COPERT - SIBYL workshop
21-22 October 2015
Brussels, Belgium
COPERT introduction and
methodology
Contents
General background
Coverage of vehicles / pollutants
Basic methodology
Software demonstration
2
General background
3
Administrative status
The name stands for COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions
from Road Transport
Now in its COPERT 4 Version (fourth update of the original COPERT
85)
It incorporates results of several technology, research, and policy
assessment projects
Funded by the European Environment Agency & Joint Research
Centre
It is scientifically and technically supported by Emisia and the Lab of
Applied Thermodynamics
4
Technical status
Calculates emissions of all (important) pollutants from road
transport
Covers all (important) vehicle classes
Can be applied in all European countries, in Asia, S. America and
Oceania
Can be used to produce total emission estimates from 1970 to
2030
Provides a user-friendly (MS-Office like) GUI to introduce, view, and
export data
Can be downloaded from http://www.emisia.com/copert/
5
Vehicle emission model usage in Europe
COPERT
HBEFA
Own model
COPERT-based
6
COPERT users
Based on ~1000 downloads/year
7
COPERT applications
8
Coverage of vehicles / pollutants
9
Vehicle categories
Passenger Cars
Max
Speed
(km/h)
ICE Max
Capacity
(cm 3)
ICE Max Elec Motor
Max
Power
Power
Unladen
L1e
2 (kg)ICE Max
45
(kW) Moped
Mass
Max(kW) ICE Max
50
Elec Motor
Category
Vehicle Name
Light Duty Vehicles
No of
Wheels
Max
Speed
(km/h)
Category
2
Vehicle Name
No of
Wheels
Capacity
(cm 3)
Speed
(km/h)
Power
(kW)
ICE Max
Power
(kW)
Elec Motor
Power
(kW)
45
50
Moped
Power
(kW)
Max
Unladen
Mass (kg)
4
Characteristic Vehicles
Mopeds
45
L2e
50 (SI)
Three-Wheel
Moped
Motorcycles
4
2
L2e
4 (other ICE)
45
Motorcycle
Motorcycle+
Side>45
Car
L3e
>45
Motorcycle
>50
2L4e
10
3
L4e
Motorcycle+
Side Car >50
3
50
3
45
4
50 (SI)
4
3L3e
2
>45
45
Three-Wheel
Moped
>45
50 (SI) 2
>50 3
>50
4 (other
ICE)
>45
>45
Max
Unladen
Mass (kg)
Characteristic Vehicles
Heavy Duty Vehicles
L1e
3
ICE Max
Capacity
(cm 3)
No of
Wheels
4>50
>50
4 (other ICE)
4
Characteristic Vehicle
Vehicle sub-categories
Passenger cars
Gasoline (<0.8 l, 1.4-2.0 l, 1.4-2.0 l, >2.0 l)
Diesel (<1.4 l, 1.4-2.0 l, >2.0 l)
LPG
CNG
E85
Light duty vehicles (trucks & vans)
Gasoline
Diesel
Heavy duty vehicles
Gasoline
Diesel trucks (14 weight categories)
Buses (3 weight types, CNG, B30)
Coaches (2 weight types)
Power two wheelers
Mopeds < 50 cc (2-stroke, 4-stroke)
Motorcycles (2-stroke, <250 cc, 250-750 cc, >750 cc)
11
Passenger cars & light duty vehicles
Passenger cars
Light duty vehicles
PRE ECE (~1970 technology)
Conventional
ECE 15/00-01
LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC
ECE 15/02
LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC
ECE 15/03
LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000
ECE 15/04
LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005
Improved Conventional
LD Euro 5 - EC 715/2007
Open Loop
LD Euro 6/6c - EC 715/2007
PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC
PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC
PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000
PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005
PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007
PC Euro 6/6c - EC 715/2007
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Heavy duty vehicles, buses & PTWs
Heavy duty trucks / buses
Mopeds / motorcycles
Conventional
Conventional
HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I
Euro 1 - 97/24/EC
HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II
Euro 2 - 97/24/EC
HD Euro III - 1999/96/EC
Euro 3 - 2002/51/EC (only motorcycles)
HD Euro IV - 2005/55/EC
HD Euro V - 2005/55/EC
HD Euro VI - 595/2009
13
Pollutants (1/2)
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Pollutants for which a detailed
methodology exists, based on specific
emission factors
Pollutants which are estimated based
on fuel consumption
Group 1
Group 2
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx: NO and NO2)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Lead (Pb)
Methane (CH4)
Cadmium (Cd)
Non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs)
Chromium (Cr)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Copper (Cu)
Ammonia (NH3)
Nickel (Ni)
Particulate matter (PM)
Selenium (Se)
PM number and surface area
Zinc (Zn)
Pollutants (2/2)
Pollutants for which a simplified
Pollutants which are derived as a
methodology is applied, mainly due to fraction of total NMVOC emissions
the absence of detailed data
Group 3
Group 4
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
and persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
Alkenes (CnH2n)
Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs)
and polychlorinated dibenzo furans
(PCDFs)
Aldehydes (CnH2nO)
Ketones (CnH2nO)
Cycloalkanes (CnH2n)
Aromatic compounds
15
Basic methodology
16
General concept for exhaust emissions
ECOLD [g/veh] = β x M [km] x EFHOT [g/km] x (eCOLD / eHOT - 1)
EHOT [g/veh] = M [km] x EFHOT [g/km]
β = lCOLD / lTOTAL
17
What are exhaust emissions dependent on?
Activity
Number of vehicles [veh]
Distance travelled [km/period of inventory]
Hot emissions
Technology / emission standard
Mean travelling speed [km/h]
Cold emissions
Technology / Emission Standard
Mean travelling speed [km/h]
Ambient temperature [°C]
Mean trip distance [km]
18
Methodology: Total Emissions
Total Exhaust Emissions: EEXH = EHOT + ECOLD
Hot (stabilized engine temperature):
Cold-start emissions:
EHOT = N · M · eHOT
ECOLD = β · N · M · eHOT · (eCOLD/eHOT - 1)
Non-Exhaust Emissions
NMVOC from fuel evaporation: EEVAP = EDIURNAL + ESOAK + ERUNNING
PM from tyre and brake attrition:
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EATTRITION = N · M · ePM
Non-exhaust emissions (evaporation)
Only relevant for
gasoline !
Fuel to Injectors
Vapors to Engine
Refuelling losses
Vapors to Canister
C
Fuel Pump
Fuel Tank
Canister vent
Breathing Losses
Mechanisms causing evaporation emissions
• Diurnal emissions
• Hot soak emissions
• Running losses
20
Parked vehicle
Engine running
Permeation /
leakages
What is evaporation dependant on?
Fuel
• Vapour pressure
• Ethanol content
Vehicle
• Fuel tank size and
structure
• Parking duration
• Mass and quality
of activated
carbon
• Ambient
temperature
• Purging strategy
21
Activity
• Distance travelled
Non-exhaust PM
Particulate Matter due to road transport is also produced by:
Tyre abrasion
Brake abrasion
Road wear (not included in COPERT 4)
Emission rates depend on:
Vehicle category (car, truck, motorcycle)
Number of axles/wheels (trucks)
Vehicle load
Vehicle speed
22