Bibliography of Sequential Sampling Plans for Insects!
By
EDWARD
P.
PIETERS
Department of Entomology, Mississippi Agric. and For. Exp. Stn. Mississippi State University, Mississippi
State 39762
This review was completed Dec. 1977. A literature search
was conducted in the data bases of Agricola, BIOSIS and
the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Reprints or photocopies of all citations except those marked with an asterisk(*) are on file at the Department of Entomology, Mississippi State University.
Sequential sampling, in which the number of samples required to classify an insect population level is determined as
sampling progresses, was developed during World War II.
Because of its value, sequential sampling was classified as
restricted and was not made available for wider use until
after World War II (Wald 1945, 1947, Statistical Research
Group 1946). Forest entomologists were among the first to
use sequential sampling in estimating insect populations
(Stark 1952, Ives 1954, Morris 1954 and Waters 1955). The
1st applications of sequential sampling in agricultural entomology were reported later by Sylvester and Cox (1961),
Wolfenbarger and Darroch (1965), and Harcourt (1966).
Although
sequential
sampling
plans
have
been
REFERENCES CITED
Allen, J., D. Gonzlez, and D. V. Gokhale. 1972. Sequential
sampling plans for the bollworm, Helinthis zea. Environ.
EOlomol.
developed
for other uses such as quality control and the estimation of
organisms other than insects, this review is devoted primarily to sequential sampling plans developed for estimating insect populations. Furthermore, the references cited herein
include only those sequential sampling plans which can be
used to classify populations into broad population levels.
Prerequisites for developing sequential sampling plans include knowledge of: (I) type of mathematical frequency distribution which best describes the insect counts, (2) economic thresholds or pest density treatment levels, and (3) an
acceptable probability of error in the ultimate decision. If
these factors are known, sequential sampling plans can be
developed through the use of formulae presented by Waters
(] 955). A]though not essential to the development of sequential sampling plans, the Average Sample Number and
Operating Characteristic Curves help to understand and
predict the feasibility of sequential sampling plans.
The main advantage of sequential sampling is that it permits the sampler to rapidly classify insect populations that
are either of low or high density without a fixed sample
number size. Even though intermediate population levels
may require more sampling, an average sampling time reduction of 50% can be expected through the use of sequential sampling (Wald ]947). Other advantages include the
predetermined accuracy and the range of economic injury
leve]s which can be incorporated into the sequential sampIing plans (Onsager 1976).
Major disadvantages of sequential sampling are that the
spatial distribution of the insects must be known and numerous samples are often necessary whenever the population level is intermediate. The former problem is further
compounded by the difficulty of obtaining a proper K value
whenever the negative binomial distribution best describes
the insect counts. The latter problem of excessive sampling
can be remedied through the use of truncation.
Since decision-making and cost-reduction are vital to pest
management programs, it is quite likely that sequential sampIing will become more important in the future as we proceed to develop sophisticated pest management programs.
Sequential sampling is not restricted to sampling only pests,
but can be also used to classify beneficia] insects (Waddill et
a!. 1974). Likewise, sequential sampling plans can be combined to simultaneously yield information about several insect populations (Sterling and Pieters 1974, 1975, Sterling
1976).
I
Accepted for publication Mar. 15. 1978.
I: 771-80.
Cole, W. E. ]960. Sequential sampling in spruce bud worm
control projects. For. Sci. 6: 51-9.
*Connola, D. P., W. E. Waters, and W. E. Smith. 1975. The
development and application of a sequential sampling
plan for forest tent caterpillar in New York. N.Y. SI.
Mus. Sci. Servo Bul!. No. 366. 22 pp.
Connola, D. P., W. E. Waters, and E. R. Nason. ]959. A
sequential sampling plan for Red-pine sawfly, Neodipsion nanules Sched!. J. Econ. Entomo!. 52: 600-2.
*Diamond, J. B. ]974. Sequential surveys for the pine leaf
chermid, Pineus Pinifoliae. Tech. Bull. Life Sci. Agric.
Exp. Stn. Univ. Maine. No. 68. 15 pp.
*Evans, D. E. 1974. Sequential sampling of adult sugar cane
froghoppers (Aeneolamia varia sacrharina (Dist». Trop.
Agric. 51: 57-62.
Grimble, D. G. 1974. A sequential sampling plan for saddled prominent eggs. App. For. Res. Insl. Rep. No. ]5.
15
pp.
Gruner, L. ]975. Sequential sampling of populations of
white grubs of PhylloPhaga patrueloides Paulian (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for forecasting damage in fields of
sugar cane in Guadeloupe. Ann. Zoo!. Eco!' Anim. 7:
505-24.
Hammond, R. B., and L. P. Pedigo. 1976. Sequential sampling plans for the green c1overworm in Iowa soybeans.
J. Econ. Entomo!. 69: 18]-5.
Harcourt, D. G. 1966. Sequential sampling for use in control
of the cabbage looper on cauliflower, J. Econ. Entomo!.
59: 1190-2.
1966. Sequential sampling for the imported cabbageworm, Pinis rapae (L.). Can. Entomol. 98: 741-6.
1967. Spatial arrangement of the eggs of Hylemya brassirae
(Bouche), and a sequential sampling plan for use in
control of the species. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47: 461-7.
Harcourt, D. G., and J. C. Guppy. 1976. Sequential decision
plan for management of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postira
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Can. Entomo!. ]08: 55]6.
Hard, J. S. 1971. Sequential sampling of hemlock sawfly
eggs in southeast Alaska. U.S. For. Servo Res. Note.
PNW-142. 9 pp.
Ingram, W. R., and S. M. Green. ]972. Sequential sampling
for bollworms on raingrown cotton in Botswana. Col.
Grow. Rev. 49: 265-75.
Ives, W. G. ]954. Sequential sampling of insect populations.
For. Chron. 30: 287-91.
Ives, W. G., and R. M. Prentice. 1958. A sequential sampling technique for surveys of the larch sawfly. Can. Entomo!. 90: 331-8.
372
Vol. 24, no. J
1978
ESA BULLETIN
Ives, W. G., and G. L. Warren. ]965. Sequential sampling
for white grubs. Ibid. 97: 596-604.
Johnson, N. E., C. H. Schaefer, and E. S. Sylvester. 1960.
Examples of the analysis of insect dispersion as normal,
poisson, negative binomial, and binomial distributions
and their use in sequential sampling. Mimeo Rep. Univ.
Calif. 23 pp.
Knight, F. B. 1960. Sequential sampling of Engelmann
spruce beetle infestations in standing trees. U.S. For.
Servo Res. Note. RM-47. 4 pp.
1960. Sequential sampling of black hills beetle populations. Ibid. RM-48. 8 pp.
1967. Evaluation of forest insect infestations. Annu. Rev.
Entomol. ]2: 207-28.
Kozak, A. 1964. Sequential sampling for improved cone collection and studying damage by cone and seed insects
in Douglas fir. For. Chron. 40: 210-8.
Mason. R. R. 1969. Sequential sampling of Douglas-fir tussock moth populations. U.S. For. ServoRes. Note. NWP102. II pp.
McKnight, M. E., J. F. Chansler, D. B. Cahill, and H. W.
Flake, Jr. 1970. Sequential plan for western bud worm
egg mass surveys in the central and southern rocky
mountains. Ibid. RM-178. 8 pp.
Morris, R. F. 1954. A sequential sampling technique for
spruce bud worm egg surveys. Can. J. Zoo!. 32: 30213.
Onsager, J. A. 1974. A sequential sampling plan for classifying infestations of southern potato wireworm, Conodl"YUSfalli. Am. Potato J. 51: 313-7.
Onsager, J. A., B. J. Landis, and L. Fox. 1975. Efficacy of
fonofos band treatments and a sampling plan for estimating wireworm populations on potatoes. J. Econ. Entomol. 68: 199-202.
Onsager, J. A. 1976. The rationale of sequential sampling
with emphasis on its use in pest management. USDA
Tech. Bull. No. 1526. 19 pp.
Orlov, L. M. 1975. A method of sequential sampling for estimation of insect numbers. Zoologich. Zhurnal 53:
]241-4.
Pieters, E. P., and W. L. Sterling. 1974. A sequential sampiing plan for the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis
sl'riatlLl. Environ. Entomo\. 3: 102-6.
1975. Sequential sampling cotton squares damaged by boll
weevils and Heliolhis spp. in the Coastal Bend of Texas.
J. Econ. Entomo\. 68: 543-5.
Reeks, W. A. 1956. Sequential sampling of the winter moth,
Opl'ropthl'Ta brumata (L.). Can. Entomo!. 88: 241-6.
Rennison, B. D. 1962. A method of sampling Antestiopis in
arabica coffee in chemical control schemes. E. Afr.
Agric. For. J. 27: 197-200.
Safranyik, L., and A. G. Raske. 1970. Sequential sampling
plan for larvae of Monochamus in lodgepole logs. J.
Econ. Entomo!. 63: 1903-6.
Sevacl1erian, V., and V. M. Stern. 1972. Sequential sampIing plans for Lygw bugs in California cotton fields.
Environ. Entomo\. 1: 704-10.
Shepard, M. 1973. A sequential sampling plan for'treatment
decisions of the cabbage looper on cabbage. Ibid. '2:
901-3.
Shepard, R. F., and C. E. Brown. 1971. Sequential egg-band
sampling and probability methods of predicting defoliation by Ma/acosoma disstria (Lasicocampidae: Leptidoptera). Can. Entomo!. ]03: 1371-9.
Soong, T. H. 1974. A spatial pattern for aphid population
during the cotton seedling stage and its practical application. Acta Entomo!. Sinica 17: 1-10.
Southwood, T. R. E. 1966. Ecological Methods with Panicular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. Methuen. London. 391 pp.
373
Stark, R. W. 1952. Sequential sampling of the ]odgepole
needle miner. For. Chron. 28: 57-60.
Statistical Research Group, Columbia Univ. 1946. Sequential analysis of statistical data: Applications. Columbia
Univ. Stat. Res. Gp. Rep. 255 (rev.) and Office Sci. Res.
Dev. App. Math. Panel Rep. 30.2 R. (rev.) Columbia
Univ. Press. N.Y. 393 pp.
Sterling, W. L. 1973. Sequential sampling for cotton insects.
Folia. Entomol. Mex. 55: 25-6.
1975. Sequential sampling of cotton insect populations.
Beltwide Cot. Prod. Res. Conf. Proc. 133-6.
1976. Sequential decision plans for the management of
cotton arthropods in southeast Queensland. Austral. J.
Ecol. I: 265-74.
1976. Sequential sampling plans developed for use in pest
management programs. Univ. Queensland Dept. Agric.
IPMU Res. Paper 1976/1, 14 pp.
Sterling, W. L., and E. P. Pieters. 1973. Sequential sampling
plan for the cotton fleahopper. Tex. Agric. Ext. Serv.
Leaflet D-911. 8 pp.
1974. Sequential sampling package for key cotton arthropods in Texas. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Dept. Entomol.
Tech. Rep. 74-32. 28 pp.
1975. Sequential sampling plan for key arthropods of cotton. Ibid. 75-24. 21 pp.
Stevens, L. M., A. L. Steinhauer, M. J. Schlandt, R. F.
Shroder, and J. A. McQuire. 1976. The biological
meaning of sampling results and the development of a
sequential sampling scheme to predict damaging levels
of alfalfa weevils. Maryland Agric. Exp. Stn. MP-897.
21 pp.
Stevens, R. E., and R. W. Stark. 1962. Sequential sampling
for the lodgepole needle miner, Evagora milleri. J. Econ.
Entomol. 55: 491-4.
Strayer, J., M. Shepard, and S. G. Turnipseed. 1977. Sequential sampling for management decisions on the velvetbean caterpillar on soybeans. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc.
12: 220-7.
Sylvester, E. S., and E. L. Cox. 1961. Sequential plans for
sampling aphids on sugar beets in Kern County, Cali-
fornia. J. Econ. Entomo\. 54: 1080-5.
Talerico, R. L., and R. C. Chapman. 1970. SEQAN. A computer program for sequential analysis. U.S. For. Servo
Res. Note. NE-116. 6 pp.
Teetes, G. L., and W. L. Sterling. 1976. A sequential sampiing plan for a white grub in grain sorghum. Southwest. Entomol. I: 118-21.
-Torii, T. 1970. Quantitative prediction of economic degree
of infestation by the rice stem borer, Chelo suppressalis
Walker, by the sequential method. Kyusher Assoc. Plant
Protec. Proc. 16: 27-7.
-1971. A sequential sampling method for predicting levels
of infestations of rice by the stem borer Chelo suppressalis
(Lepidoptera). Pac. Sci. Congr. Proc. I: 182.
-1971. Quantitative occurrence prediction based on the
sequential test of the degrees of infestation by the rice
stem borer (Chelo suppressalis (Wlk.)). Sci. Bull. Faculty
of Agric. Kyushu Univ. 25: 103-12.
Tostowaryk, W., and J. M. McLeod. 1972. Sequential sampiing for egg clusters of the Swaine jack pine sawfly,
Neodiprion swainei (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Can.
Entomol. 104: 1343-7.
Vaissayse, M. 1974. Elementary principles for the application of sequential sampling of larval populations of
pests to the launching of treatments at economic threshold leve\. Cotton et Fibres Tropicalas. 29: 367-70.
Viktorov, G. A. 1976. Method of sequential counting ofthe
number of hibernating bugs of Eurygaster integriceps.
Sov. J. Eco\. 6: 278-80. (Translated from Ekologiia
6:100-2,1975).
ESA
374
Vol. 24, no.)
BULLETIN
1978
*Wada, Y., M. Mogi, and J. Nishigaki. 1971. Studies on the
population estimating for insects of medical importance. III. Sequential sampling technique for Culex tntaeniorhynchus summossus larvae in the paddy-field. Trop.
Med. 13: 16-25.
Waddill, V. H., B. M. Shepard, S. G. Turnipseed, and C. R.
Carner. ] 974. Sequential sampling plans for Nabis spp.
and C,'ocoris spp. on soybeans. Environ. Entomol. 3:
415-19.
Wald, A. 1945. Sequential tests of statistical hypotheses.
Ann. Math. Stat. 16: 117-86.
1947. Setluential Analysis. John Wiley and Sons. N.Y. 212
pp.
Waters, W. E. 1955. Sequential sampling in forest insect surveys. For. Sci. I: 68-79.
Wetherill, G. B. 1966. Sequential Methods in Statistics. Methuen and Co. LTD. London. 218 pp.
Wolfenbarger, D. A., andJ. D. Darroch. 1965. A sequential
sampling plan for determining the status of corn earworm control in sweet corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 58:
651-4.
Wolfenbarger, D. O.,J. A. Cornell, S. D. Walker, and D. A.
Wolfenbarger. 1975. Control and sequential sampling
for damaging by the tomatoe pinworm. Ibid. 68: 45860.
Young, J. H., R. G. Price, K. Pinkston, and J. Coakley.
1977. Sequential sampling of the cotton fleahopper in
Oklahoma. Okla. Sta. Univ. Current Rep. 7171-1. 2
pp.
1977. Sequential sampling of the boll weevil in Oklahoma.
Ibid. 7121-1. 2 pp.
The
Screw.
worm
Problem
Evolution of Resistance
to Biological Control
Edited by R. H. Richardson
Advanced Research Fellowships
In India
Twelve long-term (6-10 mol and 9 short-term (2-3 mol
research awards, without restriction as to field, are offered
for 1979-80 by the Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture. Applicants must be U.S. citizens at the
post-doctoral or equivalent professional leve\. The fellowship program seeks to open new channels of communication
between academic and professional groups in the United
States and India and to encourage a wider range of research
activity between the 2 countries than has previously existed.
Therefore, scholars and professionals who have limited or
no experience in India are especially encouraged to apply.
Fellowship terms include: $1 ,OO(}...I ,500/month, depending on academidprofessional
achievement and seniority,
$350/month payable in dollars and the balance in rupees; an
allowance for books and studyltravel in India; and international travel for the grantee. In addition, long-term fellows
receive international travel for dependents; a dependent allowance of $1 0(}...250 per month in rupees; and a supplementary research allowance up to 34,000 rupees.
The application deadline is November 1, 1978. Application forms and further information are available from the
Council for International Exchange of Scholars, Attention:
Indo-American Fellowship Program, Eleven Dupont Circle,
Washington, D.C. 20036, telephone (202) 833-4980.
The Texas screwworm eradication
program, instituted in 1964. at first
seemed a model of success in biological control. But recently it has
become evident that the sterile
screwworm flies used in the program are developing resistance to
present control methods. This collection examines how this resistance developed and explores
genetic and ecological features of
the pest and its relatives which
are not considered in the implementation of the present program.
159pages, 15 tables, 17 line
drawings
$6.00, paper
University of Texas Press
Box 7819, Austin, Texas 78712