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9nm q B3u qyp B8kl9;7 k q 58:$o B8m ~ 9;u 1 2 k r 9 q 76kl9nmNo 9nmN9;7 p 9B8o?: q D r k w 7B V7d58j587 B!k q p 58:/:y5vklk qyp 98*58758:y5vD8B s j klB5 p m 2 jlkN58:x:y5vklk qyp 9vz r 58j 1 9n9;7 mN!B ZBCjl9;u 58j 5 ZBCjNj q 1 :=9
~ 9;587jiB8o$jlk s u 2 q 7Dk rq j ~ BQu9;: 2 S 4K 3 U G 4 MN} @ ] CQ YfhiG U15 FHrq ji5 mNBC5 p|r 7B 6Z9nm|jfk r 9?58u { 5876kN5vD89;j$B8o mN9 pnq jN9 p BC7 klmNBC:ZB8o`k r 9 ~ BQu9;: 5vm|5 ~ 9nkl9nm|j$587u
9;: qy~ q 7 5vk q BC7 B8o q<~ s m q k q 9;j/B8mJu9no 9 p kN3j
FHr 9V9;j|jl9;7 p 9VB8o k r 9 G\s 11 5vm|u ~ B3u9;: p 587 1 9H9& :y5 q 79;u Co BC:y:=B q 7D [ 9no02 F 58j#W75
58j(5\k q D r k 1 q 7u q 7D ~ BQu9;:3B8o 9;:=9 p klmNBC7 j q k r j r B8mNk mt587D89 } B s :=B ~ 1 q 7 kl9nm|5 p k q BC7j%
FHr 9 9;:=9 p klm|BC7jJ5vm|9 :=B p 5vkl9;u5vkJk r 9 :y5vklk q<p 9 j q kl9;jJ587u p 587 r B! w k s 779;: z 1 9nk f9n9;7
j q kl9;%j ^ B8m(j qy~ : qypnq k 2 f9 q :y:C58j|j s~ 9 r B! q 7D w k s 779;: q 7DQz BC7: 2 B pnpns mtj 1 9nk f9n9;7
58u + 5 p 9;7 k-:y5vklk qyp 9$j q kl9;3j FHr 9 r 5 ~ q :=klBC7 q 587 u9;j p m q 1 q 7DHk rq jgj 2 jlkl9 ~p 587 1 9 Hm q klkl9;7
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r 9nmN9 ORQ]S^UHu9;j p m q 1 9;jk r 9 r !B q 7D w k s 779;: q 7DQzB8oQk r 9-9;:=9 p klmNBC7j 1 9nk f9n9;7 :y5vklk qyp 9
j q kl9;jH587+u OXZY\[*mN%9 m|9;jl9;76kNjVk r 9i9;79nmND 2 u s 9iklB BC7Aj q kl9 q 76kl9nm|5 p k q BC7j
I
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587u mN9%m|9;jl9;76k 58:<: BCj|j q 1 :=9:y5vklk qyp 9Tj q kl9;j 587u"!mN9%mN9;jl9;7 kNj k r 9Tj q 7 p BC7&
"D s m|5vk q BC7 B8o$k r 9 9;:y9 p klmNBC7j% X mN9% mN9;jl9;7 kNj k r 9.mNB 1 5 1 q : q k 2 5 ~ : q k s u9 B8oH587
9;:=9 p klmNBC7 r B! q 7D o mNB ~ :y5vklk qyp 9? j q kl9 klB :y5vklk qyp 9ij q kl9#$%X 587u& 35vm|9Jo 9nm ~ q BC7
B!9nmt5vklB8m|j2 rqyptr p m|9;5vkl9OB8m 587 7 rq :y5vkl9 587 9;:=9 p klmNBC7 5vk :y5vklk qyp 9Oj q kl9 587'u mN9 jZ9 p k q={ 9;: 2 q k r j q 7(! FHr 9 7 s~ 1 9nmJB!Z9nm|5vklB8m rqyp|r mN9%mN9;jl9;7 kNjJk r 9 7 s~ 1 9nm
B8og9;:y9 p klmNBC7jH5vk\:y5vklk qyp 9 j q kl9 q k r j q 7)! q j
w IML z
* X +X #X 587u r 58j 9 q D89;7 { 58: s 9;jaB8oQLB8m+I q 7i5 pnp B8m|u 587 p 9 q k r k r 9 Y 5 s : q 9 p : s j q BC(7 m q 7 pnq :=!9
FHr 9O9;79nm|D 2 u s 9klB q 76kl9nm|5 p k q BC7j 1 9nk f9n9;7 9;:=9 p klmNBC7j B pnpns 2 q 7Dk r 9AjN5 ~ 9
:y5vklk qyp 9 j q kl9 q jHu9;j p m q 1 9;u 58j
w I KQz
O X Y [ -, * X * X X
r 9nmN9 Pq j(k r 9J9;79nmND 2 58j|jlB pnq 5vkl9;#u q k r k r 9JmN%9 s :yj q={ 9 q 7 kl9nm|5 p k q BC7 1 9n0k x9n9;7 0k xB
9;:=9 p klmNBC7jJ5vkHk r 9 jN5 ~ 9 j q kl!9
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?c s m?:y5 1 r B!Z9;jVklBOjlk s u 2 58jZ9 p kNj?B8o(k r 9 GJs 1 1 5vm|u ~ B3u9;: {Qq 5 s :=klm|5 p BC:yub5vklB ~ j
:y5 p 9;u q 7_B!k qyp 58:(:y5vklk q<p 9;j% M 7 5vmNk q<pns :y5vm; f9 5vmN9 q 76kl9nmN9;jNkl9;u q 7 587 q 7j s :<5vk q 7D
jlkN5vkl9 r 9nm|9A,CBAB r 9nmN9 f9 p 58:y: X/ o B8mH58:y: :y5vklk q<p 9 j q kl9;jnj sptr k r 5vk$k r 9
9;:=9 p klmNBC7 r !B q 7D q j/ j s m|9;jNjl9;u 587u f 9V5vmN9 q 7 kl9nmN9;jlkl9;u q 7 5 p|rq 9 {Qq 7D 5875876k q o 9nm
mNB ~ 5vDC79nk qyp jlkN5vkl)9 r 9nm|9 k r 9 j q 7 jJB8ofk r 9 9;:=9 p klm|BC7j 5vmN9 B!BCj q kl9 5vk 58u + 5 p 9;76k
:y5vklk qyp 9Hj q kl9;3j I :=9 p klmNBC7j*5vmN9Lo 9nm ~ q BC7j*587$u f9 :y587 klB s jl9 ]aq w 58:yjlB?o 9nm ~ q BC7jnzZ58j
9;:=9 p klmNBC7 58758:=B8DC%j FHr 9/klmNB s D r j q 7 : q D r k q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 B8o k r 9fjNkN587u q 7D f5 { 9 s jl9;u o B8m
k r 9J!B k qyp 58::<5vklk qyp 9\jN9nm { 9\58jxk r 9?:y5vklk qyp 9?j q kl9;%j >, p 587 1 9Vk s 79;u 1 2 p|r 587D q 7D k r 9
q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 B8o$k r 9: q D r kn q k r k r 95vklB ~ j 1 9 p B ~ q 7D q 7 p mN9;58j q 7DC: 2 :=B p 58: q 9;u 587u
q 76kl9nmt5 p k q 7D ~ B8mN9JjNklmNBC7DC: 2 58jxk r 9 q 76kl9;7j q k 2 q j q 7 p mN9;58jN9;u E 1 B { 9\k r 9 W 9n 9;:kl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9?5876k q o 9nmNmNB ~ 5vDC79nk qyp?~ 5vkl9nm q 58: 1 9 p [MB L ~ 9;j 5vmt5 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp ^ B8m$k r 9 p 58jl9iB8o
:y5vmND8D9 ,FE k r 9 W 9n 9;:`kl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mNH9 G@IKJ NPO=Q 2 YfhiG U15
FHr 9 r !B q 7D k s 7 79;: q 7D ~ 5vklm q 9;:=9 ~ 9;7 kNj 587 u q 7 kl9nm|5 p k q BC7 9;79nm|D 2 p 587 1 9
9m|9;jNjl9;uA58'j 2 G 4 Ml} @ ] C 5
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q j k r 9: q D r k$f5 { 9 { 9 p klB8m ~ 5vDC7 q k s u98(587u V w ER S/z o B8m :y5vklk qyp 9j q kl9;j
q k r ZB8kl9;76k q 58:`u9%k r }Ls mNm|9;76kN: 2 v5vklkl9 ~ kNjgklB\jlk s u 2 k r 9f:=B/ kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9 r 58jl9;jaB8ok r 9/o 9nm ~ q BC7 qyp
GJs 1 1 5vm|u ~ BQu9;: s j q 7D?9 q k r 9nm ]aq B8m q 7 B! k qyp 58: :y5vklk q<p 9;j r 5 { 9 1 9n9;7 jl9 { 9nm|9;: 2
: qy~ q kl9;u 1 2 k r 9xkl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9;j+9Z9nm qy~ 9;76kN58:y: 2 m|9;58: q 5 1 :=9! E j*587 95 ~ :=98 r 9;7
, E
In G I SITU R S w o B8m ]aq k rq j q j UMV z K Z9 pnq 58: p B3BC: q 7D j p|r 9 ~ 9;jx5vmN9
mN9 s q mN9;uklB 5vklkN5 q 7 k r 9Okl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9;j 79n9;u9;u 2 YLh?G U15 FHr 9 mN9;: qy~ q 75vm 2
r 58jl9OB8o\9Z9nm q<~ 9;76kNj 1 9 q 7D1 s m|j s 9;u 132 B s m :y5 1 5 qy~ j klB u9 { 9;:=!B ~ 9nk r B3uj
B8ofm|9;5 p|rq 7DAk r 9 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9;j 79n9;u9;u rq :y9 ~ 5 q 76kN5 q 7 q 7Dk r 9 p BC7u q k q BC7k r 5vk
, BAB
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c?s m :y5 1 r B!Z 9;j?klBu9 { 9;:=B! 5O7B { 9;: p B3BC: q 7Dkl9 p|r 7 q s 9 klB mNBQu sp 9 jN5 ~ :=9;j?B8o
]aq 5vk kl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9;j :=B x9nm k r 587 m|9;jl9;76kN: 2 5 ptrq 9 { 5 1 :=9 587u_5 : 2 k r q jiklBAk r 9
jlk s u 2 B8o ]aq3q 7 587 B!k q<p 58:3:<5vklk qyp 9! FHr 9 p B3BC: q 7D ~ 9 ptr 587 q j ~ mNB!ZBCjl9;u q jak r 9 s jl9
B8o ^ 9;j r 1 5 ptr m|9;jlBC7587 p 9;j-klB j 2 ~ 5vk r 9nk qyp 58:y: 2 p B BC: ]aqQ{Qq 5\9;:y58jlk qyp$p BC:y: q j q BC7j q k r
[ 1 B8m [ 1 r qyp|r 5vm|9 1 BCjlBC7j 587u p 587 1 9 p B3BC:=9;u klBb:=B/f9nm kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9;j
k r 587 ]aq
^ 9;j r 1 5 p|r mN9;jlBC7587 p 9;j?B pnpns m r 9;7b5879Qkl9nm|758: ~ 5vDC79nk qyp "9;:<u q jJk s 79;ujlB
rk 5vk k r 9 p BC:y: q j q BC7 9;79nmND 2 B8o\587 s 7 1 B s 7u 5 q m B8o?5vklB ~ j q j u9nD89;79nm|5vkl9 q k r
k r 5vkAB8o 5 ~ BC:=9 pns :y5vm 1 B s 7ujlkN5vkl9 B8o u q 69nmN9;7 kAj q 7 p BC7" D s m|5vk q BC7 E kk r 9
mN9;jlBC7587 p 9Tk r 9 p BC:<: q j q BC7 58: p m|BCjNj jl9 p k q BC7 u q={ 9nm|D89;j 587u Lk r 9nm|9no B8mN98 132 { 5vm 2 q 7D
k r 9 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp " 9;:yu 5 : q 9;u k r 9 p BC:y: q j q BC758: q 7 kl9nm|5 p k q BC7j 1 9nk f 9n9;7 5vklB ~ j p 587
1 9 k s 79;u p BC7 k q 7 s B s jN: 2 2 h 46 V 5 FHr 9 jlk s u 2 B8o ^ 9;j r 1 5 ptr mN9;jlBC7587 p 9;j p 587 1 9
5 : q 9;u klB p BC7 klmNBC:y: q 7DJk r 9 q 76kl9nmt5 p k q BC7 9;79nmND 2 , 6587 u klB 5 p|rq 9 { 9 p BC:<u9nm(5vklB ~ qyp
kl9 ~ Z 9nm|5vk s mN9;j%
C TTH * S * '%
Y/r B8klBC58jNjNB pnq 5vk q BC7_mN9no 9nm|jiklBAk r 9)mNB p 9;jNj r 9nmN9 k fB p BC:y: q u q 7D5vklB ~ j 5 1 jlB8m 1 5
r B8klBC7 kN5 Qq 7D k r 9 ~ klB_587 9 pnq kl9;u ~ BC:y9 pns :y5vm 1 B s 7u jlkN5vkl9A2 4 FH] 46 V\5 c 79
9Z9nm qy~ 9;76kN58: q 76kl9nm|9;jlk B8o$k r 9 e @ h :y5 1 B8m|5vklB8m 2 q j jlk s u 2 q 7DOk r 9 o B8m ~ 5vk q BC7 B8o
]aqy[ 1 ~ BC:=9 pns :=9;j q 7 k r 9 q mfm|B {Qq 1 mNBC7 q<p D8mNB s 7ujlkN5vkl9! Y :y5 pnq 7D ]aqy[ 1 ~ BC:=9 pns :=9;j q 7
587 !B k q<p 58:/:y5vklk qyp .9 mNB {3q u9;j 5 ~ 9;587 j B8oHjlk s u 2 q 7DA5 ~ 587 2 1 BQu 2 j 2 jNkl9 ~ q k r
9;:=9 p klm qyp u q ZBC:=9 u q ZBC:=9 q 76kl9nm|5 p k q BC7%j
L
Y mN9;: qy~ q 75vm 2 q 7 { 9;jlk q DC5vk q BC7 B8o ^ 9;j r 1 5 p|r mN9;jlBC7587 p 9;j 587u r B8klBC58jNjlB pnq 5vk q BC7
o B8m ]aq 587u# [ 1 5vm|9Vk r 9V:<5 1 0 j qy~ ~ 9;u q 5vkl9$9&Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:D8BC58:yj 1 9 q 7D s 7u9nm
kN5 9;7 q 7 5 p BC:y:y5 1 B8m|5vk q={ 9 9 6ZB8mNk q k r Y mNB8o @i5 {Qq u_46BC79;j r BCjl9 :y5 1 q ji5 p mNBCjNj
o mNB ~ B s m|%j
!! $
& &/:!# FHr 9 e @ h :<5 1 58:yjlB p BC:y:y5 1 B8m|5vkl9;j q k r @?m3g465 ~ 9;j R B3B8k r B8oQk r 9 R m q k q j r } BC: s~ 1 q 5
M 7jNk q k s kl9 B8o F 9 p|r 7BC:yB8D 2 BC7 mNB {3q u q 7D5 ~ B8m|9ZB8mNkN5 1 :=9 j 2 jlkl9 ~ o B8m p mN9;5vk q 7D
~ 5vDC79nklB B!k qyp 58:*klmt5 jn ~ 5 Qq 7D k r q j r 2 j qyp j ~ B8mN9 5 pnp 9;jNj q 1 :y9 o B8m?9;u sp 5vk q BC758:
s m ZBCjl9;j% F B k rq j(9;7u q 7 { 9;jlk q DC5vk q BC7j r 5 { 9 1 9n9;7 s 7u9nmNkN5 9;7 klB/L5vm|ujfj qy~ : q "
p 5vk q BC7OB8ogk r 9?!B k qyp 58: 5 5vmt5vk s jnmN9;u s p k q BC7 B8oak r 9 { 5 pnss~ 9 sq ~ 9;76kL79n9;u9;u
587u p B ~ 5 p kN79;jNjHB8o*k r 9 5vklB ~ p 9;:y:
!-
!
E mN9 pns m|jNB8mHklB58:y:`k r 9 9&9nm qy~ 9;7 kNj 1 9 q 7D ~ 9;7 k q BC79;uT5 1 B { 9 q jHk r 9 o B8m ~ 5vk q BC7
B8o s :=klm|5 p BC:<udjN5 ~ :=9;j B8o ]+q [ 1 587u [ 1 FVr 9 p mN9;5vk q BC7 B8o j|5 ~ :=9;jB8o
s :=klm|5 p BC:yu 5vklB ~ j(587 u ~ BC:y9 pns :=9;jgmN9 sq mN9;jg587 qy~ ~ 9;7jN9 q 7o m|58jlklm sp k s mN9xB8oB!k qyp 58:
9;:=9 p klmNBC7 qyp 587u p B ~ s kl9nm p BC7 klmNBC:aj 2 jlkl9 ~ j3 S 2 p BC76klm q 1 s k q BC7klB k r q j r 58j 1 9n9;7
q 7 { BC: { 9 ~ 9;76k q 7k r 9 p BC7jNklm sp k q BC7B8o-5 j 2 jlkl9 ~ klB#mNB {Qq u9?o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 jlkN5 1 q : q 9;u
:y58jl9nmJ: q D r k w >In zf5vkVj s pnq 9;7 'k ZB/f9nm|jHklB 1 9 s jl9;uAo B8mJ5 u s 58:`jZ9 pnq 9;j
~ 5vDC79nklB !B k qyp 58:+klm|5 w S c?F zxklB q 7 q k q 58:y: 2 p B3BC:`587uOklm|5 [ 1 587 u ]aq
FHr 9 1 9nD q 77 q 7D p|r 5 kl9nm|j w 587u L ziB8oVk rq j k r 9;j q j* mNB {Qq u9 5 1 5 p! D8mNB s 7u
7B V:=9;uD89B8oH:y58jl9nm p B BC: q 7D587u klm|5 q 7DA587u 5 : qyp 5vk q BC7j 9nm|k q 79;7 kiklBTk r 9
9Z9nm qy~ 9;76kN58:fjl9nk s B8oHk r 9 e @ h :y5 1 B8m|5vklB8m 2 j sp|r 58j ~ 5vDC79nklB !B k qyp 58:Lklm|5 j
587u !B k qyp 58:u q ZBC:=9fklm|5 %j }Lr 5 kl9nm K u9;j p m q 1 9;j*k r 9 0 ~ 58jNkl9nmxkN5 1 :y19 0- rqyptr q j-k r 9
jlkN5vmNk q 7D ZB q 7 k o B8m D89;79nm|5vk q BC7 B8oJ: q D r k 79n9;u9;u o B8m k r 9 p B3BC: q 7Db587uklm|5 q 7D
B8o$B s m 5vklB ~ qyp jN5 ~ :=9;%j }Lr 5 kl9n$m UTu9;j p m q 1 9;j 587 9 Z9nm q<~ 9;76kN58:xjlk s u 2 B8o$k r 9
u s 58: q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 B8o+5 jN:y5 { 9 5 ~ : q "9nm Z9nmNo B8m ~ 9;u klB o s mNk r 9nmfk r 9 STq 7 q 5vk s mN9 E klB ~
F m|5 9 Z9nm q<~ 9;76%k }Lr 5 kl9n@m V mNB {Qq u9;j q 7o B8m ~ 5vk q BC7BC7 k r 9 u9 { 9;:=!B ~ 9;76kNj B8o
k r 9 9 &Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:ajlk s u 2 BC7k r *9 r B8klBC58jNjNB pnq 5vk qy{ 9 p mN9;5vk q BC7B8o ]+qy[ 1 ~ BC:=9 pns :=9;j
58j x9;:y:358j mN9;: qy~ q 75vm 2 q 7 { 9;jlk q DC5vk q BC7jgB8o ^ 9;j r 1 5 p|r mN9;jlBC7587 p 9;j 1 9n0k x9n9;7 ]aq 587u
[ 1
K
FHrq j p|r 5kl9nm m|B {Qq u9;j$587 q 7 klmNBQu sp k q BC7 klB k r 9 p BC7 p 9%kNjHB8ogm|58u q 5vk q BC7. mN9;jNj s m|9
587u u q ZBC:=9 o B8m p 9 rqyptr 5vm|9 k r 9 o s 7u 5 ~ 9;76kN58: ~ 9 ptr 587 q j ~ j q 7 { BC: { 9;u q 7 :y58jl9nm
p B BC: q 7D 587uOklm|5 q 7D
E o B s 7 u5vk q BC758: p BC7 p 9% k B8oi: q D r k ~ 5vklkl9nm q 7 kl9nm|5 p k q BC7 q j k r 5vk k r 9A9;:=9 p klm qyp
"9;:yu 5vmNkn $B8oik r 9k r 9T9;:=9 p klmNB ~ 5vDC79nk qyp f5 { 9 q 7u sp 9;j 5u q ZBC:=9 ~ B ~ 9;76k
9 [ BC7O5 79 s klm|58:Z5vklB ~ q j/k r 9 p B3B8m|u q 7 5vkl9\B8o+k r 9?9;:=9 p klmNBC7 q k r mN9;j9 p k
klB k r 9 7 s p :=9 s j w o B8mJ5 ~ s :=k q 9;:=9 p klmNBC7O5vklB ~q k q jLk r 9?j s~ B8oak r 9 p B3B8m|u q 75vkl9;jLB8o
k r 9 q 7 u q={Qq u s 58:9;:=9 p klmNBC7 j z 587u q jHk 2 qyp 58:<: 2 j ~ 58:y: w 5o %9 !587DCjNklmNB ~ j z p B ~ 5vmN9;u
q k r k r 9 L5 { 9;:=9;7D8k r B8oi!B k qyp 58:Jm|58u q 5vk q BC7 w k r B s j|587uj B8o 587DCjlklmNB ~ jnz FHr 9
9;79nmND 2 B8oxk rq j q 7u sp 9;ubu q ZBC:=9 p 587 1 9 kN5 9;7 q 7bk r 9 u q BC:y9 5 mN3B qy~ 5vk q BC7bklB
1 9 [ 9 2 SbI WW h m q W\5 9xo B pns jaBC7 k r 9x9 69 p k*B8ok r 9x9;:=9 p klm qyp "9;:yu 1 9 p 5 s jl9 q k
q j(j q DC7 q " p 587 kN: 2 :y5vmND89nmxk r 587 k r 9$9 6Z9 p k/B8oZk r 9 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp " 9;:yu o B8mx7BC&7 mN9;:y5vk qy{3q jNk qyp
5vmNk qyp :=9 j 9n9;u j 2 STI WW75
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I & 587u q 7D\B s m q 7 kl9nmN9;jlk(o mNB ~ k r 9 q 7 kl9nm|5 p k q BC7 B8oZ: q D r k q k r BC79V5vklB ~ lk B ~ 85 7 2
x9 q 7 klmNBQu sp 9bk r 9 p BC7 p 9%kOB8o ZBC:y5vm q 5vk q BC7 58jk r 9 u q BC:y9 ~ B ~ 9;7 k 9nm s 7 q k
{ BC: s~ 9!
9
w JI z
M 7A5 : q 79;5vm$u q 9;:y9 p klm qypi~ 9;u q<s~ x 9 p 587T58:yjlB 9& mN9;jNjHk r 9 Z BC:y5vm q 5vk q BC7O58j
w z
r 9nmN9 q j k r 9 9;:=9 p klm q<p j s j p 9% k q 1 q : q k 2 M 7 D89;79nm|58: q j 5Tkl9;7jlB8m 1 s k o B8m 587
q jlB8klmNB! q<pi~ 9;u qys~q k p 587 1 9i9 m|9;jNjl9;uO58jV5 j p 58:y5vm3
M 7 k r 9 p :y58j|j qyp 58:39;:=9 p klmNBC7 BCj pnq :y:y5vklB8m ~ BQu9;:3k r 9L9;:=9 p klmNBC7 q j+klm|9;5vkl9;u 58j q o 5vklkN5 ptr 9;u
klBk r 9 7 sp :y9 s j 1 2 5jm q 7D q k r k r 9 u q ZBC:=9 ~ B ~ 9;7 k BCj pnq :<:y5vk q 7DA58j k r 9)"9;:yu
BCj pnq :y:y5vkl9;j3 M 7 klmNBQu spnq 7D o m qyp k q BC758:u5 ~ q 7D q 76klB k rq j ~ B3u9;:Zm|9;j s :=kNj q 75$ r 58jl9
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bare
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dressed
states
|ψ +(n)〉
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β
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|ψ -(n)〉
|ψ +(n)〉
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For ∆ > 0
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jlkN5vkl9 fB s :yu 1 9 :=B x9nm q 79;79nmND 2 k r 587Ok r 9 I ) jlkN5vkl9!
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{ 58: s 9;jA587u9 q D89;7 { 9 p klB8m|jTB8o k r 9 r 5 ~ q :yklBC7 q 5875vD8mN9n9;j q k r k r 9 jl9 ~ qyp :y58jNj q<p 58:
u q j pns j|j q BC7 5 1 B { 9 f'9 q :y:Qu9nm q={ 9$k r 9 q u9;7 k qyp 58:Q9 mN9;jNj q BC7 o B8mxu q ZBC:=9xo B8m p 9! FHr 9
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k s~ D q={3q 7Di5iklB8kN58:5vklB ~ qyp 587D s :<5vm ~ B ~ 9;7 k s~ W F B " 7u k r 9J: q D r k
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79n9;uOklB p 58: pns :<5vkl9 k r 9iu q ZBC:=9 ~ 5vklm q 9;:=9 ~ 9;7 kNj 1 9nk f9n9;7 r 2 Z9nm"79\jNkN5vkl9;j% FHr 9
1 9nD q 77 q 7D jN9 p k q BC7j\u q j pns j|j$k rq j p 58: pns :y5vk q BC7T587uAk r 9;7 f9* q :y: u q j pns jNj$9&mN9;j
j q BC7jio B8m k r 9 : q D r k j rq o kio B8m k fBm|9nD qy~ 9;jiB8oH: q D r kio mN9 s 9;7 p 2 r 9nmN9 k r 9: q D r k
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q j p :yBCjl9 klB5875vklB ~ q<p m|9;jlBC7587 p 9 q 7 { BC: {Qq 7D ) 587u1 r 9nm|9 k r 9
: q D r k q jLo 5vmJu9nk s 79;u
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w MUC6z
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w MUW z
w[ Iz 9 R Es jl9no s : 5vmNk B8oL9 m|9;jNj q 7DOk r 9 { 9 p klB8m|j q 7 k r 9 j r 9nm qyp 58: 1 58j q j q jik r 5vk q o
k r 92BC:<5vm q 5vk q BC7TB8o/k r 9 9;:=9 p klm qyp " 9;:yu q j k rq j p B8m|mN9;jZBC7ujJklBO:=9no ki587u
m q D r k pnq m pns :y5vmt: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u : q D r k?mN9;j 9 p k qy{ 9;: 2 p B8mNm|9;j ZBC7uj?klB: q 79;5vm|: 2
BC:<5vm q 9;u: q D r k w ZBC:y5vm q 9;u58:=BC7Dbk r 9 5 q j z FHr q j ~ 9;587 j k r 5vk o B8m :=9no k 587u
m q D r k pnq m pns :y5vm|: 2 BC:<5vm q 9;u : q D r k BC7: 2 R 5vm|9 7BC7 9nmNBbmN9;j Z9 p k q={ 9;: 2 587u o B8m
: q 79;5vm ZBC:y5vm q 9;ub: q D r k\BC7: 2 R q j\7BC7 9nmNB ZBC:y5vm q 9;u58:=BC7D q o/58:yBC7D B8m
r 5 { 9 p B ~ 1 q 75vk q BC7jfB8o R 3 587u R FHrq j/mN9;u sp 9;jfk r 9 p B ~ s kN5vk q BC7 q 7 { BC: { 9;u
q 7jlBC: {Qq 7D o B8m?k r 9 u q BC:y9 ~ 5vklm q b9;:=9 ~ 9;7 k p B ~ ZBC79;76kNjiu9;j p m q 1 9;u q 7bk r 9 79 3k
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9m|9;jNjl9;u q 7kl9nm ~ j$B8o-5,V + j 2 ~ 1 BC:yj$58j
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k r 5vk o B8m m q D r k :y9no k pnq m pns :y5vm|: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u : q D r k Iv*587 u o B8m : q 79;5vm
BC:<5vm q 9;uA: q D r k M 7B8k r 9nm fB8m|ujJo B8mJ: q 79;5vmHB8m pnq m pns :y5vm|: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u
: q D r k o B8m9;5 ptr~ 5vDC79nk qyp j s 1 :y9 { 9;:HB8o 5 r 2 Z9nm " 79jNkN5vkl9Tklm|587 j q k q BC7j5vmN9bBC7: 2
58:y:=B/f9;ubklBBC7*9 5vmNk qypns :y5vm ~ 5vDC79nk qyp j s 1 :=9 { 9;:ao B8m\9;5 p|r B8o/k r 9 B8k r 9nm r 2 Z9nm "79
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k f9n9;7AD8mNB s 7 uOjlkN5vkl9 r 2 Z9nm" 79\:=9 { 9;: ) 587 u9 pnq kl9;ujlkN5vkl9 ) k r 9;7
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mN9;u s 7u 5876k$j q 7 p 9 58jV7B8kl9;uA5 1 B { 9 [ FHr 9V: q D r kxj rq o k p 587 k r 9;7 1 9 p 58: pns :y5vkl9;u q 7 k r 9\jN5 ~ 9 ~ 58779nmx58j q 7 I ( K L
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5 mNBC5 ptr klB p 58: pns :<5vkl9Jk r 9?j rq o k(BC75* 5vmNk qypns :y5vm r 2 Z9nm"79H:=9 { 9;: ~ s jlk q 7 p B8mZB
m|5vkl9$k r 9 p B s : q 7D 1 9nk f9n9;7 58:y:3B8k r 9nm r 2 9nm " 79x:y9 { 9;:yj% M 7 k rq j p 58jN9H:=B/f9;jlk-B8m|u9nm
9nm|k s m 1 5vk q BC7Tk r 9nB8m 2 D q={ 9;j?k r 9 mN9;j s :=k\k r 5vkik r 9 j rq o kVBC7 5D8m|B s 7ujlkN5vkl9 :=9 { 9;:
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9 ( 9 ) E DC5 q 7_k r 9nmN9 q :<: 1 9 j qy~ : q " p 5vk q BC7 j 1 58jl9;u_BC7 B :y5vm q 5vk q BC7 p|r B qyp !9
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5vklB ~ u s 9 klB5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 587u jZBC76kN5879nB s j 9 ~ q jNj q BC7 B8oH: q D r k% I 5 ptr k q<~ 9587
5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 9 ~ q jNj q BC7 9 { 9;7 kxB pnpns m|jxk r 9J5vklB ~ 9&9nm q 9;7 p 9;j/5 p|r 587D89 q 7 ~ B ~ 9;7&
k s~ w 3 [ 3 z r 9nmN9 3 q j k r 9.L5 { 9 { 9 p klB8m B8oHk r 9 5 1 jlB8m 1 9;u r B8klBC7587u 3 0
k r 5vk/B8oZk r 9\j ZBC76kN5879nB s jN: 2 9 ~ q klkl9;u) r B8klBC7 R 9 p 5 s jl9\k r 9VjZBC7 kN5879nB s jN: 2 9 ~ q k
kl9;u r B8klBC7j 5vmN99 ~ q klkl9;u q 7m|587uB ~ u q m|9 p k q BC7jn-k r 9O79nk o B8m p 9OBC7 k r 9O5vklB ~
u s 9klB 9 ~ q jNj q BC7 5 { 9nm|5vD89;jklB 9nmNB_587uk r 9nmN9 q j 5o B8m p 9BC7 k r 9A5vklB ~ q 7k r 9
u q mN9 p k q BC7AB8o mN!B 5vDC5vk q BC7B8ogk r 9 5 1 jlB8m 1 9;u r B8klBC7%j ^*q D MLJI j r /B VjH#5 qyp klB8m q 58:
mN%9 mN9;jl9;7 kN5vk q BC7B8o+k rq %j
r
F
^*q D s mN9$LJI ]aq D r k q 7 pnq u9;7 kHBC7k r 9 5vklB ~ o mNB ~ k r 9 :=9no kVklmt5 { 9;:y: q 7D klB k r 9 m q D r k
939nmNkNjx5io B8m p 9HBC7 k r 9H5vklB ~ u s 9LklB k r 9 ~ B ~ 9;7 k s~ 5 p sq mN9;u 1 2 k r 9H5vklB ~ o mNB ~
r B8klBC7 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 FHr 9 9 ~ q j|j q BC7 B8o r B8klBC7 j B pnpns m|j q 7m|587 uB ~ u q mN9 p k q BC7 j
q k r k r 9 o B8m p 9BC7 k r 9 5vklB ~ u s 9 klB9 ~ q jNj q BC75 { 9nm|5vD q 7DTklB 9nmNB587 u k r 9 79nk
o B8m p 9 BC7Ak r 9 5vklB ~ 1 9 q 7D q 7k r 9 u q mN9 p k q B q 7 B8o-: q D r k mNB! 5vDC5vk q BC7
M ofk r 9 : q D r k q jiu9nk s 79;u 1 9;:=B 5OD q={ 9;7_5vklB ~ q<p mN9;jlBC7587 p 9 j sp|r k r 5vk r 9;7
k r 9 5vklB ~ q j$klm|5 { 9;:<: q 7D klB f5vm|uk r 9 : q D r k q kHjl9n9;jVk r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 u!B :=9nm$j r q o kl9;u
587 5vklB ~ qyp m|9;jlBC7587 p 9?k r 9;7 q k q :y:5 1 jlB8m 1 o mNB ~ k r 9?: q D r k 1 9;5 ~ 587u9Z9nm q 9;7 p 9
jN:=/B q 7DbB8m p B BC: q 7D 1 2 k r 9 ~ 9 p|r 587 q j ~ + s jlk u9;j p m q 1 9;u E klB ~ j D8B q 7D q 7k r 9
u q mN9 p k q BC7 B8ok r 9L: q D r k m|!B 5vDC5vk q BC*7 q :y:CjN9n9xk r 9L: q D r kao mN9 s 9;7 p 2 o s mNk r 9nmgu9nk s 79;u
o mNB ~ mN9;jNBC7587 p 9587u q :y:(7B8k 1 95 6Z9 p kl9;u KQrq 7 q 7DmN9;u u9nk s 79;u : q D r k w : q D r k
r BCjl9 o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 q j 1 9;:=B 587 5vklB ~ qyp o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 z?BC7 k r 9 5vklB ~ j o mNB ~ 58:y:xj q v
( @
u q mN9 p k q BC7 j p mN9;5vkl9;jO5_m|9nD q BC7d5vkk r 9 q 7 kl9nm|jl9 p k q BC7 B8oik r 9 1 9;5 ~ j) r 9nm|95vklB ~ j
~ B {Qq 7D q 758:y:Zu q mN9 p k q BC7jL5vmN9 jN:yB/f9;u HF r 9i: q D r k q 7 k rq jfmN9nD q BC7 q j p 58:y:=9;u 20 ?.C <B4
2/4 < II5 I/2 ST{ 5
9/. 9;8
$ &'!-()* +
&&R!#
E ! : ?6;8 ? ?NM H
FHr B s D r k r 9_5vklB ~ jA5vmN9_jN:=B x9;u q 7 B!k qyp 58: ~ BC:<58jNjl9;jk r 9 2 5vmN9_7B8kAj5vk q 58:y: 2
p BC7 " 79;u 587u p 587u q 6 s jl9AB s kB8o k r 9 q 7 kl9nm|jl9 p k q BC7 m|9nD q BC7 F BmNB {3q u9Tj 5 k q 58: p BC7 " 79 ~ 9;7 k 5 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp "9;:yu q j 58uu9;u 58:=BC7D1 q k r 5 mNB!m q 5vkl9 ptr B qyp 9;j
B8o*: q D r k ZBC:y5vm q 5vk q BC7OklB p m|9;5vkl9 5 ~ 5vDC79nklB B!k qyp 58:+klm|5 w S c?F z c 79 ZBCjNj q 1 :=9
mN9;58: q 5vk q BC7 q jfklB r 5 { 9 k fB ~ 5vDC79nk qyp p B q :yj :y5 p 9;u q 7O5876k qyG 9;: ~ r BC:=k ip BC7"D s m|5 k q BC7 p mN9;5vk q 7D 5 mN9nD q BC7AB8o 9nm|)B "9;:yuO5vkHk r 9 p 9;76kl9nmJB8o*k r 9 p B q :yj rqyp|rOq 7 p mN9;58jl9;j
: q 79;5vm|: 2 35 L5 2 o mNB ~ k r 9 p 9;76kl9nm w jl9n9 ^-q DML z
^*q D s mN9#L FHr 9 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp "9;:yu: q 79;j/D89;79nm|5vkl9;u 132 58jNj q 7D pns mNm|9;76k k r mNB s D r
k fB p B q :yj q 7 !B ZBCj q kl9\u q mN9 p k q BC7j/o B8mL9;5 p|rOp B q :yj w 587 k qyG 9;: ~ r BC:yk \p BC7" D s m|5vk q BC7Zz
FHr 9 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp " 9;:yu q j/k r 9 9nm|B 5vkfk r 9 p 9;7 kl9nm 1 9nk f9n9;7k r 9 p B q :yjx587u q 7 p mN9;58j q 7D
q 7 ~ 5vDC7 q k s u9 35 L5 2 o mNB ~ k r 9 p 9;76kl9n3m
FHr 9 SciF q jVo B8m ~ 9;u 132 q 7 kl9nm|jl9 p k q 7Dk r mN9n29 5 q m|jJB8o ~ s k s 58:y: 2 B8mNk r B8D8BC758:
pnq m pns :y5vmt: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u:y58jl9nm 1 9;5 ~ j$5vk$k r 9 p 9;76kl9nmJB8oak r 9 587 k qyG 9;: ~ r BC:=k ip B q :<%j M 7
9;5 p|r B8oHk r .9 5 q m|j k r 9 1 9;5 ~ j 5vmN9 p B s 7 kl9nm mN!B 5vDC5vk q 71D q k r BC79 1 9;5 ~ 1 9 q 7D
(I
( @
:=9no k pnq m pns :y5vm|: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u w u9;7B8kl9;u ! Zz 587u k r 9fB8k r 9nm*m q D r k pnq m pns :y5vm|: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u
w u9;7B8kl9;u2! 3 zxj r B/V7 q 7 -^ q DMLML
^*q D s mN9 LML KQptr 9 ~ 5vk qyp B8o+5 S c?F KQq 1 9;5 ~ jf58:yBC7D L Z9nmZ9;7u qypns :y5vm/5 Q9;jH5vmN9
s jl9;u58:=BC7D2 q k r k fB ~ 5vDC79nk q<p\p B q :yj q 7587 k qyG 9;: ~ r BC:=k ? p BC7"D s m|5vk q BC7 c oa9;5 p|r
1 9;5 ~ 5 q m BC79 1 9;5 ~ q j :=9no k pnq m pns :y5vm|: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u w ! z 587u k r 9AB8k r 9nm m q D r k
pnq m pns :y5vmt: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;u w ! 3 z FHr 9\klmt5 q 7D mN9nD q BC7 q jLo B8m ~ 9;uO5vk$k r 9 q 7 kl9nm|jl9 p k q BC7
B8ogk r 9 j q 1 9;5 ~ j%
E j|j s~ 9 o B8m q :y: s jlklmt5vk q BC7bk r 5vk k r 9 : q D r k q jik s 79;u 1 9;:yB/ 5Oklmt587j q k q BC7_o mNB ~
?klB RIL9;79nmND 2 :=9 { 9;: ^*q D ML K j r B Vj r B k r 9 [ I$587u RI
:=9 { 9;:yjf5vmN9 Z9n9 ~ 587j rq o kl9;u !B ZBCj q kl9;: 2 mNB p 9n9;u q 7D /5 f5 2 o mNB ~ k r 9 p 9;76kl9nmLB8o`k r 9
~ 5vDC79nk qyp "9;:yu p B q :yj w ?3z E j u q j pns jNjl9;u q 7 jN9 p k q BC7 ML ! : q D r k q 7u s p 9;j
klm|587j q k q BC7j-o mNB ~ iklB I G 9;7 p 9J5vklB ~ jfj q k s 5vkl9;u 5vk ZBCj q k q BC7j*B8o
(B#
q :y: mN9no 9nm|9;76k q 58:<: 2 5 1 jlB8m 1 : q D r kVo mNB ~ k r D9 ! 1 9;5 ~ r BCjl9 u q mN9 p k q BC7TB8o
mN!B 5vDC5vk q BC7 q jakl/B L5vm|ujgk r 9/m|9nD q BC7 B8o 9nm|B ~ 5vDC79nk qyp "9;:<u FHr 9(!B ZBCj q kl9 q j`klm s 9
q 7k r 9 79nDC5vk qy{ 9 u q mN9 p k q BC7 r 9nm|9 k r 9 9n9 ~ 587 j rq o kNj?5vmN9 j sptr k r 5vk k r 9 klB W?I klm|587 j q k q BC7 q j?k s 79;u p :=BCjN9nm klBAmN9;jNBC7587 p 9 jlBk r 5vk k r Z9 ! 3 1 9;5 ~
q 2j mN9no 9nmN9;7 k q 58:y: 2 j p 5vklkl9nm|9;u 132 k r 9O5vklB ~ 3j FVr 9;jl9O5vklB ~ j 5vmN98L5vDC5 q 7 s j r 9;u
kl/B L5vm|uj k r 9 mN9nD q BC7B8o 9nmNB ~ 5vDC79nk qyp " 9;:yu FHrq j 9 69 p k jl9nm { 9;j 1 B8k r klB p B BC:
5vklB ~ j 587 u klB p BC7 "79 k r 9 ~ q 7 k r 9 p 9;7 kl9nm B8oLk r 9 Sc?F r 9nmN9 k r 9 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp
"9;:yu q j 9nmNB FVr 9 k r mN9n9 5 q m|j$B8o 1 9;5 ~ m|B {Qq u9 p BC7 " 79 ~ 9;76k q 7O58:y:ù q mN9 p k q BC73j
FHr $9 m q 7 pnq :=9 r 9nmN9 q j\u q 6Z9nmN9;7 kJk r 587bo B8m?k r 9 p 58jl9 B8o/k r 9 !B k qyp 58: ~ BC:y58j|jl9;j q 7
5 ~ BC:y58jNjN9;j$k r 9 5vklB ~ jJ5vmN9 jN:y/B f9;u 1 58jl9;uOBC7Ak r 9 q m { 9;:=B pnq k 2 r 9nmN9;58j q 7O5 S c?F
k r 9nmN9 q j-587 58uu q k q BC7 58:3j 5vk q 58:y: 2 u%9 Z9;7u9;7 k*o B8m p 9VBC7 k r 9H5vklB ~ j rqyptr mNB {Qq u9;j
k r 9 klm|5 q 7D
8
( @
m = +1
Energy
m=0
hω
σ+
m = −1
σ−
m=0
0
z
^*q D s mN9 L K
^ B pns j q 7D BC7TBC79 B8o(k r 9 k r mN9n9 1 9;5 ~ 5 Q9;j f9 jl9n9 k r 9* mN9;jl9;7 p 9 B8o
k r 9 ~ 5vDC79nk qyp "9;:<u 9n9 ~ 587 j rq o kNj-k r 9 W?IH587 u [ IV9 pnq kl9;u r 2 Z9nm"79
:=9 { 9;:yj B! ZBCj q kl9;: 2 q 7 B! ZBCj q kl9u q m|9 p k q BC7j% ! : q D r k um q={ 9;jklm|587j q k q BC7jo mNB ~
klB I jNB k r 5vk r 9;7F B k r 9 5vklB ~ j mN9no 9nmN9;7 k q 58:y: 2 5 1 jlB8m 1 o mNB ~
k r H9 ! : q D r kf587u o mNB ~ ! 3 : q D r k r 9;7 3z FHrq jxum q={ 9;j/k r 9?5vklB ~ jLklB/L5vm|uj
k r 9 ZBCj q k q BC7TB8o 9nmNB ~ 5vDC79nk qyp "9;:yujlklm|9;7D8k r FVr 9 : q D r kJo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 j r B/V7 q 7
k r 9 "D s m|9 q j F 9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9;j BC7 k r 9TB8mtu9nmB8o,In QIn8 p 587 1 95vklkN5 q 79;u q 7 5 S c?F
q k r 5 : qy~ q kxBC7k r 9 ~ q 7 qy~ s~ kl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9 1 9 q 7D qy~ BCjN9;u 132 r 9;5vk q 7D u s 9JklB
k r 9 m|587 uB ~{ 9;:=B pnq k 2 sp k s 5vk q BC7jVo m|B ~ 5 1 B8mk q BC7587ujZBC7 kN5879nB s jV9 ~ q jNj q BC7
9 { 9;76kNj%
9 9;8
&/(!R() $ $ *
:?NF ! M;? ?NM E : 58: q 5vklB ~ jA5vmN9 s j s 58:y: 2 ptr BCjl9;7o B8m p B BC: q 7D587 u klmt5 q 7DD q={ 9;7 k r 5vkOk r 9
: q D r k/o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j/79n9;u9;u k 2 qyp 58:y: 2 p B q 7 pnq u9' q k rp B ~ ~ 9nm pnq 58:y: 2 5 { 5 q :y5 1 :y9J:y58jl9nm
mNBQu sp kNj% FHr 9?klm|587 j q k q BC7j s jN9;u 5vm|9 U \ klB 9 q k r 9nm U \ B8m0U \ 75 ~ 9;u
k r 9 @ I 587 u_@ A: q 79;jimN9;j Z9 p k q={ 9;: 2 M 7 k r 9 \ e @ h :<5 1 x9 r \ 5 { 9 p BC7jlX klm\ sp kl9;u 5
Sc?F p 5 5 1 :=9 B8ogklm|5 q 7D ]aq [ 1 587u [ 1
^-q DC%j MLMU L j r B k r 9 9;79nmND 2 :=9 { 9;:<jHB8o-k r 9@U K 587u U Y jNkN5vkl9;jVB8o-k r 9;jN9 q jlB
kl!B 9;3j
L
( @
F'= 3
266.65 MHz
52 P3 / 2
F'= 2
156.95 MHz
F'= 1
72.22 MHz
F'= 0
780.24 nm
(384.23 THz)
F= 2
52 S1/ 2
6.83 GHz
F= 1
^-q D s mN9 L MU G 2 Z9nm" 79ijlklm sp k s mN9iB8ogk r 9 [ 1 @i klm|587j q k q BC7 q 7 { 5 pns s~
K
( @
F'
=4
121.0 MHz
2
5 P3 / 2
F'
=3
63.4 MHz
F'
=2
29.3 MHz
F'
=1
780.02 nm
F= 3
52 S1/ 2
3.04 GHz
F= 2
^-q D s mN9 L MV G 2 Z9nm" 79ijlklm sp k s mN9iB8ogk r 9 [ 1 @i klm|587j q k q BC7 q 7 { 5 pns s~
U
( @
F'
22 P3 / 2
1.7 MHz
2.8 MHz
1/2
3/2
5/2
670.98nm
F
3/2
22 S1/ 2
228.2 MHz
1/2
^-q D s m|9#L G 2 Z9nm" 79ijlklm sp k s mN9iB8o*k r 9 ]+q @i klm|587j q k q BC7 q 7 { 5 pns s~
V
9 9/.
( @
?67BJ 7$8 : !
E 7 qy~ ZB8mNkN587 k(B q 76k\7B8k 2 9nk ~ 9;76k q BC79;u q jVk r 5vk?klBOj spnp 9;jNo s :<: 2 p B BC:-587uTklm|5
5vklB ~ j q 7A5 S c?F 5 jN9 p BC7u5vm 2 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q jH79n9;u9;uOB8k r 9nmVk r 587k r 9 : q D r k mNB
{3q u q 7D k r 9 p B BC: q 7D 587uTklm|5 q 7D F 5 Qq 7D [ 1 o B8m?58795 ~ :y98: q D r kHk r 5vk q j
mN9;u u9nk s 79;u_o mNB ~ k r 9 p|r BCjl9;7 p B3BC: q 7DAklm|587j q k q BC7 w LOklB KQz r 58j 5
" 7 q kl*9 mNB 1 5 1 q : q k 2 B8o(9 pnq k q 7Dk r 9 w RLklB RL zLklmt587j q k q BC7T5 pnp B8m|u q 7DklB
k r 9 jl9;:=9 p k q BC7 m s :=9;ji58:<:=/B q 7D [ IN& E klB ~ j 9 pnq kl9;u klBTk r 9 L
jlkN5vkl9 p 587u9 p 5 2 u/B V7 klBk r 9 AjNkN5vkl.9 s klk q 7D q k q 7_5 0 u5vm 0ajNkN5vkl9 k r 5vk
k r 9 p B BC: q 7D : q D r k p 5877B8k$5 pnp 9;jN%j FVr 9J5vklB ~ j sqy#p : 2 p BC:y:=9 p k q 7 k r q jxu 5vm jlkN5vkl9
mN9 { 9;7 k q 7D k r 9?o B8m ~ 5vk q BC7B8o*5 Sc?F F B B { 9nm p B ~ 9 k rq jnjlB ~ 9 0 mN%9 s ~ :0Q: q D r k
q jJ58u u9;u rqyp|r !B k qyp 58:y: 2 s~ j$k r 9 5vklB ~ j\o mNB ~ k r 9 u 5vm jlkN5vkl9 1 5 !p klBk r 9
:=9 { 9;:a5 pnp 9;jNj q 1 :=9iklB k r 9 p B BC: q 7D : q D r %k FHr 9im|%9 s~ A: q D r k ~ 5 21 9ik s 79;uOklB k r 9
klB RL klm|587j q k q BC7jNBk r 5vk?5vklB ~ j p BC:y:=9 p k q 7D q 7Tk r 9 jlkN5vkl9 5vmN9
9 pnq kl9;uklB k r 9 L jlkN5vkl9 587u mN9no 9nm|9;76k q 58:<: 2 u9 p 5 2 klB L
F 5 1 :=,9 LJI j r /B Vjik r 9 klm|587j q k q BC7j p|r BCjN9;7 klB s jl9 o B8m :y58jN9nm p B BC: q 7DO587u k r 9
mN%9 s~ Oo mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j s jl9;u
} B3BC: q 7D [ %9 s~ w klB z w klB z
I [
[ 1 H [>L [ 1 LH[ K [<L H
]aq L Ev [ Ev I EvA [ Ev F 5 1 :y9 LJI } B3BC: q 7Di587u m|%9 s~ klmt587j q k q BC7 j s jl9;u 132 k r 9 e @ h :y5 1 RIQLQU
o B8mHk r 9 r 2 Z9nm " 79i:=9 { 9;:<j$B8o ]+q
} B3BC: q 7D ]aq*q j ~ B8mN9 p|r 58:y:=9;7D q 7Dk r 587 p B3BC: q 7D9 q k r 9nm [ 1 B8m [ 1 j q 7 p 9
k r 9 9 pnq kl9;u jlkN5vkl9 r 2 Z9nm " 79 :=9 { 9;:<j 5vmN9 p :yBCjl9;: 2 j 5 p 9;u p B ~ 5vmN9;u klBTk r 9 :y58jl9nm
: q 7%9 q uk r w STG z FHrq j/:=9;58ujxklB 5 j q DC7 q " p 587 kx5 pnpns~ s :y5vk q BC7 B8oa5vklB ~ j q 7 k r 9
u5vm jlkN5vkl98 L Ev M 7k r 9 p 58jl9io B8m [ 1 k r 9imN%9 s~ O: q D r k p 587 1 9ij r BC79
5vk\k r 9 p 9;7 kl9nmiB8o-k r 9 S c?F o m|B ~ 587 2 u q m|9 p k q BC7587ub5 j ~ 58:y: B x9nm q jJ79n9;u9;u
o B8mHk r 9 p 58jN9 B8o ]+qr /B f9 { 9nm;k r 9imN%9 s~ 1 9;5 ~ j$5vmN9ij r BC79io mNB ~ k r 9ijN5 ~ 9 j q u q mN9 p k q BC7 j-58j(k r 9 S c?F 5872u q k r p B ~ 5vm|5 1 :=9 q 7 kl9;7j q k 2 58j-k r 5vk/79n9;u9;u o B8m(k r 9
p B BC: q 7D 1 9;5 ~ j%
C
&'!-()* R!&/$* &
99;8
( @
F 8 :$?8 7 M;? +E : H B E !:?
M 7AjN9 p k q BC7T )x9 j|53 k r 9 : q D r kHj rq o k$u9%Z9;7ujLBC7Ok r 9 9;:=9 p klm qyp "9;:<uOjlklmN9;7D8k r
587u k r 9nmN9no B8mN9?k r 9 q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 B8o`k r 9i: q D r kn k r q j qy~ : q 9;j-k r 5vkLk r 9i: q D r kfj rq o kNj q :y:
q 7 p mN9;58jl9?o B8m q 7 p mN9;58j q 7D q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 B8o+: q D r kLk r 5vk$k r 9i5vklB ~q j$j s 1&+ 9 p kl9;uklB FHrq j
~ 9;587j q of587_5vklB ~ B8m q D q 758:y: 2 q 7k r 9 5vklB ~ qyp D8mNB s 7ujlkN5vkl9 I ) q jij s 1+ 9 p kl9;uklB
5 D8m|58u q 9;76k q 7A: q D r k q 7 kl9;7j q k 2 q 'k q :y:Zo 9n9;:+5 o B8m p 9 5vklklmt5 p k q 7D q kHklB k r 9 mN9nD q BC7B8o
rq D r 9;jlk q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 o B8m 79nDC5vk q={ 9 u9nk s 79;u : q D r k 587u p BC7 { 9nm|jl9;: 2 mN%9 Z9;:y: q 7D q k o B8m
BCj q k q={ 9 u9nk s 7 q 7D FHrq j\D q={ 9;j 5 ~ B8mN9 q 76k sq k q={ 9 s 7u9nm|jNkN587u q 7D B8ofk r 9 B8m q D q 7
B8oak r 9iu q ZBC:=9Vo B8m p 98k r 9 r 2 j qyp 58: ~ 9 p|r 587 q j ~s ZBC#7 rqyp|r !B k qyp 58:Zu q BC:y9Hklm|5 j
w B8mJu q ZBC:=9\o B8m p 9 klm|5 jnzx5vmN9 1 58jl9;u
FHr 9H: q D r k s jN9;u o B8m/5iu q ZBC:=9Lklm|5 q j*o 5vm u9nk s 79;u o mNB ~ 5vklB ~ qyp mN9;jNBC7587 p 9;j-klB
mN9 { 9;7 k r 9;5vk q 7DOo mNB ~ 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 E ji5 p BC7jl9 s 9;7 p 9 k r 9 : q D r kJo mNB ~ k r 9 k r 9
B!k qyp 58:u q BC:y9/klm|5 uB 9;j(7B8k p B BC:k r 9H5vklB ~ jn s 7: q 9 q 7 5 S c?F c k qyp 58:u q ZBC:=9
klm|5 ja5vm|98 r B x9 { 9nm s jl9;uiklB p B3BC:Ck r 9x5vklB ~ j 1 9 2 BC7uikl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9;ja5vklkN5 q 75 1 :=9 q 7
Sc?F %j FVrq j q j*5 p|r 9 qy{ 9;u 1 2 k r 9 mNB p 9;jNj*B8o 9 { 5 ZB8m|5vk q={ 9 p B3BC: q 7D FHr 9 q 7 kl9;7j q k 2
B8ofk r 9 u q ZBC:=9 klm|5 q jij|: q D r kN: 2 :=B x9nm|9;u_58:y:=B q 7Dk r 9 ~ BCjNk 9;79nmND89nk qyp w r B8klkl9;jlk z
5vklB ~ j*klB\:y9;5 { 9 w 9 { 5 ZB8m|5vkl9vzò mNB ~ k r 9/klm|5 FHr 9/mN9 ~ 5 q 7 q 7DH5vklB ~ j*m|9nk r 9nm ~ 58: q 9
587uk r 9 5 { 9nm|5vD89 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9B8o k r 9 9;7jl9 ~ 1 :=9 q ju9 p mN9;58jl9;u I/{ 5 ZB8m|5vk q={ 9
p B BC: q 7D 58:y:=B Vj$BC79 klB mN9;5 p|r kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s m|9;j x9;:<: 1 9;:=/B w q 9 1 9;:=/B I z/k r BCjl9
5vklkN5 q 75 1 :=9 1 2 :y58jl9nm p B3BC: q 7D 58:yBC79 w 1 9nk f9n9;<7 In 587 u In88 z
99/.
3 EB 8;E :/?NEJ FHr 9?:y58jl9nm|j s jl9;uklB D89;79nm|5vkl9?k r 9\B!k qyp 58:Zu q ZBC:=9$klm|5k 2 q<p 58:y: 2 B s k s kx5 h 5 s j
j q 587 q 7 kl9;7j q k 2 m|B!" :=9! 9 q :y: 1 m q 9 2 mN9 {Qq 9% k r 9 mNB!Z9nmNk q 9;j B8o h 5 s jNj q 587
1 9;5 ~ jJ587u5 : 2 k r BCjl9$mNB!Z9nmNk q 9;jVklBZBCjNj q 1 :=9iklm|5D89nB ~ 9nklm q 9;j% Y :=9;58jl9 7B8kl9
k r 5vk/k r 9\u q j pns jNj q BC7 q 7 k r 9HmN9;jlkxB8oZk rq j/jN9 p k q BC7 q j 1 58jl9;u BC7 ~ 5vkl9nm q 58:o mNB ~ [ 9no j%
2 KQF (I8 h c 81 5
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w LJI z
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mN!B 5vDC5vk q BC7 587u w Qz w k r 9 1 9;5 ~ m|58u q<s j z q j k r 9m|58u q 58:$u q jlkN587 p 9Ao mNB ~ k r 9
5 q jL5vk r qyp|r k r 9 q 7 kl9;7j q k 2 umN!B jfuB V7klB I E \ B8o q kNj ~ 5 qy~ s~{ 58: s 9\5vk$k r 9
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3 \ r 9nm|9 3 5vDC5 q 7 q jLk r 9 5vmNkLB8o*k r 9i9;:=9 p klm qyp "9;:yu q 7 { BC: {Qq 7D o mNB ~ I x L
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B8o k r 9J5 q 58:ZBCj q k q BC7 6k r 9 ~ q 7 qy~ s ~ 1 9;5 ~ m|58u qys j; q j p 58:y:y9;u k r 9'L5 q jlkxB8o
kT r 9 DC5 s jNj q 587 1 9;5 ~ k r 9 [ 5 2 :=9 q D r m|587D898 q j$k r 9 { 58: s 9 5vk rqyptr w Qz FHr 9im|58u qys jLB8o pns m { 5vk s mN9iB8o*k r 9 L5 { 9no mNBC7 kNjVB8ogk r 9 DC5 s j|j q 587 1 9;5 ~q j
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# w Qz IW \ 587uA5v&k ZBAB k r 9 f5 { 9no mNBC7 kNj\5vmN9 5 m|3B qy~ 5vkl9;: 2 j r 9nm qyp 58: q k r # w Qz 99
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: q D r kgj r q o k+D q={ 9;7 q 7 I 2 5 u9%" 79;j+k r 9 B8kl9;7 k q 58: , k r 5vk*k r 9L5vklB ~ j q 7 D8mNB s 7u
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mN9nD q BC7 q j p 9;76kl9nm|9;u5vmNB s 7u k r 9'L5 q jlk/B8ok r 9 1 9;5 ~ 587u k r 9 ~ 5 qy~ s ~ ZB8kl9;76k q 58:
xB s :<uB pnpns mJ5vk 587 uF & W B8kl9 k r 5vk$k r 9 q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 D8m|58u q 9;7 k q j$jlkl9n9%Z9nm
q 7k r 9 m|58u q 58: u q mN9 p k q BC7k r 587Ok r 9 5 q 58: u q mN9 p k q BC7
^ B8m$k r 9nm ~ 58:9;79nmND 2 GB8oak r 9i5vklB ~ j ~ s p|r j ~ 58:y:y9nmxk r 587k r 9?klm|5Ou9%k r
k r 9b5vklB ~ .j q :y: 1 9 p BC7 " 79;u klB mN9nD q BC7 f9;:y': q k rq 7 k r 9 L5 q jlk587u [ 5 2 :=9 q D r
m|587D89\B8o k r 9 1 9;5 ~ FHr '9 ZB8kl9;76k q 58:9 &9nm q 9;7 p 9;u 132 k r 9\5vklB ~ j p 587k r 9;7 1 9J5 mN3B qy~ 5vkl9;u 58j 1 9 q 7D 5 p 2 : q 7um q<p 58:y: 2 j 2 ~ ~ 9nklm qypVr 5vm ~ BC7 qyp BCj pnq :y:y5vklB8m ZB8kl9;76k q 58:
D q={ 9;7 132
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mN9nklmNB mN9 9 p k q 7D 1 5 !p k r 9\: q D r k q k r 5 j r 9nm qyp 58: ~ q mNmNB8mfjlB q kfmN9no B pns jl9;j 1 5 !p 5vk
k r 9 L5 q jlkfB8m 1 2 s j q 7D 587 !B k q<p 58:m|9;jlBC75vklB8m q )7 rqyp|r k r 9?: q D r k q j/mN9 9 p kl9;uO587u
o B8mNk r 1 9n0k x9n9;7 ~ q mNmNB8m|j p mN9;5vk q 7D 5879 6Z9 p k q={ 9 5 ~ : q " p 5vk q BC7 q 7 k r 9 q 7 q k q 58: q 7 s k
q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 FHr 9O5vklB ~ )j q :y: 1 9klm|5 9;u q 7 k r 9 Z9nm q B3u q<p ZBCj q k q BC7 j B8o rq D r 9;jNk
q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 B8ogk r 9 jlkN587u q 72D f5 { 9;j w jl9n9 ^-q D ML z q k r k r 9 jN5 ~ 9 58jNj s~ k q BC7jfB8o
j 5vk q 58: p BC7 " 79 ~ 9;76k ~ 9;7 k q BC79;u 5 1 B { 9Lk r 9 B8kl9;7 k q 58: 9 Z9nm q 9;7 p 9;u 132 k r 9L5vklB ~ j
p 587 1 9i9 mN9;jNjl9;uA58j
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FHr 9 klmt5 u%9 k r o B8m k r 9jlkN587u q 7D L5 { 9 klm|5 q :y: 1 9 KAk qy~ 9;j :<5vmND89nm k r 587
o B8m\k r 9 j q 7DC:=9io B pns jl9;u 1 9;5 ~ klm|5 Tu9;j p m q 1 9;uA5 1 B { !9 K kN587u q 7#D f5 { 9 klm|5 jJ5vmN9
7B8kJ79 p 9;j|jN5vm q : 2 q u9;58:ao B8mJ9 { 5 ZB8m|5vk qy{ 9 p B3BC: q 7D u s 9iklBk s 779;:y: q 7D B8o-k r 9 5vklB ~ j
5 q 58:<: 2 58:=BC7D k r 9 Z9nm q BQu qyp :y5vklk qyp /9 2 4CB p K15 E 758:=kl9nmt75vk q={ 9 q j$klB q 7 q k q 58:<: 2 :=BC58u
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9nm q B3u qyp ZBCj q k q BC7jfo B8m ~ 9;uOo mNB ~ :=B p 58: q 7 kl9;7j q k 2 ~ 5 qy~ 5&
k r 9V5vklB ~ jxo m|B ~ 5 S c?Fdq 7 klB 5 jNkN587u q 7D L5 { 9\klm|5 klB p 5k s mN9V5 :y5vmND89V7 s~ 1 9nm
B8o 5vklB ~ j587u k r 9;7 klm|587jNo 9nmk r 9T5vklB ~ j q 7 klB 5 j q 7DC:y9Ao B pns ju q ZBC:=9Oklm|5 o B8m
9 { 5 ZB8m|5vk q={ 9 p B BC: q 7D
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q 76kl9;7 j q k 2 o B8m 79nDC5vk q={ 9Tu9nk s 7 q 7D_587u 5vklklm|5 p kl9;uo B8m#ZBCj q k q={ 9Tu9nk s 7 q 7D FHr 9
mN9;jl9;7 p 9iB8o*jZBC7 kN5879nB s j$9 ~ q jNj q BC7 p 587 p B ~ : qyp 5vkl9iklm|5 q 7D B8og5vklB ~ j s j q 7D 5
u q ZBC:=9 o B8m p !9 FHrq jVB pnpns mtj 1 9 p 5 s jl9 jZBC7 kN5879nB s jJ9 ~ q jNj q BC7 p 587bB pnpns m 1 9nk f9n9;7
58u + 5 p 9;7 k ~ 587 q o BC:yujgB8ok r 9VumN9;jNjN9;u jlkN5vkl9V9 q D89;7 jlkN5vkl9;j% ^-q DMLJIn j r B/Vj(k r 9Hklm|587&
j q k q BC7jgo B8m rq<p|r j ZBC76kN5879nB s j-9 ~ q j|j q BC7 B pnpns m|j 1 9nk f9n9;7 k fB 9;79nmND 2 ~ 587 q o BC:yu j
o B8m & K ZBC7 kN5879nB s j/9 ~ q jNj q BC7 mNB {3q u9;j/5 ~ 9 p|r 587 q j ~ o B8mL:=BCjNj q 7 k r 9?7 s~ 1 9nm$B8og5vklB ~ jHklmt5 Z9;u j q 7 p 9 q oa587O5vklB ~q j q 7k r 9?klm|5 5 1 :=9 w * z ) jlkN5vkl9 w o B8m
3z q k p 587 u9 p 5 2 klBk r 9 s 76klmt5 5 1 :=9 3 w * [ I z ) FVr 9 5vklB ~ q :y:gk r 9;7
5vDC5 q 7 s qy!p : 2 u9 p 5 2 klBi5\klm|5 5 1 :y9xjlkN5vkl98 r /B f9 { 9nm;Ck r 9$5vklB ~ ~ B ~ 9;7 kN5vm q : 2 9 9nm q 9;7 p 9;uA5 m|%9 s :yj qy{ (9 ZB8kl9;7 k q 58: rqyp|r jN9nm { 9;jJ58jJ5 r 9;5vk q 7D ~ 9 p|r 587 q j ~ I({ 9;7
q oak r 9 5vklB ~ u9 p 5 2 jJu q mN9 p kN: 2 klB k r 9iklm|5 5 1 :=9 w * [ I zxjlkN5vkl9 k r 9 mNB p 9;j|j$B8o
j ZBC76kN5879nB s jN: 2 9 ~ q klk q 7D 5 r B8klBC7 p BC7 klm q 1 s kl9;j/klB r 9;5vk q 7D B8o`k r 9\5vklB ~ jLu s 9HklB
k r 9 ~ B ~ 9;7 k s~q<~ 5vmNkl9;uklB k r 9 5vklB ~ j s BC79 ~ q jNj q BC7
G 9;5vk q 7DOB8o/k r 9 klm|5 9;ub5vklB ~ qyp j|5 ~ :=9 p 587_58:yjlB B pnpns m 1 2 k r 9 j p 5vklkl9nm q 7D
B8og: q D r k$u9;j p m q 1 9;u 132 k r 9 j p 5vklkl9nm q 7D mt5vkl9 5vk rqyptr 5vklB ~ jH5 1 jlB8m 1 587umN9 9 ~ q k
r B8klBC7j o mNB ~ k r 9Aklm|5 : q D r %k ^ B8m5 k fB :=9 { 9;:V5vklB ~ k r 9Tj p 5vklkl9nm q 7D m|5vkl9 q j
L(I
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dressed
states
bare
states
|ψ +(n)〉
|2, n〉
|1, n+1〉
− h∆
|ψ -(n)〉
hω
|ψ +(n-1)〉
|2, n -1〉
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|ψ -(n-1)〉
^*q D s mN9 LJIn K ZBC76kN5879nB s j*9 ~ q jNj q BC7 1 9nk f9n9;7 k0xBi9;79nm|D 2 ~ 587 q o BC:<ujao B8m &
FHr 9 w * z(587u w * [>I z/jlkN5vkl9;jV5vmN9 s 76klmt5 5 1 :=9?j q 7 p 9\5vklB ~ j q 7 k r 9;jl9ijlkN5v9;j
q :y: 1 9 3 mN9%Z9;:y:y9;uo mN3 B ~ k r 9 klmt5 I/{ 9;7 q ogu9 p 5 2 B pnpns m|j q 76klB 5 klm|5 5 1 :=9 jlkN5vkl98
r 9;5vk q 7D o mNB ~ r B8klBC7A9 ~ q j|j q BC7 B pnpns m|j%
mN9;:y5vkl9;uAklB k r 9iB!k qyp 58: ZB8kl9;7 k q 58: 9&Z9nm q 9;7 p 9;u 132 k r 9 5vklB ~ 132
r 9nmN9 q j$k r 9 jZBC7 kN5879nB s jHu9 p 5 2 m|5vkl9!
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D q={ 9;7 132
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s j q 7D k r 9 ZB8kl9;76k q 58:VD q={ 9;7 1 2 I 2 5 u q jlmN9nDC5vm|u q 7Dk r 9>I E w W z kl9nm ~
rqyptrq j\j ~ 58:y: p B ~ 5vmN9;u q k r k r 9 u q 69nm|9;7 p 9 kl9nm ~ FHr 9 r 9;5vk q 7D m|5vkl9 Gu s 9
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B8ogk r 9 7 s~ 1 9nm$B8o-5vklB ~ jHo mNB ~ k r 9 klm|5 p 587 1 9iu9;j p m q 1 9;u 1 2
w LJII z
w z [ w z<[ * \ w z X [ * X w z X r 9nmN9 * w z q j-k r 9V5vklB ~ qyp u9;7j q k 2 FVr 9'"m|jNk-kl9nm ~ q 7 I 2 LJII#5 p|r 5vm|5 p kl9nm
q 9;j(k r 9\:=BCjNj(u s 9$klB p BC:y: q j q BC7j*B8oZk r 9Vklm|5 Z9;u 5vklB ~ j q k r k r 9 1 5 p! D8mNB s 7 u DC58j%
[ 9no 2 h c 81 5a9;jlk q<~ 5vkl9;jVk r 9 : q o 9nk qy~ 9iB8o-5vklB ~ j q 7Ok r 9 klm|5 1 9no B8mN9 1 9 q 7D :=BCjlk
klB k rq jLk 2 Z9 B8o p BC:y: q j q BC7j q j InjV5vkJ25 mN9;jNj s mN9?B8o-L In ~ 1 5vm3 FVr 9 jl9 p BC7u
kl9nm ~ 5 pnp B s 7 kNjLo B8m p BC:y: q j q BC7j q 7 { BC: {3q 7D k fB klm|5 Z9;u 5vklB ~ j% M 7 k rq j p 58jl9 q o k r 9
5vklB ~ jJ5vm|9 7B8k q 7Ok r 9 q mV5 1 jlBC: s kl9 D8m|B s 7uAjlkN5vkl9 s ZBC7O587 q 79;:y58jlk qypip BC:y: q j q BC7k r 9
jlkN5vkl9B8o$k r 95vklB ~ j ~ 5 2 p|r 587D898-mN9;:=9;58j q 7DA9;79nmND 2 q 76klBTk r 9 q m Qq 79nk q<p ~ B8k q BC7
587u p 5 s j q 7DOk r 9 ~ klBT:=9;5 { 9k r 9 klm|5 M 7 5vmNk qypns :<5vm j q &7 ptr 587D q 7D p BC:y: q j q BC7j
j sp|r 58j r 2 Z9nm " 79 p|r 587D q 7D p BC:y: q j q BC7j r 9nmN9 k r 95vklB ~ j q 7 587 s Z9nm r 2 9nm " 79 jlkN5vkl9 u9 p 5 2 klBTk r 9 :=B x9nm r 2 9nm " 79 D8mNB s 7 u jlkN5vkl95vmN9 B8ofk r q jik 2 Z!9 FHr 9
k rq m|uOkl9nm ~ u9;j p m q 1 9;j$k r mN9n9 1 BQu 2 :=BCjNjl9;j rq<p|r ZB8kl9;7 k q 58:y: 2 :=9;58uklB0k xB5vklB ~ j
o B8m ~ q 7D 5 u qy~ 9nmL587 uOk r 9ik rq mtu 5vklB ~ 5 p s q m q 7D k r 9i9;79nmND 2 m|9;:=9;58jl9;uOo mNB ~ k r 9
u qy~ 9nm$o B8m ~ 5vk q BC7 FHrq jLmN9;j s :=kNj q 7O58:y:Zk r mN9n9 5vklB ~ jJ:=9;5 {Qq 7D k r 9 klm|5 LL
!
HF r 9 s mZBCjl9-B8ok r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm*kN5 1 :=9 q j`klBJD89;79nm|5vkl9Lo m|9 s 9;7 p 2 jNkN5 1 q : q 9;u :y58jl9nm*: q D r k
klB 1 9LjN9;76k-klBi9&Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:QkN5 1 :=9;j r 9nmN9 ~ 5vDC79nklB B!k qyp klm|5 j(5vmN9 p BC7 jlklm sp kl9;u
587uO9&9nm qy~ 9;7 kNj q k rOs :=klmt5 p BC:yuA5vklB ~ j p 587 1 9 9nm|o B8m ~ 9;u
E kLBC79V9;7uB8o k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmLkN5 1 :=9Jk r 9nmN9J5vm|9 " { 9J93kl9nmt758: p 5 {3q k 2 u q B3u9V:y58jl9nm|j
w If} @ ] jnz ^ B s mJB8o-k r 9;jl9 " { 9 D89;79nm|5vkl9 p B BC: q 7D 587umN9% s~ A: q D r kVo B8mJk r 9 k0xB
q jlB8kl!B Z9;j B8o [ 1 587u BC7.9 m|B3u s p 9;j : q D r k o B8m ]+q ^-q D KJIj r B Vj If} @ ] j 587u
:y5 1 9;:yjLk r 9 q m s jN5vD89 58j x9;:y:a58jHk r 9 !B k qyp 58: p B ~ ZBC79;7 kNj q 7 s jl!9 FHr 9 IL} @ ] jH: q 9
BC7 5 jN%9 5vm|5vkl9 1 mN9;58u 1 BC5vm|u jl%9 5vm|5vkl9;u o mNB ~ k r 9 ~ 5 q 7 kN5 1 :=9 132 :y9;58u : q 79;u o BC5 ~
587u k r 9nm|9 q jx5 :y58jNk qyp 9;7 p :=BCj s mN9V58:yjlB : q 79;2u q k r k r 9\jN5 ~ 9Jk 2 9VB8o o BC5 ~ G BC:=9;j
5vmN9 um q :y:=9;uB s kHB8ogk r 9 o mNBC76k$klB:=9nkHk r 9 : q D r k$B s %k
E o kl9nm 9;5 p|r If} @ ]q j BC79 B8m 0k xBb!B k qyp 58: q jlBC:y5vklB8mtj kl1B mNB8kl9 p k k r 9 ~ o mNB ~
1 5 !p mN9 9 p k q BC7 %j FHr 9i: q D r kfo mNB ~ 9;5 ptrAIf} @ ] q j 9nm q j p !B Z9;uu/B V7 klB k r 9i:=9 { 9;:
B8oak r 9ikN5 1 :y(9 q k r v ~ p B ~ q 7D o mNB ~ 9;5 ptr[ 1 IL} @ ] 587u L ~ o mNB ~
k r 9 ]aq-IL} @ ] S BCjlk B8ofk r 9 IL} @ ] Z/B f9nm q j s jl9;u q 7 5Oj|5vk s m|5vkl9;u 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7
jl9nk s # rq :=9 I<[ ~ q j(jl9;7 k/klB 5 jl9 p BC7u 5vm 2 :y58jl9nm rqyp|r B s k s kNj-k r 9JjN5 ~ 9
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 58j k r 9 IL} @ ] 1 s k 5vk 5bD8mN9;5vkl9nm ZB x9nm 9;jNjl9;7 k q 58:y: 2 5 ~ : q o 2 q 7DOk r 9
~ 58jlkl9nmV: q D r %k FHr 9;jl9 5 ~ : q o 2 q 7D :<58jl9nm|j$5vmN9 p 58:<:=9;u . jN:y5 { 9;]j 0 587uk r 9 IL} @ ] jH5vmN9
p 58:y:=9;u . ~ 58jNkl9nm|Tj 0= r 9;7 p 9 k r 9i!B k qyp 58:`kN5 1 :=9 q j p 58:<:=9;uOk r 9 . ~ 58jNkl9nmVkN5 1 :=19 0
FHr 9: q D r k o mNB ~ 9;5 ptr B8o k r 9jN:y5 { 9;j q j p B s :=9;u q 7 klB!B k qyp 58: " 1 9nm|%j FHr 9
: q D r k o mNB ~ k r 9;jN9 " 1 9nm|j q j u q jlklm q 1 s kl9;u klB k r 9O9 &9nm qy~ 9;7 k kN5 1 :=9;j 587u klB_k r 9
u q 5vDC7BCjlk q<p %j FVr 9;jl9 u q 5vDC7BCjlk qyp j jl9nm { 9 klB { 9nm q o 2 k r 5vk k r 9jN:y5 { 9;j 5vmN#9 mN!B Z9nm|: 2
q 7 + 9 p kl9;u 1 2 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|%j
FHrq j ptr 5 kl9n'm q :y:u9;j p m q 1 9 r /B k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j$5vmN9io mN9 s 9;7 p 2 jNkN5 1 q : q 9;u` k r 9
jl9nk s o B8m q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 r /B klB s jl9 k r 9 u q 5vDC7BCjlk qyp jn 58(j x9;:<:g58j q jNj s 9;jJk r 5vki5vmNBCjl9
u s m q 7DJk r 9 mNB p 9;jNj-B8o ~ 5 3q 7Dik rq j*kN5 1 :y9$o s 7 p k q BC758:587u r /B k r 9;jN9 q jNj s 9;j x9nmN9
mN9;jlBC: { 9;u
LK
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Rb
repump
OI
87
Rb
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6
Li
TP
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85
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cooling
^*q D s mN9 KJI FHr 9: q D r kio mNB ~ 9;5 p|r If} @ ] q j u q mN9 p kl9;u q 76klB587 B!k qyp 58: q jlBC:y5vklB8m
w c\M z 132 k fB ~ q mNmNB8m|j w S z c 79 B8m k0xBbB!k qyp 58: q jlBC:<5vklB8m|j ~ 5 2_1 9 s jl9;u FHr 9
o B s m If} @ ] j/o B8m [ 1 5vmN9\j r B/V7` k0xB o B8mxk r 9 [ 1 587u [ 1 mN9% s~ : q D r kx587u
k fBo B8mJk r 9 p B3BC: q 7D : q D r k% FHr 9nmN9 q jVBC79 ~ 58jNkl9nmJo B8m ]aq FVr 9 ]aq+If} @ ] jl9nk s q 7 p : s u9;jJ587 5875 ~ B8m rqyp m q j ~ 5 q m w EJY zHo B8m 1 9;5 ~ j r 5 q 7D 587 u 58:yjlBO5 r 58:=o
f5 { 9 :y5vkl9 w G Y z/587u RI :=9;7jLu s 9\klB j 5 p 9 p BC7jlklm q<p k q BC7jfBC7Ok r 9 ~ 5 q 7
kN5 1 :=!9 E kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9 mNB 1 9 w FHY z q j s jl9;uOklB ~ BC7 q klB8mHk r 9ikl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9 q 7j q u9
k r 9 9;7 p :=BCj s mN!9
LU
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E j mN9 {3q B s jN: 2 ~ 9;76k q BC79;u xk r 9 q 76k q 58:$jlkN5vmNk q 7D ZB q 7 k B8oJk r 9A: q D r k D89;79nm|5vk q BC7
q j o mNB ~ 9Qkl9nm|758: p 5 {Qq k 2 u q B3u9 :y58jl9nm|j w IL} @ ] j z K 9 ~ qyp BC7u sp klB8m :y58jl9nm u q B3u9;j
5vmN9 q 79&Z9;7j q={ 9 587u 9;58j 2 klB s jl98x5umt53 1 5 p# 1 9 q 7DTk r 5vk k r 9 q m B s k s k r 58j
5 :y5vmND89To m|9 s 9;7 p 2 : q 79% q uk r w In8 STG z 2 ER W75 F Bjl9;:=9 p k 587ud75vm|mNB/
k r 9io m|9 s 9;7 p 2 B s k s k 1 2 k r 9 u q BQu9;j$5 D8m|5vk q 7D q j :y5 p 9;u9Qkl9nm|758:`klB k r 9 :y58jl9nm
u q BQu9 klB mN9 9 p k?k r 9 " m|jlkJu q 6mt5 p kl9;uB8m|u9nm 1 5 #p q 7 klB k r 9 :y58jl9nm?u q BQu9 q k r k r 9
587DC:=9 B8o*k r 9 D8m|5vk q 7D u9nkl9nm ~ q 7 q 7D k r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 o 9;u 1 5 p! FHr 9 o 9n9;u 1 5 p! q :y:
jN5vk s m|5vkl9 k r 9 DC5 q 7 ~ 9;u qys~ 9 3k q 7D sq j r q 7D p B ~ Z9nk q 7Do m|9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j q 7k r 9 :y58jl9nm
u q BQu!9 FHr 9 :<58jl9nmVu q BQu9 q kNjl9;:yo p BC7j q jlkNj$B8o-5 p 5 {Qq k 2 p BC76kN5 q 7 q 7D 5 DC5 q 7 ~ 9;u qys ~
q k r k r 9 mN9;jN9;7 p 9 B8o-k r 9 D8m|5vk q 7D 58uu q 7D 5879 Qkl9nm|758: p 5 {Qq k 2 o B8m ~ 9;u 1 9nk f9n9;7
k r 9 D8mt5vk q 7D587ubk r 9 1 5 !p o 5 p 9 B8o(k r 9 :y58jl9nmiu q BQu9 q 7 kl9nm|758: p 5 {Qq k 2 FHr 9 u q B3u9
:y58jl9n]m 0 j kl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9587u k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 pns mNm|9;76k ptr 587D89k r 9 p 5 {Qq k 2 :=9;7D8k r B8o
k r 9A:y58jl9nm u q BQu9 k r 9nmN9 132 ptr 587D q 7D r qyp|r o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j 5vmN9mN9;jlBC7587 k q k r k r 9
p 5 {Qq k 2 FHr 9 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9587u k r 9 pns mNmN9;7 k 5vmN9 k s 79;u jlBTk r 5vk k r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2
~ B3u9 o 9;u 1 5 #p bq 7 klBk r 9 :y58jl9nm u q B3u9 o mNB ~ k r 9 D8m|5vk q 7D q j\mN9;jNBC75876k 1 B8k r q k r
k r 9 q 7 kl9nm|758:-587u9 Qkl9nm|758:(u q B3u9 p 5 {3q k q 9;jik r 9;7 k r 9 :y58jl9nm q :<:+B s k s ki5Oj q 7DC:y9
75vmNmNB o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 jl9;7 k 1 5 #p 1 2 k r 9iD8m|5vk q 7D
^-q D K Hj r /B Vj B s m If} @ ] u9;j q DC7 1 58jN9;uiBC7 5Hu9;j q DC7?D q={ 9;7 132 [ 9n0o 2 G K S IT5
FHrq j$u9;j q DC7 r 58j$k r 9 mN!B Z9nmNk 2 k r 5vkVk r 9 u q m|9 p k q BC7B8o*k r 9 B s k s kH:y58jl9nm 1 9;5 ~q j
7B8k 5 6Z9 p kl9;u 1 2 k r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B8o$k r 9 : q D r k 1 9 q 7DjN9;76k 1 5 !p 132 k r 9 D8m|5vk q 7D
FHrq j q j(5 p|r 9 qy{ 9;u 132 ~ B s 7 k q 7D 5 ~ q mNmNB8m(BC7 k r 9VjN5 ~ 9 ~ B s 7 k q 7D q 9 p 9HklB rqyp|r
k r 9D8m|5vk q 7D q j ~ B s 7 kl9;u jlBk r 5vk q k p B ~ Z9;7jN5vkl9;j o B8m p|r 587D89;j q 7k r 9D8m|5vk q 7D
587DC:=!9 FHr 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B8o*k r 9 jl9 ~ q<p BC7u sp klB8m\:y58jl9nmVu q B3u9 p 587 1 9 p BC76k q 7 s B s jN: 2
jl9;:=9 p kl9;u 132 k r 9 mN9;jl9;7 p 9?B8o q 9 BC5 p k s 5vklB8m|j w q 9 BCj z-k r 5vk ptr 587D89 k r 9 ZBCj q k q BC7
587u 587DC:y9 B8o$k r 9D8m|5vk q 7D FHr 9 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9 q j p BC7 klmNBC:y:y9;u 132 5Ak r 9nm ~ B 9;:=9 p klm qyp p B3BC:=9n$m :y5 p 9;u s 7u9nm k r 9:<58jl9nm ~ B s 76k 587u k r 9 pns m|mN9;76k q j j s : q 9;u 1 2 5
pns mNmN9;7 k p BC7 klmNBC:y:=9n(m r BCjN9 B s k s k q 'j " m|jlkVjl9;7 k\k r mNB s D r )5 mNB8kl9 p k q BC7 pnq m pnsq k q 7
k r 9 If} @ ] 1 3B 1 9no B8m|9 1 9 q 7DOjl9;76k klBAk r 9 :<58jl9nm u q B3u!9 FVr 9 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s m|9 1 9 q 7D.5 5vm|5 ~ 9nkl9nmik r 5vk q jJjN:y/B !klB ptr 587D89 q k q j %9 k p BC7jNkN5876k 5vk?58:y:+k qy~ 9;j\5vk?5
"39;u { 58: s !9 FHr 9 pns mNmN9;7 k\587 uk r 29 ZBCj q k q BC7AB8o(k r $9 q 9 BCj r 5 { 9 5 ~ sptr o 58jlkl9nm
mN9;j ZBC7jl9 k qy~ 9 jlBOk r 9 2 5vmN9 5 p k qy{ 9;: 2 p BC7 klmNBC:y:y9;uklB 9n%9 _k r 9 If} @ ] jijlkN5 1 :=9 5vk
5Tj q 7DC:=9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 FHr 9 p BC7jlklm sp k q BC7_B8oHk r 9 If} @ ] j q j u9;j p m q 1 9;u q 7 u9nkN5 q :
q 7 [ 9no 2 I U 5 q k rs jl9no s :*58uu q k q BC7 jJD qy{ 9;7 q 7 2 KQq 76 5 FHr 9 :<5vklkl9nm B8o rqyp|r
58:yjlB p BC7 kN5 q 7j\5 p B ~ mN9 r 9;7 j q={ 9 : q jlkHB8o rq<p|rAp B ~ ~ 9nm pnq 58:g:y58jl9nm?u q BQu9;j f9 s jl9
q 7k r 9 e @ h :y5 1
LV
S
LP
G
PC
AP
^*q D s mN9 K b@?9;j q DC7 B8o 587 I @ }L] R 9no B8mN9b:=9;5 {Qq 7D k r 9 If} @ ] 1 B3 k r 9b: q D r k
o mNB ~ k r 9 :y58jl9nmHu q B3u9 ~ B s 76kl9;u q 7 5 ~ B3u q "9;u ~ q mNmNB8m ~ B s 76k$mN9 9 p kNj$B76 B8o+k r 9
D8m|5vk q 7D w h zi587u5 ~ q mNmNB8m3 c 79# q 9 B w ]+Y z q j :y5 p 9;u 1 9 rq 7 uk r 9 D8m|5vk q 7DklB
p|r 587D89Jk r 9V:=9;7D8k r B8oZk r 9H9 Qkl9nm|758: p 5 {3q k 2 o B8m ~ 9;u 1 9nk f9n9;7k r 9HD8m|5vk q 7D 587u k r 9
jl9 ~ qyp BC7u sp klB8m :y58jl9nm u q BQu9 1 5 p! o 5 p 9nk% E 7B8k r 9nm q 9 B w EJY z q j :y5 p 9;u_5vk k r 9
r B8m q BC7 kN58: p BC7 klmNBC: 7B 1 B8o$k r 9 ~ BQu q "9;u ~ B s 76k klB ptr 587D89k r 9587DC:=9 B8o$k r 9
D8m|5vk q 7DklB_jl9;:=9 p k k r 9Oo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B s k s %k E k r 9nm ~ B39;:=9 p klm qyp p B3BC:=9nm q j s 7u9nm
79;5vk r k r 9 1 B8klklB ~ B8o*k r 9 ~ B3u q "9;u ~ q mNmNB8m ~ B s 76k$klB p BC7 klmNBC:ak r 9ikl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9
B8o/k r 9 :y58jl9nmiu q BQu!9 FHr 9 pns mNmN9;7 k?jl9;76k?klBk r 9 :y58jl9nmiu q B3u9 q j 58jNjl9;ubk r mNB s D r 5
mNB8kl9 p k q BC7 pnq m pnsq k w YL} zVklB m|9 { 9;76k u 5 ~ 5vD89 klBAk r 9 :y58jl9nm u q B3u!9 K B8m 1 5vk r 5879
58uj w K zV5vm|)9 :y5 p 9;u q 7 1 9n0k x9n9;7 k r 9 j m q 7DCj?B8ofk r 9 ~ B s 7 kiklBu5 ~ 9;7 {Qq 1 mt5 k q BC7%j
C
L
E;1BF E=;7?GH EGD KF 7>;8;K :"M;K ? 8 : !
9/. 9/.
* %5 *E K 5vk s m|5vkl9;u 5 1 jlB8mk q BC7_jZ9 p klmNBCj p B! 2 q j s jl9;u_klB mNB {3q u9 k r 9 j q DC7 58:-79n9;u9;u klB
~ CB 7 q klB8m 587u p BC76klm|BC:xk r 9o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B8oHk r 9 :y58jN9nm3 ^-q D KMLj r B/Vj k r 9 B!k qyp 58:
jl9nk s 79n9;u9;uOo B8mJjN5vk s m|5vkl9;uT5 1 jlB8mk q BC7OjZ9 p klmNBCj p B! 2
M 7 k rq j jN9nk s `*: q D r k o m|B ~ 5 ~ 58jNkl9nm :y58jN9nm q j jN9;76k q 7 p B s 7 kl9nmmNB!5vk q 7Du q mN9 p k q BC7jik r mNB s D r 5 [ 1 B8m ]aqg{ 5 ZB s m p 9;:<: M 7BC79 u q mN9 p k q BC7bk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm : q D r k
q j p BC:y:y9 p kl9;uABC7b5 r B8klBQu q BQu9iD q={Qq 7D 587T5 1 jlB8m k q BC7j q DC7 58: k rq j 1 9;5 ~ B8o(: q D r k
q j p 58:y:=9;ubk r 29 mNB 1 9 1 9;5 ~ E ~ B8m|9 q 76kl9;7jN9 p B s 76kl9nm mN!B 5vDC5vk q 7D s ~ 1 9;5 ~
klm|5 { 9;:yj k r mNB s D r k r 9 p 9;:y:LB { 9nm|:<5 q 7Dk r 9 mNB 1 9 1 9;5 ~ M oVo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B8oJk r 9
s~ 5871u mNB 1 9 1 9;5 ~ Z q jJ9 s 58:gklB5875vklB ~ q<p m|9;jlBC7587 p 9 k r 9;7bk r 9 5vklB ~ j
q :y:Z5 1 jlB8m 1 o m|B ~ 1 B8k r k r 9 mNB 1 9i587uOk r 9 s~ q k r B s k k r 9 s~ 1 9;5 ~ xk r 9O5 1 jlB8m k q BC7j q DC758:fo m|B ~ k r 9 mNB 1 9 1 9;5 ~
58j p|r 587D89;jio BC:y:=/B Jji5@\!B :=9nm 1 m|BC58u9;79;u ] B8m|9;76k ;q 587 j r 5 Z9 p 58:y:=9;u 5>-B q D8k
mN!B " :=!9 ^-q D K Kj r B Vj?k r 9 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 mN!B ":=9;jVo mNB ~ [ 1 587u [ 1 q k r 7B
s~ 1 9;5 ~ FHr 9 m|9;jl9;7 p 9HB8ok r '9 s ~ 1 9;5 ~ mN9;j s :=kNj q 7 5 Z9;5vm|587 p 9HB8oZj r 5vm u q j q 7k r 9O5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 mN!B " :=9;j 5vk o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j p B8mNmN9;j ZBC7u q 7DklB m|9;jlBC7587 p 9;j
o B8m { 9;:yB pnq k 2 p :y58jNjl9;jVB8og5vklB ~ jVk r 5vk p 587T5 1 jlB8m 1 o mNB ~ 1 B8k r 1 9;5 ~ %j
^ B pns j q 7D\BC7 k r 9 [ 1 U Vkl#B U 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 mN!B ":=9x58j*587 9 5 ~ :=9 f9 fB s :yu 9 &Z9 p k-9 Z\ 9 p k \ L?u q j+o B8m \ \X kl\ B RI| QL ^-q D KMU?j r /B Vj
k r 9 5 p k s 58: m|B 1 9 5 1 jNB8m k q BC17 mN!B ":=9 q 7bk r 9 mN9;jl9;7 p 9 B8ofk r 9 s ~ `Zk r B s D r 5
: q klkN:=9 u q pns :=kVklBkl9;:y: 132 9 2 9 k r 9nmN9 5vmN9 5 p k s 58:<: 2 j q bu q %j FHr 9 9 Qklm|5Ou q jJ5vmN9
u s 9 klB 0 p mNBCjNjlB { 9nm mN9;jlBC7 587 p 9;Tj 0 rqyptrp B8mNmN9;j ZBC7ubklBklm|587j q k q BC7j\o m|B ~ w
klB r 58:=o L5 2 1 9nk f9n9;7 I 587 u 3 O587u L3 I 587u
L z FVr 9;jl9 p mNBCj|jlB { 9nmmN9;jlBC7 587 p 9o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j B pnpns m 1 9 p 5 s jl9 r 9;7 k r 9
s~ O587u m|B 1 9\o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 r 5 { 9 k r 9;jl9io mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;jL5vklB ~ jVk r 5vkH5vmN9iklm|5 { 9;:y: q 7D
q k r k r 9 5 mN!B m q 5vkl9 { 9;:yB pnq k q 9;j q :y:ajN9n9 k r $9 s~ : q D r k\j r q o kl9;uTklBOBC79 mN9;jlB 7587 p 9 587u_k r 9 mNB 1 9 : q D r k j rq o kl9;uklB587B8k r 9nm jlBAk r 5vk k r BCjl9 5vklB ~ j p 587_jlk q :<:
5 1 jlB8m 1 o mNB ~ 9 q k r 9nmHk r 9 s ~ OB8mHk r 9 mNB 1 9?j qy~ s :=kN5879nB s jN: 2
^ mNB ~ k r 9 jN5vk s m|5vkl9;ub5 1 jlB8m k q BC7bjl9nk s s jl9;uBC7TB s m ~ 58jlkl9nm?kN5 1 :=9;jJo B8mJBC79
B8oJk r 9Oo B s m [ 1 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j j r /B V7 q 7 ^-q D KML x9jN9n9Ok r 9 1 9;5 ~ klB 1 9 s jN9;u o B8m
k r 9 s ~ 1 9;5 ~%q j o B pns jl9;ud587u 58j|jl9;j k r mNB s D r 587 5 p B s jlklB !B k q<pT~ BQu s :<5 klB8m w EVc?S z 1 9no B8mN9 mN9;5 ptrq 7Dk r 9 [ 1 5vklB ~ j q 75 p 9;:y: p BC7 kN5 q 7 q 7D5 Uv Uv ~ q k s mN9 B8o [ 1 WUb587u [ 1 WC FVr 9 EVc?S jl9nm { 9;j klB j rq o k k r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B8oHk r 9
s~ q k r mN9;j 9 p k$klB k r 9 mNB 1 98Qk rq j r 58jLk r 9i9 6Z9 p kHB8o*j rq o k q 7D k r 9 ZBCj q k q BC7 j
B8o k r 9 Z9;5 j(mN9;:<5vk q={ 9VklB k r 9 q m BCj q k q BC7 r 9;7 k r 9 s~ 587 )u mNB 1 9Ho mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j
5vmN9 k r 9 jN5 ~ !9 M o/k r $9 s~ r 58ji5 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 m|9;:y5vk q={ 9 klBOk r 29 mNB 1 9 1 9;5 ~
k r 9AjN5vk s m|5vkl9;ud5 1 jlB8m k q BC7u q *j q :y: 1 9 j r q o kl9;u 132 Ev R 9 q 7D_5 1 :=9 klB_jl9nk
LW
M2
PD
HWP
BS
SL
HWP
BS
L
OI
M1
L
BS
Rb Cell
AOM
^*q D s mN9 KML E j|5vk s m|5vkl9;ub5 1 jlB8mk q BC7587uTjN:y5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7AjN9nk s To B8m\BC79 B8o-k r 9
[ 1 If} @ ] j3 FHr 9 m|9;u587u 1 : s 9 : q 79;j q 7 u qyp 5vkl9;jHk r 9* 5vk r B8o(k r 9 : q D r k s jl9;uo B8m
k r 9 jN5vk s m|5vkl9;u5 1 jNB8mk q BC7A587 uAjN:y5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7AjN9nk s jHm|9;jZ9 p k q={ 9;: 2 FVr 9 D8mN9n9;7
: q 79 j r /B Vj\k r $9 5vk r B8o(k r 9 : q D r k p B ~ q 7D o mNB ~ k r 9 jN:y5 { 9 :y58jl9nm w KQ] z FHr 9 : q D r k
o mNB ~ k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm q 7 q k q 58:y: 2 q j kN5 9;7uB V7 klBk r 9b:=9 { 9;:HB8oik r 9TkN5 1 :=9 s j q 7D 5
9nm q j p !B Z9587u 58jNjl9;j k r mNB s D r 5 r 58:=o L5 { 9 :y5vkl9 w G Y z 587u 1 9;5 ~ j : q klk q 7D
pns 1 9 w RHK z rqyptr q j s jl9;u klBjl9;7u5 { 5vm q 5 1 :=9 5 ~ B s 7 k B8oV: q D r k klBk r 9jl9nk s j
o B8m j|5vk s m|5vkl9;u_5 1 jNB8m k q BC7587u jN:<5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 ^ B8m k r 9 jN5vk s m|5vkl9;u_5 1 jlB8m k q BC7
jl9nk s k r 9: q D r k q j 5vDC5 q 7j : q k q k r 5 G Y 587u R$K klBTo B8m ~ k r .9 s~ 587u
k r #9 m|B 1 9 1 9;5 ~ R 9no B8mN9 1 9 q 7DAjl9;7 k klBTk r 9 [ 1 p 9;:y:xk r .9 s~ 1 9;5 ~ 58jNjl9;j
k r mNB s D r 587 5 p B s jlklB !B k qyp 58: ~ B3u s :y5vklB8m w EVc?S z FHr 9 m|B 1 9 1 9;5 ~ 1 B s 7 p 9;j
B76 5 1 9;5 ~ j : q klk q 7D pns 1 9587u q j jl9;7 k klB15 r B8klB3u9nkl9 p klB8m w Y @ z FHr 9 j q DC758:
o mNB ~ k r 29 r B8klB3u9nkl9 p klB8m mNB {Qq u9;j q 7o B8m ~ 5vk q BC7ABC7k r 9 5 ~ B s 7 k?B8o mNB 1 9 : q D r k
1 9 q 7D 5 1 jlB8m 1 9;u q 7Ok r 9 [ 1 p 9;:<: rq<p|rAp BC7 kN5 q 7j\5 DC58jJB8o #i587u [ 1 ] q 7
k r *9 " D s mN9 q 7 u qyp 5vkl9;j\:=9;7jl9;%j ^ B8m\k r 9 jN:<5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7jl9nk s k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmi: q D r k q j
jlkl9n9nmN9;u q 7 klBAk r 9j q u)9 ZB8mNk B8oH587 !B k qyp 58: q jlBC:y5vklB8m s j q 7D ~ q mNm|B8m|j S I 587u S
587u q j s jl9;u klB q 7 + 9 p k(k r 9JjN:y5 { 9J:y58jN9n3m FHr 9J: q D r k-o mNB ~ k r 9Jj|:y5 { 9 58jNjl9;jxk r mNB s D r
k r 9 q jlBC:<5vklB8mV587u q j$jN9;76kHklB 1 9 p B s :=9;u q 7 klB 5 " 1 9nmH79n0k xB8m
L
85
Rb
(F=3 to F')
Absorption signal (arb units)
-0.6
-0.7
87
-0.8
85
87
Rb
(F=2 to F')
Rb
(F=2 to F')
Rb
(F=1 to F')
-0.9
-1.0
Increasing Frequency
^*q D s mN9,K K
E :=B8k B8oHk r 9mNB 1 9 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7j q DC758:/o B8m [ 1 58j 5o s 7 p k q BC7 B8o
~ 58jlkl9nm$o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q k r k r 9( s~ 11 9;5 ~ 1 :=B p! 9;u FVr 9J5 1 jNB8mk q BC7.mNB!" :y9;jx5vmN9
u s 9 klBk r 9 klm|587j q k q BC7jJo mNB ~ k r 9 k0xB r 2 9nm " 79 D8mNB s 7ujlkN5vkl9;jiklBOk r 9 9 pnq kl9;u
r 2 Z9nm " 79jlkN5vkl9;j B8oJk r 9@iTklm|587 j q k q BC7o B8m2 [ 1 587u [ 1 FVr 9 5 1 jlB8mk q BC7
mN!B " :=9;jLuB 7B8kH5 9;5vmH58j$j r 5vmO: q 79;jLu s 9\klB k r 9?uB! :=9nm$j rq o k q 7D B8oak r 9 : q D r k
1 2 u q 6Z9nmN9;7 k { 9;:=B pnq k 2 p :y58jNjl9;jVB8o+k r 9 5vklB ~ %j
C
K
(2-3'
)
(c2'
-3'
)
(c1'
-3'
)
Absorption signal
(2-2'
)
(c1'
-2'
)
(2-1'
)
Increasing Frequency
^*q D s mN9 KMU E 7O5 1 jlB8mk q BC7#m|B!" :=9( q k r jN5vk s m|5vkl9;uOu q j% FHr 9\B { 9nmt58:y: mNB!" :y9 q j
5 B3B ~ 9;u q 7 { 9nm|j q BC7TB8o(k r 9 [ 1 WCU klB U mNB!" :=9 j r B/J7 q 7
^*q D K K q k r k r 9$mN9;jl9;7 p 9 B8o(k r 9$ \ s~ A\ k r 9nmN9 5vmN9 j q \ jN5vX k s\ mt5vkl9;ub5 1 jlB8mk q BC7
u q jLu s 9iklB k r 9 klm|587j q k q BC7jfo m|B ~ k r 9 klB I|QL u9;7B8kl9;u w QI70 zN w I 0 zN w LI0 zf587uo m|B ~ k r 9 p mNBCjNjNB { 9nmHmN9;jNBC7587 p 9;jfo m|B ~
klB r 58:yo L5 2 1 9nk f9n9;7
RI| QL u9;7B8kl9;u w p I70 I 0 zN w p I70 LI0 zN w p I 0 LI0 z
KI
r 9nmN9 k r 9u q j?5vmN9 D qy{ 9;j k r 9 5 1 q : q k 2 klB p|r B BCjl9 5 p BC7 { 9;7 q 9;76k* :y5 p 9 5vk rqyp|r
k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmtjH5vmN9 :=B p! 9;u
T 1 FHr 9 j q DC758: o mNB ~ k r 9*m|B 1 9 1 9;5 ~ q jHo 9;u q 76klB9;:=9 p klmNBC7 qyp 9 s q ~ 9;7 k w k r 9 0 :=B p#
1 B/ 0 z r qyp|r D89;79nm|5vkl9;j(587 9nm|mNB8m-j q DC758: k r 5vk q jmNB!ZB8mNk q BC7 58:CklB?k r 9$u9nm q={ 5vk q={ 9fB8o
k r 9/5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 j q DC758: ^-q D KMVVj r B/Jj`k r 9(9nm|mNB8maj q DC7 58:vD89;79nm|5vkl9;u p B8mNmN9;jZBC7u q 7D
klB 587 q 7 s k q 7 klB?k r 9H:=B p! 1 B/ B8oZ5ijN5vk s m|5vkl9;u 5 1 jNB8mk q BC7 j q DC758:3o mNB ~ k r 9 mNB 1 9
j x9n%9 q 7D B { 9nm k r 9 [ 1 WC U \ klB U \ [ L p mNBCjNjNB { 9nm
\
X \
mN9;jlBC7587 p !9
E kk r 9bj|5vk s m|5vkl9;u5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 Z9;5 j k r 9T9nm|mNB8m j q DC758: q :y: 1 9 9nmNB m q D r k
5vkAk r 9 ~ q 7 qy~ s ~ B8o k r 9_u q 587u 1 9m|5 q u : 2 m q j q 7D q k r !B ZBCj q kl9j q DC7BC7
9 q k r 9nmij q u9 B8o/k r 9 u q ~ q 7 qy~ s ~ FHr 9 9nmNmNB8mij q DC758: mNB {Qq u9;j\5 ~ 9;587j\o B8m?k r 9
jlkN5 1 q : q 5vk q BC7B8oxk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmio mN9 s 9;7 p 2 M o/k r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 j x9n%9 B8oxk r 9 If} @ ]
q jfmN9;u sp 9;uklB B B ~q 7BC7 BC79\B8oak r 9?jN5vk s m|5vkl9;uO5 1 jlB8m k q BC.7 Z9;5 j w 58j$j r /B J7 q 7
^*q D KMV zHk r 9;7k r 9 9nmNmNB8mij q DC758: q :y: p BC7j q jlkVBC7: 2 B8ox5 9nmNB587ub#5 ZBCj q k q={ 9 587u
79nDC5vk q={ 9 { BC:=kN5vD8!9 c 7 p 9Vk r 9Ho mN9 s 9;7 p 2 j x9n%9 q j p B ~ :=9nkl9;: 2 k s m|79;u 7B 6 w 1 2 7B8k
j x9n%9 q 7DAk r .9 q 9 B ZBCj q k q BC7j 587u k r 9 pns m|mN9;76k z?587u_k r 9 o 9n9;u 1 5 !p _p BC7 klmNBC:xB8o
k r 9i:=B #p 1 3B q jf9;75 1 :=9;u 3k r 9?:=B !p 1 /B # q :y: p BC76klm|BC:Zk r 9 BCj q k q BC7B8o`k r 9?D8m|5vk q 7D
{3q 5k r 9 q 9 B39;:=9 p klm qyp 9;:=9 ~ 9;76kNj 587 u k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 pns mNm|9;76k klB 9n%9 dk r 9O9nmNmNB8m
j q DC758: 5vk 9nmNB E kHk rq j ZB q 76kLk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm q j . :=B #p 9;u 0
$ ( ! G( P j s 58:y: 2 k r 9 ~ BCjNk mNB ~ q 79;7 kHjN5vk s m|5vk q BC7bu q q j s jl9;uklB:=B p! k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm?:y58jl9nm
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 j q 7 p 9\k r q jLD89;79nm|5vkl9;jJk r 9 :y5vmND89;jNk$9nmNmNB8mVj q DC758: G B x9 { 9nm?587 2 o 9;5vk s mN9
k r 5vk r 58jg587 58jNjlB pnq 5vkl9;u 9nmNmNB8m*j q DC7 58:6:y5vmND89f9;7B s D r o B8m+k r 9L:=B p! pnq m pnsq k`klB 1 9/5 1 :=9
klBTjl9;7jN9 r 9nmN9 9nmNB q j q :<: fB8m ^-q DCj% K KMWA587 u K Oj r B k r 9jN5vk s m|5vkl9;u
5 1 jlB8m k q BC7u q jx587 u k r 9?9nmNm|B8mfj q DC758:yjxk r 5vkLk r 9 [ 1 587u ]+qZ~ 58jlkl9nm|jL5vmN9i:=B p! 9;u
klB FHr (9 5vmNk qypns :y5vm :y5 p 9 x9i:=B !p klB q jfj r /B V7 132 k r '9 . :=B p! r 9nmN9105vmNmNB Vj%9nmNB
BC7 k r 9/u q 5vD8m|5 ~ jZBC7 k r 9(m q D r k q 7u qyp 5vkl9-k r 9-o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 f9 q :y: s jl9(o B8m`k r 9 p B3BC: q 7D
B8o-k r 9 [ 1 q jlB8kl!B Z9;j w j r /B V7 q 7 F 5 1 :=!9 MLJI z E :y:Zk r 9 B8k r 9nmVo mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;jV: q jlkl9;uA5vmN9
q 7 STG 587u5vmN9 mN9;:y5vk qy{ 9iklB k r 9 9nmN.B BCj q k q BC7 FHr 9 jN5vk s m|5vkl9;u5 1 jNB8m k q BC7Ou q mN9;j ZBC7j q 1 :=9Ho B8m$k r 9?9nmNmNB8mHj q DC7 58:klB rqyp|r f9 :=B #p q j Hm q klkl9;7 q 7 1 : s !9 R 9 p 5 s jl9
B8o$k r )9 mN9;jN9;7 p 9 B8oLk r 9 EVc?S q 7 k r 9 jN5vk s m|5vkl9;u 5 1 jNB8m k q BC7_jN9nk s àk r 95 p k s 58:
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B8o$k r 9jN5vk s m|5vkl9;uu q f9 :=B !p klB q j j r q o kl9;u w Hm q klkl9;7 q 7 mN9;uZz FHr 9
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B s k s k 1 2 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmJ:y58jN9nm p B8mNmN9;j ZBC7u jLklB k rq jHj rq o kl9;uo mN9 s 9;7 p 2
FHr 9 o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j 5vmN9:y5vkl9nm j rq o kl9;uklB 1 9 1 9;:=B k r 9 5vklB ~ qyp klm|587j q k q BC7%j FHrq j
j rq o k q 7DV5vk*9;5 ptr 9 Z9nm qy~ 9;76kN58:3jlkl%9 58:y:=B Vjak r 9f5 p k s 58:39 &Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:6o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j
K6
Absorption signal (arb units)
-0.155
-0.160
-0.165
-0.170
-0.175
-0.180
-0.05
0.00
0.05
Frequency (arb units)
Error signal (arb units)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.05
0.00
0.05
Frequency(arb units)
^*q D s mN9 KMV FHr 9 9nmNmNB8m\j q DC758: w :yB/f9nm(5879;: z q jVj r B/J7 p B8mNmN9;jBC7 u q 7D klB 5 jN5vk
s m|5vkl9;ub5 1 jlB8mk q BC7u q w s Z9nm 5879;: zfo B8mJk r 9 [ 1 WC,U \ ! klB U \
[ L p m|BCjNjlB { 9nm m|9;jlBC7587 p 9! W B8kl9k r 5vk k r 9 9nmNmNB8m j q \ DC758: q j 9nmNB 5vk X k r \ 9
~ q 7 qy~ s~ B8oVk r 9jN5vk s m|5vkl9;u 5 1 jlB8mk q BC7 u q 587um|5 q u: 2 m q jl9;j$ q k r B! ZBCj q kl9
j q DC7 BC7 9 q k r 9nm/j q u9LB8ok r 9 9nmNB r 9;7 k r 9 If} @ ]q j(:=B p! 9;u klB k rq j-9nmNm|B8m/j q DC758:
k r 9$o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 j f9n%9 q j-u q jN5 1 :=9;u 587u k r 9 q 9 Bi9;:=9 ~ 9;7 kNj q 7j q u9/k r 9 IL} @ ] 587u
k r 9 pns mNm|9;76k B8oLk r 9 If} @ ] 5vmN9 p BC7 klmNBC:y:=9;u jlBAk r 5vk k r 9 9nmNmNB8m j q DC758: q j 9%k 5vk
9nmNB
KL
s jl9;u klB { 5vm 2 rq :=9 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j 5vmN9 58: L5 2 j :=B p# 9;u_klBAk r 9 jN5 ~ 9 o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j3
FHr 9Jj 2 jlkl9 ~ L58jxu9;j q DC79;u jlB k r 5vk [ 1 ~ 58jlkl9nmf:<58jl9nm/o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;jx5vmN9\:yB p# 9;u ITWv
STG 1 9;:=B k r 9 9&9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:Zo mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j%
^ B8m ]aq f9 p 5877B8k\u q jlk q 7D sq j r k r 9 j|5vk s m|5vkl9;u5 1 jlB8mk q BC7u q jLo B8mV9;5 ptrTr 2 9nm " 79 :=9 { 9;: 1 s k jl9n9 LAu q j p B8mNmN9;jBC7 u q 7DOklBbk r 9 klm|587j q k q BC7jio mNB ~ k r 9k0xB
D8mNB s 7u jNkN5vkl9;j(B8o \ I Evi587u L EviklB k r 9$9 pnq kl9;u:=9 { 9;:yj*B8o` \ 587u 5 p m|BCjNjlB { 9nm 1 9nk f9n\ 9n9;7 k r BCjl9 k fBklmt587j q k q BC7 %j ]aq 58:yjlB r 58j 5AjN: q D r kN: 2 u X q o \ o 9nmN9;7 k jN9nk s k r 587 [ 1 q 7 k r 5vk k r 9 j rq o k q 7DB8o$k r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j klBAk r 9 p B8mNmN9 p k
9Z9nm qy~ 9;76kN58:xo m|9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j B pnpns m|j BC7k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm kN5 1 :=9 w jl9n9k r 9 79 3k jl9 p k q BC7
KMU o B8mHo s mNk r 9nmHu9nkN5 q :<j z
F 5 1 :=9 KJILj s~ ~ 5vm q 9;jak r 9xo mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j s jl9;u o B8mgk r 9 EVc?S j q 7 k r 9LjN5vk s m|5vkl9;u
5 1 jlB8m k q BC7jl9nk s j w p 58:y:y9;uAk r 9 :=B #p OEVc?S jnz rq<p|r u9nkl9nm ~ q 79;jVk r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2
5v'k rqyptr k r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nm|jV5vmN9 :yB #p 9;u
] 58jl9nm
] B #p OEVc?S ^ mN9 s 9;7 p 2 w STG z EVc?S B8m|u9nm
[ 1 p B BC: q 7D I;v
W?I
Wi
[ 1 p B BC: q 7D K
Wi
[ 1 mN%9 s~ In L
[ 1 mN%9 s~ InS I
Wi
]+q
WW
Wi
F 5 1 :y#9 KJI ^ m|9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j s jl9;uAo B8mHk r 9 :=B !p EVc?S j q 7Ok r 9 j|5vk s m|5vkl9;u5 1 jlB8m k q BC7
jl9nk s %j FHr 9 [H^ o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 jl9;7 k klBum q={ 9k r 9 EVc?S j u9nkl9nm ~ q 79;j 5v#k rqyp|r
o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j(k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|jf5vmN9J:yB #p 9;u FHr 9 EVciS B8m|u9nm p BC: s~ 7 q 7u qyp 5vkl9;j rqyp|r
u q 6Zm|5 p kl9;u B8mtu9nm q j s jN9;u B8oHk r 9: q D r k r 9;7 58jNj q 7Dk r mNB s D r k r 9 EVc?S FHr 9
w Wi zxB8m|u9nm 1 9;5 ~ q jVj rq o kl9;u s 132 k qy~ 9;jHk r 9 EVciS o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 58j p B ~ 5vmN9;u
klB k r 9 q 7 p B ~ q 7D : q D r %k
&R*#! R()!-$
FHr B s D r k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j r 5 { 9?k r 9\5 1 q : q k 2 klB 1 9\o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 jNkN5 1 q : q 9;u k r 9 q mfB s k s k
B x9nm q j(7B8kfj s pnq 9;76k-klB 1 9 s jl9;u o B8mx:y58jN9nm p B BC: q 7D 587u klm|5 q 7D S BCjlk/B8oZk r 9
B x 9nm o mNB ~ 5 ~ 58jlkl9nm q j s jl9;u o B8m k r 9jN5vk s mt5vkl9;u 5 1 jNB8mk q BC7_:yB p#3q 7DA587u_k r 9
mN9 ~ 5 q 7u9nm w I ~ z q j/jl9;7 k q 76klB 587B8k r 9nm rq D r 9nm B x9nmLu q BQu9' rqyp|r B s k s kNj
Vv ~ d
o B8m/k r 9 [ 1 jN:y5 { 9\:y58jl9nm/u q B3u9;jn6587u U ~ o B8m/k r 9 ]aq u q B3u9;j% [ 9no0
K2 Qq 76 5 r 58jJ5 p B ~ :=9nkl9 : q jlk$B8o-k r 9 u q BQu9;j s jl9;uAo B8mJk r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nm|jJ587 uAk r 9 j|:y5 { 9
5 ~ : q " 9nm|j%
r 9;7b: q D r kVo mNB ~ k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm q jJjl9;76k q 7 klBk r 9 DC5 q 7 ~ 9;u q<s~ B8o(k r 9 rq D r 9nm
KK
87
0.8
Rb
Cooling
0.6
(2-3')
Error signal (arb units)
0.4
0
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Lock here
- 133
(c2'-3')
-0.6
-0.8
Increasing Frequency
Master
Freq
2.0
85
Rb
Cooling
1.5
Error signal (arb units)
- 180
1.0
(3-4')
0
(c3'-4')
- 61
(c2'
-4'
)
- 92
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Lock here
-1.5
(3-3'
)
- 121
(c2'
-3'
)
- 153
Master
Freq
- 180
Increasing Frequency
^*q D s mN9 K FHr 9\9nmNmNB8mHj q DC758:yjL587u:=B p!Qq 7D j |p r 9 ~ 9;j$o B8m$k r 9 [ 1 p B BC: q 7D :y58jl9nm|j%
KU
85
Error signal (arb units)
0.3
Rb
Repump
0
(2-3'
)
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
Lock here
(c2'
-3'
)
-31.5
(c1'
-3'
)
(2-2'
)
(c1'
-2'
)
-46
-63
-77
(2-1'
)
-92
Master
Freq
-180
-0.2
Increasing Frequency
87
0.4
Lock here
Error signal (arb units)
0.2
Rb
Repump
(1-2'
)
0
(c1'
-2'
)
-79
(1-1'
)
-157
Master
Freq
-180
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Increasing Frequency
^*q D s mN9 K MW FHr 9\9nmNmNB8mHj q DC758:yjL587u:=B p!Qq 7D j p|r 9 ~ 9;j$o B8m$k r 9 [ 1 p B BC: q 7D :y58jl9nm|j%
KV
6
Error signal (arb units)
4
lock here
2
0
-2
-4
Increasing Frequency
6
Li
(1/2-p/2'
)
Master
here
(c1/2-3/2)
(3/2-p/2'
)
+228
Repump
+140
+114
0
Cooling
^*q D s mN9 K FHr 9x9nmNmNB8m*j q DC758: 587u :=B p#3q 7DJj ptr 9 ~ 9;jgo B8m+k r 9 ]aq ~ 58jlkl9nm-:y58jl9nm/ FHr 9
q 7 587uAB8mt587D89 u58j r 9;u: q 79;j q 7u qyp 5vkl9ik r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 79n9;u9;uo B8mJk r 9 p B3BC: q 7D
587uOmN%9 s ~ A: q D r k$mN9;j Z9 p k q={ 9;: 2 w 9Q5 p k\o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j$5vmN9 7B8kHD q={ 9;7Aj q 7 p 9ik r 5vk q j
{ 5vm q 5 1 :=9vz FVr 9 5vmNmNB Vj q 7u qyp 5vkl9ik r 5vkVk r 9 : q D r k q jVj rq o kl9;u 132 k r 9 EVc?S uB s 1 :y9
58jNjl9;jJu9;j p m q 1 9;u q 7 ^-q D KJITL q 7u q<p 5vkl9;j$k r 9i9 pnq kl9;u r 2 Z9nm"79\:y9 { 9;:yj%
K
B x9nmu q BQu98fk r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nm : q D r k jN5vk s m|5vkl9;j k r 9DC5 q 7 ~ 9;u qys~ 587 u 9Qk q 7D sq j r
p B ~ Z 9nk q 7D ~ BQu9;j 2 G 58uWV15JjlB k r 5vk k r 9bjN:y5 { 9B s k s kNj BC7: 2 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm o mN9
s 9;7 p 2 5vk q kNj7 5vk s m|58: ZB/f9nm3 FHrq jkl9 p|r 7 q s 9 q j p 58:y:=9;u . >5 C8?.2B> 4628C .> 9!
^*q D KML j r B/V jVk r 9 B!k q<p 58:ajl9nk s s jl9;uOBC7Tk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmJkN5 1 :=9 o B8m q 7 + 9 p k q BC7T:=B p# q 7D FHr 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ o mNB ~ k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm q j jl9;76k klBk r 9OjN:y5 { 9 132 k r 9j q u9
B8m|kiB8of587 B! k qyp 58: q jlBC:<5vklB8m rqyptr 58uu q k q BC7 58:y: 2 m|B8kl9 p kNjik r 9 jN:<5 { 9 o mNB ~ 1 5 p#
mN9 9 p k q BC7j3 FHr 9 Z BC:y5vm q 5vk q BC7B8o*k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~q j { 9nmNk qyp 58:y: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;ujlB
k r 5vk q k mN9 9 p kNj B76B8o?5 h :y587& FHr B ~ jlBC7 Z BC:y5vm q 9nm q 7j q u9k r 9 q jlBC:y5vklB8m 587u q j
jl9;76k q 7 klB k r 9 j|:y5 { 9 u q BQu9! [ 9no 2 KQptr 6\5 mNB {3q u9;jV9 p 9;:y:=9;7 kiu9nkN5 q : p BC7 p 9nm|7 q 7D
k r 9 jN:y5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 m|B p 9;jNj; q k r 5 1 m q 9noamN9 {Qq 9% mN9;jl9;7 kl9;u r 9nmN9!
9 9;8
99/.
: 7??;8;K
: 7 F K ? ?GHBF ?
<?NJ 7?4F E=1; BF 4
? ;1B>:$8 : !
r 9;7 "m|jlk jl9nklk q 7D s 5 jN:y5 { 9 q k q j s jl9no s :/klB u q 5vDC7BCjl9 q kNj B s k s k s j q 7Db587
B!k qyp 58:(jZ9 p klm s ~ 58758: 2 9nm B8m ~ BC7B ptr mNB ~ 5vklB8m klBu9nkl9nm ~ q 79 k r 9 jN:<5 { 910 j o mN9n9
m s 77 q 7Do mN9 s 9;7 p 2 FHr 9 j|:y5 { 910 j kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9 w r 9;5vk klB q 7 p mN9;58jl9)L5 { 9;:y9;7D8k r z
587u q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 pns mNmN9;7 ki5vmN9 58u + s jlkl9;u jlBk r 5vk?k r 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q j p :=BCjl9 klBOk r 9 q 7
kl9;7u9;u ~ 58jNkl9nmHo m|9 s 9;7 p 2 klB q 7 + 9 p k$k r 9 j|:y5 { 9! ^*q 79?k s 7 q 7D B8ogk r 9 pns mNm|9;76k q :y:
1 979n9;u9;u :<5vkl9nm 1 s kik r 9 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN#9 q :y: 1 9 9%k p BC7jlkN587 k% FVr 9 o mN9n9 m s 7
7 q 7D L5 { 9;:=9;7D8k r B8o*k r 9 ]+q jN:y5 { 9;j q j sq kl9io 5vm w VUW 7 ~ z(o mNB ~ r 9nm|9 x9 q 7 + 9 p k
k r 9 ~ w VC: I 7 ~ z\jlBAk r 5vk k r 9 2 79n9;u9;u klB 1 9 r 9;5vkl9;u p :=BCjl9klBk r 9 q m ~ 5 q<~ s~
BCj|j q 1 :=9 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s m|9 w x9 m s 7k r 9 ~ 5v@k VW } z FHr 9 [ 1 jN:y5 { 9;j o m|9n9 m s 77 q 7D
f5 { 9;:=9;7D8k rq j q k rq 7jl9 { 9nm|58:`7 ~ 5 1 B { 9iB8o+k r 9 Wv& 7 ~ : q D r k x9 q 7 + 9 p kLk r 9 ~
q k r 587uOk r 9 2 5vm|9 p B BC:=9;uklB ITW }
9 9
M 8 ! :J ? : ;
MU~ ZB8mNkN587 kO58jZ9 p kNjB8o k r 9 58: q DC7 ~ 9;76k B8o k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ q 7 klB k r 9j|:y5 { 9
u q BQu9 5vm|9 k r 5vk k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ j r B s :yu 1 9 58: q DC79;uklB k r 9 { 9nmNk qyp 58:y: 2 B
:y5vm q 9;u 1 9;5 ~ 1 9 q 7D m|9 + 9 p kl9;u 1 5 p! k r mNB s D r k r 9 j q u9 5vmNkHo mNB ~ k r 9 j|:y5 { 9 : q D r k
q kNjl9;:=o M k q j qy~ ZB8mNkN587 k+klB "mtjlkg58: q DC7 k r 9 1 9;5 ~ 58j 1 9;jlk-58j ZBCjNj q 1 :=9 132 9 2 9 w r 9;7
x9;:y: 58: q DC79;u k r 9imN9 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ q :<: D8B m q D r k 1 5 p# klB k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmnz M k q jfk r 9;7
s jl9no s :*klB ~ BC7 q klB8mik r 9 282/? A<;C8?2/: rqyp|r q j?k r 9 B s k s k ZB x9nm B8oLk r 9 j|:y5 { 9
5vk k r 9 :y58j q 7Dk r mN9;j r BC:<u pns mNmN9;7 k q k r k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ m|9;jl9;76k { 9nmtj s jik r 9
B s k s k Z/B f9nm q k r B s kfk r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ FHr (9 " 79\k s 7 q 7D B8oak r 9i58: q DC7 ~ 9;7 k
B pnpns mtj rq :=9 0 f58: 3q 74D 0 k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ klB?!B k qy~ q 9fk r 9 R B3B8k r o 5 p klB8m/ F xB
~ q mNmNB8mtjf5vm|9imN9 s q mN9;uklB 58: q DC7k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~q 7 klB k r 9 jN:y5 { 9 587u 0 f58: 3q 7D
k r 9 1 9;5 ~ 0 ~ 9;587j?k s mt7 q 7D k r 9 r B8m q BC76kN58: p BC7 klmNBC: 7B 1 B8ofk r 9 ~ q mNm|B8m ~ B s 76k
KW
p :=BCjl9;jlk klBk r 9 q jlBC:y5vklB8m q 7 BC79u q mN9 p k q BC7 w S I q 7 ^-q D KML z?587u_k r 9;7 B!k qy~ q q 7DAk r 9 R B B8k r o 5 p klB8m$ q k r k r 9 r B8m q BC76kN58: p BC7 klmNBC: 7B 1 B8ofk r 9 B8k r 9nm ~ q mNm|B8m
~ B s 7 k w S z } BC76k q 7 sq 7D klB p|r 587D89 S I q 7 k r 9\jN5 ~ 9?u q mN9 p k q BC7587u mN9nB!k qy~ q q 7D q k r S q :<: q 7 u qyp 5vkl9 q oJk r 9 R B B8k r o 5 p klB8m q j D8B q 7D s B8muB/V7 rqyp|r
q 7u qyp 5vkl9;j* r 9nk r 9nm klB 9n9% BC7 ptr 587D q 7D S I q 7 k r 9 jN5 ~ 9u q mN9 p k q BC7 B8m klBTD8B
q 7 k r 9B8k r 9nm u q mN9 p k q BC7 FHr 9 j|5 ~ 9)mNB p 9;jNj q j k r 9;7 mN9%Z9;5vkl9;u_o B8m k r 9 { 9nmNk qyp 58:
p BC76klmNBC: 7B 1 q k r q kl9nm|5vk q={ 9Jj spnp 9;jNj q BC7j 1 9nk f9n9;7 p|r 587D q 7D k r 9 r B8m q BC7 kN58: 587u
{ 9nmNk qyp 58: 7B 1 j s 76k q :gk r 9 ~ 5 qy~ s~ R B3B8k r o 5 p klB8m r 58j 1 9n9;7 5 ptrq 9 { 9;u M oLj s o " pnq 9;7 k p 5vmN9 r 58j 7B8k 1 9n9;7_kN5 9;7klB58: q DC7 k r 9 1 9;5 ~ 132 9 2 9klB 1 9nD q 7 q k r q k
q j ZBCjNj q 1 :=9 klBO58: q DC7AklBO5:yB p 58: ~ 5 qy~ s~ q 7Tk r 9 R B B8k r o 5 p klB8m rqyptr q :y:a7B8k
mNB {Qq u9iD8B3BQuAjN:y5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7
9 9
1'8 E ! :K ;8 ? E :H B E !:?
c O7 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmVkN5 1 :y9 58:yjlB m|9;j q u9;jH5 ^ 5 1 m 2 Y 9nmNB8k w ^-Y z$587u5 1 jNB8mk q BC7 p 9;:y:ò B8m
[ 1 587u_o B8m ]aq klBTu q 5vDC7BCjl9 r 9nk r 9nm k r 9 j|:y5 { 9;j 5vmN9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;u w jl9n9 ^-q D KJIn3z
FP
L
M
PD
BS
DF
HWP
PD
Rb abs cell
^*q D s mN9+KJIn FHr 9fu q 5vDC7BCjlk qyp jl9nk s o B8m*k r 9 [ 1 jN:y5 { 9$5 ~ : q " 9nm|j% FHr 9x: q D r kgo mNB ~
5VjN:y5 { 9f5 ~ : q "9nm q jajl9;7 kakl(B " 1 9nm w @ ^ zZ587u q j { 5vm q 5 1 : 2 j : q k 132 5 r 58:yoL5 { 9 :y5vkl9
w G Y zx587 u 1 9;5 ~ j : q klk q 7D pns 1 9 w RHK z FHr 9i5 1 jNB8mk q BC7Oj q DC758:B8o+k r 9 j|:y5 { 9 q j
D q={ 9;7 1 2 k r 9 5 ~ B s 76k\B8ox: q D r k q 7 pnq u9;76kJBC7b5. r B8klBQu9 p klB8m w Y @ zH5vo kl9nm 58jNj q 7D
k r mNB s D r 5 [ 1 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 p 9;:y: w [ 1 5 1 j p 9;:<: z FHr 9i: q D r k$58:yjlB2 58jNjN9;j$k r mNB s D r 5
^ 5 1 m 2 Y 9nmNB8k q k r k r 9 klm|587j ~ q klkl9;uA: q D r k q 7 pnq u9;76kLBC7T25 r B8klBQu9nkl9 p klB83m
K"
FHr 9 ^ 5 1 m 2 Y 9nm|B8kNj jN9nm { 9klB q 7u qyp 5vkl9 k r 9 jZ9 p klm|58: s m q k 2 B8o$k r 9jN:y5 { 9 1 9;5 ~ j
587u k r 9 5 1 jlB8mk q BC7 p 9;:y:yjiklBu9nkl9nm ~ q 79 r 9nk r 9nm k r 9jN:y5 { 9;j 5vmN9 :y58j q 7DO5vk k r 9
jN5 ~ 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 58j k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm3 FVr 9:=9;7D8k r B8o$k r 9 ^-Y!p 5 {3q k q 9;j 5vmN9 m|5 ~ 9;u
5vk In G jlB k r 5vkH5 j q 7DC:=9Jo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q 7 s kfj r B/Jj ~ s :yk q :=9H9 s 58:y: 2 j 5 p 9;u ^-Y
9;5 j% ]aq D r k q j-jN9;76k(klB k r 9Vu q 5vDC7BCjlk qyp j-k r B s D r B!k qyp 58:&" 1 9nm|j3 ^-q 1 9nm(j q k p|r 9nm|j
w 4C@ Kb^-qyF 9;: KQR 587 u K} jl9nm q 9;jnz$5vm|9 s jl9;uklBAjl9;:=9 p k rqyptr : q D r k q j?jl9;7 k klBOk r 9
u q 5vDC7BCjlk q<p " 1 9nm|%j
F B s jN9 k r 9 u q 5vDC7BCjlk qyp jJklB p|r 5vm|5 p kl9nm q 9 k r 9 jN:y5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7BC79 p 587m|5 ~ k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm$o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B { 9nmJ5 m|587D89 p BC7 kN5 q 7 q 7D k r 9iu9;j q mN9;u:=B !p Qq 7D o mN9 s 9;7 p 2
FHr 9jN:y5 { 19 0 j pns mNmN9;7 k q j ptr 587D89;u s 7 k q :xk r 9 j|:y5 { 19 0 j 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7j q DC7 58: ~ 5vk ptr 9;j
k r 5vkiB8o(k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmiB { 9nm jlB ~ 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 m|587D89 w 5 mN3B IMU h?G o B8mik r 9 [ 1
jN:y5 { 9;jnz FHr 9 pns mNmN9;7 k q j " 79 k s 79;ujlBk r 5vkVk rq 'j q 7 u/B B { 9nm rqyptr k r 9 j|:y5 { 9
o BC:y:y/B Vj?k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm p BC7 kN5 q 7jik r 9 mN9nD q BC7 q k r k r 9 o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 k r 5vkik r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm
q :y: 1 9 :=B #p 9;u klB w jN9n9 ^-q D KJII z FHr 9bo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 m|587D89_B { 9nm r qyp|r k r 9
~ 58jlkl9nm q jLm|5 ~ Z9;u q jLk r 9;7Au9 p m|9;58jl9;uOklB B3B ~q 7BC7Ok r 9 jN5vk s m|5vkl9;uA5 1 jlB8m k q BC7
o 9;5vk s m|9OklB rqyptr k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm q j :=B !p 9;u FHr 9 ^-Y j q DC758:fj r B s :yu j f9n%9 1 5 #p
587uo B8m|k r 58jik r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmio mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q jij f%9 ki587u r 9;7k r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nm q ji:=B !p 9;u
k r 9 ^-Y j q DC758:aj r B s :yu 1 9 p B ~ 9 jlkN5vk q BC7 5vm 2 w ~ BQu s :=Bk r 9 ~ B8k q BC7 p 5 s jl9;u 132 5 q m
pns mNmN9;7 kNj z r 9;7 q 7 + 9 p kl9;ubk r 9 ^-Y Z9;5 jij r B s :yu 1 9 j r 5vm q k r 5 ~ q 7 qy~ q 9;u
7B q jl9 B3B8m w jl9n9 ^*q D KJI; z W B8kl9\k r 5vkfk r 9nmN9\5vm|9 ~ s :=k q :=9 pns mNm|9;76k q 7u/B Vj/B { 9nm
rqyptr k r 9 jN:<5 { 9 q j q 7 + 9 p kl9;uTjlBk r 5vk?k r 9 pns mNm|9;76k q jJk s 79;uTklB5 q 7u/B r 9nm|9
j s pnq 9;7 k Z/B f9nm q j mN9;jl9;7 k?o B8mik r 9 u9;j q mN9;u5 : qyp 5vk q BC7bB8o/k r 9 j|:y5 { !9 ^ B8m k r 9
[ 1 jN:<5 { 9;jHk r 9;jl9 5vmN9 jN%9 5vm|5vkl9;u 132 U ~ E 587uOo B8m ]aq In ~ E
K : q D r ku q 69nm|9;7 p 9;j q 7dk r q #j mNB p 9;u s mN99 q jlk o B8m k r 9 [ 1 587 u ]+q j|:y5 { 9;jO58j
o B8m [ 1 k r 9b5 1 jlB8m k q BC7dj x9n%9 q j79 p 9;jNjN5vm 2 j q 7 p 9A9 { 9;7 r 9;7 k r 9bjN:y5 { 9;j5vmN9
7B8k q 7 + 9 p kl9;uk r 9 ^-Y Z9;5 ji:yB B j r 5vm c 79 p 587_jlk q :<: s jN9 k r 9 ^-Y 1 s k q o(k r 9
~ 58jlkl9nm q j/:=B !p 9;u587u k r 9 Z9;5 j/5vmN9 p :=9;587 :=B B Qq 7D q k/uB39;j/7B8k ~ 9;587 k r 9JjN:<5 { 9;j
5vmN9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;u [ 5 ~ q 7D k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm\jN:=/B J: 2 B { 9nm?5 j ~ 58:<: o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 mt587D898 BC79
j r B s :yu jl9n9k r 9 9;5 j ~ B { 9 1 5 #p 587u o B8mNk r q o$k r 9jN:y5 { 9 q j q 7 + 9 p kl9;u ^ B8m ]aq
k r 9 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7Tj q DC758:aB8o-k r 9 jN:y5 { 9;j q j ZB B8m\u s 9 klB q 7j s pnq 9;7 k Z/B f9nm w k r 9 ]aq
" 1 9nm j q k ptr 9nm r 58j BC7: 2 U Z9nm p 9;7 k 9 pnq 9;7 p 2 z 9mN9;: 2 ~ B8mN9 BC7 k r 9 ^-Y
j q 7 p 9 k r 9 ^-Y j q DC758: r 9;7Ak r 9 jN:<5 { 9;jV5vm|9 7B8k q 7 + 9 p kl9;u q j { 9nm 2 ZB3B8mJ587uA7B q j 2
:=B B Qq 7D M oZk r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nmxo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q j(j f%9 kfjN: q D r kN: 2 k r 9 ^-Y Z9;5 jxj r B s :yu ~ B { 9
1 5 !p 587uOo B8mNk r D89;7 kN: 2 587uAj r B s :yu 1 9 j r 5vm A:=B3B Qq 7D K f9n%9 q 7D k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm q j
7B8k p B ~ :y9nkl9;: 2 79 p 9;jNjN5vm 2 587uBC79 p 587 + s jlkLk s 79ik r 9 pns mNmN9;7 k$B8o*k r 9 ]aq jN:<5 { 9;j
s 76k q :Zk r 9 7B q jN9 B B8mHD8B39;jVu/B V7A587 uOk r 9 ^-Y Z9;5 j$D8mNB kN58:y:=9nmJ587uOj r 5vm v
U
Absorption signal (arb units)
(a)
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
Absorption signal (arb units)
-1.1
(b)
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
Increasing Frequency
^*q D s mN9 KJII w 53z KQr B/VjJk r 9 5 1 jlB8mk q BC7bj q DC7 58: B8o/5 ~ 58jlkl9nmi587u w 1 z j r B/JjVk r 9
5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 B8o`5 j|:y5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;u 132 k r 5vk ~ 58jlkl9nm3 FHr 9Vu q j p BC7 k q 7 sq k 2 q 7 k r 9Jj|:y5 { 9
5 1 jlB8m k q BC7 j q DC7 58:BC7k r 9Vm q D r k q 7u qyp 5vkl9;j/k r 9Jj|:y5 { 9 q j/7B8k/o BC:y:=B/ q 7Dik r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm
58jlkik r 5vk o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 FHr 9 p 9;7 kl9nm o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 587u m|587D89 B { 9nm r qyp|r k r 9 j|:y5 { 9
o BC:y:y/B Vj$k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm p 587 1 9 p|r 587D89;u 1 2 p|r 587D q 7D k r 9 pns mNmN9;7 k$B8o+k r 9 jN:y5 { 9!
U(I
0.25
FP signal (arb units)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.020
-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
Time (s)
^*q D s mN9<KJI; ^ 5 1 m 2 Y 9n mNB8k w ^-Y z klm|5 p 9;jbB8o q 7 + 9 p kl9;u jN:<5 { 9;jbo B8m ]aq w m|9;uZz 587u
[ 1 w 1 :<5 !p z r 9;7 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|jf5vmN9\:yB p# 9;u FHr 9Hm|9;:y5vk q={ 9 ZBCj q k q BC7 B8o k r 9 ~ q mNmNB8mtj
B8oHk r 9 ^*Y 5vm|9 j p 587 79;u jNBTk r 5vk k r 9nm|95vmN9 ~ s :=k q :y9 klm|587j ~ q jNj q BC7 Z9;5 j 58j 5
o s 7 p k q BC7B8o*k qy~ 9 j r B V7o B8mV5 j q 7DC:=9?o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q 7 s k% KQr 5vm`Q9 s 58:y: 2 j 5 p 9;u
587u p :y9;587 :yB B Qq 7D ^-Y Z9;5 j q k r 5 5vkf7B q jl9 B B8m q 7u q<p 5vkl9;j/k r 5vkfk r 9?jN:y5 { 9 q j
mN!B Z9nm|: 2 . q 7 + 9 p kl9;:u 0
8
U
G$ C *
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, R*-
HF rq jJjl9 p k q BC7 q :y: mNB {Qq u9 o s mNk r 9nm\u9nkN5 q :yjHklB 9:y5 q 7 r B/!k r 9 : q D r kJD89;79nm|5vkl9;u
BC7Ok r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmJkN5 1 :=9 q j s jl9;uklB/L5vm|ujVk r 9 p mN9;5vk q BC7OB8o [ 1 587u ]aq S c?F j%
9 9;8
BD#8 H 8 BJ
HF r 9 B s k s kHB8o*k r 9 [ 1 jN:y5 { 9;jVBC7k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm\kN5 1 :=9 q j p B s :y9;u q 7 klB)" 1 9nmVj : q k
kl9nm|j( r 9nmN9 : q D r k q j p B s :=9;u q 76klBBC79$" 1 9nm q 7 s kH587u q jJj : q k$mNB s D r : 2 9 s 58:y: 2
5 ~ BC7DCjlk k r m|9n9" 1 9nm B s k s kNj% ]aq D r k o m|B ~ k r 9;jl9Oj : q klkl9nmtj q j jl9;7 k klB9Z9nm q ~ 9;76kN58:`kN5 1 :=9;j r 9nmN9i5 ~ 5vDC79nklB B!k qyp 58:aklm|5OmN9;j q u9;j% c 79?B8ogk r 9ik r mN9n9 " 1 9nmtj
q j s jl9;uklB jl9;7uk r 9 jN:<5 { 9 : q D r k$klBk r 9 " 1 9nmVj q k p|r 9nmHo B8m\u q 5vDC7BCjNk qyp s m BCjN9;j%
G 5 {3q 7D k r 9bjN:y5 { 9: q D r k j: q k ~ 9;587jk r 9nmN9 q j 7B8k j s pnq 9;76k.B x9nm o mNB ~ k r 9
jN:y5 { 9;j BC7 k r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nm kN5 1 :=9;j o B8m k r 9 p B3BC: q 7D: q D r k 587 u k r 9A: q D r k q j o 9;u q 76klB
B8k r 9nm jN:<5 { 9;j BC7_k r 9 9 &Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:-kN5 1 :y9;%j ^ B8m [ 1 k r 9 mN%9 s ~ _: q D r kn+58j
58:=mN9;58u 2 ~ 9;7 k q BC79;u $uB39;j 7B8k r 5 { 9bklB 1 9 rq D r Z/B f9nm w K ~ q j j s pnq 9;76k z
587u uB39;j 7B8k 79n9;u klB 1 9A5 ~ : q " 9;u 58jlk k r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nm kN5 1 :=!9 E :yjlB k r 9T: q D r k
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 79n9;u j(klB 1 9Vj rq o kl9;u klB k r 9J5 mN!B m q 5vkl9$o m|9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j s j q 7D EVc?S j/BC7
k r 9 9 &9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:ZkN5 1 :=9;%j
9 9/.
8 ;1=>8;B J
^ B8m [ 1 k r 9nm|9V5vmN9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j/u9;u qyp 5vkl9;u o B8m/9;5 ptr B8ok r 9HmN9% s~ : q D r k(587u p B3BC: q 7D
: q D r k(B8o 1 B8k r [ 1 WU 587u [ 1 WC 3k r 9nmN9 q j(BC7: 2 BC79 ~ 58jlkl9nm s jl9;u o B8m/k r 9\: q k rq<s~
: q D r k% FHr 9 : q k rqys~ jl9nk s BC7k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm kN5 1 :y9 k r 9nmN9no B8mN9 r 58ji587_58uu9;ub:<5 2 9nm
B8o p B ~ :=9 q k 2 r 9nmN9Ak r 9b: q D r k o mNB ~ k r 9Tj|:y5 { 9Tk r 5vk k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm q 7 + 9 p kNj r 58j
klB 1 9 s jl9;uo B8m 1 B8k r m|9% s~ 587u p B3BC: q 7D: q D r k% ^-q D KJITLAj r B/Vj 5Oj qy~ : q "9;u
{ 9nm|j q BC7 B8o k r 9 ]+q jl9nk s BC7 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmfkN5 1 :=9H9 & :y5 q 7 q 7D?k r 9Jo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 j r q o k q 7D
B8o k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm-: q D r k*587u k r 9fjN:<5 { 9;j q 7 { BC: { 9;u ]aq D r kgo mNB ~ k r 9 ]aq3~ 58jlkl9nm q 7 q k q 58:y: 2
q 7 + 9 p kNjg5?jN:<5 { 9$klBi5 ~ : q o 2 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm(: q D r %k FHr 9L: q D r k+o mNB ~ k rq j*jN:<5 { 9 q j 58jNjl9;u
k r mNB s D r 5 . uB s 1 :=9 58jNTj 0Cjl9nk s 2 r 9nmN9Lk r 9Lo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 B8o k r 9H: q D r k q j-j r q o kl9;u BC7 p 9
1 2 k r 9 EVc?S k r 9;7 mN9 9 p kl9;u 1 5 #p k r mNB s D r k r 9 EVc?S 587u mN9 9 p kl9;u 5vDC5 q 7 D qy{3q 7D
5\uB s 1 :=9xo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 j rq o %k ]+q D r k*o mNB ~ k rq j "m|jlk*uB s 1 :=9 58j|j q jg5vk*k r 9Lo mN9 s 9;7 p 2
s jl9;uo B8m$k r 9 p B BC: q 7D : q D r kLB8o ]aq 587 u 5vmNkLB8o+k r q j$: q D r k q j s jl9;uklB q 7 + 9 p kLk r 9 ]aq
p B BC: q 7D jN:<5 { 9\BC7 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmLkN5 1 :=!9 FVr 9HmN9;jlkfB8o k r 9\: q D r k/o mNB ~ k r 9 "m|jNk/uB s 1 :y9
58jNj EVc?Sq j-jN9;76k(k r mNB s D r 587B8k r 9nm/uB s 1 :y9 58jNj EVc?S jl9nk s # rqyptr 1 m q 7DCj*k r 9
: q D r kfklB k r 9?o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 79n9;u9;uOo B8m$k r 9 ]+q mN%9 s~ : q D r %k FHrq jf: q D r k q j q 7 + 9 p kl9;u
q 76klB k r 9 ]aq m|%9 s~ OjN:y5 { !9
]aq D r k-o mNB ~ 9;5 p|r j|:y5 { 9 q j*u qy{3q u9;u 5 ~ BC7Dik r mN9n9 " 1 9nm|jnvk fB o B8m-9 Z9nm q<~ 9;76kN58:
s m ZBCjl9;j$587uABC79 o B8mHk r 9 u q 5vDC7BCjlk qyp %j c 7k r 9 9 &Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58: kN5 1 :=9;jHk r 9nmN9 5vmN9
UL
SM
I
B
AOM
QWP
M
(-1)
HWP
HWP
SM
I QWP
Li repump slave
B
(+1) AOM
Li cooling slave
Li
Slave 1
M
OI
Li Master light
M
^*q D s mN9 KJITL ]+q k rqys ~ jN:y5 { 9_5 ~ : q " 9nmjl9nk s BC7 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmkN5 1 :y9! E "m|jNk
jN:y5 { 9 w ]aq jN:y5 { 9 I z q j q 7 + 9 p kl9;u 132 k r 9 ]+q$~ 58jlkl9nm3 FHr 9: q D r k o mNB ~ k rq j j|:y5 { 9
q j q 76k q 58:<: 2 m|9 9 p kl9;uo mNB ~ 5 1 9;5 ~ j : q klk q 7D pns 1 9 w R zi587 u q j jl9;7 k k r m|B s D r 587
5 p B s jlklB !B k qyp 58: ~ B3u s :y5vklB8m w EVc?S zH587ubk r 9 w QI zHB8m|u9nmi:=9nk\k r mNB s D r 132 587 q m q j
w M z E j r 9nm qyp 58: ~ q mNmNB8m w KQS zLmN9 9 p kNjJk r 9 w QI zLB8m|u9nm 1 5 p# k r mNB s D r k r 9 EVciS
j sp|r k r 5vkHk r 9 w QI z/B8mtu9nmV5vDC5 q 7 q j$jl9;:=9 p kl9;uAD8B q 7D 1 5 p! FHr q j ~ 9;587j$k r 9 1 9;5 ~
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q j$7B j r q o kl9;uuB V7 f5vm|u j 1 2 k qy~ 9;j$k r 9imNo+o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 jl9;7 kHklB k r 9
EVc?S 58j p B ~ 5vmN9;uklBbk r 9 B8m q D q 758: 1 9;5 ~ o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 E s 5vmNkl9nm2L5 { 9 :y5vkl9
w e Y z q j s jl9;uTjlB k r 5vkJk r 9 1 9;5 ~ p B ~ q 7D B s kJB8o-k rq jVuB s 1 :=9 58jNjVjl9nk s q :y:
58jNjik r m|B s D r k r 9 1 9;5 ~ j : q klk q 7D pns 1 !9 ]+q D r kio mNB ~ k r q j "m|jlkiuB s 1 :=$9 58jNj q j
k r 9;7j : q k s j q 7D 5 r 58:=o f5 { *9 :y5vkl9 w G Y zf587u pns 1 9 w R zxklBjl9;7ujlB ~ 9 B8o*k r 9
: q D r k+klB q 7 + 9 p kg5?jN:<5 { 9L587u k r 9xm|9;jlk q jgjN9;76kgklBi5Jjl9 p BC7 u uB s 1 :=9 58jNj*jl9nk s 2 r 9nm|9
k r 9 : q D r k q jio s mNk r 9nm j rq o kl9;u 587u jl9;7 k klB q 7 + 9 p k 5Ok rq m|ujN:y5 { !9 FHr 9 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2
j rq o kNj p|r BCjl9;7_o B8m k r $9 " m|jlki587u jl9 p BC7u uB s 1 :=$9 58jNjijN9nk s ji5vmN9 j s p|r k r 5vkik r 9
: q D r k q 7 + 9 p k q 7Dk r 9 jl9 p BC7ujN:y5 { 9 q jJ5vk?k r 9 p B8mNmN9 p k?o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 o B8m\:y58jN9nm p B3BC: q 7D
B8o ]aq 587uk r 9 : q D r k q 7 + 9 p k q 7D k r 9 k rq mtujN:y5 { 9 q jJ5vk\k r 9 o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 79n9;u9;uTo B8m
mN%9 s~ q 7D
UK
jN:y5 { 9;j o B8m 1 B8k r k r 9 p B3BC: q 7Db587umN9% s~ : q D r k* r qyp|r 5vmN9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;uo mNB ~ k r 9
: q D r kxjl9;7 kxo mNB ~ k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmLkN5 1 :=9\jN:y5 { 9;j3 P 7: q 9Vm s 1 q u qys ~!r B/f9 { 9nmH7B o s mNk r 9nm
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 j rq o kNj?5vmN9 79n9;u9;u BC7 k r 9 9&Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:*kN5 1 :=9;j3 [ 9no0+2 Kq 76]5/D q={ 9;j
o s :<:u9nkN5 q :yj$B8ogk r 9 ]+q jl9nk s $ R
*- ! HF rq j*jl9 p k q BC7)mNB {Qq u9;j*587 q 7j q u9nm 0 j {Qq 9% klB jlB ~ 9$B8ok r 9 ptr 58:y:=9;7D89;j*9&Z9nm q 9;7 p 9;u
klB D89nkVk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|jH587 uAjN:y5 { 9;jHB!Z9nm|5vk q 7D 5vkVk r 9 :=9 { 9;:au9;j p m q 1 9;u5 1 B { 9!
9 9;8
F ? B? :#?
8 : ;1E D$8 M 8 ; E=:H"M;K ? 8 : !+8 \B ? 2 * .&%5% .
r 9;7k r 9jN5vk s mt5vkl9;u5 1 jlB8mk q BC7 B!k qyp 58:Ljl9nk s L58j*" m|jlk jN9nk s 587ujl9;7 k klB
rk 9 :=B p! 1 B3AklBD89;79nm|5vkl9 587A9nmNm|B8mJj q DC7 58: s ZBC7 B3B ~ q 7D q 7OklB:=B p! k r 9 9nmNmNB8m
j q DC758: L58j jlB 7B q j 2 k r 9nmN9 L58j7B8k5 f9;:y:Hu9%" 79;u 9nmNB klB:=B p! klB M k.f58j
7B8k qyp 9;u k r 5vk Z9nB! :y910 j { B q<p 9;j ~ 58u9 k r 9 j q DC758: {3q 1 m|5vkl9 9 { 9;7 ~ B8mN9 587 u q k f58j
mN!B ZBCjl9;ubk r 5vkik r 9;jl92f9nmN9 5 p B s jlk q<p mN9;jlBC7587 p 9;j q 7Tk r 9 jm q 7DCj\587u ~ B s 76k q 7D
9 sq ~ 9;7 k q 7j q u9k r 9 If} @ ] j% F B "k rq j k r 9Ajm q 7DCj*f9nmN9AjlklmN9nk ptr 9;ud587u
jlB8m 1 5vk r 5879 f58)j :y5 p 9;u q 7 1 9n0k x9n9;7dk r 9j m q 7D p B q :y%j F B u q 5vDC7BCjl9 r 9nk r 9nm
587 q<~ mNB { 9 ~ 9;76k L58j ~ 58u9 f9\j s &1 + 9 p kl9;uk r 9 ~ 58jNkl9nm|j/klB 5 p B s jNk qyp o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j
o mNB ~ 5 :=B s u j Z9;5 9nm; [ 9no 2 KQq 76] 5u9;j p m q 1 9;j-k r 9J9 Z9nm q<~ 9;76kN58: jl9nk s 587 u u5vkN5
p BC:y:=9 p k q BC7 FHr 9 qy~ m|B { 9 ~ 9;7 kNj ~ 58u9 f9nmN97B8k qyp 9;5 1 :=9 q 7 k r 5vk k r 9T5 p B s jlk qyp
mN9;jlBC7587 p 9;'j x9nmN9 u 5 ~ Z9;79;u587uOj rq o kl9;u klB rq D r 9nmLo mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j q k r k r 9i9 69 p k
1 9 q 7D k r 5vkLk r 9i7B q jl9JBC7 k r 9?9nmNm|B8mLj q DC758:u9 p mN9;58jl9;uklB k r 9 ZB q 7 kxk r 5vk f9 x9nmN9
5 1 :=9iklB :=B !p k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|%j
/ :.95D3 ! D'; &
:
r 9;7bk r 9 jN:y5 { 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 q j\58: q DC79;u { 9nm 2 f9;:y: ZjlB ~ 9 B8o-k r 9 jN:y5 { 9 : q D r k 1 9 q 7D
mN9 + 9 p kl9;udo m|B ~ k r 9Aj q u9 ZB8mNk B8oJk r 9 q jlBC:y5vklB8m q :y: p B ~ 9Ajlklm|5 q D r k 1 5 !p klB k r 9
~ 58jlkl9nm|%j I/{ 9;27 q k r KC\u R 5vklkl9;7 s 5vk q BC7 o mNB ~ k r 9 q jlBC:y5vklB8m|jgk r 9L5 ~ B s 7 k p B ~ q 7D
1 5 !p _q j j s pnq 9;76kiklB p 5 s jl9 k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm klB 1 9 jN: q D r kN: 2 s 7 jlkN5 1 :=9 q 7_o mN9 s 9;7 p 2
FHr 9AmN9;j s :=k q 7Db9nmNmNB8m j q DC758: q :y: r 5 { 9Tm q :=9;j ~ 5 3q 7D q k r 5vmtu9nm klB :=B !p 587u
mN9;u spnq 7DHk r 9xjNkN5 1 q : q k 2 B8ok r 9 ~ 58jlkl9n3m FHrq j 9 6Z9 p k f58j*j s pnq 9;7 kN: 2 u 5 ~ 5vD q 7DJo B8m
k r 9 ]aq6S 58jlkl9nm+k r 5vkak r 9 ]aq8S c?F_p mN9;5vkl9;u BC7 k r 9 r B8klBC58jNjNB pnq 5vk q BC7i9 Z9nm q<~ 9;76kN58:
kN5 1 :=9 L58j {Qq j q 1 : 2 xB 1 1 : q 7D 587uA7B8kHjlkN5 1 :=!9
@ q 69nm|9;76k ~ 9nk r BQuj f9nmN9 s jl9;u_klBbklm 2 klBTm|9;u sp 9 k rq ji9 69 p %k c 79 ~ 9nk r B3u
f58jLk r 5vkLk r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7klB k r 9\j|:y5 { 9;j w 587u k r 9nm|9no B8mN9?k r 9 1 5 #p mN9 9 p k q BC7klB k r 9
UU
~ 58jlkl9nm|j z*f58jjN: q D r kN: 2 ~ q jN58: q DC79;u rqyp|r m|9;u sp 9;j k r 9T5 ~ B s 7 k B8oijN:y5 { 9T: q D r k
D8B q 7D 1 5 p# klB k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm/ FHrq j r 58u k r 9_u q jN58u { 587 kN5vD89_B8o 75vmNmNB q 7D k r 9
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 m|587D89iB { 9nm rq<p|r k r 9 jN:<5 { 9 p B s :yu q 7 + 9 p k% E jl9 p BC7u ~ 9nk r B3u L58j$klB
:y5 p 9 79 s klm|58:-u9;7j q k 2 w W @ 'z " :ykl9nm|j q 7bk r 9 5vk r B8o/k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 1 9;5 ~ klB pns k
u/B V7 k r 9L5 ~ B s 7 k*B8o : q D r kgD8B q 7D\klB\k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm;8k rq jg58:yjlB pns k*uB/J7 k r 9L5 ~ B s 76k
B8o q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 B x9nm klBAk r 9 j|:y5 { 9;j rqyptr_~ 5 9;j q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 ~ B8mN9 u q pns :=k% FHr 9
:y58jlk 587u 1 9;jlk jlBC: s k q BC17 f58j klB s ki5Ojl9 p BC7u q jlBC:y5vklB8m q 7o mNBC7 kiB8oxk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j
klB 1 9nklkl9nm q jlBC:y5vkl9Hk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmtj/o mNB ~ k r 9JjN:<5 { 9J: q D r kn k rq jx58:y:=/B f9;uk r 9J58: q DC7 ~ 9;7 k
klB 1 9 !B k qy~ 58:i587u k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 Z/B f9nm7B8k pns kAu/B V7 E :yjNB k r 9_: q k rq<s~
Sc?F BC7 k r 9 r B8klBC58jNjNB pnq 5vk q BC7 ^ 9;j r 1 5 p|r 9 &Z9nm qy~ 9;7 kN58:8kN5 1 :y9 L58j {Qq j q 1 : 2 ~ B8mN9
jlkN5 1 :=9iBC7 p 9 k rq j$jlBC: s k q BC7 r 58u 1 9n9;7 qy~ :=9 ~ 9;7 kl9;u FHr 9imN%9 s ~ ~ 58jlkl9nm|j r 5 { 9
q jlBC:y5vklB8m|j r q :=9(k r 9 [ 1 p B3BC: q 7D ~ 58jlkl9nm|j-uB\7B8k*58j*k r 9 q mg9nmNmNB8m-j q DC758:yj f9nmN9$:y5vmND89
9;7B s D r klB7B8k 1 $9 L58j r 9;u_B s k 132 k r 9 m q :=9;j?58:=k r B s D r_q k ~ 5 2b1 9 1 9;7%9 " pnq 58:
klB q 7jlkN58:<: jl9 p BC7u5vm 2 q jlBC:<5vklB8m|j$o B8mHk r 9;jl9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|jV58'j x9;:y:
9 9/.
8 M;E ? R 9 p 5 s jl9k r 9 o m|9n9 m s 77 q 7Df5 { 9;:=9;7D8k r B8ofk r 9 ]aq j|:y5 { 9;j q j
sq kl9 o 5vm o mNB ~ k r 9
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 5vk rqyp|r k r 9 2 5vm|9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;u`HD89nklk q 7D k r 9 ]aq jN:y5 { 9;jklB q 7 + 9 p k r 58j
mN9;jl9;7 kl9;udjlB ~ 9u q pns :=k 2 P j q 7Dbk r 9 R B B8k r o 5 p klB8mkl9 p|r 7 q s 9u9;j p m q 1 9;u q 7
jl9 p k q BC7 K KML f9 r 5 { 9 1 9n9;7 5 1 :=9 klB q 7 + 9 p k?k r 9 j|:y5 { 9;j 5vk :yB/f9nmikl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s mN9;jn
VWu9nD } q 7jlkl9;58u B8oVk r 9 q 7 q k q 58:L WTu9nD } 5vk$ rqyp|r f9f9nmN9 q 7 + 9 p k q 7Dbk r 9 ~
E 7 qy~ mNB { 9;u q 7 + 9 p k q BC7A58: q DC7 ~ 9;7 knk r 9nmN9no B8mN9858:<:=B/f9;uOk r 9 j|:y5 { 9;jJklB 1 9 s :<:=9;u
o 5vmNk r 9nm q 7o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 o mNB ~ k r 9 q mJo mN9n9 m s 7 7 q 7D o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 587u q u9;79;uk r 9 q 7
+ 9 p k q BC7Tm|587D8!9 c 7 p 9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;u q ogk r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7Oo m|9 s 9;7 p 2 q jJ7B8k ptr 587D89;uTk r 9 2
5vmN9 s q kl9 jlkN5 1 :=9 B { 9nm jl9 { 9nm|58:(u 5 2 %j E mNB 1 :=9 ~ 5vm q jl9;j r B x9 { 9n*m r 9;7bk r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q j p|r 587D89;u B8mxk r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7: q D r k q j(j r3s klkl9nmN9;u 132 k s m|7 q 7D?BC7
587u7B 6_k r 9 j rq o k EVciS 0 %j M 7Tk r 9;jl9 p 58jl9;j\k r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 xB s :yu7B8k\79 p 9;jNjN5vm q : 2
o BC:y:y/B B8m 1 9imN9n9;jNkN5 1 : q j r 9;u
^ B8m k r 9 ]aq jN:y5 { 9;j q k L58j o B s 7 u k r 5vk k r 9 pns mNmN9;7 k 5v$k rqyp|r k r 9 2 5vmN9 m s 7
5 69 p kNj?k r 9 q m\5 1 q : q k 2 klB o BC:<:=/B q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 ptr 587D89;jn q k r 5 :=/B f9nm pns mNmN9;7 kVD qy{3q 7D
rq D r 9nm jNkN5 1 q : q k 2 s 7o B8mNk s 75vkl9;: 2 k rq jimN9;u sp 9;j k r #9 B x9nm 5 { 5 q :y5 1 :y9 klB 1 9 s jl9;u
o B8mJ9 Z9nm qy~ 9;76kN58: s m ZBCjl9;%j c k r 9nmVo 5 p klB8m|jJk r 5vk r 9;: Z9;u qy~ mNB { 9ik r 9 q 7 + 9 p k q BC7
mN9;j ZBC7jl9 B8o$k r 9 ]aq jN:y5 { 9;$j f9nmN9 k r 958: q DC7 ~ 9;76k B8o$k r 9j r q o k EVciS j j sptr k r 5vk
p|r 587D89;j q 7 k r 9?uB s 1 :=9 58j|j/9 pnq 9;7 pnq 9;j w k r (9 Z9nm p 9;7 kN5vD89iB8oa: q D r k Z/B f9nm p B ~ q 7D
B s k*B8ok r 9$uB s 1 :=9 58jNj-jl9nk s 58j p B ~ 5vm|9;u klBik r 9$5 ~ B s 7 k*jN9;76k q 7 zo B8m(u q 6Z9nmN9;7 k
o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j*klBik r 9 EVc?S f9nmN9 ~ q 7 qy~ q 9;u E :<jlB?k r 9 q m q jl9;j q 7 k r 9$uB s 1 :=9 58jNjl9;j
q oH7B82k :y5 p 9;u mN!B Z9nm|: 2 q :y: p : q k r 9 1 9;5 ~ 58jNj q 7DTk r mNB s D r k r 9 ~ r 9;7 k r 9
EVc?S o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q j ptr 587D89;u
UV
(; E .S 2 9 * ! D
c 7 p 9A:=B p! 9;u xk r 9AjN:y5 { 9A:y58jl9nm|j ~ 5 q 76kN5 q 79;u 5 p BC7jlkN587 k o m|9 s 9;7 p 2 o B8m jl9 { 9nm|58:
r B s m|j% E klkl9;7 k q BC7 L58j p 58:y:=9;uklB k r 9 o 5 p kAk r 5vkOk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j x9nmN9_7B8k x9;:y:
q jlBC:y5vkl9;u o mNB ~ kl9 ~ 9nmt5vk s mN9$um q o kNj*9Qkl9nm|758:klB k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm r B s j q 7D?k r B s D r k r 9 2
5vmN9 kl9 ~ Z9nm|5vk s m|9 p BC76klmNBC:<:=9;u
F B q jlBC:y5vkl9$k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm 1 /B 39;j/o s mNk r 9nm-o mNB ~ k r 9HB s kNj q u9$9;7 {3q mNBC7 ~ 9;7 k(5 :y58j
k qyp 8o BC5 ~q 7 j s :y5vkl9;u 1 /B f58j p BC7jlklm sp kl9;u j s mNmNB s 7u q 7D$k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmtj+BC7 58:y: j q u9;j3
M 758uu q k q BC75o 587587u 5 r 9;5vk p BC7u sq k f9nmN9 q 7jlkN58:<:=9;uklBAjNkl9;58u q : 2 m|9 ~ B { 9 k r 9
r 9;5vk p B ~ q 7DA7B 6 o mNB ~ k r 9 ]aq/r 9;5vk q !9 ^-q 758:y: 2 q k L58j 5vD8mN9n9;uklBT:=9;5 { 9k r 9
pns mNkN5 q 7j mNB8kl9 p k q 7Dk r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm kN5 1 :=9 o mNB ~ u s jlk 587 u 5 q m pns mNmN9;7 kNj s s 7:=9;j|j
xB8m BC7Ok r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmHkN5 1 :=9 79 p 9;jNj q kN5vkl9;uAk r 9 q m$mN9 ~ B { 58:
q k r k r 9;jN9 ~ 9;58j s mN9;j k r 9 :yB #p 3q 7DAk qy~ 9o B8m k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j qy~ m|B { 9;u s klB
jl9 { 9nm|58:Zu5 2 %j FHr (9 [ 1 p B BC: q 7D ~ 58jlkl9nm r B x9 { 9nm$u9;j q kl9Hk r 9;jl9 p|r 587D89;j fB s :yu
7B8k jlkN5 2 :=B !p 9;u o B8m ~ B8mN9k r 587 5 p B s :=9B8o r B s m|j;(k r 9mN9;jlBC: s k q BC7B8oVk rq j q j
u9;j p m q 1 9;u q 7k r 9 79 3kJj s 1 jl9 p k q BC7
9 9
': ;1K E F H 8 :#?8 H? : ; FHr 9\o BC:y:yB/ q 7D p BC7 kN5 q 7jL5 u9;j p m q k q BC7 B8o+jlB ~ 9?B8o+k r 9 p B ~ ZBC79;76kLo 5 q : s m|9;j(k r 5vk
r 5 { 9 1 9n9;7 58jNjlB pnq 5vkl9;u$ q k r ~ 58jlkl9nm]0 j*7B8k mNB!Z9nm|: 2 o s 7 p k q BC7 q 7D 9 q k r 9nm*7B8k-:=B p# q 7D B8mV7B8kJ:y58j q 7D jlkN5 1 : 2 5vkVk r 9 u9;j q m|9;uo mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j%
T< 25E : 1 2 FHr 9 q 9 B u q mN9 p kN: 21 9 r q 7u k r 9iD8m|5vk q 7D q jLDC: s 9;u w s j q 7D j s 9nmLDC: s 9vz(klB 58758: s ~ q 7 s~ q 9 p 9$5vklkN5 p|r 9;u klBik r 9HjN5 ~ 9 ~ B s 7 k*BC72 rqyptr k r 9$:y58jl9nm(u q BQu9 q j*jl9 pns mN9;u
w jl9n9 ^-q DDK z FVr 9-D8m|5vk q 7D q j DC: s 9;u klBHk r 9 q 9 B c 7 jl9 { 9nm|58: B pnpns mN9;7 p 9;j w k0 qyp 9
o B8m k r 9 [ 1 p B BC: q 7D ~ 58jNkl9nm 587 u BC7 p 9 o B8m k r 9 [ 1 p B3BC: q 7D ~ 58jlkl9nmnzi9 q k r 9nm
k r 9 D8m|5vk q 7D B8m\k r 9 q 9 B587uAk r 9 D8m|5vk q 7D r 5 { 9 jlkN5vmNkl9;uo 58:y: q 7D B76 k r 9 ~ B s 76k%
FHrq j p 587 1 9 5vklklm q 1 s kl9;uAklBk r 9 j s mNo 5 p 9;jVkl.B rqyptr k r 9 j s Z9nmHDC: s 9 f58j\5 : q 9;u
7B8k 1 9 q 7D p :y9;587 1 9 q 7DOmNB s D r gB8m r 5 {3q 7DAklB3B ~ sp|r DC: s 9 5 : q 9;u E :yjNB+k r 9
q 9 p 9;j ~ 5 2 r 5 { 9 1 9n9;7 ~ B { 9;)u rq :=9fk r 9LDC: s 9 L58j(um 2 q 7D f9;5 9;7 q 7Dik r 9 1 BC7u
} BC7 { 9nmtjl9;: 2 k r 9DC: s 9 jl9n9 ~ j klB xB8m sq kl#9 x9;:y: r 9;7 587_B &1 + 9 p k 79n9;uj klB 1 9
mN%9 :y5 p 9;u B8m mN9 ~ B { 9;u M 7 k r q j p 58jl98*5 p 9nklBC79 xB8m j f9;:y:-klBbu q jNjNBC: { 9 k r 9 DC: s 9
587u p BC76k q 7 s 58:ZjlBC5 Qq 7DCjL5vmNB s 7 u k r 9\9;uD89;jLB8o+k r 9JB 1 + 9 p k q k r 5 p 9nklBC79 587u 5 k q 9;7 p 9 58j x9;:<:+58j?m|5 B8m 1 :y58u9;j w s jl9;1u q k r 9 3klm|9 ~ 9 p 5 s k q BC7Zz r 9;: %j h m|5vk q 7DCj
p 587 7B8k 1 9 p :=9;5879;u 587uj r B s :yu 79 { 9nm 1 9 klB sptr 9;u u q mN9 p kN: 2 B8m r 5 { 9O5 p 9nklBC79
s k$BC7Ok r 9 ~
C
U
" c 7 BC79TB pnp 58j q BC7 w q 7 k r 9 [ 1 m|9% s~ ~ 58jNkl9nmnzN Z9nm r 5 j u s 9OklB 9 p 9;jNj q={ 9
jlklm|5 q 7 rq :y9 k q D r kl9;7 q 7DTuB/V7 k r 9:y58jl9nm ~ B s 7 kngBC79B8oHk r 9 p BC7u s p k q={ 9m|B/Vj
q 7k r 9 FHIL} p m s~ 1 :=9;u E :yjlB k r 9 FHIf} 0 j$:y9;58ujH5vmN9 { 9nm 2 o m|5vD q :=9 587 u r 5 { 9 1 9n9;7
7B V7 q 7B8k r 9nm q 7jNkN587 p 9;j$klB p B ~ 9 B76
* * &
@\9;j q kl99Z9nm q 9;7 p 9;u ~ 9 ~ 1 9nm|j q 7 B s m :y5 1 79 { 9nm r 5 {Qq 7Djl9n9;7 5 q 9 B 0 1 :=B/ 0
1 9no B8mN9 f9 r 5 { 9 r 58u k r q j B pnpns m k q<p 9AklB u5vkl9! FHrq j p 587 1 9mN9 p B8DC7 q 9;u 132
k r 9OmN9;j q jNkN587 p 9O5 p mNBCjNj k r 9 q 9 BD8B q 7D klB_5 j ~ 58:<:xm|9;j q jlkN587 p 9 w jl9 { 9nmt58:$B r~ j z
o mNB ~ q kNj k 2 q<p 58: q 7 " 7 q kl9 mN9;j q jlkN587 p 9! FHr 9:=9;7D8k r q 9 B q 7 k r 9 [ 1 mN9% s~ ~ 58jlkl9nm o 5 q :y9;u a58j u q uk r 9 587DC:y9 q 9 B q 7_k r 9# [ 1 p B BC: q 7D ~ 58jlkl9nm3 Y BCjNj q 1 :y9
mN9;58jlBC7j5vmN9 Z/B f9nmj s mND89;j u s m q 71D Z/B f9nm B s kN5vD89;j B8m)m|BC:=BC7D89;u 9&ZBCj s mN9OklB
{ BC:=kN5vD89;j B ITUvv*> FHr 9nm|9 q j\7/B 5 ~ q AB8o q 9 BCj q 7k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmi:y58jl9nm r B s j q 7D
o mNB ~ Yxq 9 B ~ 9 p|r 587 q FHr B8m|:<5 1 j 587 u W BC: q 5 p FHr .9 q 9 BCj o mNB ~ k r 9 "m|jNk k0xB
p B ~ 587 q 9;j r 5 { 9A5 ~ 5 qy~ qys~ { BC:=kN5vD89OB8$o ITUvv>587 u k r 9 q 9 BCj o m|B ~ W BC: q 5 p
r 5 { 9 5v8v>: qy~ q %k FHr 9 q 9 BAum qy{ 9nm|j s jl9;u q 7k r 9 :y5 1 m s 7 s _klBTv8v>587u
p B s :yu :=9;58u klB?k r 9Lo 5 q : s mN9xB8o k r 9 q 9 BC%j FVr 9xo 5 q : s mN9/B8o5 q 9 B p 587 1 9 q u9;76k q " 9;u
1 2 k r 9 5 1 jlB8m k q BC7j q DC758:o m|B ~ k r 9ijN5vk s m|5vkl9;uA5 1 jlB8m k q BC7:=B !p 7B8k$mN9;j ZBC7u q 7D
klB p|r 587D89;j q 7k r 9 jl9nklk q 7DCjVo B8mHk r 5v'k q 9 B
FHr 9:=9;58uj B8oHk r 9 q 9 BCj o 58:y:x7B 6 { 9nm 2 9;58j q : 2 587 u uB7B8k mN9;jlBC:<u9n*m f9;:y: (5
mN9;jlBC:yu9nm|9;u:=9;58uTklBk r 9 q 9 B 1 9 rq 7uk r 9 D8m|5vk q 7.D f58j\o B s 7uOklB 1 9 k r 9 mN9;58jlBC7
k r 9 [ 1 p B3BC: q 7D ~ 58jlkl9nm L58ji7B8ki:=B !p Qq 7Do B8m?:yBC7D 9nm q B3u jVB8oxk qy~ 98 q k r mN9 :y5 p 9 ~ 9;7 kHB8o*k r 9 q 9 B k rq j r 58j 1 9n9;7 " 39;u E 7B8k r 9nm B8kl9;7 k q 58: q<~ mNB { 9 ~ 9;76k
o B8m k r q j ~ 58jlkl9n.m f58j k r 9OmN%9 :y5 p 9 ~ 9;76k B8(o :y58jNk qyp j p mN%9 Vj 5vklkN5 ptrq 7D k r 9OD8m|5vk q 7DO587u q 9 B ~ B s 76k?klBOk r 9 :<58jl9nm u q BQu9 ~ B s 7 k q k r~ 9nkN58:(j p m|%9 Vjn Z9nm r 5 j
mN9;u spnq 7D um q o k q 7k r 9 ZBCj q k q BC7 B8o*k r 9iD8m|5vk q 7D
UW
FHr 9 ~ q 7 q 5vk s mN9H5vklB ~ klm|5kN5 1 :=9 q j-BC79VB8o k r 9H9Z9nm q<~ 9;76kN58: kN5 1 :=9;j/k r 5vk p 587 1 9
jl9;76k\: q D r k$o m|B ~ k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmJkN5 1 :=9! FHr q j$kN5 1 :=9 q jVu9;u q<p 5vkl9;uOo B8mJk r 9 s mZBCjl9?B8o
k r 9 jlk s u 2 B8o p mN9;5vk q 7DO5 ~ B8mN92ZB8mNkN5 1 :=9 j 2 jlkl9 ~ o B8m p mN9;5vk q 7D ~ 5vDC79nklB B!k qyp 58:
klm|5 j ~ 5 Qq 7D k r q #j r 2 j qyp j ~ B8mN95 pnp 9;jNj q 1 :=9To B8m9;u sp 5vk q BC7 58: s mZBCjl9;j% @?m3
4 qy~ R B3B8k r o m|B ~ k r 9 R m q k q j r } BC: s~ 1 q 5 M 7j q k s kl9B8o F 9 p|r 7BC:=B8D 2 w RH}fMXF z q j
u q mN9 p k q 7D k rq jVjNk s u 2 q 7 p BC:y:y5 1 B8m|5vk q BC7 q k r B s mJ:y5 1 FHr 9 STE-F kN5 1 :=9 r 58uAk r 9
"m|jlk?!B Z9nm|5vk q BC758: [ 1 B8m [ 1 S c?F fB8m 3q 7D q 7bB s m :y5 1 F B f5vmtujik r 9 9;7u
B8o ~ 5 3q 7DOk r 9jN9nk s _o B8m ~ 5vDC79nklB !B k qyp 58:fklm|5 j ~ B8mN9 p B ~ 5 p k 5Ajlk s u 2 f58j
s 7u9nmNkN5 9;7B8oZk r 9Ju s 58: q 7 + 9 p k q BC7 B8o`5 j q 7DC:=9 [ 1 jN:y5 { 9 132 1 B8k r [ 1 587 u [ 1
p B BC: q 7D : q D r kfklB p m|9;5vkl9 5 u s 58: [ 1 587u [ 1 Sc?F FHrq j p|r 5 kl9n'm q :y:u9nkN5 q :
k rq j$9 &Z9nm qy~ 9;7 k$587uOk r 9imN9;j s :=kNj$B 1 kN5 q 79;u &/:! * &
FHr 9 9 Z9nm q<~ 9;76kN58:gjl9nk s q j\j r /B V7 q 7 ^-q D MUJI M 7 + 9 p k q BC7: q D r k\o B8m j s 1 jl9 s 9;7 k
5 ~ : q " p 5vk q BC#7 L58jLD89;79nm|5vkl9;u 1 2 0k xB [ 1 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j; S I?587u S 35vkfo mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j
E!{ 5vm q 5 1 :=9io m|5 p k q BC7AB8o*: q D r k$o mNB ~ 9;5 ptrT~ 58jlkl9nm L58j p B ~ 1 q 79;u q 76klB
587u rk 9 q 7 + 9 p \ k q BC17 " 1 9nm ^g} I 132 m s 77 q 7Dk r 9 " 1 9nmij : q klkl9nm|jVo B8m k r 9 [ 1 jl9nk s j?BC7
k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm/kN5 1 :=9 1 5 #p L5vm|u%j ]+q D r k-o mNB ~ BCj|j q 1 : 2 0k xB B8k r 9nm ~ 58jNkl9nm|jn S Li587u
S K L58j p B s :=9;u q 76klB " 1 9nm ^g} ^-q D U j r /B Vj k r 9u9nkN5 q :yj r /B k r 9: q D r k
o mNB ~ k r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nmJkN5 1 :=9 L58j p B s :=9;u q 7 klB " 1 9nm|j ^g} I 587 u ^g}
FHr 9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;ujN:<5 { 9J:<58jl9nmf: q D r kx587u k r 9J: q D r k(o mNB ~^g} f9nmN9?uB s 1 :y'9 58jNjl9;u
klB 1 m q 7D k r 9 ~ klB k r 9io mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;jL79n9;u9;u o B8m$k r 9 q 7 kl9;7u9;u s jN5vD89iB8o ~ 5vDC79nklB B!k qyp 58:klm|5 q 7D FHr 9 ptr 5vm|5 p kl9nm q 5vk q BC7OB8o`k r 9?o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j 1 9 q 7D B s k s kfo mNB ~
k r 9 j|:y5 { 9O:y58jl9n$m L58j 5 ptrq 9 { 9;u 132 B { 9nmt:y5 q 7Dk r 9jN:y5 { 9 :y58jN9nm : q D r k 587u: q D r k
:()3<8D+G;4
U&%+&0AD8+B-38D0<CE0<"PV"$1'P(F!8G"'5H03 *I?QR#38$!#"+K%U&JL0<12+@'!%&9()78G*0CM<,3 NOT+-3W.38:!/>P34"!XP'$'0"G%!*,QR03H ,$YG1722!3H4&H0!3#(56(L)73Z1"5\0<*9S![87,=]:!132;#0A23W3<8K^1=6_GK18a?-`P>@G3E!T2b2&0bc4[ Q 8
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U
M
M
To MOT/
Diagnostics
(SAS/FP)
M
RFSA
M
Diode
Amplifier
OI
FC3
P
GS
ROSA
•
AOM
L
λ/4
PM
PBS2
FC1
+1(×2)
M
λ/2
PBS1
FC2
L
AOM
λ/4
PM
+1(×2)
•
M
M
^*q D s mN9@UJI f>-9nmNk qyp 58:y: 2 ZBC:y5vm q 9;uO: q D r k$o mNB ~ " 1 9nm ^g} I q 7 + 9 p kNjHk r 9 j|:y5 { 9 u q B3u9
5 ~ : q " 9n3m FHr 9 : q D r kHo mNB ~ 1 B8k r k r 9 5 ~ : q o 9nmH587 uAo mNB ~ ^*} q jJj rq o kl9;u q 7Ao mN9
s 9;7 p 2 q 7uB s 1 :=9 58j|jijl9nk s j?587u p B ~ 1 q 79;u5vk 5ZBC:y5vm q;q 7D 1 9;5 ~ j : q klk q 7D
pns 1 9 w YxRHK z Y 5vm|k B8o 1 B8k r 1 9;5 ~ j q j k r 9;7 jl9;7 k 132 5DC:y58jNj j|: q u9 w h K z klB 5
r B8klBQu9 p klB8m w [$c KQE z 587u k r 9 r B ~ BQu 2 79587u r 9nkl9nmNBQu 2 79 1 9;5 ~ 7B8kl9;ju9
kl9 p kl9;u BC7 5 [V^ j Z9 p klm s ~ 58758: 2 9n3m FVr 9mN9;jlkOB8o k r 9 : q D r k ZB x9nm q jOjl9;76k
klBA5 j|5vk s m|5vkl9;u_5 1 jNB8m k q BC7bj Z9 p klmNB ~ 9nkl9nm w KE?K zN 5 ^ 5 1 m 2 Y 9n m|B8kn+587uk r 9 !B k qyp j?o B8m 5 ~ 5vDC79nklB !B k qyp 58:(klmt5 ] 5 1 9;:y: q 7D w S z ~ q mNmNB8m w ] zH:=9;7jl9;jn w EVciS z
5 p B s jlklB !B k qyp 58: ~ BQu s :y5vklB8m; w EDKQz s 5vmNkl9nm L5 { )9 :<5vkl98 w c\M z$!B k q<p 58: q jlBC:y5vklB8m;
w Y z ZBC:y5vm q 9nm; w Y/S z 5vm|5 1 BC: qyp?~ q mNmNB8m
o mNB ~ ^g} E j ~ 58:<:&B8m|k q BC7 B8oZk rq j-B { 9nm|:y5 Z9;u : q D r k L58j(mN9;u q mN9 p kl9;u 132 5iDC:y58jNj
jN: q u9 w h K z-587u p B s :=9;u q 76klB*" 1 9nm ^g} L R 9 p 5 s jl9Jk r 9Jk0xB 1 9;5 ~ j r 5 { 9?B8mNk r B8D
BC758: ZBC:y5vm q 5vk q BC7A5vo kl9nm p B ~ 1 q 7 q 7D BC7 YxRHK 35: q 79;5vm'ZBC:y5vm q 9nm w Y z f58j s jl9;u
klB ~ q 587u s m q o 2 k r 9 ZBC:y5vm q 5vk q BC7 1 9no B8mN9 p B s : q 7D?k r 9 ~ q 7 klB ^g} L FHr 9H: q D r k
p B s :=9;u q 7 klB ^g} LL58j jN9;76kiklBA5 r q D r jZ9n9;u r B8klBQu9nkl9 p klB8m w mN9 p 9 qy{ 9nm B!k qyp 58:
j s 1 58jNjN9 ~ 1 : 2 w [Hc KQE zN E u { 587 p 9;u c k qyp 58: } B ~ ZBC79;76kNj;.In h 1 q kNj jn h 5 E j Y(MXW
r B8klBQu q BQu9 5871u mN9;5 ~ : q "9nm;z r BCjl9 B s k s k(f58j\mN9 p B8mtu9;uBC75mNo(jZ9 p klm s~
58758: 2 9n\m 2 w [H^/KQE zN E D q :y9;76k ~ BQu9;: I KKC6 R 5 E Z/B f9nmfB8o+:=9;jNjfk r 587 In8 9 q k q 7D?k r 9 " 1 9nm L58j s jl9;u klB u9nkl9 p k(k r 9 r 9nkl9nmNBQu 2 79$587u r B ~ B3u 2 79 1 9;5vk(j q DC758:yj
w r 9nkl9nmNBQu 2 79 ~ 9;587 q 7D 1 9;5vkNj*5vm q j q 7D 1 9n0k x9n9;7 k r 9$jN:<5 { 9$: q D r k+587u k r 9L: q D r kgo mNB ~
S L 587u r B ~ B3u 2 79 ~ 9;587 q 7D k r 9 1 9;5vkNj 1 9n0k x9n9;7k r 9 ~ s :=k q :=9Lo m|9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j-B s k Vv
87
85
Cooling
Cooling
M1
M2
FC
FC
87
Repump
85
M3
Repump
M4
FC
FC
To FC2
To FC1
^*q D s mN9 U ^-q 1 9nm?jN9nk s o B8m u s 58: q 7 + 9 p k q BC79Z9nm q<~ 9;76k% ]aq D r k?o m|B ~ ~ 58jlkl9nm|j
S IH587 u S w m|9;u : q 79;j q 7u qyp 5vkl9$: q D r k z`5vmN9 p B s :=9;u q 7 klB " 1 9nm|j-587u p B ~ 1 q 79;u q 7
" 1 9nm p B ~ 1 q 79nm|j w ^g} z$587ubjl9;7 kJklB k r 9 STE-F kN5 1 :=9 1 2 " 1 9nm ^g} I ]aq D r k\o mNB ~
~ 58jlkl9nm|j S L 587u S K 5vmN9?58:yjlB p B s :=9;u q 7 " 1 9nm|j/587 u p B ~ 1 q 79;u587ujN9;76kxklB k r 9
STE-F kN5 1 :=9 132 " 1 9nm ^g} E 1 B { 9O9;5 p|r ~ 58jlkl9nm q j Vm q klkl9;7 rqyptr 5vmNk qypns :<5vm
~ 58jlkl9nm L58j s jl9;u 3k r B s D rq 7k rq jf9&9nm qy~ 9;7 k/k r 9i5 p k s 58: s j|5vD89\B8oak r 9 ~ 58jlkl9nm|j
f58jA7B8k58: f5 2 j r 5vk k r 9 2 f9nmN9B8m q D q 758:<: 2 q 7 kl9;7u9;u o B8m q 7 kl9nm ~ jB8o :y58jl9nm
p B BC: q 7D 587 uklmt5 q 7D FHr 9\9 Qklm|5 : q 79;j q 7 u qyp 5vkl9\9 3klm|$5 " 1 9nm|j q 7 k r 9 p B ~ 1 q 79nm|j
k r 5v'k f9nmN9 7B8k s jl9;u
V(I
s kio mNB ~ k r 9 j|:y5 { 9 :y58jl9nm q kNjN9;:=o z W B8kl9 k r 5vk o B8m k r 9 p|r 5vm|5 p kl9nm q 5vk q BC7jlk s u q 9;j
BC7: 2 : q D r k\o mNB ~ S LB s k s klk q 7Do mN9 s 9;7 p 2 w p o B8m p B ~ 5vm q jlBC7Zz'L58j jN9;76kiklB
" 1 9nm ^*} L FVr 9O5 ~ : q o 9nm B s k s k$f58j 58:yjlB p|r 5vmt5 p kl9nm q 9;u s j q 7D5 jN5vk s m|5vkl9;u
5 1 jlB8m k q BC7TjZ 9 p klmNB ~ 9nkl9nm w KE?K z$587ub5 p BC7o B p 58: Zj p 5877 q 7D ^ 5 1 m 2 Y 9nmNB8k w ^-Y z
q 76kl9nm|o 9nmNB ~ 9nkl9nm q k r 5 o mN9n9 jZ9 p klm|58:gm|587D89 B8oOU h?G 587u5 : q 79% q uk r B8ofU
STG ^ B8mVk r 9;jl9iu s 58: q 7 + 9 p k q BC7jlk s u q 9;jnQk r 9ijN:y5 { 9 5 ~ : q " 9nm pns mNm|9;76kH587u kl9 ~ Z9nm
5vk s mN9 f 9nmN9OB! k qy~ q 9;u o B8m B!Z 9nm|5vk q BC7 5vk k r 9 p B BC: q 7Dklm|587j q k q BC7j s jl9;u q 7 B s m
:y5 1 o B8m) [ 1 587u [ 1 w u9;7B8kl9;u 587u z mN9;jZ 9 p k q={ 9;: 2 P j q 7Dk r 9
^*Y 587u KQE?K u q 5vDC7BCjlk qyp jn f 9 { 9nm q " 9;X uTk r 5vki5vkik \ r 9 X B! k qy~ 58:*jl9nklk q 7DCjJk r 9 j|:y5 { 9
:y58jl9nmJu q B3u9(f B s :yuAmN9;: q 5 1 : 2 5 ~ : q o 2 : q D r k$o mNB ~ BC7: 2 BC79 ~ 58jNkl9nmJ58j q kHj p 58779;u
p BC76k q 7 s B s j|: 2 B { 9nmi5 m|587D89 B8o*5 mNB3 qy~ 5vkl9;: 2 IMU h?G FVr 9 p 9;76kl9nm?o mN9 s 9;7 p 2
B8ogk r q jLm|587D89 L 58jV58u + s jNkN5 1 :=9 1 2 p|r 587D q 7D k r 9 pns mNmN9;7 k$B8o*k r 9 5 ~ : q " 9nm3
STs :=k qyp|r 58779;:85 ~ : q " p 5vk q BC7 w 5 ~ : q " p 5vk q BC7VB8o ~ s :=k q :=9go mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j z q 7ijN9 ~ q p BC7u sp klB8m :y58jN9nm|j r 58j 1 9n9;7 jlk s u q 9;u_9Q kl9;7j q={ 9;: 2 q 7 k r 9. 58jlkn(9;jZ 9 pnq 58:y: 2 58j q k
mN9;:y5vkl9;jiklBAB! k qyp 58: p B ~ ~ s 7 qyp 5vk q BC7jR2 E D8mUQ FHFHW\[ 75 F x B qy~ B8m|kN5876k r 9
7B ~ 9;7558jNjlB pnq 5vkl9;u q k r k rq j kl9 ptr 7 q s 95vmN9DC5 q 7 jN5vk s m|5vk q BC7587 u o B s m2L 5 { 9
~ q q 7D w ^ S z M 7 DC5 q 7 jN5vk s m|5vk q BC7` 1 9 p 5 s jN9/k r 9 " 7 q kl9/5 ~ : q " 9nm B s k s kZ B x 9nm
q jLj r 5vmN9;uO5 ~ BC7D jN9 { 9nm|58:Zo m|9 s 9;7 pnq 9;jnQk r 9?DC5 q 7O587u mN9;j s :=k q 7D B s k s k Z B/f 9nm$B8o
9;5 p|r o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q ji: qy~ q kl9;u 132 k r 92Z B/f 9nmi93 klmt5 p kl9;u 132 k r 9 B8k r 9nm o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j3
^ S mN9;j s :=kNj(o mNB ~ k r 9Jjlklm|BC7D p B s : q 7DiB8o k r 9JB! k qyp 58:" 9;:yuj(587 u 9;:=9 p klmNBC7 p 5vm
m q 9nmxu9;7j q k 2 w rqyp|r u9nkl9nm ~ q 79;j(k r 9JDC5 q 7 587u mN9no m|5 p k q={ 9 q 7u9 z q 7j q u9$k r 9HDC5 q 7
~ 9;u qys~ FHr 9 q 7 + 9 p kl9;u " 9;:yu j p 587 q 7u sp 9 j 5vk q 58:-587ukl9 ~ Z B8m|58: ~ BQu s :y5vk q BC7 j
B8o-k r 9 p 5vmNm q 9nmJu9;7j q k 2 FHr 9;jl9 ~ BQu s :y5vk q BC7 j q 7Ok s m|7 mNBQu sp 9 j p 5vklkl9nm q 7D B8o-k r 9
"9;:yuj m|9;jl9;76k q k rq 7bk r 9 DC5 q 7 ~ 9;u q<s~ w 7BC7: q 79;5vm f 5 { 9 ~ q q 7DQz$D89;79nm|5vk q 7D
79%
o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 p B ~ BC79;76kNj% M 7 5vmNk q<pns :y5vm;$o B8m 5 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 u q 6Z9nmN9;7 p 9 1 9
k f 9n9;7_k r 9 k f B q 7 + 9 p k q BC7:y58jN9nm|j\B8o [ ^ S " 9;:yu j q :y:+5 9;5vmi5vk
o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j
\
w UJI z
r 9nmN9 RI| 587u q 76kl9nD89nm * x9 q :y:mN9no 9nmHklB 58jHk r 9 ^ S B8m|u9nm/
FHr 9?u9nkl9 p k q BC7 B8o r 9nkl9nm|B3u 2 79 1 9;5vkfj q DC758:yj/58:<:=B/f9;u p|r 5vm|5 p kl9nm q 5vk q BC7B8o`k r 9
B s k s kfjZ9 p klm s~ q k r { 9nm 2 rq D r m|9;jlBC: s k q BC7 w In SbG zN: q<~ q kl9;u BC7: 2 1 2 k r 9
mN9;jlBC: s k q BC7 1 587u q k r B8ok r 9 [H^/KQE 587 u 132 5 p BC7 { BC: s k q BC7* q k r k r 9/B s k s k+j 9 p klm s~ B8oZk r 9 p B ~ 5vm|5vklB8mL:y58jl9nm; S L3 rq<p|r r 58u 587 9 ~ q j|j q BC7 : q 79% q uk r B8o
STG FHr 9 mNo 1 9;5vki7B8kl9 jZ9 p klm s~ u9nkl9 p kl9;u 132 k r 9 [Hc KQEp BC76kN5 q 79;uj q DC758:yj
5vk$k r 9 u q 6Z9nmN9;7 p 9\o m|9 s 9;7 pnq 9;jfB8og58:y:k r 9 r 5vm ~ BC7 qyp\p B ~ ZBC79;7 kNj$B8oak r 9 q 7 pnq u9;7 k
"9;:yu X [ r 9nmN9 X q jH587 2 o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q 7k r 9 jl9nk p BC7 kN5 q 7 q 7D Y
M 7 k r 9\5 1 jl9;7 p 9JB8o 6k r 9 r B ~ BQu 2 79 1 9;5vkfj Z9 p klm s~ q :y: 1 9$D89;79nm 587u \
V8
Y XW * v5 kl9;u 1 2 5 q m|j ptr BCjl9;7bo mNB ~ k r 9 jl9nk Y w rq<p|rbq 7 p : s u9;j z$587 u q :y:
BC7: 2 p BC7 kN5 q 7 m|o o mN9 s 9;7 pnq 9;j r 9nmN9 RI|QL [ \ IV587u q j
k r 9 klB8kN58:/7 s~ 1 9nm?B8ofo m|9 s 9;7 p 2 p B ~ ZBC79;7 kNj mN9;jl9;7 k q 7bk r 9 5 ~ : q "9nm\B!k qyp 58:
j Z9 p klm s~ FHr 9\7 s ~ 1 9nmfB8o 5 q m|j p BC76klm q 1 s k q 7D klB 5 D q={ 9;7 mNo o mN9 s 9;7 p 2 p B ~ B
79;76(k q :<: 1 9 &[ FHr 9nmN9no B8m|9 k r 9 klB8kN58:+m|o B x9nm?5vk\k rq jHo mN9 s 9;7 p 2 q :y:
mN9;j s :=kgo mNB ~ 5?j s~ B { 9nm(k r 9 mNB3u sp k+B8ok r 9 "9;:yu 5 ~ : q k s u9;j R X R ' kN5 3q 7D q 76klB
5 pnp B s 76kJk r 9 u q 6Z9nmN9;7 k$mNo r 58jl9;jn rqyp|r q :y:mN9;j s :=kLo mNB ~ u q 69nmN9;7 p 9;j q 7 k r 9 B!
k qyp 58: r 58jl9;j-B8oZk r 9 p BC7 klm q 1 s k q 7D "9;:yuj-5vk/k r 9Vu9nkl9 p klB83m q k r B s k 7/B V:=9;uD89HB8o
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(a)
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20
15
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Species
87
Rb
0
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10
20
30
40
87
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50
60
(b)
25
20
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87
5
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20
25
85
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30
35
Time (s)
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