1
Timelines to 1814
Social History
Education and care
European Renaissance late 1300’s - early 1400’s
Christian Reformation in Europe 1300’s - beginning of 1600’s
Martin Luther (1483-1546) education to read the Bible
1493 Columbus lands on Boriquen island, home of the Taino or Arawak (Puerto Rico)
1508 Ponce de Leon becomes governor of Puerto Rico
1512 Law of Burgos - land grants imposed “gaurdianship” over Native Americans
1513 African slaves are brought to Puerto Rican plantations
- Balboa explores Pacific; Ponce de Leon lands on mainland (Florida)
1526 Ayllon exploring the southeast is driven from South Carolina
1534 Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence to the Iroquoian town of Stadacona (now Quebec)
1565 Aviles establishes St. Augustine colony (Florida) with help of African slaves on site of Seminole village
John Comenius (1592-1670)
1658 Orbis Pictus ,
School of Infancy, “readiness”
Descartes (1596-1650) the power of thought
1598 Onate establishes Spanish settlement (New Mexico)
1600 (approx.) European diseases have reduced eastern indigenous population by half
1603 Cannon Laws of the Church of England give Church responsibility for education
1607 English immigrants establish Jamestown in Virginia, home of 14,000 Powhatans;
by 1623 there are 4500 English immigrants in the colony
- Matoaka (Pocahontas) (1595-1617) marries John Smith, travels to England
1620 Plymouth colony established on site of Wampanoag village of Pawtuxet
1623 Dutch West India Company establishes New Netherland
1623-1629 Virginia colonists wage war against Powhatans
**1634 Privately
endowed schools begin
to appear in colonies
1630 Miscegenation is publically punished
1637 Pequot defeated by colonists in northeast
1642 Miantonomo, a Montauk leader, calls for Indian unity against the English
**1642 Massachusetts Law parents and guardians
responsible for dependents ability to read and to
understand principles of religion and commonwealth
law
**1647 Massachusetts colony passes “Old Deluder
Satan” act - townships of fifty or more families must
engage a teacher; girls may attend summer school
Text the property of Claire G. Knox, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Ca. 6/26/2012
Pictures property of owners, used by permission
2
Social History
Education and care
1650’s African servants are being separated from Caucasian servants and increasingly transferred as property
to serve indentured for life; most serve as slaves.
1664 Louis XIV (France) gives orders to exterminate the Five Nations
- English take over New Amsterdam
1670 Virginia law states that Negroes and Indians, even if baptized and free, may not purchase Christians
(Caucasians)
1675-76 King Philip, a Wampanoag Chief, nearly defeats colonists
1676 Bacon’s rebellion: lower class Englishmen and Africans join forces against Virginia landowners and take
Jamestown.
1680 Pueblos drive Spaniards from Pueblo territory
1682 William Penn creates “Frame of Government” for Pennsylvania –
freedom of religion; Quaker settlement
1683 German immigrants establish settlements (Pennsylvania “Dutch”)
**1690 New England Primer published
**1694 Maryland - quasi-public corporation to set
up state wide public education
European Enlightenment 1700’s
John Locke (1632-1714) “Sense Empiricism,” tabula rasa
1701 Society for the Propagation of the Bible in Foreign Parts
1718 Mission and presidio of San Antonio established (Texas)
1723 Indian College at College of William and Mary
1730 Attakullakulla travels to Britian with six other Cherokee to complete alliance agreement
1741 Moravian communities established in Pennsylvania
**Moravian boarding school for girls established
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
1749 Proposals relating to education of youth in Pensilvania,
“practical learning”
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) “natural good”
1762 Emile
Immanual Kant (1724-1804) the world as idea
1754-63 French and Indian War with Britain in colonies
**1740’s - 1860’s Sabbath and Clandestine schools
education for African American adults and children
**1754 Philadelphia Quakers establish public school
for girls
Text the property of Claire G. Knox, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Ca. 6/26/2012
Pictures property of owners, used by permission
3
Social History
Education and care
1760 British and Mohawk forces take Montreal
late 1700’s through 1800’s: Native American nations form alliances,
Colonial consolidation, Romanticism in Europe
Industrial Revolution developing in northern Europe beginning in the 1760’s
**1767 Oberlin Schools in France – tax supported
education
1769 Mission and presidio of San Diego established; Spanish settlement of Upper California begins
1769-1823 Franciscan Missions in California; consolidation of Spanish frontier
1776 Declaration of Independence of the British Colonies
**Pennsylvania- state responsibility
for education in constitution
1778 Captain James Cook lands in the Hawaiian Islands
1779 DuSable establishes trading post on Lake Michigan (Chicago)
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
1779 Bill for more general diffusion of Education
Noah Webster (1758-1843)
1783 A grammatical Institute of the English Language including the American
Spelling Book
1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 requires U.S. townships to provide schools
1787 Northwest Ordinance - education “necessary to good government”
1789 U.S. Constitution is ratified; by not addressing education leaves implementation to the States under the
reserved powers clause of the 10th Article of the Bill of Rights
**Massachusetts law establishes district control
and lays foundation for tax support for schools
1790 Immigration Act of 1790; first act regulating immigration and naturalization
1794 Defeat at Fallen Timbers after four years of conflict
1795 Immigration Act of 1795 raises residence requirement from 2 years to 5 years
-
King Kamehameha I units Hawaii and begins the Kamehameha dynasty
-
Treaty of Greenville; land in Northwest Territory ceded to the US
1796 Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pickney’s Treaty) gives access to Mississippi
River, New Orleans
1797 Society for the Relief of Poor Widows – Isabella Graham leads
establishment in response to a pattern of aid societies created by men providing
relief to men as the heads of household and not serving women who were on
their own
Text the property of Claire G. Knox, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Ca. 6/26/2012
Pictures property of owners, used by permission
4
Social History
Education and care
1798 Alien and Sedition Acts: 14 years residence for citizenship; President can deport aliens “dangerous to the
peace and safety of the US” during peace time; war time arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject of
an enemy nation; “any false, scandalous and malicious writing” is treasonable
Jean Marc Itard (1774 - 1838)
1799 De l’education - the wild boy of Aveyron, individualized
instruction
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1826)
1801 How Gertrude Teaches Her Children
1803 Louisiana Purchase; U.S. government purchases land west of Mississippi from French
Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838) monitorial or Lancastrian schools
Johann F. Herbart (1776-1841)
1806 The Science of Education, 1835 Outlines of Educational Doctrine
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
1807 The
Phenomenology of Mind
1808 Slave trade legally ends; illegal slave trading begins
1812-14 War of 1812 - British are defeated by United States in
1814;
Native Americans who allied with British are “punished.”
The United States has established itself as a “world” power on a
par with the nations of Europe. Leadership as well as citizens still
look across the Atlantic in identifying what is important politically,
intellectually and culturally, but politicians increasingly see the US
as the voice of the “New World.” Native nations are not a part of
that equation.
For most US citizens, family life is different than it is in Europe. The effects of the vastness of the land, the
interactions between Native peoples and colonists, the expanding role of slaves in agriculture as well as cities and
the self-identity of “Americans” as independent, forward thinking and egalitarian is already shaping daily life,
family narratives and family structures.
Text the property of Claire G. Knox, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Ca. 6/26/2012
Pictures property of owners, used by permission