Differing European approaches to the role of legislation and guidelines in stray dog control
• Workshop on Practical
implementation of EU Legislation on
the animal welfare at time of
slaughter and killing
• AGR 42387 Belgrade Serbia
• 23- 24 May 2011
Differing European approaches to the role of legislation and guidelines in stray dog control
• Workshop on Practical implementation of EU
Legislation on the animal welfare at time of slaughter
and killing AGR 42387 Belgrade Serbia 23- 24 May
2011
Religious Slaughtering ( British view)
David G Pritchard
[email protected]
Religious slaughter (British experience )
David G. Pritchard
Senior Veterinary Consultant Animal Welfare ,
davidgeorgepritchard@gmail,com
Workshop on Practical implementation of EU
Legislation on the animal welfare at time of
slaughter and killing AGR 42387 Belgrade Serbia 2324 May 2011
3
Overview
• History and
DIALREL
• SHECHITA Jewish
beliefs and customs
• HALAL Moslem
beliefs an customs
• JHATKA Shikh
Beliefs and customs
• UK Ban of rotating
cage
• Slaughter outside
abattoirs 1999
• FAWC report 2004
• Research conciousness
EEG, VEP bleeding
out,,sight of other
animals,
4
History (UK/EU) Religious slaughter without
prior stunning (SWPS)
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
1967 Slaughter of Poultry Act and 1974
The Slaughterhouses Act continued to
allow religious slaughter without stunning.
1974 EU Directive 74/577
1979 FAWC established
Research 1980 - 2000 on period to
sensibility EEG VEP SEP and blood loss,
handling stress in restraint pens
1984 Animal Health and Welfare Act
1984 Slaughter of pigs ( Anaesthesia)
( Amendments ) Regulations
1985 FAWC report on slaughter by
religious methods
1987 Government response to FAWC
Report
1990 Slaughter of Animals (Humane
Conditions ) Regulations Banned rotary
casting pens
1990 Slaughter of Poultry (Humane
Conditions ) Regulations
• 1993 EU Directive 93/199National rules for SWPS
• Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or
Killing) Regulations 1995 – ban
rotary crates
• The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter
or Killing) (Amendment)
Regulations 1999
– Prohibition against slaughter
by a religious method
elsewhere than in a
slaughterhouse
• 2003 FAWC report on slaughter
and killing part 1 red meat
animals
• 2005 Government response to
FAWC report
• 2009 EU Regulation on slaughter
5
and killing 1099- National Rules
for Religious slaughter
Slaughter without pre stunning Globally
•
•
•
•
Switzerland banned in 1893
Sweden, Austria Australia Banned
Finland require immediate post cut stun
New Zealand
– Shechita require post cut stun within 10 secs ( 5 secs
2009)
– Halal 1979 all exports of sheep meat to Middle east
pre-stunned ( Muslim authorities accept electrical
head only stun providing that it renders animal
temporarily unconscious. Head only stun of O.5 to
0.9 Amps for 3 seconds is performed with major
blood vessels severed within 6 seconds)
• 1099/2009/EU = National rules for religious slaughter
6
( Article 13 of Treaty of Lisbon 2010)
DIALREL - Religious slaughter, improving
knowledge and expertise through dialogue and
debate on issues of welfare, legislation and socioeconomic aspects
DIALREL workpackages
WP1. Religion, Legislation and Animal
Welfare: Conflicting Standards
WP2. Religious slaughter: Evaluation of current
practices
WP3. Halal consumer and consumption issues
WP4. Concerns, knowledge and information in
the general public
WP5. Promotion of the debate and
dissemination activities
11
12
Jewish beliefs and customs
• Torah -Bible Old testament
– Care of animals
– Specific instructions re
killing methods
• Talmud (Oral Law of
Judaism),
• Orthodox and Unorthodox
groups
• Rabbinical Commission for
licensing of Shochetim
• London Board for Shechita
Training
• Beit Din Rabbinical authority
for shochetim
• BELIEFS
• Animals must be
treated with respect
• Animal must not have
suffered during life
• Animal must not be
damaged before
bleeding
• Heart must beat to
ensure full bleeding
13
Jewish beliefs and customs
• Rabbi – Religious leader of one or more synagogues
• Shochet - Jew specifically trained in Jewish slaughter
methods
• Chalaf- specific knife used by Shochet
• Shechita – act of slaughter
• Meat inspection - Search - Shochet's method of
inspection of body cavities for signs of suffering
• Porging removal of forbidden tissues veins,
lymphatics, sciatic nerves from hindquarters
• Kosher – fit for human consumption
• Trefa not fit for human consumption
14
Jewish beliefs (Dialrel)
Within Judaism although the consumption of meat
is permissible, man is viewed as responsible for
the well being of those animals under his
control.
In Jewish religious law, Halacha, one of the
general principles is the prohibition of “tza’ar
ba’alei chayim” –causing anguish to living
beings. The requirements of shechita, the
method of slaughter to permit meat in Jewish
law, must be understood against this
background.
Jewish beliefs (Dialrel)
. They are part of a corpus of religious laws that
govern kosher food.
In Hebrew the word kosher means ‘fit’, ‘ritually
permitted’, ‘clean’ or ‘in accordance with the
rules’ and shechita is a crucial step in the
production of kosher meat.
• Shechita is the Jewish religious humane method of
animal slaughter for food.
• The Torah (Bible) tells us that God instructed
Moses in the laws of shechita, that Jews must only
use this humane method of animal slaughter if
they are to eat meat.
• the Talmud (Oral Law of Judaism), Tractate
Chullin, Mishneh Torah of Maimonides, the
Shulchan Oruch: Yoreh Deah (Codes of Jewish
Law) by Rabbi Joseph Karo, of which 28 sections
sub-divided into 156 regulations, in addition to
commentaries, deal with shechita.http://www.shechitauk.org/
17
Licensing Shochetim (GB)
• In the UK, a Shochet must hold two licences,
– one issued by the Meat Hygiene Service (MHS) and
– the other by the Rabbinical Commission for the
Licensing of Shochetim.
• This Commission is a statutory body established
by Parliament and governed by Schedule 12 to
The Welfare of Animals [Slaughter or Killing]
Regulations 1995.
• A Shochet is examined annually by the
Commission, and must apply for renewal of his
license every 12 months.
• 1099/2009/EU requires revision http://www.shechitauk.org/
to Licensing 18
Five Halachic requirements
for the Shochet
• There are five Halachic requirements that the shochet is obliged to
ensure in the performance of shechita, (Shulchan Oruch, Yoreh
De.ah: 23):
• a) there should be no interruption of the incision (Shehiya);
• b) there should be no pressing of the chalaf against the neck
(Derasa), this would exclude use of a guillotine;
• c) the chalaf should not be covered by the hide of cattle, wool of
sheep or feathers of birds (Chalada), and therefore the chalaf has
to be of adequate length;
• d) the incision must be at the appropriate site to sever the major
structures and vessels at the neck (Hagrama);
• e) there must be no tearing of the vessels before or during the
shechita process (Ikkur).
http://www.shechitauk.org/
19
Shochet inspecting the chalaf
20
Inversion pen ( USA)
Rotary pens banned
in UK 1990
Dunn CS ( 1990)
found rotary pens
more stressful than
upright restraint Vet
Rec 126 522-525
21
http://rabbi.bendory.com/pix/shechita/
Copyright © 2004-2008 Rabbi Dovid Bendory. All rights reserved
Cincinnati (ASPCA) PEN illustrating the
proper cattle position for upright restraint
Principles of restraint
( Grandin 2000)
1. Block vision
•. Slow steady
2.
movement
3. Optimum pressure
4. Do not trigger
righting reflex by
comfortable upright
position TIP Belly lift must not lift
animal from floor but just
support it ( 71 Cms )
22
Use of Conveyor for up right
restraint
• Center track
restrainers being used
for ritual slaughter.
The animal is being
restrained in a very
humane manner,
comfortably upright. A
person can hold the
head of calves and
sheep. For adult cattle, a
mechanical head
holding device is used.
23
Why stunning is not allowed
• Apart from the halachic prohibition against the above methods of
stunning, there is no conclusive evidence that these methods render an
animal insensible to pain.
• There is evidence that they are only paralysed, and thus prevented
from displaying their pain.
• Furthermore when the captive bolt method or electrical stunning fails,
as it does in a significant percentage of cases, it causes considerable
additional suffering and distress to the animal.
• Shechita produces an effective and irreversible stun as well as being a
humane and efficient slaughter method.
• Divinely ordained like Brit milah (circumcision) without anaesthetic
( Alderman 1995)
http://www.shechitauk.org/
24
Legal support for
shechita
• It is noteworthy that since 1928, shechita has been
protected by various enactments of primary and
secondary legislation.
• Article 9 of the European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, now incorporated into British law,
protects freedom of religious belief and practice.
• In the United States and Canada, the humaneness
of shechita is acknowledged in the Humane
Methods of Animal Slaughter Legislation.
http://www.shechitauk.org/
25
Is shechita painless?
• Yes. Jews believe that God, who is merciful and
compassionate would only provide for a merciful
and compassionate method of dispatch for his
creatures.
• The Torah is the first systematic legislation which
forbids cruelty to animals and mandates that they
be treated with consideration and respect.
• Judaism demands the humane treatment of
animals.
• Shechita has been scientifically shown to be
http://www.shechitauk.org/
painless because the animal is rendered
26
unconscious by this humane method.
Why can't shechita be adapted to
account for modern developments
in animal slaughter techniques?
• The Jewish laws pertaining to shechita are precisely geared to the dictates of
animal welfare.
• Other 'modern' methods may serve to assuage the feelings of the observer.
Animal welfare organisations and veterinarians have complained continually
about the ineffectiveness of other methods and how the animal regains
consciousness while being killed.
• Often animals have to be re-shot or re-electrocuted because the stun was
ineffective first time round, causing unnecessary suffering.
• Shechita avoids such problems because there are no mechanical or electrical
parts to go wrong.
• Shechita stuns and dispatches in one action, and the manner in which it stuns is
irreversible.
• The laws of shechita may be old, but they are not outmoded.
http://www.shechitauk.org/
27
PORGING and sale of
hind quarters of kosher
meat
• For the hindquarters of kosher mammals are to be
eaten by Jews, they must be 'porged' - removal of
forbidden tissues veins, lymphatics, sciatic nerves
from hindquarters in accordance with a strict
procedure.
• Because of the expense of porging and the skill
required to properly separate out the forbidden
parts, a large portion of the meat of kosher
mammals slaughtered through shechita in the ends
up on the non-kosher market.
28
Issues with Shechita
• Stress of restraining methods
• Pain perception during and after incision
• Latency to onset of complete insensibility
29
Moslem beliefs and customs
• Koran and other texts such as Sharia law
• No specific requirements for slaughter methods
• Strong Oral Tradition maintained by and Imams
which lay down differing slaughter requirements.
• Wide variety of Moslem communities e.g. Shia ,
Sunni groups which differ in extent of adoption of
HALAL standards
• Local Islamic authorities (Muftis) decide if acts
and thought conform to Islamic (Sharia) law
30
Moslem terms
• Halal is an Arabic word, which means
permissible
• In connection with food, it means food that
Muslims are permitted to consume under Islamic
Shariah Law. . In addition to this lexical and
technical meaning the word is loaded with
overtones of provided by God, Tayyab
(wholesome, good);
• Haram, which means prohibited by God,
(unwholesome, foul).
31
Halal The Arabic word (Halal) means lawful.
In the Holy Quran,Allah commands Muslims and all of mankind to eat of the
Halal things. Among the many verses of the Quran that convey this message,
here are a few:
O mankind! Eat of that which is lawful and wholesome
in the earth, and follow not the footsteps of the devil. Lo! he is an open enemy for you. (2:168)
The Islamic Cultural Centre (ICC) incorporates
The London Central Mosque and was established in 1944.
32
Religious rules and requirements
Halal slaughter(DIALREL)
Provision and consumption of meat for Muslim
communities is an essential part of the religious
life and certain conditions must be met so that the
meat is lawful, Halal.
If the treatment and slaughter of meat animals do
not meet the criteria then the meat may be
regarded as unlawful, Haram.
Religious rules and requirements
Halal slaughter(DIALREL)
.
Some species such as pigs, carnivorous animals and
carrions are forbidden.
Rules relating to Halal slaughter are based on
i) The Holy Quran;
ii) Sunnah and Hadith and
iii) Views of religious scholars.
Muslim organisations
•
•
•
•
Local Islamic authority- Muftis
Certifications of abattoirs and Halal foods
Halal Monitoring Authority (HMC) 2003
Halal Food Authority (HFA)
35
ICC
36
Halal meat consumption in UK
• Islam is the worlds second largest religion, and also the
fastest growing, both globally and in Europe.
Approximately 8 million Muslim in Europe, and the fast
increasing Muslim population in Britain currently about
1.6 Million Muslim, and the worldwide Muslim population
is over 1.4 billion
• Today, Halal meat and meat products form a significant
share of the British meat market. The Meat and Livestock
Commission (MLC) estimate that Muslims in Britain
consume about 25% of the lamb meat in this country
(about 200, 000 sheep per week). Also Muslims consume
about 5 million chickens weekly.
The Islamic Cultural Centre (ICC) incorporates
37
HALAL BASIC
REQUIREMENTS
• Healthy animal
• Animal other than swine.
• Welfare of animal eg. not to slaughter in front of other animals.
• Slaughterman Muslim (qualified and licensed).
• Sharp knife should be used.
• Cutting of throat, oesophagus, carotid arteries and jugular vein, but not
backbone.
• Taking name of Allah only.
• Maximum bleeding.
• Good hygiene standards
The Islamic Cultural Centre (ICC) incorporates
The London Central Mosque
38
Dialrel Conclusions on Halal ( Islamic scholars on
Sharia Law and animal scientists at Al-Azhar and Mansoura Universities in Egypt)
Animal must be healthy and alive before the slaughter
Blood must flow out of the body before death and in
sufficient quantities
Reciting the name of Allah (Tasmiyyah) is necessary
Eating of any meat in necessity and from animals
slaughtered by people of the books acceptable
Kible (facing of Mecca) is not necessary but optional
Recommendation for latest techniques
Stunning acceptable if conditions are met and
stunning must not result in:
Animal’s death, not impede blood loss
Misunderstandings of techniques and effects apparent
and need addressing
40
DRAWBACKS of STUNNING
• Whether mechanical, electrical and chemical, stunning
causes pain, suffering, paralysis, breaking of bones and
death.
• This intentional act of injury makes the animal unsuitable
for consumption according to the Islamic code of practice.
• Death does occur in many animals and about 1/3 of
chickens die before Dhabh/slaughter (Mitah...which
is forbidden to eat)
• The problem is also that nobody knows which
animal/chicken has died from stunning, as all are
slaughtered and consumed
• It stops convulsion of animals and therefore blood is not
rushing through the body and heart for efficient bleeding.
The Islamic Cultural Centre (ICC) incorporates
The London Central Mosque
41
Dialrel -Halal Use of prestunning
The most popular stunning method is the use
of electrical currents.
Specific electrical currents and frequencies
need to be used for Halal slaughter, mainly
so that death is prevented but only a stun is
achieved.
Either non-lethal voltages and currents or high
frequencies (>100 Hz) are used only to stun
animals for Halal slaughter.
Dialrel summary of views on
prestunning
There are 3 views in regard to stunning:
i) Those who accept it if conditions are
met because welfare of animals is
protected and rules are maintained
ii) Some reject the idea of stunning
completely as they think stunning is not
necessary, against religious rules or
creates problems for animals ;
iii) Others either not sure or want
assurances in both cases.
43
Dialrel - Halal summary of contentious
areas Authenticity of Halal Certification
– Illegal slaughter and unfit meat sale
– Lack of auditing standards (from stable to the table )
– Mechanical killing of animals (Poultry)
– Recorded Tasmiyya (Islamic prayer)
– Animal welfare compromises
– Labelling– stun/non-stun
– Islamic rules-interpretation
– Lack of training for Muslim slaughter men in Europe
– Almost all attention of Halal on fresh, rather than
processed meat
– Hygiene
44
Sikh method of slaughter
Jhatka
• International supreme Council of Sikhs in
Great Britain met FAWC 1985
• Method involves decapitation with a single
stroke without prestunning
• Not practiced in British abattoirs
• Research concluded considerable doubt if
decapitation produces immediate
insensibility
45
UK actions on slaughter without
prestunning
•
•
•
•
•
Legalisation 1928- 1999
Research programme 1980s to 2009 (Dialrel)
FAWC reports 1985
Moslem Communities council 1999 to 2011
Legislation to ban slaughter without prestunning
outside abattoirs
• FAWC report 2003
• Government response
• Implementing 1099/2009 EU
46
Legislation to ban slaughter without
prestunning outside abattoirs
• The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing)
(Amendment) Regulations 1999
• Prohibition against slaughter by a religious
method elsewhere than in a slaughterhouse
No person shall slaughter any animal by a
religious method, or cause or permit any animal to
be so slaughtered, elsewhere than in a
slaughterhouse licensed
47
Animal welfare: Qurbani/Udhia
• Important changes are now in effect concerning the welfare of animals
at slaughter.
• These changes bring GB statute law into line with European Union
legislation.
• The law now permits Qurbani/Udhia to be made:
• by a licensed Muslim slaughterman
• by the Islamic method, and
• in a licensed slaughterhouse which is under official veterinary
supervision.
• Qurbani / Udhia is not permitted in fields or in farm buildings or in
domestic or other premises .
• Muslims who wish to make Qurbani / Udhia are encouraged to make
arrangements with suppliers in good time before Eid-ul-Adha.
The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations
1995 (Statutory Instrument (SI) No 1995/731 as amended by
SI No 1999/400).
48
Publicity Campaign to stop
slaughter without prestunning
outside of abattoirs at Eid-ulAdha 2000
• Immans statement in
Mosques
• Leaflets in English,
Urdu, Arabic, Turkish.
distributed via Mosques
• Local radio
49
URDU
ARABIC
TURKISH
50
FAWC report 1985
• In October 1985, The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food invited the Muslim and Jewish ands Sikh
communities and others for consultation on the proposal
by the Farm Animal Welfare Councils (FAWC) on the
welfare of livestock when slaughtered by religious
methods, calling for a repeal of the legislative provisions
permitting slaughter without stunning.
• They cited pain and cruelty to animals when
slaughtered without prior stunning as the main reason.
• The FAWC report also remarked that there was a
widespread lack of understanding of why religious
slaughter was considered necessary in Islam
51
FAWC REPORT1985
• Noted that there is
emphasis in both Islamic
and Jewish teaching of the
need for kindness and
humane treatment of
animals and both faiths
recognise that taking of
life of an animal carries
great responsibility
• Ministers should require
both the Jewish and
Muslim communities to
review methods of
slaughter so as to develop
methods which permit
effective stunning
52
FAWC 2004 the basic principles
of humane slaughter
• pre-slaughter handling facilities which minimise stress;
• use of competent well trained, caring personnel;
• appropriate equipment which is fit for the purpose;
• an effective process which induces immediate
unconsciousness and insensibility
or an induction to a period of unconsciousness without
distress; and
• guarantee of non-recovery from that process until death
ensues.
53
54
FAWC 2004 Exsanguination
• The argument has been put to us that a pre-cut stun or an immediate
post-cut stun adversely affects the efficiency of exsanguination and
that this is a reason for not stunning animals during slaughter.
• Recent research carried out on the efficiency of bleed-out in sheep
following slaughter shows that there is no significant difference in the
rate of blood loss from a throat cut with or without stunning, whether
the stunning is achieved by electrical means or by captive-bolt.
• We are therefore not persuaded by this argument.
• In any event, under optimal conditions, only approximately 50%
of the body’s total blood is exsanguinated at slaughter. Of the
blood remaining in the carcass, the majority resides in the viscera
(30%) with the rest in the muscles (20%).
• Therefore, any minor difference in the efficiency of bleed-out would
have a very minimal effect on the amount of blood remaining in the
tissues.
55
Anil et al Bristol University
56
FAWC 2004 Delay to bleeding due
to Occlusions
• Occlusion refers to a phenomenon observed in a proportion of cattle,
and particularly in calves, when the carotid arteries have been severed
transversely.
• Very rapidly after the cut, the carotids may, by virtue of their
elasticity, retract into their own external connective tissue coat.
• The connective tissue becomes filled with blood, which then clots
thereby occluding the flow of blood from the severed arteries by
sealing the cut ends.
• Because the heart is still beating, the blood pressure in the anterior
aorta is maintained and hence also in the vertebral artery.
• This latter vessel supplies the brain an is not severed during the neck
cut. Occlusion therefore has the effect of delaying insensibility for a
considerable period and therefore increases the time during which an
animal may be experiencing severe pain and distress.
57
58
FAWC 2004 reasons for repeal of
exemption on prestunning
• 200. Overall, we have looked at slaughter without prestunning against the basic principles set out at the
beginning of our report which aim to ensure the welfare of
animals at slaughter (see Paragraph 8).
• We consider that at least two of these principles –
• pre-slaughter handling facilities that minimise stress
and
• induction to a period of unconsciousness without
distress –
• are not satisfactorily observed.
• Given that the exemption from pre-stunning is subject to
the requirement that unnecessary suffering is not inflicted,
we consider that the Government should take steps to
repeal this exemption.
59
FAWC 2004 Recommendation for
repeal of exemption on prestunning
• Recommendation
• 201. Council considers that slaughter
without pre-stunning is unacceptable and
that
• the Government should repeal the current
exemption.
60
Government response to FAWC 2004- to
repeal exemption to stunning
Response: Do not accept. The Government does not intend to ban the slaughter of
animals without prior stunning by religious groups.
We agree with FAWC that the scientific evidence indicates that animals that receive an
effective pre-cut stun do not experience pain at the time of slaughter. The balance of
current scientific evidence also suggests that those cattle which receive an immediate
post-cut stun are likely to suffer less than those that do not. However we recognise that
this latter conclusion is disputed.
The Government is committed to respect for the rights of religious groups and accepts
that an insistence on a pre-cut or immediate post-cut stun would not be compatible with
the requirements of religious slaughter by Jewish and Muslim groups.
However, others, particularly consumer and welfare groups, oppose slaughter without
prior stunning and do not wish to eat meat that has not been stunned prior to slaughter.
Meat from these animals can find its way onto the ordinary meat market but is not
identifiable by consumers at the point of sale. As part of the wider process of review and
consultation on labelling meat, the Government will work with consumer and industry
groups to consider whether this problem can be addressed through a voluntary system
of labelling, bearing in mind that an early EU agreement on meat labelling according to
61
slaughter method is unlikely.
FAWC 2004
• Recommendation
• 203. Until the current exemption which
permits slaughter without pre-stunning is
repealed, Council recommends that any
animal not stunned before slaughter should
receive an immediate post-cut stun.
62
Government response to FAWC
2004- to require post cut stun
• Response: Partially accept. The Government does not intend to make it
a compulsory requirement for animals to receive an immediate postcut stun.
• The Government considers that the current balance of scientific
evidence suggests that cattle which have not received a pre-cut stun
would benefit from an immediate post-cut stun. However, we
recognise that this conclusion is disputed.
• The Government is committed to respect for the rights of religious
groups and accepts that a compulsory immediate post-cut stun on
cattle would not be compatible with the requirements of religious
slaughter by Jewish and Muslim groups. We will continue to discuss
with the religious authorities the extent to which a voluntary
immediate post-cut stun might be introduced in a manner that is
compatible with their beliefs.
63
Assessing Humaneness
• Assessing welfare costs in terms of
–
–
–
–
scale,
severity, and
duration
can highlight difference in circumstance when differing types of
animals are slaughtered
• The methods to assess the humaneness of different
procedures are largely subjective and include
–
–
–
–
Physiological – consciousness ,emotion, pain
behavioural data - stress suffering
mode of action and
pathology
64
Slaughter without prestunning
• Slaughter for human consumption should be optimised for each
abattoir using risk assessment
• Assess
–
–
–
–
–
–
animals to be slaughtered
available handling resources
staff handlers
Skills of slaughtermen
Needs of religious community and local community
Available restraint methods optimise humane handling
– Health and safely
– Biosecurity
65
Behavioural Signs of Stress
• Poor welfare, during
movement, handling, penning
and restraint will cause stress
and should be avoided at all
costs
• Generic indicators of stress
across the species include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Vocalisation
Aggression
Reluctance to move
Escape behaviour
Panting
Salivation
Excessive defaecation
Other abnormal behaviours
After Tallin CSL
66
Search for an objective measure
which correlates well with
subjective reports of pain in those
patients who are able to
communicate
Electrophysiology
Autonomic Nervous System
Endocrine Stress Response
Behaviour
Neurophysiology
Craig Johnson
Craig Johnson
67
Chen et al. 1989
Pain due to cold in man
“ . . . patterned EEG activity is
closely associated with human
pain reactivity.”
EEG Spectral analysis
Fast Fourier Transformation
68
Antler
removal
Johnson et al. 2003
Horses (Johnson + Murrell)
Rats (Johnson + Murrell)
Sheep (Johnson et al.)
Pigs (Haga et al.)
Dogs (Johnson et al.)
Cattle (Johnson et al.)
Mammals feel pain
69
An Investigation into the Effects of Slaughter by
Ventral Neck Incision in Calves
TJ Gibson, CB Johnson, DJ Mellor and KJ Stafford
Dehorning
Results
F95
Results
Sham Ventral Neck Incision
F95
Results
Ventral Neck Incision
F95
Conclusions of Defra/NZ study
Results indicate that Ventral Neck Incision (VNI) produced
responses in EEG that have been previously associated with
known noxious stimulation in calves.
EEG changes resulting from VNI were observed to occur within the
window of post cut sensibility identified in other studies and
reported in this study. This suggests that VNI has strong
potential to be perceived as a noxious stimulus and would
therefore be painful in conscious animals subjected to this
procedure
75
Conclusions Slaughter without pre
stunning
• Need to work with communities to make progress
to move to electric pre stunning for Halal and post
cut stun for Shechita
• RISK mitigation
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Restriction of Slaughter WPS to abattoirs,
Licensing slaughter men and training of Shochetim
Licensing handling systems,
Communication with Stakeholders
Research to establish if neck cut is painful
FAWC report on white meat 2009
Adoption of Good practice Guides
76
Conclusions Slaughter without pre
stunning
• Need to work with communities to make progress
to move to electric pre stunning for Halal and post
cut stun for Shechita
• RISK mitigation
– Restriction of Slaughter Without Pre stunning to
abattoirs,
– Licensing slaughter men and training of Shochetim
– Licensing handling systems,
– Communication with Stakeholders
– Research to establish if neck cut is painful
78
FAWC 2004 the basic principles
of humane slaughter
• pre-slaughter handling facilities which minimise stress;
• use of competent well trained, caring personnel;
• appropriate equipment which is fit for the purpose;
• an effective process which induces immediate
unconsciousness and insensibility
or an induction to a period of unconsciousness without
distress; and
• guarantee of non-recovery from that process until death
ensues.
THANK YOU
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