2017-2018 IB preparation AP Biology Summer Assignment – Hart
The purpose of your summer assignment is to refresh and enhance your understanding of basic
biological concepts, as well as give you some insight into how the course itself will be taught. Do not
save this assignment for the week before school starts. Spread it out throughout the summer. You
will be tested on the content learned from this assignment on the third day of school. The summer
assignment will be collected on the day of the test. Note: this is for AP Biology, NOT Biology Honors
To access your textbook and study materials associated with the text go to:
https://scps.instructure.com/enroll/7JWFL7
You will need to enroll in the above eCampus course to retrieve the online textbook
information.
You will receive physical copies of your AP Biology textbook at the beginning of the school year but
until then you will use the eText on Pearson’s Mastering Biology.
AP Biology Summer Assignment - Due August 10, 2017
Required Coursework

Read chapters 1-4 thoroughly. Answer all questions in the attached Active Reading Guides.

Using the reference sheet attached and the internet as a resource, memorize the Greek
Alphabet.
o Why? This knowledge is vital when we talk about molecular biology as well as when
we perform the many mathematical calculations necessary throughout the course.
Recommended- not required

Using the “Study Area” on Mastering Biology, view all extra study materials for chapters 2-4
to prepare you thoroughly for the first test.
 Visit “Bozeman Science” channel on YouTube and watch Mr. Anderson’s videos on all of the
concepts covered for chapters 1-4 to prepare for the first test.
Supplies:
AP Biology (pre-IB only):
2” Binder with pockets for your class notes and materials with 9 dividers
Note: I’ve been told 2” is not enough space for the year but I do not want to require something that will
take up all the real-estate in your backpack; if you want a bigger one to ensure everything fits, that is up to your
discretion
Calculator (four function; NOT scientific- should cost ~$5 or less)
Pencils, Black pens, paper, highlighters, and sticky notes for use in class
Wish List for Classroom donations: Plastic cups (any size/clear), Plastic spoons, Hand soap, Hand
sanitizer, Paper towels, Ziplock bags (all sizes), food coloring (any color), pencils, colored pencils
Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
Name
_
__ Period
_
Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
This chapter will serve as a review of biologica l concepts that you may have learned i n an earlier cou rse
and give you an overview of what you will study thi year. It introduces the major themes of biology and
provides a foundation for understanding sci en t i fic inquiry.
1. In the overview in your text, Figure 1.2 notes many of the properties of life. Label the seven
properties illustrated in the following figure, and give a different example of each.
Concept 1.1 The stud) of life reveals common themes
2.
What are emergent properties? Give two examples.
3.
Life is organized on many cales. Figure 1.3 in your text zooms you in from viewing Earth from
space all the way to the level of molecules. As you study the figure in your text, write in a brief
definition of each level.
The Biosphere
Ecosystems
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs and Organ Systems
Tissues
CelJs
Organelles
Molecules
4.
Our study of biology will be organized around recurring themes. Make a list here of the themes
that are presented, and give an example that illustrates each theme. Your AP Biology cou rse
is organized around four Big Ideas. In the ' AP ' column place the number of the corresponding AP Big Idea. Watch for these themes and Big Ideas thmughout your study this entire yea r.
This will help you see the big picture and organize your thinking. (Go to the Summar y of Key
Concepts that begins on page 24 of your text for a concise look at the themes.)
AP
5.
Theme Description
Example
As you read this section, you will be reminded of things you may have studied in an earlier
course. Because this material will be presented in detail in future chapters, you will come back
to these ideas, so don't fret if some of the concepts presented are unfamiliar. However to guide
your study define these terms as you come to them.
eukaryotic cell
prokaryotic cell
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Copyright © 2014 Pea rson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
genes
gene expression
genome
6.
Study Figure 1.9. Describe the difference between the movement of energy and the movement
of chemicals in an ecosystem.
7.
Describe three ways in which orgamsms interact with either other orgamsms or their
environment.
8.
Big Idea 4 deals with interactions. These interactions can be controlled by feedback regulation.
Explain and give an example of each type of feedback.
negative feedback
positive feedback
Concept 1.2 The Core Theme: Evolution account s for the unity and diversity of life
9.
Life is organized into groups. Study Figure 1.12 in your text, shown here.
a. Which level contains the greatest diversity of organisms?
b. Which level contains the least diversity
of organisms?
c. Write out the levels of organization in
order from most inclusive to least.
d. Most people use a mnemonic device to
remember these levels. If you have one,
write it here.
10.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that
names and classifies organisms. Because of
new molecular information, there have been many changes in the placement of certain groups
in recent years. All life is now organized into three domains. What are they? Which domain and
kingdom do you belong to?
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2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 1: Evolution the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
11 . What two main points were articulated in Darwin s The Origin of Species?
12. What did Darwin propose as the mechanism of evolution? Summarize this mechanism.
13.
Study Figure 1.20 from your text (found below), which shows an evolutionary ' tree. What is
indicated by each twig? What do the branch points represent? Where did the "common ancestor ' of the Galapagos finches originate?
,_
a-
l5£' -----------
!f...
:t
..
Certhidea olivacea
,---------s..-- ..
,------------I
Green warbler finch
..
"'
"'
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
VI
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirost ris
Mangrove f inch
Cactospiza heliobates
...,:.;-
."'
::T
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pal/ida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cac tus ground
finch Geospiza
conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
._.....-
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
-4-
Copyright
2014 Pea rson Education , Inc.
Chapter 1: Evolution , the Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry
Concept 1.3 in studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hy potheses
14. In your AP Biology course, you will be involved in inquiry. What does this mean, and what may
be involved?
15.
What is data?
16.
Distinguish between quanlitative and qualitative data. Which type would be presented in a data
chart and could be graphed? Which type is found in the field ketches made by Jane Goodall?
17.
In science, how do we define hypothesis?
18.
A scientific hypothesis has two important qualities. The first is that it is testable. What is the
seco nd?
19.
Can a scientific hypothesis be proven? Explain your answer!
20.
Look at Figure 1.22 in your book. Use it to write a hypothesis using the "If ... then ..." format.
21.
What types of hypotheses do not meet the criteria of science that is are not testable?
22.
Study Figure 1.23 in your book to get a better idea of the scientific process. Notice that it does
not follow the steps of what has been called "t he scientific method" but rather shows how making and testing hypotheses is interwoven with other activities to answer questions. This realistically portrays what you will encounter in your own inquiry labs. For example in what different
directions may the data you collect lead?
23.
What is a controlled experiment?
24.
Explain the difference between the dependent and independent variable. Understanding this will
be useful when you analyze and graph your data.
25.
The text points out a common misconception about the term cont rolled experiment. In the
mouse coloration experiment, what factors were held constant?
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 1: Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry
26.
Explain what is meant by a scientific theory by giving the three ways your text distinguishes a
theory from a hypothesis or mere speculation.
a.
b.
c.
Test Your Understanding Answers
Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:
1.---- 2.---- 3.----4.---- 5.---- 6.----
7.
-8-
8.
9.
10.
_
Copyright© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
Name
Period
_
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
Thi chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher
goes ove r this chapter or assigns it for you to review on yo ur own, the questions that follow shou ld help you
focu on the mo t important points. It will be assumed th at you have this basic material mastered in future
topic , so review if necessary!
Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
1.
Define and give an example of the following terms:
matter
element
compound
2.
What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?
3.
What is the difference between an essential element and a trace element?
essential element
trace element
Concept 2.2 An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms
4.
Sketch a model of an atom of helium, bowing the electrons, protons, neutrons, and atomic
nucleus.
5.
What is the atomic number of helium?
6.
Here are some more terms that you should firmly grasp. Define each term.
What is the atomic mass?
_
neutron
proton
electron
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2014 Pea rson Education , Inc.
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Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
atomic number
atomic mass
isotope
electron shells
energy
7.
Consider the entry in the periodic table for carbon, shown below.
What is the atomic mass?
What is the atomic number?
How many electrons does carbon have?
How many neutrons?
_
_
6
c
12
8. What are isotopes? Use carbon as an example in your explanation.
9.
Explain radioactive isotopes and one medical application that uses them.
10. What is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical reactions between
atoms?
11. What is potential energy?
12. Explain which has more potential energy in each pair:
a. boy at the top of a slide/boy at the bottom
b. electron in the first energy shell/electron in the third energy shell
c. water/glucose
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Copyright© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
13.
What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
14. Here is an electron distribution diagram for sodium:
a. How many valence electron s does it have? _
b. How many proton does it have?
Circle the valence electron(s).
__
Concept 2.3 The formation andfunction of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
15. Define molecule.
16. Now, refer back to your definition of a compound and fill in the following chart:
Molecule? (y/n) Compound? (y/n)
Molecular
Formula
Structural
Formula
Water
Carbon dioxide
Methane
02
02
17.
What type of bond is seen in 02? Explain what this means.
18.
What is meant by electronegativit;?
19.
Explain the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond.
20.
Make an electron distribution diagram of water. Which element is most electronegative? Why
is water considered a polar molecule? Label the regions that are more positive or more negative.
(This is a very important concept. Spend some time with this one!)
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Educatio n , Inc.
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Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
21.
Another bond type is the ionic bond. Explain what is happening in the following figure.
..
+
---
00
00
00
00
0
0
00
Na
Sodium atom
00
CI-
Na+
Sodium ion
(a cation)
Cl
Chlorine atom
Chloride
ion (an
anion)
Sodium chloride (NaCI)
22.
What two elements are involved in the previous figure? Label each.
23.
Define anion and cation. In the preceding example which is the anion?
24.
What is a hydrogen bond? Indicate where the hydrogen bond occurs in the following figure.
o+
25.
Explain van der Waals int era ctions. Although they represent very weak attractions, when these
interactions are numerous they can stick a gecko to the ceiling!
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Copyright
2014 Pearson Education , Inc.
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
26.
Here is a list of the types of bonds and interactions discussed in this section. Place them in
order from the strongest to the weakest: hydrogen bond , van der Waals interactions, covalent
bonds, ionic bonds.
STRONG
WEAK
27.
Use morphine and endorphins as examples to explain why molecular shape is crucial in biology.
Concept 2.4 Chemica/reactions make and break chemical bonds
28.
Write the chemical shorthand equation for photosynthesis. Label the reactant s and the products.
29.
For the equation you just wrote how many molecules of carbon dioxide are there?
How many molecules of glucose? _
30.
_
How many elements in glucose?
__
What is meant by d ynamic equilibrium? Does this imply equal concentrations of each reactant
and product?
Test Your Understanding Ans1 vers
Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:
1. ----- 2. --- -- 3.
7.
8.
4. _
5.
6.
_
_
Copyright© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 3: Water and Life
Name
Period
_
Chapter 3: Water and Life
Living systems d epend on properties of water tha t resu l t f rom its polarity a nd hyd rogen bonding. As yo u
wo rk t hrough t h i chapter, you wi ll come to understand h ow the e properties impact life p rocesse . Be ure
you understand the concept of determining pH as well as its biological ignificance.
Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water result in hydrogen
bonding
1.
Study the water molecules at the right. On the central molecule, label oxygen (0) and hydrogen (H).
Now, add + and - signs to indicate the charged
regions of each molecule. Then indicate the hydrogen bonds.
2.
Water is considered a polar molecule. What does
this mean?
3.
Explain hydrogen bonding. How many hydrogen
bonds can a single water molecule form?
:}
...
Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's suitability for life
Hydrogen bonding accounts for the unique properties of water. Let's look at several of these
properties.
4.
Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion.
5.
Which property is demonstrated when you see beads of water on a waxed car hood?
6.
Which property explains the ability of a water strider to walk on water?
7.
The calorie is a unit of heat. Define calorie.
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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Educa tion , In c.
Chapter 3: Water and Life
8.
Water has high specific heat. What does this mean? How does water's specific heat compare to
alcohol's specific heat?
9.
Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat.
10.
Summarize how water's high specific heat contributes to the moderation of temperature. How
is this property important to life?
11.
Define evaporation. What is heat of vaporization? Explain at least three effects of this property
on living organisms.
12.
Ice floats! So what? Consider what would happen if ponds and other bodies of water accumulated ice at the bottom. Describe why this property of water is important.
13.
Now, explain why ice floats. Why is 4°C the critical temperature?
14.
Review and define these terms:
solvent
solution
solute
15.
Consider coffee to which you have added sugar. Which of these is the solvent? Which is the
solute?
16.
Explain why water is s1,1ch a fine solvent.
17.
Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. Give an example of each.
Copyright© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 3: Water and Life
18. You already know that some materials such as olive oil, will not dissolve in water. In fact oil
will float on top of water. Explain this property in terms of hydrogen bonding.
19. Now lets do a little work that will enable you to prepare solutions. Read the section on sol u te
concentrations carefull y, and show the calculations here for preparing a 1-molar solution of
sucrose. Steps to help you do this follow. The first step is done for you . Fill in the steps below.
Steps to Prepare a Solution
a. Write the molecular formula.
b. Use your periodic table to calculate the atomic mass of each element. Multiply by the
number of atoms of the element. (For example, oxygen has a mass of 16. Therefore,
oxygen bas a mass of 16 X 11 = 176 grams.)
c.
Add the masses of each element in the molecule.
d. Add water to the total molar mass you determined and bring the solution to a volume
of 1 titer. This makes 1 liter of a 1 M (1-molar) solution.
20.
Can you prepare 1 liter of a 0.5-molar glucose solution? Show your work here. You can ch eck
the answer at the end of this chapter.
21.
Define molarit y.
Concept 3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
22.
What two ions form when water dissociates?
You should have answered "hydronium (H30+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) ' in the precedin g
question. However, by convention, we will represent the hydronium ion asH+ .
23.
What is the concentration of each ion in pure water at 25°C?
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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Educa tion , In c.
Chapter 3: Water and Life
24.
Water has a pH of 7. pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+].
Can you now see how water is assigned a pH of 7?
25.
To go a step further, the product of H+ and OH - concentrations is constant at 10-
14
.
Water, which is neutral with a pH of 7 has an equal number of H+ and OH- ions. Now, define
acid
base
26.
Because the pH scale is logarithmic each numerical change represents a 1 O x change in ion
concentration.
a. How many times more acidic is a pH of 3 compared to a pH of 5?
b. How many times more basic is a pH of 12 compared to a pH of 8?
c. Explain the difference between a pH of 8 and a pH of 12 in terms of H + concentration.
27.
On the pH scale, label pH 1-14. Label neutral, acid, and base. Indicate the locations of pure water, urine, gastric juice, and bleach.
28.
Even a slight change in pH can be harmful! How do buffers moderate pH change?
29.
Exercise will result in the production of C0 2 , which will acidify the blood. Explain
the buffering system that minimizes blood pH changes.
30.
Discuss how C02 emissions affect marine life and ecosystems.
Test Your Understanding Answers
Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:
1.
_ 2.
_ 3.
____ 4. _
5.
_
Answer to Question 20: The formula for glu cose is C6H 1206 which gives a molar mass of 180
grams. A 0.5M solution would require 90 grams of glucose, adding water to bring the total
volume to 1 L.
Copyright© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 4: Carbon an d the Molecular Diversity of Life
Period
Name
_
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
This chapter prepares you for under tanding orga nic compounds. Functional group determine th e
properties and activity of various molecules. Note how Stanley Miller's experimen t provides an importa nt
link to evolution .
Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
1.
Study this figure of Stanley Miller 's experiment to
simulate conditions thought at the time of the experiment to have existed on ea rly Earth. Explain the
elements of this experiment, usin g arrows to indicate
what occurs in various parts of the apparatus.
"Atmosphere"
--
Water vapor (
CH4 /
1\t
t
Electrode
1.
.../
_,
.....---condenser
Cooled "rain"
containing
organic
molecules
water
Sample for
chemical analysis
2.
What was collected in the sample for chemical analysis? What was concluded from the result
of this experiment?
Concept 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules b) bonding to four other atoms
3.
Make an electron distribution diagram of carbon. It is essentia l that you know t he answer to
these questions:
a. How many valence electrons doe carbon have?
__
b. How many bond s can carbon form?
_
c. What type of bonds does it form with other elements?---------------
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Copyright
20 14 Pea rson Ed ucat i on Inc.
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
4.
Carbon chains form skeletons of organic molecules. How can the carbon skeletons differ?
5.
What is a hydrocarbon? Name two. Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
6.
In Chapter 2 you learned about isotopes. Because students often confuse this word with isome1;
define each term here and give an example.
Example
Definition
Isotope
Isomer
7.
Variation in the architecture of molecules can cause variable biological effects. Give an example of how isomers can vary in their pharmacological effects.
Concept 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular fimction
8.
Here is an idea that will recur throughout your study of the function of molecules: a change
in structure 11 ill change the function. You see this in enantiomers you will see it in proteins and
enzymes, and now we are going to look at testosterone and estradiol. Despite the similarities
between these two molecules, you know what a vastly different effect each has. Label each molecule in the following sketch and circle the differences.
HO
9.
Define fimctional group.
Copyright
2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 4: Carbon an d the Molecular Diversity of Life
10. There are seven chemical groups important in biological processes that you should know.
Using Figure 4.9 in your text complete the following chart.
Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl
Structure
Group
properties
Example
11. Using the functional groups above, see if you can answer the following prompts:
b. Can form covalent cross-links that stabilize protein structure
c. Key component of ATP
d. Can affect gene expression
f. Is always polar
g. Detenrunes the two groups of sugars
HO,
h. Has acidic properties
1.
fiO
7
C H
I I
H-C-C-OH
COOH
I
/
H
J. Acts as a base
I
'-
H
H
k. Circle and identify three functional groups in the molecule shown above.
Test Your Understanding Ans1vers
Now you shou ld be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:
1.- - - -- 2. ----- 3.
4.
_ 5.
6.
_
7. ---- 8.-----
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Copyrig h t
2014 Pearson Education , Inc.