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%RXWURV %RXWURVǦ*KDOL—announced his Agenda for Peace in 1992. “Action to identify and support
structures which tend to strengthen and solidify peace to avoid a relapse into Conflict”. Since then,
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3HDFHPDNLQJ… implies interventions designed to end hostilities and bring about an agreement using
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violence between the conÀicting parties, to move them towards nonviolent dialogue and eventually
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3HDFHNHHSLQJ… means monitoring and enforcing an agreement—HYHQE\XVLQJIRUFHDVQHFHVVDU\
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a) Assisting parties to transform from violent conÀict to peace by separating the ¿ghting parties and
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3HDFHEXLOGLQJ… are programs designed to address the causes of conÀict, the grievances of the past
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assistance, cease¿re agreements and the establishment of peace zones.
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RI SHDFH /LFNOLGHU 5DWKHU WKH HQGLQJ RI YLROHQFH RU D VRcalled ‘postConflict’ situation
provides “a new set of opportunities that can be grasped or thrown away”. (Robert L. Rothstein ,1999)
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political tensions and the UN’s authority is very important in different aspects of addressing and
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There is a great deal of human suffering related to violent conÀicts, politicaO LQVWDELOLW\ RU XQMXVW
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to reduce the immediate sufferings in violent conÀicts, they are not enough in fragile states or postǦ
conÀict societies. There mXVW EH DGGLWLRQDO LQLWLDWLYHV IRU SRVWǦconÀict reconciliation, for the
development of capacity for conÀict transformation and for the building of sustainable peace.
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&RXVHQV+HUHGHILQHSRVWConflict peace building as “strategies designed to promote a secure
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do not recur”. This definition takes a longWHUPIRFXV6WHSKHQ-6WHGPDQ'RQDOG5RWKFKLOG
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peace building provided by Spence: “those activities and processes that: foFXVRQWKHURRWFDXVHVRIWKH
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after the initial emergency recovery phase has passed”.( Rebecca Spence,2001).
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proliferation of weapons. As argued by Evans “at the heart of the notion of peace building is the idea
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identity and worth”.( Gareth Evans,1993)
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agreements. The main mission is “to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and
VROLGLI\SHDFHin order to avoid a relapse into Conflict.”(Boutros Boutros*KDOL
The concept has become an inherent component in the UN’s efforts to prevent and resolve conÀicts,
DQG WR SUHVHUYH SHDFH $FFRUGLQJ WR 81 6HFUHWDU\General Ko¿ Annan: By postconÀict SHDFH
building, I mean actions undertaken at the end of a conÀict to consolidate peace and prevent a
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aftermath of conÀict requires more than purely diplomatic anG PLOLWDU\DFWLRQDQGWKDW DQLQWHJUDWHG
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conÀict. PeaceEXLOGLQJPD\LQYROYHWKHFUHDWLRQRUVWUHQJWKHQLQJRIQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVPRQLWRULQJ
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reorient such activities in ways designed to reduce the risk of a resumption of conÀict and contribute to
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3RVWFRnÀict peace building is a complex and multidimensional, genuinely political process of
transformation from a state of war or violent conÀict to one of stability and peace, requiring, according
to Ko¿ Annan, ‘‘a multifaceted approach, covering diplomatic, political and economic factors’’. .( .
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QHFHVVDU\WRGe¿ne appropriate measures and timetables (including exit strategies) and, in the interest
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DQGFXPEHUVRPHXQGHUWDNLQJZKHQWKHUHTXLUHGPXOWLIDFHWHGDSproach is not paralleled by ‘‘highOHYHO
strategic and administrative coordination’’ among the different actors involved in postconÀict peace
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Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) notes, ‘‘the longWHUPDLPRILQWHUQDWLRQDODFWRUVLQDSRVW
conÀict situation is ‘to do themselves out of a job’ . . . by cUHDWLQJSROLWLFDOSURFHVVHV ZKLFKUHTXLUH
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cooperation between antagonistic groups’’(ICISS:2001)
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(John W. Burton:1990). According to Spence, “the process of peace building calls for new attitudes and
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XQGerstanding of the root causes of Conflict”.( Rebecca Spence,2001). The approach is transformative:
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building “involves a switch of focus away from the warriors, with whom peaceNHHSHUV DUH PDLQO\
FRQFHUQHGWRWKHDWWLWXGHVDQGVRFLReconomic circumstances of ordinary people … So whereas peace
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the ordinary people”.( Stephen Ryan,1990)
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Conflict prevention and peace building: “Demilitarization, the control of small arms, institutionaO
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after Conflict has occurred.” It also acknowledged that LPSOHPHQWLQJ SHDFH EXLOGLQJ FRXOG EH
FRPSOLFDWHG—requiring “integrated action and delicate dealings between the United Nations and the
SDUWLHVWRWKH&RQIOLFWLQUHVSHFWRIZKLFKSHDFHbuilding activities are to be undertaken.” 7KH6XSSOHPHQWGLVWLQJXLVhed between the UN's peacekeeping and peace building roles: “Most of the
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WRWKHVSHFLDOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH6HFUHWDU\General.”
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Bertram.E, “Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of United Nations Peace Building”,
Journal of Conflict Resolution6HSWHPEHUSS
%RXWURV %RXWURV*KDOL An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking, and
Peace-Keeping,1HZ<RUN8QLWHG1DWLRQV
Carolyn A. Hartzell,( 1999), “Explaining the Stability of Negotiated Settlements to Intrastate Wars”,
Journal of Conflict ResolutionSS
Charles Call ,(,2004),“The Problem of Peace building: How UN Thinking Has Evolved in Recent
Years,” draft paper prepared for DPA, 27).
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David C.P,(1999), “Does Peace building Build Peace? Liberal (Mis)steps in the Peace Process”,
Security DialogueSS
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Donna Pankhurst,( 1999),“Issues of JXVWLFH DQG 5HFRQFLOLDWLRQ LQ &RPSOH[ 3ROLWLFDO (PHUJHQFLHV
Conceptualizing Reconciliation, Justice and Peace”, Third World QuarterlyS
Elisabeth M. Cousens,(2001),“Introduction” in Elisabeth M. Cousens&Chetan Kumar (eds), Peace
building as Politics: Cultivating Peace in Fragile Societies%RXOGHU&RORUDGR/\QQH5LHQQHUSS
)UDQFLV)XNX\DPDState-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century&RUQHOO
*DUHWK(YDQVCooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond6\GQH\
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Hänggi, H.,( 2005), ‘Approaching Peace building from a Security Governance Perspective’, in:
%U\GHQ$DQG+lQJJL+HGVSecurity Governance in Post-Conflict Peace building0QVWHU/,7
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Johan Galtung,(1969), “Violence, Peace and Peace Research”, Journal of Peace Research SS
John Paul Lederach,( 1999), “The Challenge of the 21st Century: Just peace” in People Building
Peace: 35Inspiring Stories from Around the World8WUHFKW(XURSHDQ&HQWUHIRU&RQIOLFW3UHYHQWLRQ
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John Paul Lederach,(2000), “Journey from Resolution to Transformative Peace building” in Cynthia
6DPSVRQ-RKQ3DXO/HGHUDFKHGVFrom the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International
Peace building2[IRUG1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS
John W. Burton,(1990), “Human Needs Theory” in Conflict: Resolution and Prevention /RQGRQ
0DFPLOODQSS
Licklider, (1995), “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 19451993”, American
Political Science Review6HSWHPEHUSS
Michael W. Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis,(n.d), “International Peace building: A TKHRUHWLFDO DQG
4XDQWLWDWLYH$QDO\VLV,” American Political Science Review
Nils Peter Gleditch et al., “Armed Conflict 1964$ 1HZ'DWDVHW,” Journal of Peace Research
0RQW\0DUVKDOODQG7HG5REHUW*XUU),Peace and Conflict: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts,
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Orr.R.C, (2001),“Building Peace in El Salvador: From Exception to Rule” in Elisabeth M
&RXVHQV&KHWDQ.XPDUHGVPeace building as PoliticsSS
3DULV 5RODQG 3HDFH EXLOGLQJ DQG WKH /LPLWV RI /LEHUDO ,QWHUQDWLRQDOLVP International
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Peace Operations: A Case for Change: East Timor (King’s College 2003), available online at
<http://www.jsmp.minihub.org/Reports/otherresources/Peace4Timor_10_3_03.pdf> (Accessed, Jan
24,
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Rebecca Spence.,(2001), , “PostConflict Peace building: Who Determines the Peace?” in Bronwyn
(YDQV.HQW5RODQG%OHLNHUHGVRethinking Humanitarianism Conference Proceedings6W
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Robert L. Rothstein,(1999), “Fragile Peace and its Aftermath” in After the Peace: Resistance and
Reconciliation,%RXOGHU&RORUDGR/\QQH5LHQQHUS
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5RODQG 3DULV At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH
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Stephen J. Stedman & Donald Rothchild,(1996), “Peace Operations: From Short7HUPWR/RQJ7HUP
Commitment”, International Peacekeeping6XPPHUSS
6WHSKHQ5\DQEthnic Conflict and International Relations$OGHUVKRW'DUWPRXWKSS
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United Nations. (1998), The Causes of ConÀict and the Promotion of Durable PeDFHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH
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WinrichKühne,( 2001),
“From Peacekeeping to Post Conflict Peace building” in Luc
5H\FKOHU7KDQLD3DIIHQKRO]HGVPeace building: A Field Guide%RXOGHU&RORUDGR/\QQH5LHQQHU
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