ALTERMODAL
Transport & Mobility Department
The bicycle economy in France
The bicycle
economy in France
Cycling: an economic driving force
1
INDDIGO
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Business : Consulting and project engineering
Sector : Sustainable development
Fields of expertise:
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ALTERMODAL -Transport and Mobility
Territorial strategies
TRIVALOR - Waste management and industrial ecology
Energies and climate
Sustainable buildings
Companies and strategies
Finance and management of local public services
180 staff in 8 offices
throughout France
2009 turnover: approx.
€12 million
Services to public
authorities and private
companies
The bicycle economy in France
Emmanuel ROCHE
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Project manager
specialising in cycling
issues
10 years experience
fond of cycling…
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Outline of the presentation
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Study objectives
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Public sector expenditure
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Household expenditure
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VAT and externalities
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Summary and projections for 2020
The bicycle economy in France
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Modal split of cycling 2007
Bicycle use in France: in the
gruppetto for Europe…
Key
But these figures are beginning
to change…
The bicycle economy in France
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Study objectives
The bicycle economy in France
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Study objectives
This study was launched by the french Ministry of Sustainable
Development. The main objectives are :
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to measure the economic power of the bicycle under different
uses, in terms of the financial turnover as well as the number of
people employed,
to evaluate the positive effects of the bicycle in terms of public
health, pollution, security
Determine the actions needed to triple bicycle use and evaluate
the resulting economic impact
The bicycle economy in France
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The main financial flows
Public sector
Local
authorities
State
Public
bodies
Subsidiaries
Contracts
Corporation
tax
Feds
Companies
Clubs
Assocs
Noncommercial
VAT
Purchases
Externalities
Subscriptions
Households
The bicycle economy in France
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Public sector expenditure
The bicycle economy in France
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Cycle routes and greenways
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8,000 km built over the last
10 years. A true national
network is being created.
A major effort by local
authorities
5,000 km in the study or
planning stage
10,000 km included in
“départemental” or regional
plans
Initial user number and
economic impact data are
very encouraging
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Peaks of 8,000 cyclists/day in
Annecy
9,000 on the Ile de Ré
6,000 in Chambéry
 €228 million/yr
from local authorities
The bicycle economy in France
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Cycling infrastructure in urban areas
7%
Cycle lanes
5%
2%
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14,000 km of existing cycling
infrastructures in urban areas
Mean investment of
€1.80/yr/inhab up to €15 in
some urban areas
Tw o-lane cycle path
11%
50%
Single-lane cycle
path
side lanes
bus lanes
25%
contra-flow cycle
lane
 Total investments / year by local
authorities :
€110 million for infrastructure
€10 million for operating costs
€3 million for promotion
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The bicycle economy in France
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Services
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35,000 bikes for self-service
bike-sharing (19 cities)
13,000 bikes for short and
long term rental (21 cities)
A €150 million market
1,200 jobs
A cost per journey of
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The bicycle rental market in France in 2008
€0.5 to €5 /self-service bike
journey,
< €0.1 for long-term rental
Need to create secure
parking facilities to develop
bicycle/train intermodalities
The bicycle economy in France
Type of rental
Self service bike-sharing
Short or long-term classical rental
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The return of the bicycle to cities
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Acceleration in the growth of bicycle
use in the centres of major cities:
 8% of journeys in Bordeaux, Toulouse,
Montpellier
 +22% in Toulouse between 1990 and
2003
 +33% in Rennes between 2000 and
2007
 +50% in Lille between 1998 and 2006
 +300% in Paris from 1991 to 2001
 +400% in Lyon from 1995 to 2006
A complete change in cycling’s image
 €238 million/yr on
development in urban areas
(infrastructure, services, operating costs)
The bicycle economy in France
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A complete sociological change in cycling over the last
15 years
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
var 02/84
20%
0%
managerial
-20%
inter. Prof.
office staff
manual workers
others
unemployed
overall
-40%
-60%
Grenoble household survey 1984-2002
The bicycle economy in France
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A direct link between cycling infrastructure and bicycle use
7%
ModalPart
share
of cycling
modale tous modes du vélo
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Ml d'aménagement cyclable par habitant
Meters of cycling infrastructure per inhabitant
France : 0.3 m /inhab
The bicycle economy in France
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Summary for the public sector
Public sector
Local authorities
€144 Corporation
tax
million
State
Public
bodies
Subsidiaries
€77 million
1,530 jobs
Contracts €450 million
3,700 jobs
Feds
Companies
Clubs
Assocs
Noncommercial
Summary for public contracts:
€228 million by
“départemental” and regional
councils
€238 million by cities and
inter-municipal councils
€13 million by the state
The bicycle economy in France
€469 million
€328 million on public works
€141 million on services
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Household expenditure
The bicycle economy in France
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Equipment and associated services: €1,420 million/yr
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3.5 million bicycles in
2008 and 2009
€876 million/yr
purchases
€554 million/yr
servicing and parts
10,400 jobs
The bicycle industry:
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€344 million
3,100 jobs
€270 million in tax
revenues
The bicycle economy in France
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Consommation
milliers
Consumption
in en
thousands
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3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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India
Indonesia
Vietnam
Very high per capita consumption:
5.7 bicycles/100 inhab
South Korea
China
Poland
Russia
Brazil
Mexico
Italy
Taiw an
Canada
EU-27
Great Britain
Germany
France
United States
Netherlands
Japan
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2007
hab
BicyclesVélos
soldvendus
in 2007en
per
100/100
inhab.
The bicycle economy in France
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Denmark
Netherlands
Germany
Switzerland
Great Britain
But at a low
selling price:
€250
Average France
city
road
hybrid
adult MTB
BMX and bicross
20" et 24" MTB
children's bike not MTB
toy bikes
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Average sale price inc. Tax in €
The bicycle economy in France
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Market share of food and sport hypermarkets: A
French exception that drags the market down
Netherlands
74%
20%
Sw itzerland
6%
32%
68%
Austria
13%
59%
Germany
34%
1%
0%
10%
20%
% value
0%
40%
38%
% volume
60%
20%
80%
90%
40%
Food hypermarket
100%
28%
24%
26%
30%
Internet and mail order
24%
70%
10%
Sport hypermarket
The bicycle economy in France
50%
50%
10%
independent
5%
26%
30%
food hypermarket
28%
59%
50%
France
sport hypermarket
50%
60%
specialist franchise
12%
70%
80%
12%
90%
100%
Independant specialist
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Tourism: €1.9 billion/yr
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Percentage of holidays linked to cycling in France
7.2 million holidays linked to
cycling:
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5.5 million French people,
1.7 million foreigners
Increased average
expenditure with +20%
Total €5.6 billion expenditure
€1.9 billion direct impact
16,500 jobs
3.5% of holidays linked to
cycling
2nd sports activity after
walking but utilitarian use not
taken into account
57% of cycling holidays on
the coast
The bicycle economy in France
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Cycling is an important factor in the choice of holiday
For people who cycled during their holiday, how important was cycling in
the choice of the destination:
Sport
Leisure
Touring
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Very important: I came here to go cycling
Quite Important: the cycle routes were a real plus in choosing this destination
Unimportant: it is a positive factor, but not very important
No response
The bicycle economy in France
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Summary of household expenditure
Feds
Companies
Equipment
Tourism
€1,420 million
10,400 jobs
€1,900 million
16,500 jobs
Services
€49 million
Clubs
Asso.
Noncommercial
Subscriptions
€19 million
Households
The bicycle economy in France
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VAT and Externalities
The bicycle economy in France
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Health effects of 30 min
cycling/day
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DK
2003
The bicycle economy in France
Cardiovascular
pathologies
Type II diabetes
WHO
2003
-30
Hypertension
The WHO’s Transport
Health and Environment
Pan-European Programme
(THE PEP, 2005-2008)
Austria, Great Britain,
Switzerland, Netherlands,
Sweden
4,267 studies reviewed
Monitoring of morbidity
and mortality of 30,000
people, aged 20 to 93
years, over 14 years
Sample of 7,000 people 3
hrs of utilitarian cycling per
week
Risk ratio of 0.72, 0.66 for
women aged 40-70 years
Norway
2001
-40
-50
->20
-50
Switzerl
and
2001
-32
-33
-46
-47
Osteoporosis
-50
-50
Breast cancer
-50
-25
-25
-28
Colorectal cancer
-50
-50
-25
-47
Depression
-68
Back problems
-26
Annual health savings of €1000
(€564 to €1200 depending on European country)
 €0.8 to €1.2/km for 30 min cycling/day
(2/3 of direct health costs, 1/3 indirect costs:
absenteeism, productivity)
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Safety impact
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1.6
A risk that must be put into
perspective
Serious risk highly
concentrated in rural areas,
mostly for older people
(over 45s and especially
over 55s), low amongst 2545 year olds
In cities, risks concentrated
around intersections
A risk/km that decreases as
amount of cycling
increases: amount x 2 =
accidents x 1.2 = risk x 0.6
(-40%)
Accidents between bicycles
and HGV/buses are rare but
concentrated around righthand turns
Nb accidents
grave /M km km
N° of serious
accidents/million
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Lien entre pratique et risque d'accidents graves
Link between amount of cycling and serious accidents
Nice
1.4
Toulon
Lille
1.2
1.0
0.8
Montpellier
0.6
Grenoble
Bordeaux
Toulouse
0.4
Rennes
0.2
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
40
45
Nb km /an /hab
N° km/yr/inhab
Tram
Bus
HGV
LV
Motorbike
Scooter
Bicycle
Pedestrian
0
5
10
15
20
Risque implication
25
30
35
Risque d'être victime
Exposure to risk in the Grenoble metropolitan area 2003-2007, compared with car = 1
The bicycle economy in France
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LOCAL
AUTHORITIES
Overall : €4.8 billion/yr in positive externalities
Positives
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Health: €5,600 million
parking: € 42 million
Congestion: € 24 million
Noise: € 2 million
Climate change: € 42 million
Pollution: € 50 million
Negatives :
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Road safety: - €952 million
The bicycle economy in France
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Public sector
VAT
Externalities
€564 million
€4,835 million
Households
The bicycle economy in France
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Summary and projections for 2020
The bicycle economy in France
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The bicycle economy in France in 2008
3% modal share, 80 km/yr, €4.2 billion, 35,000 jobs, €5.6 billion health impact
6 000
A major economic impact on public health
160
5 000
4 000
3 000
118
170
122
1 949
Tourism
5 627
3 541
health
2 000
Public works
Households
328
344
Bicycle industry
1 000
1 430
0
Bicycle sales
and repairs
352
85
4
228
238
13
Local
authorities
-952
safety
-1 000
destination
The bicycle economy in France
origine
externalities
30
High employment intensity
Non commercial
Events
Services
Tourism
Public works
Bicycle industry
Bicycle sales
Car Sales
Equipment / repairs
Car Industry
0
5
10
15
20
25
Employees per million € turnover
The bicycle economy in France
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Seven observations
1.
Urban cycling is experiencing a renewal but cycling in peri-urban and rural
areas is continuing to fall > stabilisation of cycling 1994 > 80km/yr/inhab
2.
Health impact: between €0.8 and €1.2per km = €5.6 billion, maximum for older
people and women
3.
A high return on investment for the State and local authorities: €500
million for local authorities > €4.2 billion economic activity, €700 million in tax
receipts, 35,000 jobs
4.
High employment intensity: Bicycle economy = 10 jobs/million € compared
with 2.5 in the automobile industry
5.
Cycling infrastructures promote cycling: 1 meter of cycleway = 10% modal
share
6.
The more a person cycles the more the risk decreases: cycling x2 =
accidents x 1.2 = risk 0.6. Serious risks concentrated in rural areas
7.
The large weight of bicycle tourism: €1.9 billion, 16,500 jobs
The bicycle economy in France
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Five objectives for a real national cycling policy
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Objective n°1: Catch up with Europe’s peloton in 10 years > 10%
modal share, 350 km/yr/inhab
Objective n°2: Bring together all parts of the health sector to
support the goal of 2 x 4 km/day = 30 min. In particular, target
women and older people. 350 km/yr/inhab = 0 social security deficit
Objective n°3: 1 m of cycle infrastructure per French person in
cities (currently 0.3) = €10/yr/inhab x 10 years
Objective n°4: 95% of French people less than 5 km from a
greenway = 60,000 km (currently 8,000 km) > €10/year/inhab x 10
years
Objective n°5: France n°1 for bicycle tourism > 10% cycling during a
holiday
The bicycle economy in France
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Nine practical steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Build up a real pressure group around the Ministry of Health,
INPES, CNAM, doctors and the Ministry of Education, based on
research by the WHO
Target specific groups: women, older people, children
Support the efforts of local authorities to provide cycling
infrastructures: 35% State co-finance in the economic recovery plan, very
good return on investment, high employment intensity
Help people take up cycling by supporting training.
Massively expand greenways in peri-urban areas: develop cycling and
improve safety
Accelerate the provision of secure bicycle parking in collective
housing and near stations
Provide tax incentives for companies voluntarily promoting mobility plans
Introduce a true “France by bicycle” tourism development policy
Support industry and retailers with the development of products
The bicycle economy in France
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The bicycle economy in France in 2020
12% modal share, 320 km/yr, €8.3 billion, 60,000 jobs, €15.4 billion health
18 000
714
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
141
170
252
8 000
15 444
health
3 489
6 000
Tourism
4 000
951
727
6 219
Public works
Bicycle industry
2 000
2 558
0
Households
Bicycle sales
and repairs
440
314
428
490
311
85
Local
authorities
safety
-2 000
destination
origine
-1 333
externalities
-4 000
An external cost/benefit factor greater than 1/15
The bicycle economy in France
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Thank you for listening
Emmanuel ROCHE – Nicolas MERCAT
INDDIGO / Altermodal
364 avenue du Grand Ariétaz
73024 CHAMBERY (France)
tel : +33 (0)4.79.96.46.61
[email protected] and [email protected]
http://www.inddigo.com
The bicycle economy in France
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