THIRD SECTION
DECISION
AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF
Application no. 13205/07
by Fatoumata Binta DIALLO
against Sweden
The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting on
5 January 2010 as a Chamber composed of:
Josep Casadevall, President,
Elisabet Fura,
Boštjan M. Zupančič,
Alvina Gyulumyan,
Egbert Myjer,
Luis López Guerra,
Ann Power, judges,
and Santiago Quesada, Section Registrar,
Having regard to the above application lodged on 12 March 2007,
Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent
Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicant,
Having deliberated, decides as follows:
THE FACTS
1. The applicant, Ms Fatoumata Binta Diallo, is a French national who
was born in 1976. She is represented before the Court by Jonas Lundberg, a
lawyer practising in Gothenburg. The Swedish Government (“the
Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms Charlotte Hellner of the
Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
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DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
A. The circumstances of the case
2. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised
as follows.
3. Upon the applicant’s entry into Sweden (Gothenburg) on
24 February 2006, the customs authorities found her to be in possession of
988.6 grams of heroin, wrapped in two parcels in her suitcase.
4. She was interrogated from 4.05 p.m. until 4.35 p.m. by a customs
officer (AS). According to the report, the interview was held in French and
the applicant did not wish a lawyer to be present. No interpreter was
present. The applicant explained that the parcels had been given to her by a
named female friend (YB) at Charles de Gaulle Airport to be delivered to
YB’s brother, who lived in Stockholm, and whom the applicant had met
several times in Paris. The brother was supposed to pick her up in his car
and take her to Stockholm. The applicant was to stay in his apartment over
the weekend. The purpose of her stay in Sweden was tourism. The packages
contained a product to wash money. She did not know that the parcels
contained drugs.
5. Subsequently, at 4.50 p.m. the applicant was arrested.
6. The applicant was interrogated again in the customs office from
7.45 p.m. until 8.45 p.m. by a customs officer (SR). The interview was held
in French with the assistance of an authorised interpreter on the telephone.
The applicant added various details, for example that she did not have the
address of the said brother, but had his telephone number on her telephone.
The applicant also made changes to her previous statement, notably that she
could not get a place on the plane from Paris to Stockholm, so she had to go
to Gothenburg. From there she intended to go to Stockholm by train and the
said brother was supposed to pick her up at the railway station in
Stockholm. She was supposed to stay in a hotel in Stockholm. The brother
was supposed to show her the town. The applicant also stated that YB had
told her that the parcels contained a product to be used to wash discoloured
notes. The record stated that it was read out to the applicant and approved
by her.
7. The following day, from 2.35 p.m. to 3.40 p.m. a third interview was
held with the applicant and SR, during which a lawyer and a Frenchspeaking interpreter were present. During that interview SR reminded the
applicant about the statement provided during the second interview,
including her statement that she thought that the content of the packages
was a product to be used to wash discoloured notes. The applicant added
that she had heard YB, who was actually a man, speak to two other men at
the applicant’s workplace about a product to be used to wash discoloured
notes and for this reason she believed that the packages contained such a
product. The applicant intended to visit her cousin in Stockholm, but the
cousin did not know about her visit. At the restaurant where the applicant
worked, YB had heard her mention her forthcoming trip and the day before
DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
3
her trip, she bought the ticket, and by chance YB called her the same day
and asked her to take the parcels to the named person in Stockholm. YB
came to the airport in Paris on 24 February 2006 and gave her the parcels.
She had not asked what they contained because she trusted YB. According
to the record, the statement was read out to the applicant who approved it.
8. Criminal proceedings were initiated against the applicant before the
District Court (Mölndals tingsrätt) and the applicant was heard with the
assistance of an interpreter during various pre-trial hearings about whether
she should remain in detention on remand. During the trial hearing on
26 May 2006, with the assistance of an interpreter, the applicant stated, inter
alia, that she had been going to visit her cousin in Stockholm. She had
mentioned her forthcoming trip to YB who was a respectable and regular
customer at the restaurant where she worked. It was he who had asked her
to take the parcel to the named person in Stockholm. The latter, whom the
applicant had seen a few times at the restaurant, was supposed to call her
when she arrived in Stockholm. She had had no idea that the parcel
contained drugs. When the customs officers had told her this, she could not
believe it and proposed that it could be anything, for example “a product to
wash money”. She had been misunderstood during the first interview
because no interpreter had been present, and during the second interview,
the interpreter had “not been good either”.
9. A customs officer, GE, was heard as a witness. She described the
applicant’s reaction when passing through customs. She added that since the
applicant could not speak English or Swedish and the customs officers at
the customs desk could not speak French, they had had to use sign language.
Thereafter, SA was summoned and interviewed the applicant.
10. By a judgment of 26 May 2006 the District Court found the
applicant guilty of drug trafficking. It found it established that she was
aware that the packages contained narcotics, but did not find it substantiated
that the applicant had known what kind of narcotics the packages contained
or that she had a precise idea of the quantity. The applicant was therefore
sentenced to one year and six months’ imprisonment. In addition she was
expelled from Sweden for five years.
11. Both the applicant and the prosecution appealed against the
judgment to the Court of Appeal (Hovrätten för Västra Sverige), before
which both the applicant and the witnesses, GE and AS, were heard. AS
was of the view that she and the applicant had communicated well during
the first interview held on 24 February 2006 and that there had been no need
for an official interpreter. She had spoken clearly and slowly and asked the
applicant several questions in order to make sure that they had understood
each other. AS considered herself sufficiently skilled to conduct the
interview in French, which she had learned at school. Moreover, she had
lived in a French-speaking home for eight years because her former husband
was French and spoke French to their children. AS maintained that, during
the first interview, the applicant had said that the packages contained a
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DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
product to wash money. At the same time the applicant had rubbed her
hands as if washing them with soap. The applicant insisted that she had
never said anything about washing money and that AS must have
misunderstood her in that respect. What she had intended to say was that
she needed to go to the toilet. The applicant also alleged that the parcels had
been on top of her clothes in her suitcase. GE maintained that they had been
found among the applicant’s clothes.
12. By judgment of 26 July 2006 the Court of Appeal convicted the
applicant of drug trafficking with heroin and sentenced her to nine years’
imprisonment. Moreover, the ban on her entry into Sweden was set to
expire on 1 July 2016. In its reasoning, the following was stated:
“The Court of Appeal initially notes that the packages were not so large or heavy
that they could not easily have been sent via normal post. Compared to normal postal
services, the manner in which the packages were sent entailed a great deal more work
and expense. [YB] had to travel to Charles de Gaulle airport to hand over the
packages to [the applicant] [who in turn] - in a country with which she is not familiar
– had to contact a person whom she had indeed seen on two occasions as a guest at the
restaurant, but for whom she had no address and whom she could only contact by
calling the number she had been given. Any reasonable person would have wondered
about the reason for such an odd procedure.
[The applicant] has stated that she did not know what the bag with the packages
contained. The question, then, is how far we can trust her statements.
The investigation has revealed that the packages were discovered packed separately in
amongst the clothes that were in the luggage. Therefore, [the applicant’s] statement
that she had placed the plastic bag with its contents at the top of the bag is incorrect.
In view of the fact that the packages were not found packed together in a plastic bag
when the inspection was carried out, she must - as the District Court found - also have
held the packages themselves in her hands.
Moreover, the interview conducted by [AS] revealed that [the applicant], when
questioned following the customs check, claimed that the packages contained a
substance used for washing money. This makes her story contradictory, as she herself
claimed not to know anything about the contents. The fact is that there is no reason to
assume that [AS], who says that she asked several control questions, could have
misunderstood what [the applicant] said.
[The applicant] has said that she received a telephone number for [the contact
person in Stockholm] at Charles de Gaulle airport. The investigation of her mobile
telephone revealed, however, that she had already received a call lasting just over one
minute from the same telephone number in October 2005. [The applicant] has
confirmed that she received this call, as the investigation has shown, but claims that
no conversation whatsoever took place. The circumstances suggest that [the applicant]
has had more extensive contact with [the contact person in Stockholm] than she is
willing to admit. [The applicant], who says that she is not acquainted with Sweden
and that she was going to visit a relative in Stockholm at an address she did not know,
has been extremely vague about why she travelled specifically to Gothenburg.
In the light of the information given above, [the applicant’s] statements cannot be
trusted.
Instead, the circumstances surrounding the import of these packages are such that
[the applicant] must have realised that there was a very high risk that she was
involved in drug smuggling. The Court of Appeal refers here, above all, to the
DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
5
remarkable way in which the two smallish packages were imported into Sweden, and
to the fact that both [YB] and [the contact person in Stockholm] were people of whom
[the applicant] had little knowledge. Despite this, she failed to ask what the packages
contained and took them with her to Sweden hidden in her luggage. No information
has emerged that suggests that she would have refused to take the packages if she had
known that they contained drugs, or if she had known that they contained as
dangerous a drug as heroin. In this case, it must be assumed that she was indifferent to
whether the packages contained heroin, and she is therefore to be regarded as having
had the intention of carrying out the act of which she is accused. This is to be judged
as drug smuggling, an aggravated offence.”
13. Leave to appeal was refused by the Supreme Court (Högsta
domstolen) on 5 October 2006.
B. Relevant domestic law and practice
14. Section 3 of the Act on Penalties for Smuggling (lagen om straff for
smuggling, SFS 2000:1225; hereinafter “the 2000 Act”) provides that a
person who imports goods which are subject to a specific prohibition or
condition for import, and who intentionally contravenes the prohibition or
condition by failing to report the goods for customs clearance, shall be
sentenced for smuggling to a fine or imprisonment for a period not
exceeding two years. Where such smuggling relates to drugs, a sentence of
imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years shall be imposed
(section 6, paragraph 1). In the case of the offence being judged as
aggravated, a sentence of imprisonment should be imposed for a period of at
least two years and not exceeding ten years (section 6, paragraph 3).
Particular consideration shall be given to whether the act related to a
particularly large quantity of narcotics, whether the act formed part of a step
in an activity that was conducted on a large scale or professionally, or
whether the activity or act was otherwise of a particularly dangerous or
unscrupulous nature (ibid).
15. Chapter 5, section 1 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure
(rättegångsbalken, SFS 1942:740; hereinafter “the 1942 Code”) set out that
with some exceptions, Swedish is the language to be used in Swedish
courts. There is no express prohibition on the use of a foreign language
during part or the whole of a main hearing. However, to hold a hearing in a
language other than Swedish would be contrary to the rule that court
hearings shall be open to the public (see Chapter 5, section 1).
Chapter 5, section 6 of the 1942 Code contains rules on the use of
interpreters in court, which are considered to apply by analogy to
preliminary crime investigations in general. The provision states, inter alia,
the following. If a party, a witness, or any other person who shall be heard
by the court is incapable of understanding and speaking Swedish, an
interpreter may be engaged to assist the court. If a public interpreter for the
language in question serves at the court, he shall be assigned. Otherwise, the
court shall assign a suitable person to assist as interpreter in the case.
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DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
16. In crime-fighting activities by analogy the Swedish Customs apply
section 8 of the Administrative Procedure Act (förvaltninglagen; SFS
1986:223; hereinafter “the 1986 Act”), which states that when an authority
is dealing with someone who does not have a command of the Swedish
language, or who has a severe hearing impairment or speech impediment,
the authority should use an interpreter when needed. During their basic
training, all customs officers are informed about section 8 of the 1986 Act
and how it applies to the activities of the Swedish Customs. In practice, the
assessment of the need for assistance by an interpreter is made on a case-bycase basis having regard to relevant circumstances such as the nature of the
case, its level of importance to the individual and the customs officer’s
knowledge of the foreign language at issue.
Immediately after a seizure (beslag) has been made, a short initial
hearing is often held by one of the customs officers in connection with the
customs control at the border. If a non-Swedish speaker is involved, the
customs officers present at the time decide among themselves whether any
of them has sufficient skills in the relevant language to conduct the hearing.
The purpose of this initial hearing is primarily to inform the person in
question about the suspicions against him or her and his or her right to be
represented by defence counsel. After the initial hearing, the case is
normally taken over by a customs investigator. It is only in rare cases that
such an investigator holds a hearing that involves the use of a foreign
language without the assistance of an authorised interpreter. Authorised
interpreters are engaged, directly or indirectly, via established and approved
interpreting agencies.
COMPLAINT
17. Invoking Article 6 of the Convention, the applicant complained that
the criminal proceedings against her were unfair because she had not been
provided with the assistance of an authorised interpreter during the first
interview with customs officer AS, who subsequently gave evidence against
her.
THE LAW
18. The applicant’s complaint is to be examined under Article 6 §§ 1 and
3 (e) which read as follows:
1. “In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled
to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal ...”
3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:
DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
7
(e) to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the
language used in court.”
19. The applicant submitted that in view of the importance of the charge
against her, an authorised interpreter should have been summoned from the
very first interview with the custom authorities. She alleged that AS’s
knowledge of French was inadequate and that therefore the record of the
interview was wrong and limited to a brief summary instead of a verbatim
translation.
20. Finally, the applicant alleged that AS’s statement to the courts of
what AS had wrongly understood during the said interview was of crucial
importance to the Court of Appeal in their assessment that the applicant
lacked credibility, with the result that the applicant’s conviction was
estimated as aggravated and the sentence increased to nine years’
imprisonment.
21. The Government maintained that the “interpretation assistance”
provided by AS to the applicant during the first hearing was adequate for
the purposes of Articles 6 §§ 1 and 3 (e) of the Convention and that, in view
of the relevant circumstances, the criminal proceedings, taken as a whole,
could not be regarded as unfair.
22. The Government found that there were no elements in the case
which could suggest that AS’s understanding of what the applicant had
stated during the first interview or her summary thereof was inaccurate. The
applicant had not complained thereof during the interview or the subsequent
interviews or the pre-trial hearings. In any event, the Court of Appeal
exercised a sufficient degree of control of the adequacy of AS’s
“interpretation assistance” and there was no indication that the Court of
Appeal’s use of AS’s witness testimony was arbitrary or unreasonable or
decisive to the outcome of the case.
23. The Court reiterates that paragraph 3 (e) of Article 6 states that every
defendant has the right to the free assistance of an interpreter. That right
applies not only to oral statements made at the trial hearing but also to
documentary material and the pre-trial proceedings. This means that an
accused who cannot understand or speak the language used in court has the
right to the free assistance of an interpreter for the translation or
interpretation of all those documents or statements in the proceedings
instituted against him which it is necessary for him to understand or to have
rendered into the court’s language in order to have the benefit of a fair trial
(see, for example, Hermi v. Italy, 18114/02, §§ 69-70). The said provision
does not go so far as to require a written translation of all items of written
evidence or official documents in the procedure. In that connection, it
should be noted that the text of the relevant provisions refers to an
“interpreter”, not a “translator”. This suggests that oral linguistic assistance
may satisfy the requirements of the Convention (see Husain v. Italy (dec.),
no. 18913/03, 24 February 2005). The fact remains, however, that the
interpretation assistance provided should be such as to enable the defendant
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DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
to have knowledge of the case against him and to defend himself, notably by
being able to put before the court his version of the events (see Güngör v.
Germany (dec.), no. 31540/96, 17 May 2001). In view of the need for that
right to be practical and effective, the obligation of the competent
authorities is not limited to the appointment of an interpreter but, if they are
put on notice in the particular circumstances, may also extend to a degree of
subsequent control over the adequacy of the interpretation provided (see
Kamasinskiv. Austria, no. 9783/82, § 74, 19 December 1989).
24. The Court notes that the investigation stage has crucial importance
for the preparation of the criminal proceedings, as the evidence obtained
during this stage determines the framework in which the offence charged
will be considered. Moreover, in order to safeguard against ill-treatment and
to avoid incriminating statements made during police interrogation without
access to a lawyer being used for a conviction, as a rule, access to a lawyer
should be provided as from the first interrogation of a suspect by the police,
unless it is demonstrated in the light of the particular circumstances of each
case that there are compelling reasons to restrict this right (see, inter alia,
Salduz v. Turkey [GC], no. 36391/02, §§ 54-55, 27 November 2008).
25. In the same line of reasoning, the assistance of an interpreter should
be provided during the investigating stage unless it is demonstrated in the
light of the particular circumstances of each case that there are compelling
reasons to restrict this right.
26. In the present case, at the first interview with the customs authorities
on 24 February 2006 the applicant did not wish a lawyer to be present. She
has not alleged being misunderstood in this respect and her complaint
specifically concerns the fact that she was not provided with the assistance
of an authorised interpreter.
27. The Court notes that in general the Swedish Customs apply section 8
of the Administrative Procedure Act which states that an interpreter should
be used when needed, and that in practice, the assessment of such a need is
made on a case-by-case basis having regard to relevant circumstances
including the nature of the case, its level of importance to the individual and
the customs officer’s knowledge of the foreign language at issue.
Accordingly, there are no elements indicating that access to an interpreter
was restricted systematically (as opposed to the situation, mutatis mutandis,
in Salduz v.Turkey, cited above, § 61).
28. Moreover, there is nothing in the case file to show that AS’s conduct
of the interview in French was inaccurate or otherwise inadequate and the
applicant did not contest AS’s qualifications until, during the trial before the
District Court, she was confronted with her disputed statement “that the
packages contained a product to wash money”. Before the Court of Appeal,
AS maintained that the applicant during the first interview had said that the
packages contained a product to wash money and that at the same time, the
applicant had rubbed her hands in the way you do when you wash them
with soap. Confronted with that statement, the applicant insisted that she
DIALLO v. SWEDEN DECISION
9
had never said anything about washing money and that AS must have
misunderstood her in that respect. What she had intended to say was that
she needed to go to the toilet. The Court has difficulties, however, in
believing that AS would not have been able to detect such a concrete wish
and notes that apparently the applicant did not repeat that request either.
Moreover, the statement “that the packages contained a product to wash
money” was coherent with the applicant’s statement a few hours later to
customs officer, SR, with the assistance of an authorised interpreter on the
telephone, that YB had told her that the parcels contained a product to be
used to wash discoloured notes.
29. The Court also finds that the Appeal Court did exercise a sufficient
degree of control of the adequacy of AS’s interpretation skills.
30. Furthermore, the Court observes that the applicant’s disputed
statement “that the packages contained a product to wash money” was far
from the only evidence in the criminal proceedings against her and that
there is nothing to indicate that it was decisive to the outcome of the case.
31. In these circumstances, the Court considers that the applicant
received sufficient linguistic assistance during the first interview with the
Swedish Customs. Subsequently, an authorised interpreter was involved
each time the applicant was heard, both during the pre-trial stage and the
trial. Accordingly, the Court is unable to discern any violation of the right to
a fair trial.
32. It follows that the application is manifestly ill-founded and must be
rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.
For these reasons, the Court unanimously
Declares the application inadmissible.
Santiago Quesada
Registrar
Josep Casadevall
President