SEPTEMBER 2012
VINEYARD NUTRITION
UTRITION
Liz Singh - Murray Valley Winegrowers’ Inc.
Vines need nutrients to grow, produce fruit and store energy for
another season. Nutrition in the vineyard is not stationary, it is
evolving which is why what works in one block will not
urray constantly
Valley Winegrowers’
Inc.
suit all.
nergy for another season. Nutrition in the vineSOIL NUTRITION
hy what
works
inofone
notorganic
suit all.
The soil
consists
a mixblock
of sand,will
silt & clay,
matter, nutrients,
gases, water and living organisms. Nutrients in the soil are present as
“Ions”, which are molecules that have an electrical charge. “Cations”
are positively charged molecules (e.g. Calcium - Ca 2+ ) and “Anions”
er, nutrients,
gases,
water
and(e.g.
living
organisms.
are negatively
charged
molecules
Phosphate
- PO43 - ). Positive
charged ions attract and can form solid compounds
cules and
thatnegatively
have an
electrical charge. “Cations”
within the soil e.g. Calcium Phosphate.
“Anions” are negatively charged molecules (e.g.
Cation
(CEC)
attract
and Exchange
can formCapacity
solid compounds
with in
The stronger the colloid’s negative charge, the greater its capacity
to hold and exchange cations. Clay has a high CEC value, however
the CEC will vary with the type of clay. Sand however has no CEC
because it has no electrical charge.
The desired ranges for the top five exchangeable cations is as
follows: Calcium 65-80%, Magnesium 10-15%, Potassium = 1-5%,
Sodium = 0-1%, Aluminium = 0%. Neither Sodium nor Aluminium
are wanted by the plant however their presence in the soil can affect
plant growth and health and thus should be measured.
The CEC of a soil can give a good indication of the potential for
nutrient leaching. In high CEC soils, cations are attached to colloids
and thus the chances of leaching are low however in low CEC soils,
cations exist in the soil solution increasing the chances of leaching.
CEC is a measure of the soils ability to hold cations by electrical
Nutrient Mobility in soils
attraction. The five most abundant exchangeable cations are
Nutrients have varying levels of mobility in soils. Nutrients that are
Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) and
trient Mobility
in
soils
Anions and thus negatively charged are not attracted to and held by
Aluminium (Al). Soil tests will give a measure of the exchange
the colloids in the soil. These nutrients e.g. Nitrates are very mobile
capacity for the top five exchangeable cations, these can be added
trients
have varying
levels
of
mobility
in
soils.
Nutrients
that
are
Anions
and thus
charged
and
easily leached
fromnegatively
the soil profile.
Nutrients that easily form
trical together
attraction.
The
five
most
abundant
exto get a indication of your soils CEC. A CEC above 10
compounds
with
other
nutrients
e.g.
Phosphates
e not attracted
and held byforthe
colloids
in the soil. These nutrients e.g. Nitrates are very mobile and become immobile
meq/100g to
is recommended
plant
production.
tassium
(K), Sodium
(Na), Aluminium
(Al).
Soil
in the soil. Table 1 gives an indication of some nutrients mobility in
sily leached from the soil profile. Nutrients that easily form compounds with other nutrients e.g. Phosthe soil.
top five
exchangeable
cations,
these
canofbe
Cations
are held by negatively
charged
particles
clay or organic
ates become immobile in the soil. Table 1 gives an indication
some nutrients
mobility
the soil.
areas and can
hold largeinamounts
of cations as seen in Image 1.
matter
colloids. Colloids
are flat plates that
have
large surface
C above
10 called
meq/100g
is recommended
for
plant
Cations are not static once on the colloid but rather are continually
ANT NUTRITION
being “exchanged” as required into soil solution.
or-
trients play important roles in the plant but what exactly do
ave
ey do and if you have a deficiency in the vineyard how imas is it really? Here is an example.
rtant
but
soil
agnesium (Mg)
Mobile
Nitrate
Sulphate
Boron
to
Immobile
Ammonium
Organic N
Potassium
Phosphorous
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Zinc
Copper
Table11– -Nutrient
Nutrient
mobility
in soils
Table
mobility
in soils
agnesium comprises the centre of the Chlorophyll molecule. Chlorophyll
is the green pigment in plants
PLANT NUTRITION
Nutrients
play important
roles in to
thegrow
plant but
d is the key molecule for the photosynthesis process that provides
the plant
with energy
andwhat exactly do they
do
and
if
you
have
a
deficiency
in
the
vineyard
ca- Image
1 – Cation
produce.
15-30%
of Exchange
total MgCapacity
in plants is associated with the chlorophyll molecule (Marschner 1995), how important is it
Image
1
Cation
Exchange
Capacity
really? Here is an example.
http://www.bioplusonline.com/aggrowvision/Understandingsoiltesting.htm
al- Source:
erefore
deficiencies of Mg will directly impact the production of sugars and the rate of plant growth.
however has no CEC because it has no electrical
op removals
Nutrients play important roles in the plant but what exactly do
they do and if you have a deficiency in the vineyard how important is it really? Here is an example.
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulphate
Boron
Potassium
Phosphorous
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Zinc
Copper
Table 1 - Nutrient mobility in soils
Magnesium comprises the centre of the Chlorophyll molecule. Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants
and is the key molecule for the photosynthesis process that provides the plant with energy to grow and
reproduce.(Mg)
15-30% of total Mg in plants is associated withFERTILISERS
the chlorophyll molecule (Marschner 1995),
Magnesium
thereforecomprises
deficiencies
of Mg
will
directly molecule.
impact the production
of sugars
and the
plant growth.
Magnesium
the centre
of the
Chlorophyll
The selection
of fertilisers
startsrate
withof
understanding
the different
types of fertiliser available , how they work and their suitability
Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants and is the key molecule
removals process that provides the plant with energy
to your vineyard. Soil applied fertilisers are broadly classified as
forCrop
the photosynthesis
broadcast (low solubility), Tech grade (high solubility) and liquid
to grow and reproduce. 15-30% of total Mg in plants is associated
The level of crop removals can be important to understanding
the quantity of nutrients removed from the
fertilisers (dissolved solutions).
with the chlorophyll molecule (Marschner 1995), therefore
vineyardofeach
season
thethe
level
of nutrients
that
to be replaced. Table 2 displays results
deficiencies
Mg will
directlyand
impact
production
of sugars
andwill need
Tech grade fertilisers are used for fertigation. Fertigation needs
the
rate of
plantproject
growth. work MVWI has been doing in vineyard
from
some
nutrition.
knowledge
based around solubility and compatibility of products.
Tech
grade (high solubility) and
fertilisers
(dissolved
Theliquid
solubility
of fertilisers
beingsolutions).
used needs to be known and is
trients that are Anions and thussolubility),
negatively
charged
Table
3 indicates the level of nutrients removed in kg/Ha for
a harvest
ofa 20
T / per
Ha.volume at a given temperature. This
Crop
removals
generally
given in
weight
are
for fertigation. Fertigation needs knowledge based around solubility and
oil. These
nutrients
e.g. Nitrates
aregrade
veryfertilisers
mobile
andusedthe
The level
of crop removals
can beTech
important
to
understanding
indicates the maximum weight of fertiliser that can be dissolved
FERTILISERS
compatibility
of
products.
The
solubility
of fertilisers being used needs to be known and is generally given
quantity
of nutrients with
removed
fromnutrients
the vineyarde.g.
eachPhosseason and
asily form
compounds
other
in a volume of water at that water temperature. Table 4 gives an
in
a
weight
per
volume
at
a
given
temperature.
This
indicates
the maximum
weight
of fertiliser
that you
can
the level of nutrients that will need to be replaced. Table 2 displays
indication
of
someof
product
solubility,
this is only
a guide
and
n indication
The selection of fertilisersbestarts
with
understanding
the
different
types
fertiliser
available
,
how
they
dissolved
a volume
of water at thatshould
watercheck
temperature.
Table
4 givesMSDS
an indication
of product
some product
results from some project work MVWI
has beenindoing
in vineyard
your specific
product
for specific
Mobile
to your this
Immobile
work
and
their
suitability
to
vineyard.
Soil
Applied
fertilisers
are
broadly
classified
as
broadcast
(low solusolubility,
is
only
a
guide
and
you
should
check
your
specific
product
MSDS
for
specific
product
nutrition.
solubility information.
bility information.
Nitrate(highAmmonium
Organic
olubility), Tech grade
solubility)
and
liquidNfertilisers (dissolved solutions).
Solubility g / L @ 20 °C water
Fertiliser
Fruit
Averages
(kg/t)
temperature
Sulphate
Potassium
Phosphorous
Nutrient
Chardonnay
Shiraz
Sauvignon
thefertigation.
soil nutrients such
as nitrogen needs knowledge based aroundCabernet
Nutrient
ech grade
fertilisers are usedInfor
Fertigation
solubility
and
Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4)
120
t exactly do
Boron
Calcium
Iron
phosphorous
cycleSauvignon
through differChardonnay and
Shiraz
Cabernet
Magnesium
Sulphate
(MgSO
.7H
O)
330
ompatibility of products. The solubility of fertilisers being used
needs to be
known
and is generally
4
2
Nitrogen
25.97
28.8
31.92 given
Magnesium
ent forms, thisManganese
is important to underhow im-Nitrogen
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
315
1.30
1.44
1.60
n a weight per volume at aMolybdenum
given
temperature.
This indicates
the maximum5.77
weight of fertiliser that
Phosphorous
6.28 can
stand when selecting
a fertiliser,
Zinc
Calcium
Nitrate (Hydro) (5(NO3)2Ca. 7.0
2500
Phosphorous
0.29
0.35
0.31
e dissolved in a volume of water
that
water
temperature.
Table
product
NH44
NOgives
O)an indication
Potassium
51.8 of some
44.48
3.10H246.09
whichat
form
of for
example
nitrogen is
Copper
Potassium
2.30
2.59
2.22
Mono
Ammonium
Phosphate
(MAP)
Calcium
5.0 for specific
7.8
5.97 soluolubility, this isTable
only
guide mobility
and
you
should
check
your specific
product MSDS
product
present
the
fertiliser,
how much
365
1 -aNutrient
ininsoils
(NH4H2PO4)
Calcium
0.25
0.39does it have to
0.30
cycling
do
to
become
Magnesium
2.13
2.8
2.51
ility information.
Urea (CO(NH2)2) Solubility g / L @ 20
1050°C water
l molecule.
Chlorophyll is
the green
pigment
in
plants
Magnesium
0.11
0.14
0.13
available to the plant, what timeFertiliser
Table
- Nutrients
removed
kg/Ha
for a crop
of 20T/Ha
temperature
Table
44 -–3Fertiliser
Solubility
- Sourcein
- MVWI
Grapevine
Nutrition
Literature
Table
Fertiliser
Solubility
ness
thethat
soilprovides
nutrients
nitrogen
Sulfur
0.11as
0.12will to
0.13
thesuch
plant
with
energy
and
frame
yougrow
need to
ensure the nu- Source:
Review
Singh
2005
MVWI
Grapevine
Nutrition
Literature
Review
(Singh
2005)
Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4)
120
nd
phosphorous
cycle
through
differtrient
is available1995),
at the
0.01
0.01
0.01right growth In the soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous cycle
d with
theBoron
chlorophyll
molecule
(Marschner
Magnesium Sulphate
(MgSO4.7H2O)
330
and what is the
potential for the nutrient
to
leach? forms, this is important to understand when
nt forms, this
is important
under0.001 to stage
0.001
0.001
through
different
315
Potassium Nitrate
(KNO
3)
productionZinc
of sugars
and
the rate
of plant growth.
Image
2 shows the Nitrogen
cycle whichselecting
demonstrate
the which form of for example nitrogen is present
Copper
0.001
0.001Nitrate
a fertiliser,
tand when
selecting a0.001
fertiliser,
Calcium
(Hydro) (5(NO
3)2Ca.
2500
different forms of nitrogen that
can be present.
in the
fertiliser, how much cycling does it have
to do to become
2O)
Manganese
0.001 nitrogen
0.002 is
0.001 NH4NO3.10H
which form
of for example
available
to
the
plant,
what
time
frame
will
you
need to ensure
Ammonium
Phosphate
(MAP)
Foliar
fertilisersMono
also0.004
have
different formulations,
for exIron
0.004
resent in the
much
365 and what is the
erstanding
the fertiliser,
quantity0.003
ofhow
nutrients
removed from
the (NH4H2PO
the
nutrient
is
available
at
the
right
growth
stage
4) Oxides
ample
Sodium
0.02oxides, sulphates,
0.002nitrates and chelates.
does
to doTable
to become
potential
the nutrient to leach? Image 21050
shows the Nitrogen
tycling
will need
toitbehave
replaced.
2
displays
results
)2) for
Urea
(CO(NH
are suspension products and generally have 2high
nutrient
Chloride
0.32
0.32
cycle which demonstrates the different forms of nitrogen that can
vailable to the plant, what time
analysis. TheyTable
stick well
the leaf surface
and-are
ab- - MVWI Grapevine Nutrition Literature
neyard nutrition.
4 - to
Fertiliser
Solubility
Source
150
be present.
rame will you need to ensure sorbed
the nuover time.
& Nitrates
Review
- Singh
2005 are absorbed
13 samples samples
20 Sulphates
samples
in
kg/Ha
foravailable
a harvest
ofthe
20 Tright
/ Ha.growth
Based
on: at
Source - Colin Free
Image 2 - Nitrogen cycle
rient is
quickly
by
the
plant
for
a
short
period
of time while the
in 2011/12 over 3
2011/12
surface
is wet and the
tage and what is the potentialleaf
for
the nutrient
tonutrients
leach?are in solution. Chelates are nutrients that are enclosed by an anothseasons
er
molecule,
they
are
charge
neutral.
22 –- Fruit
nutrient
content
in
kg / which
tonne
ofremoved
fruit removed
at theChelating agents can be synthetic e.g. EDTA or organic e.g. amino
mage Table
2 shows
the
Nitrogen
demonstrate
Table
Fruit
Nutrient
content
incycle
kg/tonne
of fruit
at harvest
acids.
Chelate
molecules
are
generally
large and complex which can result in lower analysis products. Imgifferent
the different
types
of fertiliser
available
how they
harvest
forms
of nitrogen
that
can
be ,present.
Table
3 indicates
the level of nutrients
removed
in kg/Ha for a
age 3 & Image 4 show how a chelate is formed and how it enters the plant.
lied fertilisers
broadly classified
as broadcast (low
harvest ofare
20 T/Ha.
oliar fertilisers also have different formulations, for exmple oxides, sulphates, nitrates and chelates. Oxides
Nutrient Chardonnay Shiraz Cabernet Sauvignon
re suspension products and generally have high nutrient
n
nalysis. They
stick well25.97
to the leaf
are abNitrogen
28.8surface and
31.92
NUorbed over
time. Sulphates
are absorbed
Phosphorous
5.77 & Nitrates
7.0
6.28
Image 2 – Nitrogen cycle
Source: http://www.fertilizer.org
Image
2
Nitrogen
cycle
uickly by
the
plant
for
a
short
period
of
time
while
the
Potassium
46.09
51.8
44.48
Foliar fertilisers also have different formulations, for example oxides,
eaf surface
is wet and the
Chelates
are nutrients
that
are
enclosed
by anproducts
anothCalcium
5.0 nutrients
7.8 are in solution.
5.97
sulphates,
nitrates andImage
chelates.
Oxides
are suspension
4 - Entry
of chelated
nutrient into
the leaf
TRITION
Magnesium
2.13 neutral.
2.8 Chelating
2.51agents can and
r molecule,
they are charge
be generally
synthetic
organic
e.g.well
amino
havee.g.
high EDTA
nutrient or
analysis.
They stick
to the
Image
3
Formation
of
a
chelate
leaf surface
are absorbed
over time.
Sulphates
& Nitrates are
Table
removed
in kg/Ha
for a crop
20T/Ha
cids. Chelate
are
generally
and
complex which
canand
result
in lower
analysis
products.
ImTable3 3– Nutrients
- molecules
Nutrients
removed
in kg/Ha
for of
alarge
crop
of
20T/Ha
ge 3 & Image 4 show how a chelate is formed and how it enters the plant.
Foliar fertilisers also have different formulations, for excation timing - When will the plan
1050
a (CO(NH2)2)
ample oxides, sulphates, nitrates and chelates. Oxides
the nutrients? And 4. What applic
er Solubility - Source - MVWI Grapevine Nutrition Literature
rates will be required and how do
are suspension products and generally have high nutrient
005
rootstock affect the level of nutri
analysis. They stick well to the leaf surface and are abplied?
ch? sorbed over time. Sulphates & Nitrates are absorbed
Image 2 - Nitrogen cycle
Application timing and the percen
quickly by the plant for a short period of time while the
the
nutrients required in each growth
leaf surface is wet and the nutrients are in solution. Chelates are nutrients that are enclosed by an anothis illustrated by Image 5 taken fro
er molecule, they are charge neutral. Chelating agents can be synthetic e.g. EDTA or organic e.g. amino
view (Singh 2005). Rootstock is an
x- acids. Chelate molecules are generally large and complex which can result in lower analysis products.
Imabsorbed quickly by the plant for a short period of time while the
Application timing and the percentage
Rootstock
Vigour vigour t
s ageleaf
3&
Image
4 show
how
a chelate
formedChelates
and how
plant. required in each growth
surface
is wet
and the
nutrients
are inissolution.
are it entersofthe
nutrients
lowerin
Ramsey
High
phase is illustrated by Image 5 taken
5 gives
Dogridge
High
from the Murray Valley Winegrowers
Schwarzmann Medium Nutritio
“Grapevine
Nutrition
Literature
Ritcher
Medium
Review (Singh 2005). Rootstock is an
to unde
Ruggeri
Medium
important consideration in nutrition
he
tion pla
Paulsen
Medium
planning. Rootstocks with high vigour
ent plan
helates are nutrients that are enclosed by an anoth-NUOwn Roots
Low
that are over fertilised will produce
Ha P, 51
Table 5 - Rootstock vigour
s can be synthetic e.g. EDTA or organic e.g. amino
large canopies that are dark inside Table 5 – Rootstock vigour
nutrien
lowering bud initiation and reducing
plex which can result in lower analysis products. Imcrop. Post harvest nutrition howe
airflow
increasing
the risk
of disease.
Image
4 - Entry
of chelated
nutrient
into the leaf
ow it enters the plant.
Table 5 gives an indication of the es. It is not until root flush close t
TRITION
noted that no potassium was sup
vigour level of some rootstocks.
Image 3 - Formation of a chelate
Image 3 – Formation of a chelate
soils and the issues surrounding t
are
specific to with
this example
only.
Nutrition plans should be developed in combination
soil and
plant analysis to understand the nutrient levels
alreadyinformation
available in on
For further
the soil and whether the nutrition plan is successfully
achieving
the
vineyard
nutrition
Monday, 1 5 October 2 012 3 :07:29 P M A ustralian Econtact
astern Daylight Time
goals set. Below is an example of a nutrient plan for Shiraz based on
Liz Singh at (03) 5021 3911.
USubject:
RE: harvested
Nutrition Factsheet
20
T/ Ha
removing 28.8.kg/Ha N, 7 kg/Ha P, 51.8 kg/Ha K.
REFERENCES
Date: Monday, 15 October 2012 1:43:05 PM Australian Eastern Daylight Time
This
is not a perfect situation because it only
examines
the nutrients
1.
Maschner, H (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Higher
From: LMCGUIRE
Plants. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
removed
from
the
vineyard
not
the
nutrients
needed
to
grow that
To:
Zoe Caracatsanoudis
2.
Singh, S (2005) Grapevine Nutrition Literature
crop.
Post
thePrepared
majority
Priority:
High harvest nutrition however will supply Review.
for Murray of
Valley Winegrowers’
Image 4 – Entry of chelated nutrient into the leaf
Inc.
Image 4 - Entry of chelated nutrient into the leaf
nutrition
in
the
early
season
growth
stages.
It
is
not
until
root
flush
Hi Z
oe,
DISCLAIMER: Murray Valley Winegrowers' Inc has taken due care
RITIONSource: http://www.agroserviceinternational.com/Articles/Chelates.pdf
and consideration
in the preparation
of this
report. Interpretations
that
the
vine
starts
actively
taking
up
nutrients.
It
should
be
noted
Sorry hopefully last lot of changes for the Nutrition Factsheet.
and recommendations given here are a guide only and Murray
Valley Winegrowers' Inc will not be liable for the loss the client suffers, incurs o
that
no potassium was supplied, this is largely
due to the normal
and to the extent permitted by law, all conditions and warranties whether statu
1. In the Soil Nutrition paragraph last line remove the space between with and in.
NUTRITION PLANS
range
of potassium
Sunraysia
soilstand
thebissues
the
2. Page 2 un the line uin
nder table 2 – remove he spaces etween tsurrounding
he T / Ha
In the Fertiliser section 2nd sentence remove the capital A from the Applied
3. storage
When developing nutrition plans consider the following factors
vines
of potassium
largelyplease in the
fruit.
4. In the paragraph between Table 4 and Image 2 please put a “s” on demonstrate in the last
1. Products - what form of nutrient is present?
sentence
5. Page 3 can you make Image 5 larger?
2. How quickly will the nutrients be available?
Note
the products selected are specific to this example only.
6. Can you replace the fertiliser example with this one
3. Application timing - When will the plant need the nutrients? And
10-30
Pea
Bud
Pre Post
Fertilisers
cm
Flowering
size
Veraison
Burst
flowering
Harvest
4. What application rates will be required and how does the
shoots
berries
Nutrirootstock affect the level of nutrients applied?
50 L / Ha
25 L / Ha
pHlow
ient
-
nutrients that are enclosed by an another molecule, they are charge
neutral. Chelating agents can be synthetic e.g. EDTA or organic e.g.
amino acids. Chelate molecules are generally large and complex
which can result in lower analysis products. Image 3 & Image 4 show
how a chelate
is formed
Image
2 - Nitrogen
cycleand how it enters the plant.
42 N
Trace
Nutrients
der
at
uickpplied
n
he
ap-
30 L / Ha
Zn / Mn / Mg & trace
element sprays
Petiole
Testing
10 L / Ha
20 L / Ha
Nutrients Applied (kg / Ha) N = 27.5, P = 11, K = 0
This is an example based only on nutrients removed in the fruit and should not be implemented
into a vineyard situation without considering the specific site conditions of the vineyard in question.
Thanks Zoe, can you get it back to me ASAP.
Thanks
For
Liz further information on vineyard nutrition contact Liz Singh
on
(03) 5021 3911.
REFERENCES
From: Zoe Caracatsanoudis [mailto:[email protected]]
1. Maschner, H (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
Sent:
10Nutrition
October
2012 11:49
AM
2.
Singh, Wednesday,
S (2005) Grapevine
Literature
Review. Prepared
for Murray Valley Winegrowers’ Inc.
To: Liz Singh
Image
55
- Guide
of of
application
timing
- Source - MVWI Grapevine Nutrition
Image
– Guide
application
timing
e of Literature Review - Singh 2005
Source: MVWI Grapevine Nutrition Literature Review (Singh 2005)
ase
he Murray Valley Winegrowers “Grapevine Nutrition Literature Reportant consideration in nutrition planning. Rootstocks with high
are over fertilised will produce large canopies that are dark inside
d initiation and reducing airflow increasing the risk of disease. Table
ndication of the vigour level of some rootstocks.
ans should be developed in combination with soil and plant analysis
Subject: Re:
Nutrition
FactsheetInc has taken due care and consideration in the preparation of this report. Interpretations
DISCLAIMER:
Murray
Valley Winegrowers’
and
recommendations given here are a guide only and Murray Valley Winegrowers’ Inc will not be liable for the loss the client
suffers, incurs or is liable for in connection with the implementation of these test result interpretations and recommendation or
Hi Liz,
the use of any recommended products recommended therein and to the extent permitted by law, all conditions and warranties
No worries, Please see the mended ttached.
whether
statutory
or otherwise
areaexcluded
in a
relation
to such recommended goods.
Kind Regards
Zoe Caracatsanoudis Graphic Design BGD
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