predict (graphically) the changes in pH in the intermembrane space over time. *Also graph changes in ATP production over time. *When graphing % max rate of ATP concentration, start your line at time 0, on the left side of the graph. pH of a mitochondria at equilibrium = 5
pH
8
O2 provided
No O2
100
6
50
4
2
0
% max rate of ATP produ
uction
B
A
No O2
0
Time 
4
Predict (graphically) the changes in pH in the intermembrane space and ATP production over time in a muscle cell of a person with Complex I Mitochondrial Myopathy. Be sure to draw in the lines for a normal cell first (your last graph), and show how the graphs for a person with Mitochondrial Myopathy would be different.
*When graphing % max rate of ATP concentration, start your line at time 0, on the left side of the graph. pH of a mitochondria at equilibrium = 5
B
pH
8
O2 provided
No O2
100
6
50
4
2
% max rate of ATP producttion
A
No O2
0
0
Time 
Graph the relative rate of ATP production vs. oxygen concentration in a muscle cell (not just a single mitochondrion). Be able to explain the following about your graph:
• Why in terms of the reactions of cellular respiration does ATP production change with oxygen concentration? Be sure to EXPLAIN (not describe) the graph you draw and relate it to the pathways of cellular respiration.
•Describe two ways the body would naturally increase oxygen supply to muscles? (Note – think beyond breathing deeper or faster…breathing only bring O2 to the lungs!)
% efficiency of ATP produ
uction
100
50
0
0
O2 Concentration 
686 kcal/mole
Cytoplasm
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Team think and share…
Calculate the efficiency of aerobic metabolism as compared to anaerobic metabolism. Note:
Only 2 moles of ATP per mole of glucose ‐
TOTAL!
ETC
36 ‐38 moles of ATP per mole of glucose – TOTAL
ATP  ADP + P yields 7.2 kcal of energy per mole.
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What happens to MOST of the rest of the energy stored in glucose?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
It is used to make more ATP.
It is used to make endergonic reactions exergonic.
It is released as heat.
It is stored in the bond of the products of cellular respiration.
It is destroyed.
Endotherms have numerous adaptations to retain metabolic heat…such as? Endotherms have numerous adaptations to retain metabolic heat. In a metabolic sense, why were these adaptations selected for in the evolution of these endothermic animals? a)
b)
c)
d)
These adaptations help to keep metabolism in the aerobic phases thereby increasing the efficiency by which cells can harvest energy from food.
These adaptations help to make endergonic (energy requiring) reactions exergonic (energy releasing).
These adaptations increase the kinetic energy of molecules allowing for metabolic reactions to occur faster.
These adaptations conserve metabolic water preventing dehydration.
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What about ectotherms?
Graph the relative rate of ATP production vs. oxygen concentration in a muscle cell (not just a single mitochondrion). Be able to explain the following about your graph:
• Why in terms of the reactions of cellular respiration does ATP production change with oxygen concentration? Be sure to EXPLAIN (not describe) the graph you draw and relate it to the pathways of cellular respiration.
•Describe two ways the body would naturally increase oxygen supply to muscles? (Note – think beyond breathing deeper or faster…breathing only bring O2 to the lungs!)
% efficiency of ATP produ
uction
100
50
0
0
O2 Concentration 
Different types of skeletal muscle…
Slow Twitch (Type I) Fibers: • Aerobic fibers
• Used in extended, long duration, continuous muscle contractions
muscle contractions.
Fast Twitch (Type II A & B) Fibers: • Anaerobic fibers (Type II‐B)
• Intermediate fibers (Type II‐A) – a mixture of slow and fast twitch fibers
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Think, Team &
In which range of the graph below would Type II‐A (intermediate fibers) be in if your were lifting heavy weights or sprinting at maximum effort?
% efficiency of ATP production
B
A
100
C
50
0
Slow twitch fibers
0
O2 Concentration 
Metabolizing other kinds of food!
Team think and share…
Which of the exercises below *burns fat? Explain, in metabolic terms, why one should do this kind of exercise to burn fat.
*burns = uses in cellular respiration to regenerate ATP
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Metabolizing other kinds of food!
Anaerobic (No O2
required)
Aerobic (O2
required)
The Guinness Book of World Record's heaviest man (weighs over 1000 lb. decides one day to go on a massive diet and exercise program. After two years of eating low fat everything and grueling workouts he managed to loose over 600 lb. ‐ most of it of course was fat. In what form were most of the carbons, and oxygens that comprise fat when they left the body? A. The carbons and oxygens left the body as sugars in the feces or in sweat or urine. B. The carbons and oxygens left the body as CO2 that was exhaled from the lungs.
C. The oxygens left the body as O2 that was breathed off, the carbons left as fatty acids in sweat. D. The carbons and oxygens never left the body. E. The carbons and oxygens left the body as CO2 in sweat or urine. 9
Team think, and share…
The following “minute paper” was written by a student in Biology 111. Correct her essay!
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by raising the activation energy of the reaction This facilitates the reactions by bringing
activation energy of the reaction. This facilitates the reactions by bringing substrates together in the proper orientation to speed up or catalyze the reaction. Usually there is a place on the substrate called the active site, which is where the enzyme binds. This fit is much like a key fitting into a lock…the enzyme fits the substrate. During this interaction, the enzyme does not change shape, but instead changes the shape of the substrates to allow them to react to form the products. Enzymes are usually used up during this process and cannot be used again. Team think and share…
The graph below represents the changes in energy of a chemical reaction in the absence of an enzyme. What is represented by “A”? Is this an overall exergonic or endergonic reaction? What would this graph look like in the presence of an enzyme?
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