Corrections Exam #3
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three concepts that comprise the foundation
of parole?
a.
b.
c.
d.
custody
personal right
contract of consent
grace or privilege
2. Today, slightly over________% of adult offenders are released on parole and remain
under correctional supervision for a specific period of time.
a.
b.
c.
d.
27
37
57
77
3. Parolees are aware that they must meet critical needs to make it in the community.
Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of those critical needs?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a job
counseling
money
education
4. There are five basic mechanisms for release from prison. Which of the following is
NOT one of these mechanisms?
a.
b.
c.
d.
expiration release
discretionary release
unconditional release
mandatory release
5. Parole in the United States evolved during the _________century following the
English, Australian, and Irish practices of conditional pardon, apprenticeship by
indenture, transportation and the issuance of tickets- of-leave.
a.
b.
c.
d.
17th
18th
19th
20th
6. Which state currently leads the nation in parole revocations, with a staggering 2/3 of
all parolees returning to prison within three years?
a.
b.
c.
d.
New York
Texas
California
Florida
7. According to your authors, home confinement falls into the category of ____________
release.
a.
b.
c.
d.
discretionary
other conditional
expiration
supplementary
8. Inmates who are released on ___________ parole release no longer require further
correctional supervision and cannot be returned to prison for their current offense.
a.
b.
c.
d.
unconditional
discretionary
expiration
mandatory
9. An inmate's eligibility for release to community supervision depends on requirements
set forth by the law and _____________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
correctional administration for that jurisdiction
sentences imposed by the court
correctional policies and procedure
parole boards
10. Based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitative programs, this
type of release is designed to allow the parole board to release inmates to conditional
supervision in the community when they are deemed ready to live as law-abiding
citizens.
a.
b.
c.
d.
discretionary
conditional
mandatory
expiration
11. Which of the following men was NOT one of the early pioneers of parole?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sir Walter Crofton
Jeremy Bentham
Alexander Maconochie
Zebulon Brockway
12. For most of the 20th century, the term ____________ has referred to both a method of
community supervision and a release mechanism.
a.
b.
c.
d.
reintegration
reentry
parole
probation
13. ______________ release occurs when the sentencing judge requires a period of postcustody supervision in the community.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Unconditional
Discretionary
Probation
Mandatory
14. When discretionary release is used, the parole board's power is much like that of the
________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
jury
probation officer
prosecutor
sentencing judge
15. Eligibility for an appearance before the parole board is a function of all the following
items
except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
an inmate’s conduct before prison.
demographic data.
statutory criteria.
the individual sentence.
16. Parole officers are usually asked to play two roles: ________and_________.
a. cop; social worker
b. social worker; mentor
c. mentor; cop
d. cop; teacher
17. Which of the following is NOT one of the major release criteria considered for a
potential parolee?
a.
b.
c.
d.
prior criminal record
history of community adjustment
adequacy of parole plan
credit and driving records
18. In theory, parole boards evaluate an offender’s progress toward ___________and
readiness to abide by laws.
a.
b.
c.
d.
restoration
reintegration
rehabilitation
reentry
19. A major criticism of discretionary release is that it has shifted responsibility for many
primary criminal justice decisions from a _________ to a(n)___________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
prosecutor; parole board
prosecutor; judge
judge; parole board
parole board; judge
20. Which of the following is NOT one of the possible harsh realities that a newly released
prisoner may face once paroled?
a.
b.
c.
d.
barriers to success
the strangeness of reentry
unmet personal needs
misses physical safety of prison
21. Nationally, 35% of all new prison admissions are violators of conditional release;
of this group, nearly _________ are returned to prison for technical violations.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1/5
1/3
1/2
2/3
22. Which of the following is NOT one of the frequently applied options for a parole
agency to invoke when a parolee has violated the conditions of their release?
a.
b.
c.
d.
note the violation and increase supervision instead of revocation of parole
seek advice from the sentencing judge, but have no formal revocation hearing
note the violation but take no official action
return the parolee to prison
23. Technical violations can be categorized as______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
non-criminal infractions
minor felonies
criminal misdemeanors
major felonies
24. Restrictions that parolees must legally obey after being released are referred to as
________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
exiting guidelines
conditions of release
parole regulations
post-release policy
25. The effectiveness of corrections is usually measured by _____________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
crime rates
rates of recidivism
probation rates
uniform crime rates
26. A judicial order asking correctional officials to produce the prisoner and to give
reasons to justify continued confinement is called a writ of_______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
actus reus
habeas corpus
corpus delicti
lex talionis
27. Inmates who assist other inmates in preparing necessary legal documents or give other
help in legal matters are referred to as __________________.
a. jailhouse lawyers
b. legal aids
c. prison paralegals
d. prison librarians
28. The first successful prisoners' rights cases of the 1970s involved:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a lack of recreational opportunities.
brutality and inhumane living conditions.
freedom of speech issues.
religious expression rights.
29. In ______________, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that while the death penalty was
constitutional, the way it was used constituted “cruel and unusual” punishment.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Abney v. California
Klenowski v. West Virginia
Furman v. Georgia
Bell v. South Carolina
30. In regard to an inmate’s 1st amendment, ________ requires that a regulation provide a
reasonable method of advancing a legitimate institutional goal.
a.
b.
c.
d.
the rational basis test
the totality of the circumstances
the compelling interest test
the least restrictive test
31. In which case did the Supreme Court rule that prisoners who adhere to non- traditional
religious beliefs may not be denied the opportunity to practice their own religion?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mapp v. Ohio
Cruz v. Beto
Bell v. Wolfish
Pate v. Cooper
32. Legal rules produced by judges’ decisions are referred to as ___________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
common law
statutes
case Law
regulations
33. Up until the 1960s, the U.S. federal court system practiced a ___________ policy with
respect to corrections; ultimately giving more power and discretion back to individual
states correctional systems.
a.
b.
c.
d.
maternal-like
don’t ask, don’t tell
get tough
hands-off
34. Case law decisions create ___________ that are legal rules that can be used to make
future judgments on cases that involve similar circumstances.
a.
b.
c.
d.
patterns
precedents
standards
examples
35. All of the following are considered to be alternatives to inmate litigation, except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
direct conversation with the assistant/deputy warden.
ombudsman.
legal assistance.
inmate grievance procedures.
36. In Hudson v. Palmer, (1984), the Supreme Court held that the rules of the
___________ amendment do not apply to a search of a convicted prisoner’s cell.
a.
b.
c.
d.
8th
4th
6th
4th
37. The combination of factors that federal courts examine to see if conditions or events
constitute cruel and unusual punishment are referred to as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
totality of conditions.
totality of the circumstances.
clear and present danger.
compelling state interest.
38. In Wolff vs. McDonnell (1974), the court created four legal procedures to enhance the
protection of an inmate who has been accused of a serious prison violation. Which of
the following is NOT one of these four procedures?
a. The prisoner must be given 24-hour written notice of the charges
b. The prisoner has the right to present witnesses and document evidence in his defense against
the charges
c. The prisoner has the right to a hearing before a felony trial judge
d. The prisoner has the right to receive a written statement from that body concerning
the outcome of the hearing
39. In ____________ (1995), Iowa female inmates argued that their equal protection
rights under the 14th amendment were violated because programs and services were
not at the same level as those provided male inmates. The court ruled against the
female inmates, citing that no invidious discrimination was present.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Hutto v Finney
Sandin v Conner
Pargo v Elliot
Wolff v McDonnell
40. _____________ are laws that are created by local, state, and federal governments.
a. Doctrines
b. Statutes
c. Regulations
d. Constitutions
41. The number of Section 1983 lawsuits among both state and federal prisoners dropped
dramatically following the passage of the _______________________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Correctional Reform Act 1971
Civil Rights Act 1964
Prisoner Rights Act of 1984
Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996
42. Which of the following alternatives to litigation has NOT been incorporated into state
correctional systems?
a.
b.
c.
d.
legal assistance
plea bargaining
grievance procedures
use of an ombudsman
43. Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps most corrections systems use
when handling the inmate grievance process?
a. A staff member or committee receives the complaint.
b. A staff member or committee makes a decision regarding the complaint.
c. An officer conducts a hearing on the legality of the complaint after consulting state or federal
legal counsel.
d. A staff member or committee investigates the complaint.
44. The courts have recognized all of the following specific interests as justifying some
restrictions on the constitutional rights of prisoners, except:
a.
b.
c.
d.
the maintenance of institutional order
the maintenance of institutional security
the rehabilitation of inmates
the carrying out of retributive punishments to deter future criminal acts
45. In _____________, the Supreme Court ruled juries, not judges, must make the crucial
factual decision on whether a convicted murderer should receive the death penalty.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Gregg v. Georgia
Roper v. Simmons
Atkins v. Virginia
Ring v. Arizona
46. More than half of the inmates on death row are _______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Caucasian
Black
Latino
Asian
47. In ___________, the Supreme Court ruled that offenders cannot be sentenced to death
for a crime they committed before they reached the age of 18.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Gregg v. Georgia
Roper v. Simmons
Atkins v. Virginia
Ring v. Arizona
48. A(n) ______________ is a public official with full authority to investigate citizens’
complaints against government officials.
a.
b.
c.
d.
detective
ombudsman
probation officer
parole officer
49. With respect to inmate grievances, it is believed that the most difficult type of situation
to resolve is ____________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
inmate possession of a weapon
inmate-on- inmate rape
inmate possession of drugs
brutality by an officer
50. Over the past several decades, inmates have pursued rights guaranteed in the U.S.
Constitution by filing Section_____________ petitions in U.S. federal courts.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1871
1964
1983
1976
51. Due to the rising U.S. health costs, the increasing number of ________ offenders may
become a major problem for corrections within the next decade.
a.
b.
c.
d.
sex
HIV/AIDS infected
elderly
situational
52. Experts suggest that administrators follow three main principles when managing longterm inmates. Which of the following is NOT one of the three principles?
a.
b.
c.
d.
create opportunities for meaningful living
maximize opportunities for the inmate to exercise choice in living circumstances
provide conjugal visits for most married inmates
help the inmate maintain contact with the outside world
53. The rate of confirmed AIDS cases found in U.S. state and federal prisons is
______times higher than the rate found in the total U.S. population.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2
4
6
8
54. Mental illness is more likely among offenders convicted of ____________offenses
and less likely among those convicted of _____________ offenses.
a.
b.
c.
d.
drug; violent
violent; drug
drug; property
property; drug
55. Nearly________ of all state-level male inmates is now over the age of 50.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1/5
1/3
1/2
3/4
56. Rates of HIV infection are higher in __________ prisoners.
a.
b.
c.
d.
adult male
juvenile female
adult female
juvenile male
a.
b.
c.
d.
57. Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill began in the____________.
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
58. During the 1600s, the crown could act as guardian of any child, especially one with
rights to inherited property. This rule fell under the doctrine of
______________________, meaning “parent of the country”.
a.
b.
c.
d.
pare decisis
parens patriae
en local parente
padre de pais
59. The first juvenile court in the U.S. was established by legislative act in 1899 in what
city?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Philadelphia
Boston
New York City
Chicago
60. The earliest attempt by a colony to deal with problem children was passage of which
Massachusetts law?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Criminal Child Law
Delinquent Child Law
Stubborn Child Law
Antisocial Child Law
61. During which period of juvenile corrections did reformers urge the creation of
institutions where delinquent, abused, and neglected children could learn good work
and study habits, live in a disciplined and healthy environment, and develop
“character?”
a.
b.
c.
d.
Puritan period
Juvenile Court period
Juvenile Rights period
Refuge period
62. A ____________ offender is a juvenile who has committed an act that is considered
unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would
not be a crime if committed by an adult.
a.
b.
c.
d.
minor
situational
status
adolescent
63. In about _______% of juvenile criminal cases in the U.S., jurisdiction is waived to
adult court.
a.
b.
c.
d.
20
15
5
1
64. At the end of the 1850s, reformers called the “____________” worked for new ways
to deal with children in trouble.
a.
b.
c.
d.
juvenile redeemers
kid protectors
child savers
adolescent guardians
65. Which of the main tenets of the court during the Juvenile Court Period (1899-1960)
was aimed at helping the child to develop a law-abiding lifestyle?
a.
b.
c.
d.
individualization
deterrence
intervention
informality
66. According to your authors, the juvenile justice system has changed dramatically in
recent decades. Currently, the juvenile justice system is in what period of
development?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Juvenile Rights Period
Juvenile Court Period
Crime Control Period
Refuge Period
67. Which of the following Supreme Court cases established the essentials of due process
for juvenile offenders, including right to counsel, formal hearing, and crossexamination?
a.
b.
c.
d.
In Re Gault
In Re Winship
Breed v. Jones
Bell v. Abney
68. According to the text, there are five differences between juveniles and adults that
justify a separate justice system. Which of the following is NOT one of the
differences?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Juveniles have little responsibility for others.
Juveniles' families are an important part of their lives.
Juveniles commit less serious crimes.
Juveniles are young and may easily change.
69. ______________ is the best predictor of future criminal behavior and recidivism for
juvenile offenders.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Parental involvement
Psychological analysis
Treatment completion
An offender’s age
70. The first decision made in juvenile court is whether or not to file a petition of juvenile
jurisdiction. However, nearly ________ of the referrals to juvenile court do not result
in a petition.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2/3
1/3
1/2
1/5
71. Instead of relying on the offense alone to identify the highest-risk juvenile offenders,
other factors in the juvenile’s history should be considered. Which of the following is
NOT one of these important factors?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sexual activity
Drug dealing
Antisocial parents
Gang membership
72. ____________ is a juvenile court procedure in which a case is either dropped or
referred to programs dealing with the delinquent’s educational, mental health, or social
needs.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Aftercare
Diversion
Waiver
Aversion
73. The term ____________ refers to services provided to juveniles after they have been
placed—removed from their home and put under some form of custodial supervision.
a.
b.
c.
d.
aftercare
diversion
waiver
aversion
74. Federal law requires that juveniles housed in adult jails be segregated and be taken
before a magistrate for an initial appearance within ___________of arrival in the
facility.
a.
b.
c.
d.
12 hours
24 hours
36 hours
72 hours
75. According to recent U.S. statistics, most gang members are _______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
African American
Caucasian
Pacific Islander
Hispanic
76. If a panel of experts were asked to characterize the U.S. correctional system, they
would likely say little about new policies, programs, or other innovations. Instead they
would say that what sets the U.S. corrections system apart from all others is that it is
so _________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
progressive
massive
retributive
rehabilitative
77. Over one in three African American men in their ______ is currently under some form
of correctional control.
a.
b.
c.
d.
late teens
twenties
thirties
forties
78. The population of drug offenders in U.S. prisons has increased by over ______% since
1980.
a.
b.
c.
d.
300
400
500
700
79. According to your authors, which of the following is NOT one of the five major
dilemmas facing the U.S. correctional system?
a.
b.
c.
d.
treatment
costs
mission
methods
80. The U.S. Correctional System is simply not in a position to influence its own fate
significantly. Much of this inability has to do with its overall______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
purpose
function
structure
philosophy
81. According to your authors, the main resource of the correctional system is
__________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
technology
personnel
time
money
82. The initial recruitment problem when attempting to hire correctional staff stems from
_______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
the element of danger
low starting salaries
poor health benefits
no retirement plans
83. Attracting, motivating, and __________outstanding personnel is key to aneffective
correctional system.
a.
b.
c.
d.
promoting
recognizing
rewarding
retaining
84. Excluding the actual financing costs, the cost of building a prison today now exceeds
roughly $______________ per cell.
a.
b.
c.
d.
50,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
85. The crime rate today is _________it was in 1973, the year prison populations first
began to grow.
a.
b.
c.
d.
nearly the same as
50% greater than
twice as small as
twice as large as
86. State correctional budgets have ___________ in the past decade.
a.
b.
c.
d.
more than doubled
decreased by half
remained predominately unchanged
more than quadrupled
87. According to your authors, the field of corrections will continue to worsen without
_________________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
tougher punishments
more administration
new prisons
effective leadership
88. Which of the following is NOT one of the three most frequently cited pressures which
have left the correctional system in its current unstable form?
a.
b.
c.
d.
political
moral
economic
social
89. ____________ evidence-based initiatives are programs that identify the key risk
factors for offending and implement prevention methods in an attempt to counteract
them before they occur.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Offense-focused
Risk-focused
Offender-focused
Treatment-focused
90. Comparing the 1970s with today, people who are convicted of crimes are _______
times as likely to go to prison.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5
4
3
2
91. All of the following can be considered evidence that our current correctional system
has become much harsher than other societies, except _______________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
the abolishment of parole in most U.S. states
men in jail made to wear pink underwear
refusals of college loans because of convictions of drug crimes
chain gangs cleaning roads and wearing black-striped shirts
92. The ________ has become to corrections what the FBI is to law enforcement: a strong
force for professional standards, policy and procedural improvement, and general
development of the field.
a.
b.
c.
d.
American Probation and Parole Association
Corrections Corporation of America
American Correctional Association
National Institute of Corrections
93. Nearly 25 years ago, the ____________ created and distributed a set of national
standards for correctional practices in jails, prisons, and field services.
a.
b.
c.
d.
American Probation and Parole Association
Corrections Corporation of America
American Correctional Association
National Institute of Corrections
94. In the U.S. today, there are currently over _____________ million people under some
form of correctional control.
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
3
5
7
95. Which of the following is NOT one of the four substantial forces that are presumed to
be able to help shape the future of the U.S. correctional system?
a.
b.
c.
d.
techno-corrections
diminishing Incarceration Rates
professionalization
evidence-based practice
96. ______________ is one of those rare ideas getting wide acceptance from many
different correctional constituents: conservatives and liberals, practitioners and
researchers.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Techno-corrections
Diminishing Incarceration Rates
Professionalization
Evidence-based practice
97. _______________ is one of the most important external dynamics affecting the
correctional system.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Techno-corrections
Diminishing Crime Rates
Professionalization
Evidence-based practice
98. Which of the following is NOT one of the challenges facing the future of corrections?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Reinvigorating a new correctional leadership
Rehabilitating offenders
Refocusing our investments in what works
Reclaiming the moral and ethical high road
99. The _________ costs of the growth of the penal system have been borne most
substantially by minority communities that already struggle with poverty and other
forms of disadvantage.
a.
b.
c.
d.
physical
financial
social
moral
100.
Over the last several decades, a new national academic discipline of ___________
has grown from a fledging major with a weak academic reputation to a nationally
respected field of study.
a.
b.
c.
d.
social work
sociology
criminal justice
political science