^1
YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
THE LIBRARY OF THE
DIVINITY SCHOOL
*
THE DAY MISSIONS LIBRARY
V
CONTRIBUTION
TO AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OP THE
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
AT MACAO
;
AND THE
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN RELATIONS
OF MACAO.
87 A.
£. Snt.
CANTON — CHINA.
1834.
Yale Divinity Library
New
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Haven, Conn.,
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CONTEZffTS.
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SKETCH OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AT MACAO.
Introduction,
jpf^gc
The
Hierarchy,
.
External Rites,
Objections to Chinese recreations at Macao,
The actual state of the Roman Catholic Mission in
the Bishopric of Macao.
*
.
.
.
.
.
1
...
.
9
.14
.
.17
THE DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN RELATIONS OF MACAO.
The
N^
I.
.\^
1. Politically.
,
"
Vi II.
^-s
'1
.....
......
2.
Economically.
Receipts,
Expenditures,
Foreign RELATioNfi.
Japan,
Cochinchina,
Siam
25
25
29
30
32
....
... .34
....
......
.
\
.^
^
(TV
.
To its members,
To the subaltern officers,
To the Christian population,
To the Military department,
To the Civil department,
To the Chinese population,
-.^\
!^
.23
.
Domestic Relations.
\
-^
Senate.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
36
37
39
.42
,
44
46
49
^ I.
^
^^
^^
bi
d
:
:i%
thM:
THE ROMAN CATHOIalC CHURCH
AT
MACAO
The Roman
way
India, by
IN CHINA.
Catholic Cross and bloody sword
came from
of Malacca to China, where military threats
and missionary insinuations proved
less efficient
than sooth-
ing language and liberal offerings on the bottomless altar
They opened
of self-interest.
Canton ;
to the
to
Europeans the port of
Portuguese a mart on a desert island
and an asylum
for
Roman
The
apostles^
in a private manuscript, were Francis
jesuit; they
hill,
now
had
in
some of them went
One
in
of a
Portuguese ships to Canton,
as
of them succeeded in so ensnaring a youth,
proceed with his seducer to Macao.
demanded
skirt
Their number increased gradually
that he consented to desert his school,
been detected,
mentioned
Peres and another
1565 an habitation on the
called Monte.
chaplains.
first,
—Macao,
the
protection
restitution of the
tutor
of the
and clandestinely
to
This mischief having
boy
and
his
relations
of the mandarins, and claimed the
youth
who was kidnapped*
Menaees of
I
/
2
using compulsory means had
tled,
The
effect.
matter was set-
but a stamp of villany adhered to a set of men,
could sanction deeds of acknowledged
iniquity. *
provoked feelings had not subsided, when a
Jesuit,
who
These
Miguel
Ruggiero, bent his mind upon procuring for religion,
possible, the protection of a powerful
During
Mandarin.
if
h
his
Canton (1581) as chaplain, he insinuated himself
stay at
into the
affections
of a
sea-prefect.
In 1582, Ruggiero
i.
proceeded in the capacity of interpreter with two gentle-
men
of Macao, by the
summons
of the viceroy, to appear
before his tribunal at Shaou-king-foo, then his residence.
A
few months
sented to
later,
Ruggiero and Paccio
him an elegant pendulum and a
the priests then obtained
(
Passio
pre-
triangular prism;
from him permission
a Chinese temple in the very
)
provincial
to inhabit
capital.
From
thence spread by degrees a missionary society, which might
*
se,
Nuper enim, cum alius e nostro ordine eo (Canton)
ad sacra ex more navigatoribus per nundinarum dies
procuranda, contulisset, ad Christi fidem adolescentulum,
profani simulacrorum sacerdotis discipulum, ita pellexerat,
ut volentem in Amacaense oppidum, f sed clam abduxerit.
Id subodoratus magister, apud magistratus graviter questus
est, effecitque, adnitenlibus etiam adolescentuli propinquis,
ut magistratus eum vi extorquerent, non sine magna nostrorum molestia vel apud earn gentem infamia, quasi malis artibus pueros seducerent patribusque subducerent. Dc
Auct. Nic.
Christiana expeditione apud Si?ias. p. 160.
Trigautio.
Colonic 1616.
May we
not from the following extract draw the conclusion,
that Portugal has no further claim to Macao, than is expressed by these
words? " quem in finem Lusitani Reges (Amacao) locum civitatis
t
f
appellatione
facilior,
donatum
auctoritate
nee sine ecclesiastica
Pontificia, praesule adornarunt,
niajestate,
extrema orbis plaga redderetur."
Loc,
cit.
sacrorura
p. 156.
quo
adiuinistratio in
^
:
—
:V,
3
probably have baptized the whole of China, and introduced
a species of Christianity, * had the popes been wise enough
not to bring in competition with the Jesuits the mendicant
monks and
other ambitious missionaries.
The Hierarchy.
m
Relying on information collected from
old, trustworthy
Macao
at least ten
authorities, the
Portuguese had traded at
or eleven years,
when a Jesuit Melchior Carneiro was placed
He
(1568) at the head of the ecclesiastical establishment.
came from
Ethiopia, a bishop "in partibus "
governed the church by permission of Gregory
he died at Macao and was buried
of St. Paul.
that
eif
Nicsea,
XIH, till
and
1581
church
in the collegiate
Sebastian, the sovereign of Portugal, solicited
Macao should be
Gregory agreed to
it,
raised to the see of a Diocesan:
on condition, that the king should
provide the see with ornaments or vestments, plate, books
and other
utensils, required
by the Catholics
for the splendour
of their divine service, and that he should keep the buildings
in repair; in return, (private records state,) the
have
power
to
propose
subjects
duly
king should
for
qualified
the
government of the new diocese, extending to the wall that
crosses the isthmus of the peninsula.
It actually
compre-
hends, by the decision of Innocent XII., the provinces of
*
To
convince oneself that the moral principles of Christianity had, by metaphysical subtilties of Jesuits, been vastly
relaxed, letters written in 1656 by Blaise Pascal
10 a un
Provincial^ and 6 auz RR. PP.jesuites^ may be read, in
Oeuvres de Blaise Pascal, tom I, published a la Haye 1779.
—or in the xiith. satire of Boileau Despreaux.
—
—
—
Kwang-tung, Kwang-se and the island Hai-nan.
it
At
first
was ruled by Governors, who had neither the power of
hoiy orders,
conferring
consecrating
confirming,
the
oil
(used by the Catholics in baptism, confirmation, and ex-
treme unction)
the
,
or anointing bishops, nor the right to use
the
crosier,
ring,
and the pectoral
being the
cross,
external signals of an episcopal dignity.
For more than two hundred years, a temporary vacancy
the episcopal see
is
observable,
in
because the kings
either
of Portugal had omitted to propose subjects, or the Pontiffs
refused their confirmation.
man John
At
last,
de Cazal * succeeded to the governors, with the
This situation he
authority of bishop.
and
years, in a period of great temporal
His salary was limited to
tions.
(1691,) a church-
six
the Senate obstinately refused to discharge,
to
account of disbursements
is
actually
two thousand
taels per
—A
till
which
at length
to bring
the royal
it
chest:
it
annum. Cazal expired
in
1734; his body w£is interred with great
dral.
taels, t
John V.
made by
tribula-
spiritual
hundred
(1733), they got an order from king
forty-three
filled
pomp
Cathe-
in the
bishop has the power of appointing hig vicar-gen-
eral,
and of
with
such clergymen as he
filling
vacant places in the regular hierarchy
may deem worthy
to be trusted
with the duties of sacerdotal functions; but his preferment
must be
submitted
to
the
court
confirmed by his
and
»iK
*
By a law of 3rd Jan. 1611, the bishop
Dom; by another of 23rd Jan. 1789, he takes
lency^ as
da Nob,
tA
honorary member
p.
tael is
takes the
title
that o^ Excelof his Majesty's council. Priv.
38.
somewhat more than
^
six
shillings
sterling.
^^
.
After a residence of nine years at Macao,
Majesty.
Dom
" a Chapter," composed of
John de Cazal
instituted
dignitaries, viz:
a Dean (now vacant), who,1Seing the highest
dignity, presides over the Chapter,
surer,
—a Chanter,— a Chief
five
trea-
— an arch-deacon,— and a school-master—mestre escola
These
(vacant).
dignitaries must, in the course of eight days,
reckoned from the demise of the bishop, choose a capitularvicar,
who remains
at the
head of ecclesiastical
affairs
the
till
successor of the departed has taken charge of the bishopric.
—Next
members range 6 Canons, 2 Sub-canons
to these
(meio conigos), 6 Chaplains, and 2 Masters of the ceremonies.
— To the actual
he
shall
capitular-vicar,
have 500
taels;
it
240
The
taels.
Each
taels.
100.
The
Goa, that
in the chapter vacated
salary of a dean
subsequent dignitaries enjoy each 240
200
arbitrated at
—as vicar-general he has besides 200,
and as school-master, a dignity
death,
was
of the canons has
is
280
by
taels : the four
and the vicar-general
:
200
taels
a sub-canon
;
chaplains and the masters of the
ceremonies
are paid by the revenue of funds, which the chapter has at
its
command.
The
dral, the vicar of St.
three curates (the canon of the Cathe-
Lawrence, and the vicar of
have individually 120 taels per annum;
assigned
regularly
to
them
cover,
for
the
easy and comfortable.
certain
— adding the
duties
situation of a
to the
Anthony)
perquisites
they attend to and
curate
is
sufficiently
These items are increased by the
salary of 1000 taels granted to the bishop of
600 taels
St.
church of
St.
Nanking by
;
Joseph, and repair of the build-
ing belonging to the Royal College
Superior, and to each of the Professors
;
—
by 240 taels to the
(their
number of
six
f:-
6
not always complete
is
—
seminarist
(
they
may
by 150
;
)
taels for every
in all be twelve)
;
and
Chinese
by
further,
contributions to the collegiate church of St. Paul, to the con-
vent of St. Augustin, to parish churches, and to festivals and
In 1831, the whole hierarchical establishment
processions.
cost the royal chest
8087
taels
1832
in
:
Expectant individuals of the clergy
les
)
who have
are those
ment,
office, or living in
the diocese
receiving holy orders, the
ted by the
that
sum
taels.
clerigos extravagan-
:
they amounted in 1833
deposit, previously to their
of four hundred taels, designa-
word " Patrimony, "
of the chapter,
8273
not been provided with an employ-
These candidates
to five priests.
(
cost
it
N.
in the
—or give a security
hands of the treasurer
for the same, to the
from the revenue of the said capital,
end
at seven per cent,
may be able to appear decent in the eyes of the public.
The congregational members of the royal college of St.
they
Joseph have
their Superior at the court of Lisbon: the regular
orders of St. Dominic, St. Augustin, St. Francis de Assis, as
well as the nuns of St. Clare, are accountable to their respect-
ive provincials, residing in
Macao
;
nevertheless the bishop of
exercises in certain cases a sort of syndic magistracy
over them
all.
the demise of
The
Goa
—The episcopal see was vacated
Dom
Fr. Francis de Na. Sra. da
characteristic inclination of
man, unless
in
1828 by
Luz
Cachira.
controlled by
a cultivated, unbiassed mind, or subjected by unexceptionable rules of conduct, has a propensity,
it
seems, to overstep
the boundaries of power which public duty imposes.
mentable consequences of
this disposition
record by the clergy of Macao.
We
have been
shall report
Laleft
on
two cases.
^l.
)
Relying on obsolete documents, a Vicar-general, Anthony
Joseph Nogueira, presumed that he had a right to imprison
women who,
as he thought, gave scandal
The
conduct.
by the bishop
conceit
Dom
by
their Ubidinous
was espoused and matured (1791
Marcellino Joseph da Silva.
Slander of
invidious enemies, or of disobliged greedy informers
The
episcopal gaol, bearing the
?
was
lis-
name of "Asylum
tened
to.
of St.
Mary Magdalen," soon harbored many
females,
whose
had not by any previous legal process been found to
guilt
deserve a confinement, " ad libitum " of a diocesan.
The
Commonly no
property of the recluses was mismanaged.
inventory
duty
it
was taken no responsible person appointed, whose
;
should have been to collect the goods and prevent their
being plundered, in order to be restored to the released prison-
This inexcusable neglect
ers.
left
those redeemed, through re-
pentance, contrition, or protection, without the means of living,
and forced many of the poor creatures to submit themselves
again, for the sake of not starving of hunger, to a condition
they had probably learned to deprecate.
under the
spiritual inspection
The immured
of the vicar of St, Lawrence
and, in domestic concerns, under the direction of a
who
lived
taught them to spin, weave, knit, &c.
woman,
The produce
of
their labour being insufficient to support the prisoners, gra-
tuitous
filled
till
contributions, collected
up the
deficiency.
from among the
This imperium
in imperio
the prince regent of Portugal dissolved
sion, dated 12th
it
citizens,^
continued
by a provi-
March 1800. The hierarchy remained with
the church discipline, but the province of civil administration reverted to the chief justice of
Macao.
B
The
following event
The
preceding.
to the
delineate
is
we
bloody scene
an
stamped
has
anterior in point of chronology
indelible
about
are
to
on the man,
stain
who, by an impious application of moral heterodoxy, caused
the surrender
of an
A
power of China.
cao.
innocent stranger into the avenging
Chinese had been murdered
at
Ma-
Suspicions having fastened on an Englishman, the
local authority caused
to prison.
him
to be
apprehended and committed
According to ancient custom, the
ment of Macao
first
heard the case.
was
It
civil
tried
;
governthe ac-
cused examined; deposition of witnesses received; but the
slightest trace that Francis Scott
be found.
was
the homicide could not
man
In this predicament the
should not have
been given up, although the mandarins threatened the
and obstinately claimed the
To
culprit.
city
bring this per-
plexing business to a close, a general meeting or council
was
convened.
Men
of respectability, and
among them
Miguel de Araujo Roza, a member of the then ruling Senate,
" It will be unjustifiable to consent to the sacargued
:
rifice
of an innocent;
and as the most accurate inquiry
sufficiently proves, that the
Englishman
sons for refusing to give
him up must be submitted
mandarins, and persevered in
in saving
till
we
him from an ignominious
is
not guilty, our rea-
shall
to the
have succeeded
death. "
The
vicar-
general of the bishoprick, Francis Vaz, reasoned differently.
" Moralists," he
said,
" decide, that when a tyrant demands
even an innocent person, with menaces
if
not complied
with to ruin the place, the republic can then say to any
innocent, you must go and deliver yourself up, for the sake
h
•p
9
of saving from inevitable destruction the community, which
is
of more worth than the
fefuse to obey, he
is
life
of an individual: should he
not innocent
;
he
criminal."
is
procurator (o procurador do senado) added:
"The manda-
i
V
rins
are forcing
mined
to
make
away the Chinese
us starve of hunger;
better surrender the
Englishman. "
sentiments operated; the
plui-ality
dealers,
retail
All those
who
had
antiphilanthropic
of voters decided, that
Scott should be handed over; and the mandarins
suffer death, in 1773. *
External
—-deterwe
therefore
These
The
made
hini
RITES.
believe in Christ, devoutly celebrate, in
fe'omniemoration of the resurrection of Jesus, the Sunday^
U-'J:
i
Christmas, Easterday, and Whit-siintide, every sect in
way.
Sullied with original sin/ pious
men
its
own
appre-
easily
hended, that their thanksgivings and solicitations Wanted to
be commended to the Trinity in Unity by some beloved
hiate of heaven.
Human
individuals who,
by
in-
inspiration^
taught mankind revelation, and had bled as martyrs for the
christian religion, presented themselves as
ation; they were therefore
objects of vener-
by the primitive church, with the
is a most melancholy fact.
An atrocity,
J.
Barrow
in
Travels
in
China^ 2d.
Esq.,
his
which
however,
edition page 368, lays to the charge bf the government of
Macao, seems to be gratuitous for we, who have most deliberately ransacked all the existing records, on homicide, have
never found that a Manila merchant, residing at Macao, ever
was insidiously betrayed into the hands of Chinese mandarins
*
1=^^
fit
The above
;
for justice;
V
'
W
^mmmmmimm&§
10
consent of their congregational inspectors or bishops,/'elected
by the votes of the whole people,*/
aad
raised to the rank of
In process of time the Pontiff^,
''saints."
"motu
proprio'*
increased considerably the number, declaring zealous evangelical
endowed with the power of performing mirabe saints: their names are inscribed on an album*
laborers,
cles, to
or catalogue of the canonized.
— At the head of the
^^^
celestial
hierarchy stands the Holy virgin, queen of heaven, invoked
at
Macao under
twenty-eight different denominations.
Beside
eighteen festivals distinctly consecrated to the devotions of the
Holy
virgin, there are thirteen dedicated to saints,
These solemnities
female.
and generally end by
last nine, ten,
male or
or thirteen days;
religious public processions.
adorned with a conspicuous emblem,
A
flag,
relative to the object of
veneration, is hoisted near the church: similar signals are
perceived at several parishes
occasionally
Devout people
shrine
resort to
of the saint.
them every day and pray
adverted
to,
To
which the
sermon
in
we have
faithful
^i
at the
Thirty holy days (dias santos da
guarda) are by conimand of the
solemnly celebrated.
and convents.
theni,
still
may
to
Roman
see annually
and
and the ceremonies above
add twenty-seven days, on
hear mass, and
now and
remembrance of a blessed partner
then a
in the
heav-
enly glory.
A free
association of individuals, ruled
by fixed regulations,
tending to bind their members to the discharge of mutual
aid,
and acts of benevolence and
charity,
constitutes
* Luc. Ferraris Bibl. canonica, verb. Sanctus*
a
m
11
At Macao the most ancient
brotherhiood.
Mercy (Na.
da Misericordia).
Sra.
is
that of our
In iinitation of
it,
Lady of
several
corporations have been organized, approved by the bishop,
and sanctioned by
Popes., Actually,
Macao can
boasst
of eleven
brotherhoods (besides a few in embryo waiting animation
"
from the Pope), exclusive of the prototype "Misericordia.
Eight of them are said to have pecuniary means, more or
less
adequate, (arising from the interest of their respective funds,)
to bear the annual expenses of the festive celebration of
a
Each brotherhood wears a distinctive vestment
'*
processions^ " of which we shall notice but a few.
peculiar saint.
at public
The Senate pays
out of the royal chest the charges required
and procession of our Lady of Conception^
for the festival
the patroness of the
\/yj
kingdom,— of those of the guardian Angel
of the kingdom (Anjo custodio do reino),
Baptist, the patron of
(Corpo de Deos).
Macao,
—and
—of
St.
John the
of Corpus Christi day
This ceremony ought to be graced by the
professed knights of any of the military orders of Portugal,
of them clothed in the
The
full attire
all
of their respective ranks.
brotherhood of our Lady of the Rosary (Na. Sra. do Ro-
sario),
and that of our Lady of the Remedies (Na. Sra. dos
Remedios), are remarkable for the elegance, splendour, and
on the image carried
riches displayed
outward
pomp
numerous
of religion
clergy,
ing the airing
it
who
is
in procession.
This
cheered by an accompanying
are chanting the praise of the saint dur-
takes in a
litter,
laid
on men's shoulders.
A
detachment of the battalion with military music joins the
processions,
some of which are
one guns from the Monte
fort.
saluted by a firing of twenty--,
12
Whether
the
first settlers
at
Macao
entrusted to St. Jinthoi-
ny of Lisbon, during the celebration of
on the uncertainty of
enlisted as a soldier,
traditional
and got
in
proved by existing documents.
The
litter
by four
body of
:
seems,
it
rumors that he was
lasts
^725
in
1783 the rank of captain,
His procession
is
^H
is
/
of a mih-
image, accompanied by the clergy, governor,
common
the battalion, and
nobility,
which
government of the town, depends,
thirteen days, the
tary cast,
his feast,
officers,
people,
and every morning,
soldiers wait at his
church to
fire
is
carried in a
for thirteen days,
a salute.
On
a
the
eve of the procession, the senate send 240 taels,-r^the annual
pay of a captain,
—which sum the curate uses
for the support
of neatness, decency, and grace in the divine service.
Anthony
is
a
fgivorite saint, particularly
At times the devotee
tion.
falls
on
St.
with the sailor popula-
his knees, worships,
the potent intercessictn of his saint; but
solicits
—
and
no soonef
^
does the claimant fancy, that the request has either bee»
slighted or the favor provokingly postponed, than the
is
taken from the
shelf,
upbraided, beaten,
ill
image
used; likewise,
no sooner does the supplicant presume, that the
saint has
granted his protection, than the darling of the petitioner's
heart
is
caressed and adored, and tapers and incense burnt
before the
We
wooden Anthony.
shall proceed
from the amusing
melancholic procession.
cruz), to judge from the
sion, represents
The sunday
to the
most seriously
of the cross (domingo da
Pi-V^
emblems exhibited
in this process
a transition from heathenism to Christianity.
The Redeemer, an image
of the size of a man, clad in a
purple garment, wearing on his bead a crown of thorns, an4
.
13
ou
shoulder a heavy cross, bends one of his knees on the
liis
bottom of a
The
citizens.
^i
bier,
supported by eight of the most distinguished
bishop with the secular and regular clergy,
and the
the governor, the minister, the nobility, the military,
whole roman catholic population,
affected
made
it
may be said, assist,
deeply
by a scene which prognosticates a divine sacrifice to be
man
for the sake of reconciling
Young
to his Creator.
children—^of both clear and dark shades, arrayed in fancy
dresses of angels, with beautiful muslin
moving wings
at their
shoulders, carry, in a miniature shape, the instruments which
at the act of crucifixion.
were required
takes a range over almost the whole city
image of Christ
St.
deposited in
is
Augustine.
its
that
when
finished, the
shrine at the convent of
-
In 1593 the senate reported to Phihp
^y
:
This procession
Macao had *' a
I.
king of Portugal,
cathedral with two parishes, a misericordia
with two hospitals, and four religious bodies, viz: Augustins,
Dominicans, Jesuits, and Capuchins.
hundred years christians would
kuri/ing
ground
at the entrance,
in the
high
church
altar,
^^
was assigned
*
Though
for three
no dead body
to be
few hundred years
later,
suflfer
interred near their habitations, yet a
'^
'^'
in the church-yards? next
and long before the epoch above mentioned,
itself.
The
nearer the corpse
is
laid to the
the shorter will be the detention of the soul,
ere-,
dulous people believe, in purgatory, but the grave becomes
'-
more expensive.
—
— How
loijg
shall the
faithful living
be
»-.
* In 1833, there were 4 Augustins, 3 Dominicans, and 3
Capuchins, two of whom had in charge the spiritual and
tempor?iry concerns pf the nuns ; who were then in all 37,
14
miasma of putrifying bodies
forced to inhale the
moment
—In
ed 1
at the very
the august ceremonies of divine service are celebratimitation of the heathen,
whose sacred places served
as shelter to deserters and unruly subjects, Honorius and
Theodosius engrafted on the christian churches a similar^
*'
immunity j" and Boniface IV.,
Boniface V.
prehended
who died
in
and convents,
—
and other
It is
nobody
shall be ap-
but a few years since assas-
culprits
found shelter in churches
moral annoyance of
to the great
H''
according to Mosheim,
in 625, ordered that
any church.
sins, deserters,
or,
all
and
orderly
obedient subjects.
No individual
an auto da
of Jewish race was ever recognized at Macao^
fe therefore
Nine or ten
never soiled the place.
years ago, the monastic gentry and the nuns of St. Clare amus-
ed themselves with burning in effigy a
made of paT)er,
ter,
by who«e
personifying,
entreaties St.
man and
no doubt, Herod and
John the Baptist
a woman,
his
lost his life:
in the
anthrofMsts cannot
comprehend why the jews should be
gd : they rather deserve
to
be
St.
pitied,
th at nation act otherwise than she did ?
not been
fulfilled,
John's day.
it is
thought.
Had
^
daugh-
" bonfire " went off
evening of
l/c
the
Philhat-
Could
the prophecies
what would have become of the work of
Redemption?
f
Objections TO Chinese recreations at Macao,
I
Because the Albigenses had the hardihood
to read
and
understand the contents of .Scripture in a manner different
from that of the vicar of Christ, they were by crusaders ex*
germinated
X
_
—and the
suggestions of a
Canon
received
syid
> i
15
acted on.
The
patriarch of the preaching friara of St.
proposed to Innocent
III. the erection
Dominic
of a tribunal, the duty
of which should be to stop the progress of an heresy, which
might spread, and
at last
shake the
The
pa^l supremacy.
'
\
plan was matured and confirmed, according to Mosheim, by
Gregory IX, in 1233; Ihat the Dominicans should be
We
head of the Inquisition or Holy Office.
at the
do not pretend
to follow the inquisitors in the exercise of their power, nor to
trouble ourselves about the period
ed
its first
seat at
when
this establishment fix-
Goa; we shall merely note down, that the
hi-^
erarchy of Macao had commission scrupulously to watch ovef
the purity of the faith,
and
in case of delinquency, to forward
the dissident to the inquisition at Goa*
This exQruciating
body was extinguished in 1812, by a provision of the pious
%
Prince-Regcift 6f Portugal. Previous to this
the christiati9 bad contrived various
offensive spectacles,
memofaWe epoch,
means to free the town from
which the Chinese population
at
Macao
used to exhibit on their theatres and in their processions.
By
the order of a vicar-general, Francis da Rosa, a stage,
on
which the Chinese were acting, was broketi down, " a
cation
much
letter to the
provo-*
to be deprecated," says the viceroy of Goa, in
senate (in 1736), in which he
ter ta reprehend the vicar-geiiei^al,
stain in future
and
aljso
a
" orders the Chap-
tecdtnttieis^
him
to ab-
from similar behaviour, contenting his zeal with
informing the senate and the governor of what to bitn seems
I
to be proper."
a
letter
of 18th
This salutary admonition Was
Mardi 1758,
inquisition prohibits
in
by
which the tribunal of the
any kind of Chinese
cessions to be suffered.
set aside
theatricals or pro-
However, several of the Governorsy
16
recollecting that the Portuguese can
tion over the Chinese,
had been prudent enough
at the fleeting recreations of the
instigation of a delegate
at
Chinese
from the Holy
Macao, the senate gave order
scaffolds,
ish
solemn
zeal
but in 17S0, at the
office,
then residing
to the procurator to
Having permission from
temporary stands, the
would be resented
:
insult of
their
no
effort
of the
civil police
Fr. Francis de Na. Sra.
Convinced
could hinder a pagan festival
itself in
the town, a bishop re-
solved to try spiritual influence on his flock.
ral
mandarins
the Chinese advised the Portuguese not
duly prepared, from shewing
Dom
V,
throwing them down
to provoke tumult by an act of intemperate zeal.
that
demol-
which was to wander through the place. His
frustrated.
to raise
;
to connive
which had been erected on occasion of a
festival^
was
exercise no jurisdic-
His excellency
da Luz Cachim issued a pasto-
admonition, which the curates published in their respective
parishes.
It
was dated 15th April 1815, and breathes a
erly exhortation, that all christians
fath-
should, for the sake of
the salvation of their souls, abstain from having a peep either
through the window from behind the Venetian
street,
at the
through the
blinds, or in the
pageants the Chinese were going to carry
city.
Disobedience was threatened with the pe-
nalty of the great excommunication; a punishment that could
not be applied, because out of the whole population there were
perhaps not
fifty
adult christians,
who had
pulse of curiosity; the others gratified
it
resisted the
im-
by looking at the
r-r
gorgeous ceremonieSj repeated by the Chinese during three
days, and by gazing at night, in the bazar, at ingenious
il-
luminations, theatrical jests, aud amusements^
\
-i
t
/
17
THE ACTUAL STATE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION
K;
IN
THE BISHOPRIC OP MACAO.
"Retigion descended free from heaven;
r
free
on earth; "
this is
her remaiil
let
an ejaculation of tolerance, peaccj
harmony, andtheophilanthropy^whichfew
if any religious sects
i
have ever been able to boast
The Jews
of.
exterminated
their neighbours, because they did not believe in
the
Mahometans, where they are masters, impress the
nets of the Koran, sword in hand: Christianity,
mand
contained in St. Mark, chap. xvi. 15,
26.
Had
Fuh, (born,
^
Christ,) or
it
the
is
any of
te-
by the com-
is
announced
Luke chap,
marvellous personage called Budha or
to all the world, with the zeal required in
xiv.
Jehovah;
said,
St.
above one thousand
his disciples, in the
name
years before
of their master,
enforced the precepts of Christianity alluded to,
Budhism
might have been the universal church, because a doctrine of
impostors, three thousand years ago,
was not then,
as
now-a-
days, cast into the philosophical crucible of sense and reasoning.
Two national superstitions, those of Laou-keun, otherwise
called Laou-tsze,
and of Budha or Fuh, are recognized in China
by government.- With the bonzes,
spiritual servants
of the last-
mentioned hypothetical deity, Roman Catholic missionaries
their entrance into
-)^-r
China came
first in
human
They began to
contact.
quarrel about their respective faiths. It
is
to
at
be lamented, that
ingenuity should have borrowed from the Bible the
ground-work of more than four hundred sects each of them
:
faithfully believe themselves to be
^^>5rr
I
^
-^
on the
strait
road to heaven,
18
confraternities
;
an uncharitableness which a miracle alone, the
greatest (if any) ever wrought,
prejudiced christians.
may
still
in his
rages
among
theologopo-
God
takes pleasure in being
hy myriads of living creatures^ who praise him each
own way?"*
Enemies of
doctrine, the professors of
Kang-he, saying:
this
which were
same
to teach the
of them affirm what others deny.
and mutual
that concord, union,
the character of
simple theme refer to a
justly censured
am astonished, that the
I
men, who pretend
m
mind of
not be reasonable to conclude with
it
a king of Siam, ^^that the true
glorified
erase from the
Until this unexpected event shall have
eradicated the animosity that
lemic combatants,
may
by
Pontiff can believe
religion,
—Would
it
though some
not be proper,
affection should constitute
any missionary; a consistency, that might
engage the attention of enlightened men, and establish in the
minds of the ruder
class
an uncontrolled dependence on
for-
eign judgment?
This harmony seemingly presided over the
demeanor of the
Jesuits ;
lent
an ear
came
it
awakened
curiosity :
many who
to the ingenious eirguments of these strangers be-
their disciples
and converts.
The
progress however
slackened so soon as members of several congregations began
meaning of the sacred volume.
to dispute about the
truth,
men
of
common
clear, precise, uniform,
human metaphysics a
;
teristic
Divine
sense conjecture, can be but one,
—proof
against the pruning knife of
deviation from this essential charac-
turned the favorable tide for conversion against the
with tho cjcclusiun
of all auch aa aro n o t within the palo pf thoir
* " Journal of an
Siam andv Cocbinchina, by
John Crawford, Esq.—London, 1828,"—chap. 13th.
.)
-v"
.J
Embassy
to
>-
r
a
:
19
no
exotic doctrine
;
looked
from four
shall
for,
till
advancement of which can be
effectual
to five
hundred sectarian passions
have had time to cool and coalesce, and Christianity
be freed from the trappings of human device.
Among all christian sects there are no ceremonies so alluring,
I presume, as those of the schismatic
catholic churches.
pure religion
!
It
—A
may
tinsel,
be
so.
Greek and Roman-
say some, unworthy the dignity of
^
hr is,
however, a temple, seated
on an elevated ground, of a chaste architecture without and
within, spacious, lofty, clean,
and neatly adorned,
striking-
the external senses of spectators, and leavi»g-on their minds
something like an impression of sublimity
being, on any of the great festivals, set (as
by hundreds of Ughted tapers
the
skillfully
:
this sacred
it
abode
were) in a blaze,
arranged;
filled
with
harmony of vocal and instrumental notes enHvened with
;
the majesty of divine service: venerable
and reverend
priests,
arrayed in costly and splendid garments, devoutly celebrate the
services,
enchantiHg the soul and pressiftg-her to join in the ad-
oration of
an unknown Being. The internal sense
inquiries are
is
roused
made, dogmas examined, mysteries weighed;
—
men of acknowledged intellectual strength
abandon the faith of their fore-fathers. The Duke of Bruns-
scrutiny that has led
to
wick and Luneburg has published
for his quitting
Lutheranism
fifty
reasons or motives*
and embracing Catholicism.
Spiritual food, without admixture of
some external harmless
->-
*
Reasons or Motives, which induced his most serene
Highness Anthony Ulrick, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, to abjure Lutheranism, and embrace the Roman
*'
Fifty
catholic reUgion."
— Loudon
1804.
^ipmp^lippppifiiPiii^^
T
20
cover, does not suit every palate: Protestantism, &c. &c.,is
too homely, too ascetic and abstruse for
1^
It is
first
now
exactly two hundred and
Roman
catholic missionaries
mankind
fifty
years since the
were allowed
Shaou-king-foo, in the province of Kwang-tung.
were permitted
to enter
clandestinely
t to
been various.
It
new
sect,
depended
olEBcers,
and placed
of Laou-keun and Budha.
proper to repeal
Not
take, in
remain
at
Two Jesuits
vv./
1601,* where they began
:
upwards of a century on the
for
till
it
(in
1692) Kang-he enfranchis-
on the same footing with those
This favor Yung-ching thought
he prohibited
ions the exercise of Christianity.
*
in
to
teach a doctrine, the success of which has
connivance of local
ed the
Peking
in general.
(in 1723) in his vast
domin-
This prohibition was further
in 1606, as stated, owing to a typographical mis" Contribution to an historical sketch, principally
of Macao, Macao 1832;"— p. 115.
t " Mathew Ricci obtained both for himself and his assistants
the liberty of explaining to the people the doctrine of the gospel," asserts Mosheim, quoting from Description de la Chine
parDu HaJde (Dutch edition), Tom. IJI,p. 84: Du Halde must
have been misinformed, for Nicholas Trigault, who wrote before 1615 his Christiana expeditio apud sinasy principally from
the manuscript records kept by Ricci in the Italian language
of tlie most remarkable events which happened to the mission,
from the time he entered China (L582), till his death at Peking (1610), expressly mentions, page 700, " ut in ep loco (the
his companions got
field where Ricci was interred and
j)ermission to build a house) ritus legis nostree (of China)
observantes, Deum pro regis ejusque parentis vita et salute
Had Wan-leih given the
atque incolumitate rogaremus.^^
missioRaries leave publicly to teach their tenets, he could
not well order his council of Rites to take notice of a
philippic which a mandarin of Nankin presented, in 1615,
ngainst the doctrine and proceeding::, of the foreign priests.
e^A
—
—
-y "
T
21
enforced in respect to Macao, by the twelfth paragraph of a
convention concluded (in 1749) between the local government
of
Macao and
the provincial magistrates of
Kwang-tung.
These public impediments, and the scanty means
^^v
that could
be placed at the disposal of missionaries for ingratiating
themselves with inferior mandarins, that they might wink at
the violation of the laws, has greatly retarded the labor of
foreign priests.
tfie
At present, no European
christian population,
which
(in
is
residing
among
1830) amounted by approx-
imation, in the bishopric of Macao, to 6090 Chinese.
spiritual care is entrusted to the devotion
Chinese catholic
priests,
who
The
and zeal of seven
in obedience to the directions
of their prelate, the bishop of Macao, or his substitute the
by turn the
capitular- vicar, visit
viz.
h'}
'
--"
six
still
existing missions,
'
.
>
English Orthog.
Portugtiese Orthog.
1.
Chunte
Shun-tih
2.
Hainan
Chaucheu
Chaoking
Hae-nan
Shaou-chow
3.
4.
5.
C.
The
>" T
Nanhae
—estimated
at
is
82
:
6090
7000—13090.
Macao, Patane, Mongha, Lapa,
salary of each individual
expenses
1250
855
750
730
1850
655
Shaou-king
Namhai
Namcheu
(1833,)
Christian Chinese.
dollars yearly.
Travelling
from 40 to 50 dollars according to the
remoteness of the place the priest
is sent
to,
the pay of
the catechists, and various other chaises, are carried to se-
parate
accounts.
To meet
these pecuniary
exigencies' of
""^i^l
—
22
the mission, the revenue of a certain capital
management
canons,
who
before
the
is
left
is
applied;
by appointment of the bishop
its
to three
are bound, at the expiration of a year, to lay
Prelate
an accurate statement of the receipts
^
and disbursements of the fund just mentioned. *
The striking similarity of behaviour, (which assimilates to
a certain degree the reforming apostles, who, by an intemperate zeal of modern missionary societies, are in the xixth
century improperly obtruded on the world, with those of Rome,
who in the viith century propagated in the northern parts of
Germany, by any means, the principles of their doctrines ),
is a sufficient apology for our transcribing from Mosheim
*
the following:
These voyages, undertaken
in the cause of Christ, carry,
no doubt, a specious appearance of piety and zeal ; but the
impartial and attentive inquirer after truth will find it im**
possible to form the same favorable judgment of them all, or
to applaud, without distinction, the motives that animated
That the designs of some of
these laborious missionaries.
them were truly pious, and their character without reproach,
But it is equally certain, that this
is unquestionably certain.
was neither the case of them all, nor even of the greatest part
Many of them discovered, in the course of their
of them.
ministry, the most turbulent passions, and, dishonored the
glorious cause in which they were engaged, by their arrogance and ambition, their avarice and cruelty. They abused
the power, which they had received from the Roman pontiffs
of forming religious establishments among the superstitious
il
h
5
History,
i
t
instead of gaining souls to Christ, they usurpdominion over their obsequious proselytes;
princely authority over the countries where
had been successful," &c. Moslieini's Eccl.
London, 1806.
Vol. II, 155.
nations; and,
ed a despotic
and exercised
their ministry
!
If I
->
'
iiillliiiff
23
THE SENATE.
Commercial adventurersr carrying on a smuggling trade
v-
r
'under the national flag of Portugal with the coasts of China,
~v
contrived by liberal and continued
ofiicers,
island,
command
having a
A-ma-ngao
gifts,
bestowed on pubUc
on a desert
in the gulf, to raise
or A-ma-cao, temporary huts, where goods,
imported under the denomination of tribute, said to have
been damaged in a gale of wind, were to be dried and
pre-^
served: by degrees substantial houses replaced these huts.^»
An
increased population feeling the want of a vigilant admi-
fiiiitratlon,
a place-captain " capitao da
terra^"*
was chosen, a
magistrate appointed, and a head of the church recognised^
These organic elements, the inhabitants were
f
i^
,i^v
anltious to fix
on a steady
basis of civil order ; their reiterated entreaties
however no
effect
eight years.
till
after the lapse of
Dom
Then
a residence of twenty-
Duarte de Menezes, viceroy of Por-
tuguese India, permitted them to consult
by what
rules the
new
had
among
themselves
settlement might be consolidated and
rendered peaceful and prosperous. For that purpose the people,
headed by the place-captain, assembled on the 10th of April
1585, under the presidency of the governor of the bishoprici
Being best acquainted with the municipal franchises several
of the eminent trading places in Portugal enjoyed, by the
munificence of their sovereign, the plurality of votes decided
for a municipality,
from,
res^''^
^^
.
and proceeded
among themselves two judges,
and a procurator;
Camera.*^
At
the
this
tp
mould
it,
by selecting
three aldermen ^'•vereado-
assembly was to form a Senate,
end of twelve months, other
individuals.
24
duly elected by those
who had a
right to propose them,
confirmed by the supreme head, succeeded
gentlemen^
who had
and
and none of the
;
served a year in the senate, should be
re-elected but at the expiration of three years.
This project
beuig approved and
Dom
Macao
assigned to
ratified
by the
viceroy,
Duarte
the liberties, privileges, and rank with
which Sta» Cruz de Cochin on the coast of Malabar had been
honored.
This decision did not gratify jambition.
Her
Mato to
obtain
worshipers, in 1593, entreated father Gil de
from Philip
had
I.,
Macao, who by
*'that citizens of
filled situations as senators, should, in prerogatives
dignity, be
on a
inhabitants of
Oporto."
level with those of
however, resolved by a provision
Macao were
of.
and
His majesty,
March 3d 1595,
that the
to possess equal immunities with
Evora, the same that had been granted to Cochin.
to
election
Rightly
judge of their merit, an authentic copy of the royal conces-^
aion,
announced in a charter 6alled '*Poral," sanctioned by the
king, mu^t have been obtained either from the archives at
Lisbon, or from those of Cochin.
magistrate delegated from
The
expression, which a
Goa— " desembargador syndicantey'*
Dr. Anthony Moreira de Souza used in one of his addresses
(Dec. 23, 1726,) to the senate, saying, " it is not proper that the
settlement should be without Foral,"
strue, not as
we are
inclined to coa-
an absolute want of such a document, but rather
aa a reflection on the members for having neglected to get
it
comfirmed and sanctioned by the then ruling monarch <£
Portugal.
We are led to favor this indulgence
by
recollect-
mg^that John V. had already, under January 6th 1712,
a constitutional deed, " c ar<a
<ie
dechracao,^^
issuei}
By the prescript
V~i "^
25
tidns of the eharter
lity alvray^
and
this
deed,
members of the
municipa'^^
In the
studied to legitimate their transactions.
constitutional deed the attributes of the senate are thus defin<-
ed
"^
:
" the
government of the senate comprehends
political
all
those cases, which have any relation to the well-being of the
city, its preservation
cal
of peace and tranquility, &c.
Its
economi-
government consists in collecting the revenue ; in esipendr
ing it; in apportioning the assessment of tribute' to be levied on
^hips
ing
;
all
in paying the salaries to public officers,
other necessary expenses."
bad stretched
at
this latitude of their
and in discharge
To what length the senate
power
till
1784, an epoch
which the balance of a mixed government began to work,
the reader.may decide by takings into consideration the follow-
......
ing memorable facts.
Hi
DOMESTIC RELATIONS.
I.
To
Politically.
Ma^ao^ iand
free
tts
members.
All free subjects
bom at
men from emy part of the dominions of Portu-
gal being married and settled at Mac^o^ unless disqualified by
the laws, have the privilege of voting at the general election,
for electors
first
among
who
this class
summoned by
At
are to choose the municipal members.
of voters some served as
officers,
who,
the place-captain, attended for the sake of
checking distorted workings of passion, that tended io interrupt public security and quietness, or of repelling foreign
ag'-
gressions.
This armed cohort was (1616) placed under the
command
of a military captain "captteo de gente da guer-
ra ;" and
we may
many
a? 150
's-^^^SSfiiS-i}^^^^f&;^''.- -.
conjecture, that in 1622
men*
for
we
it
amounted
to as
are authentically informed, that
26
60 Portuguese and 90 Macao-born were not able
to stay the
landing in the port of Casilhas of a naval expedition the Dutch
had
The
fitted
out to secure to themselves the possession of Macao.
population of this place having considerably fallen oiF by
the emigration of those,
I
i
of subsistance from the
all
(1667) from
Goa
Dutch (1641), and the port of
making new
Fifty
to
.-'
communication with the Portuguese,
(1644), the difficulty of
was acknowledged.
-
who found no employment or means
moment the trade with Japan was lost
(1638), Malacca captured by the
Manila shut against
y-
and more
levies in the settlement
soldiers
came
therefore
Macao with Emmanuel de Saldanha, a
Portuguese ambassador to the court of China; he .command-
body should be composed of 130
ed, that the military
soldiers, disciplined
foot
by a captain, a sub^lieutenant, and a
sergeant.
Free
men were
enrolled
among
others.
By
this
change
the governors and captains-general flattered themselves, that
a senate might be by degrees, so put together, that the
bers might be glad to
pay due respect
mands of viceroys, and
to the repeated
to jhe decree of
John V.
(
memcom-
Dec. 30th
1709), directing "that the governor should take the principal
place, at
any time he might have any thing of importance to lay
before the senate."
To
attain this object, several of the gov-
ernors had been in the habit of sending military free
men
to
the general election that they might exercige their right of vot-r
ing,
an innovation that caused much dissention and embarass-
ment Diogo de Pinto'T^jeixeira proposed
;
the resistance
and humble
genate, by anii\illing
tjip
tlie
chpipe,
to himself to
conquer
proud independence of the
made b^
the electors, gf hew
;
27.
municipal ofHcers, and by commanding other elections to be
made a step
;
so illegal and contrary to old custom, that the se-
nators actually serving, resolved to continue the discharge of
V-
-
y
public duty.
satellites
Sure that their houses should be invaded by the
of the governor and their persons apprehended, they
SQught an asylum
first
in the convent of St. Francis
at the college of St. Paul.
The
governor claimed from the
Jesuits the surrender of their senatorial inmates.
ces being rejected,
and then
Diogo threatened
to
His instan-
blow up, by the guns
of the Monte, both church and college;
a profanation he
gave up through the friendly intervention of some respected
ecclesiastics.
.
However, hardly was the governor aware that
the senators had proceeded to a meeting held at the senate
house by the bishop (who, when invited, always presides over
t
the council), prelates, citizens and
consul? on the
ation
and
means of stopping
strife,
all
commons,
that they
might
further progress of molest-
than he, accompanied by his partisans and
military, directed his steps (June 29th 1710) to the
But no sooner had the assembly perceived
his
same place.
approach than
they armed themselves, descended from the senate house, and
despising the governor's order to separate,
fell
upon him, and
drove both him, his adherents and soldiers to the Monte*
that fort
Diogo had three guns
fired in the direction,
From
where a
thick mass of people were assembled before the senate house.
V
-r
This homicidal attempt provoked them : the tocsin was rung
blood would have been
spilt,
had not the bishop ordered,
tliat
the Eucharist " o Santissimo" should be carried in procession
from the cathedral. At the sight of
emblem
this divine
the irritation subsided: an agreement
and venerated
w^s drawn up
^
and signed (July 3d) by both
ed
to St. Paul's,
parties; but the senators return-
and did not leave
it
finally until the
28th of
the same month, the day on which the ceremony of instal-
ment of the new governor took
Diogo was impeach-
place.
V-
ed, convicted,
and punished,
I presume,
according to the
law of Portugal.
a
In
letter
of 1714, Vasco Fernandes Cezar Menezes,
viceroy, expresses himself as follows: " considering that your
place
is
actually experiencing
hereby permit soldiers and
lic service,
want of men and
subjects, I
be employed in the pub-
officers to
notwithstanding any order previously issued to
the contrary." In consequence
many of the
officers
duly elect-
ed^took, by permission of the governor of Macao, their seats as
judge or alderman
among
the senators.
ed even so early as in 1717 to get
No
t
I.
pains were spar-
this order repealed
;
but
neither the petitions of the senate, nor the proposal (1773) of
Diogo Fernandes Sallema de Saldanha, governor of Macao,
to send 50 sepoys and 50 European soldiers from Croa, as substitutes to the turbulent
cessful.
and noisy
The remedy came
military voters, proved suc-
at last,
when
the court of
Goa
had determined (1784) to estabhsh a company of IQO sepoys
find 50 artillery men at Macao.
Though no
vassal, except
a few, be exempt before seventy
years elapsed, from serving the public,
.constituted authorities, the senators
when duly called by the
have
it
in their
power
to
"-V-
dispense, for weighty reasons or continued
ill
health,
any of
^heir colleagues from exercising a too laborious occupation:
ihey
may allow him
to fUl
one
less burdensome
:
of this change
ihe governor and minister are duly advised.—Having (i775).
i
i>
29
discovered, that one of the ordinary judges
an
happened
to be
concurrence of the council,
ex-jesait, the senate, with the
annulled, by virtue of an existing decree, the election, and
directed the other judge to proceed against the intruder;
/
a
measure very much applauded by the court of Lisbon.
To THE SUBALTERN
Among
OFFICERS.
those provisionally
appointed by the senate to be confirmed by
letteifs
the king of Portugal,
man, who always
>
the secretory; a
is
patent from
ought to be endowed with a considerable share of knowledge,
concerning.the rules, proceedings and doings of times past;
f
of the standing orders from
Goa
from the court of Lisbon
man
:
a
;
of the
commands
received
of a sound, unbiassed judg-
ment, influenced by no other views but. those of promoting
1
directly
and
indirectly
by honorable ineans, the welfare, and
prosperity of the settlement.
all
times great esteem; but
had
the^
Such a public servant deserves at
among
superiors,
who have
not
advantage of an elementary education, the general. in»
formation that such a gentleman can afibrd must be of high
importance.
It is
but about 70 years ago, that some of the
municipal members were constriiined to sign the resolutions ta-
ken in the Vereacao
(the assembly of senators presided
by one
of the aldermen alternately) with a cross, under which the sec~
retary wrote the man^s name. Hovever, among these iHiterate
many individuals of a
merit and distinguished talenits. Of this truth we have
but staunch republicans
brilliant
we must
class
been convinced by the perusal of a few screws or remnant
of old manuscripts: the principal and most valuable part of;
them were by order of Dom Rodrigo da Costa, viceroy, gent
V
T
30
(if
We
are not mistaken,)
1690 from Macao
in
Almotaces may be considered as police
officers and justices
the peace; their
number for a year amounts
of them serve a
month together
on the 31st December give up
of
two
This'Huty devolves
in turn*
senators,
'>-
who
their situation to their success-
Eighteen individuals are then chosen for the service of
ors.
the remaining nine months from
who
two,
among
the citizens.
Those
are to be employed conjointly, are inscribed on a dis-
tinct roll for every
life,
to twenty four;
months of the year on the
for the three first
Goa.
to
Should any of them depart
month.
this
or be unable to attend to his duty, the senate fixes on a
substitute
King Joseph
commands
the senate to elect from
I.
in
a letter, dated January 15, 1774,
among
the natives every
year six almotaces, declaring "that his vassals born in India,
and baptized, provided no
shall
possess without
privileges conferred
and paternal
belonging to
any
disabilities
difference, th6 benefit of all the
on those born
solicitude for the
common
in Portugal."
enjoyment of
cian progeny
altitude, to
ed,
is
wont
This just
common
rights,
subjects, the aristocratical ambition is
generally ingenious enough to elude.
cestors expired
of the laws intervene,
Their meritorious an-
more than a hundred years ago, but their patri-
still
look
down on
the plebeian class from that
which an ignorant aristocracy, hereditary or monito cling;
r
To THE
placiB*
CHRISTtAN POPULATION GENERALLY.
we have
In another
noticed a case of cruelty, and other acts of
i
* See Contribution to an HistoricaJ Sketch, principally of
Macao, 1832.
Macao, page 2^.
\
SI
despotism which were committed in spite of the reprehension
they had drawn on
the senators from king
John V. "lam
j
informed " he sayS, "that in the archives of the senate,
several orders from the viceroys exist, contradictory one to the
other,
and
that
you av^l yourselves of them just as you think
proper, and as your passions dictate."
The
viceroy,
John de
Saldanha da Gama, instructed Anthony Moureira de Souza,
already mentioned, to protest against " the senate's persisting
in the
As an
we
Nobody
may
pilot,
shall translate a proclamation of April 13, 1712.
living
undpr the jurisdiction of the senate, whatever
be his qualification or situation, either citizen, inhabitant,
boatswain, sailor or
town
common man,
shall
be allowed to
from one quarter or place of abode in the
transfer himself
Rv>
persons."
instance to what length the senators stretched their au-
thority,
*'
of banishing and transporting
practice
to another, without a permission
from the senate, in ac-
cordance with a royal provision, under the penalty of being
held and treated like a suspicious person and
enemy of
land, and punished with the loss of his property."
those to
whom the senate
granted license to leave
was presented by the procurator
The
reader.
following edict
It is
may
tlie
the
A list of
country,
to the governor.
probably excite a smile in the
of 1744, and " forbids, under a pecuniary mulct
of ten taela, the natives from wearing a wig or carrying a
paper umbrella."
and was allowed
Matheos de Souza petitioned the senate,
to use both,
having prove(f that he descended,
by the side of his mother, from the lineage of a Portuguese.
Other natives petitioned the viceroy, Marquis de Castello
Njovo, arguiag that the petitioners and their ancestors
-y
had
32
from time immemorial been habituated to
Portuguese ;
who by
and that the
petitioners
relief
treat themselves as
intermarriage were nearly allied to them,
were the
first
who
contributed to the
of any pressing want of the community.
the viceroy
be of no
In his reply,
commands " that the proclamation
alluded to, shall
because the senators had, in
this case, over-
effect,
J
4
stepped the limits of their jurisdiction."
Military department. In concurrence with the newly-appointed governor, a day for his installation
ed by order of the senate.
the corpse
municipal
The
and
is
deposited in the cathedral, to which place the
officers,
attended by a medical gentleman, proceed.
calls three times
cession
fixed and proclaim-
In the case of vacancy by death,
presiding alderman of the
sician,
is
month approaches
on the deceased by
having declared that the
man
is
his
The phyr
name.
dead, the
are brought from the senate-house
;
the coffin,
lists
of suc-
that one,
the
superscription of which refers to the current year, is opened
it
contains the
name
of the person
who
i
;
That
shall succeed.
question being decided, the alderman takes from the hand of
the dead the cane, held as signal of
to his successor.
invested with the
a
From
command, and
moment, he
that
is
delivers
it
considered to be
power and authority which the deceased had
right to exercise.
Of this
transaction, the secretary draws
up a public document which
is
signed by him and the
new
y~i
governor.
The
liberty
themselves,
which the
first
when they chose
ofNoy, ^4th, 1563, tended
inhabitants of
Macao
allowed
the place-captain, a royal decree,
to abolish; but
still,
in
1587 th©
33
captain
owed
However, a further
edict af Feb. 25th, 1595, confirmed
4
keep among other
that the viceroys should
Portuguese used to
the government of
by
March 2d, 1675^ commanded
those of Jan. 16th, 1665 and
s
of his countlymeiii
his situation to the choice
j
factories, (so the
call sevei'al of their settlements in Asia,)
Macao
at the disposal
of certain distin-
guished females, whose parents had perished in India, either
by the
Of this descame from Portugal to Goa in the
afras of infidels or in the civil servi(5e.
cription,
many young
ladies
expectation, that they might meet' in Asia with a competent
To advance
matrimonial establishment.
this laudable desire,
the viceroys publicly notified that the pretenders should pro-
duce their respective
Their claims were examined;
titles.
If considered of equal weight, the prize
k
whose
1)
had died in the
father*
Portugal in India.
It
was adjudicated to her
conflict against the
enemies of
consisted in bringing to her future hus-
band, in lieu of any other marriage portion, the right of
governing Macao, when his
to enjoy the favor,
son or widow
;
tiirrl
cdme
he could, by his
when
still
living,
on.
If he did not live
last will, transfer it to his
he niight pass his
title
to
any
other gentleman approved by the viceroyj in Consideration of
a sum of money,
governor of
been able
settled
by
arbitration.
Macao amounted
to trace.
*
many
One
cJf
a
to in early times, I ha^ve not
In 1636, it was 1000 taels* per annum
1740, ninety taels per month
Like
What the salaty
;
now
it
is
3000
;
in
taels yearly.
other public officers of Portugal j ^is asserted by the
tael df
pure silver
shillings sterling*
is
worth somewhat more than six
;j'
34
annalists
Macao,
of the Portuguese discoveries, tbat the governors of
at the
same
and had ships and warehouses
scales,
and jerked the
time, wielded the sword
Mer-
ad libitum.
chants complained, "the governor manages his business sodexterously, as to secure to himself the benefit of profitable sea
This eagerness
trading voyages."
for gain,
V
«(,
and
king John
en-*"
deavored to stop, by a letter, of Sept. 3d, 1720, in which he declares
" thatthe governor is allowed
name nor
we
in that of
to trade, neither in his
own
any other person." So long, however, as
shall continue to hear in society the utterance of that metal-
query "
how much is he worth 1" instead of this moral one,
"istheman beneficent, virtuous, meritorious ?" similar prohi-r
lic
itions will
be of
higher than
world
;
little
or no avail, because riches are valued
common
sense.
gives
credit
Portugal was
for
lawyers, either of
The
IP
sent from
application of the statutes
a long time
Macao
1,00 taels, the latter
200
;
or from Goa.
taels annually.
"
commotion and disquietude
may return
at the
The former had
Of those who were
letter to his
They keep
;
majesty the
the place in constant
they are miserably poor.
fore requested, that this office
under
The
senate there-
might be intrusted
to the oldest
and embezzling deposits in their
;
That
end of three years, well off in point of
fortune, they are not over scrupulous in treading justice
of the aldermen
of
managed by laymen and
Goa, the senate, in a
king of Portugal, says
foot,
the
in
philosophy, individual happiness.
Civil department.
they
Wealth
trust."
but John V. determined by a resolution,
dated April 16, 1740, " that the
office
of ouvidor
is
superflu-
>-
;
35
ous in a place, the jurisdiction of wliich does not extend be»
yond the compass of the town
and the judge of orphans, give
V
«.
Let the ordinary judge
walls.
th«ir sentence
in law-suits
from them, the contending parties may, as formerly, appeal
to the
supreme tribunal, a relatao^
at
Goa."
The senate, enjoying already the privilege of electing a man.
who should be the ojanager of property left hy deceased personSfprovedor dos defuntos, and the judge of orphaiis,jMiz dosi
orphaons^
had now, by the intervention of
the entire jurisdiction in their
own
being almost always laymen, the
their
became
embroiled, that the senators themselves found
to solicit
:^
IJV
queen Mary
to appoint a
the law, as chief justice.
magistrates,
troling
third year,
'
it
at last so
indispensable
gentleman regularly bred to
Previous to that epoch, 1787, consyndicantesj*
were
from Goa, with power more or
circumstances required.
officers,
But these men,,
hands.
civil affairs
own
Though
delegated everjr
less extensive, as
these ministers were
bound
to act
according to laws, orders and instructions, " they ap-
plied
them merely
the senate expressed
for the
it
in
purpose of ruining the place," as
1725.
The
rich
and mighty
slipt,
with their crimes, through the lawyer*s cobweb; the poor and
miserable were caught, to prove at
duly attended
to,
At
that justice
had been
during a short residence of a few months in
Macao.
y---r
Goa
preseflt, the
,
«hief justice
acting likewise as judge
of the customs, receives yearly 2000 taels : his perquisites^
including those from the cuStom-house,
may be
presume, at about 1000 taels per annum.
estimated, I
This magistrate
has always been forbidden to engage in trade, and the royal
}
-
T
*
36
regulations of
prohibitions,
March 26th, 1803,
carry on their face renewed
which lay slumbering
till
December
the
13th,
1824; because the gentleman,* who was during a period of
twenty-two years t©:^ at the head of the
came
to
Macao
destitute of property
enrich himself, but he failed.
The
eccentric schemes, suffered,
his
upwards of two millions of
Chinese
population.
it
:
civil
department,
his ambition
dupes
is said,
who
was
^
to
listened to
a clear loss of
dollars.
The
Portuguese, since their
first
settlement at Macao, have constantly been at variance with
who wanted to establish themselves there because
it was policy first to limit their number. From ancient records,
we are led to believe, that all those Chinese, who had no
those Chinese
fixed abode,
went out of the town
at night ;
that not only the
gates to the districts,but even the street-doors were shut. In 1691
it
was
resolved, that
no other Chinese than those whose names
were inscribed on the
registers of the senate should
remain
the rest had orders by proclamation, to leave the city within
three days
:
the refractory were to be handed over to the man*-
darins as vagabonds.
No more than 90 coolees,t
three petty police officers,
to stay.
rins, that
— " cabe^as da rua,"
selected by
were suffered
In 1749, the senate obtained the consent of mandaonly seventy
workmen
in
wood and
brick-layers, ten
* See a bombastic eulogy, " elogio*' of that magistrate,
The same author published at Goprinted in Lisbon 1826.
imbra 1828, a meager work, called Memoria sobre Macao,
^
A
Common workmen.
^
-r
f
37
butchers,
"porqueiros," four black-smiths, and one hundred
coolees, should live in the town
;
and to prevent them from fixing
themselves in the place, the senate published an order that
n© house-owner should either
f\
let
or sell his house to a Chi-
nese, expecting by this measure, that
evacuate the place.
same purpose, but
Cunha
by
many of-them would
Other expedients were also tried for the
all
proved ineffectual.
At
last,
Francis da
e Menezes, the governor-general, granted permission
his letter of April 29th, 1793,
for the inhabitants to let
their houses to Chinese.
II.
ECONOMICALLY.
For more than two centuries, or until 1784, the Portuguese
W
financiers of
Macao were
cate recesses of taxation.
continually groping in the intri-
—The
rule was, that at the
end of
the current, or in the beginning of the ensuing year, the rate
of customs to be paid on
all sorts
of goods imported should
be fixed in a meeting of the senators, and the principal
zens,
point
" homens bons."
is
obvious, at the
In our investigations
comprehensive
;
great deal of vacillation on this
first
glance at the table
we found no means
but though imperfect,
devoid of interest.
—
A
citi-
we
of rendering
it
is
subjoin.'
it
more
not altogether
"
38
?r
m
At
all
times the senate has been intrusted with the iHahage-
iwent of the public stock.
collecting the duties^
J...
be
The ways and means
and spending properly the revenue,
by the facts which
illustrated
adopted for
we
shall
are about to transcribe
under the heads of receipts and expenditures*
The
RECEiPTSi
in specie,
ii
e.
assessment fixed on importations was paid
in kind.
The moment
Macao, made her appearance
who
in the roads, the procurator^
acted also as treasurer j went
list,
on board, where he
left
They began by drawing up
some guards appointed by him*
a
a ship, belonging to
containing a declaration of the quantity, quality, and
weight of the goods^ with the names of those they belonged
to.
'-K^-;
This job being ended, the merchandise wfes sent by the
guards to the warehouses of the respective owners^ and to
the stores of the procurator or treasui'er, that part which
assessed for
ed as
payment of the
unfit, disloyal,
duty.
These
was
guai-ds are describ-
and fraudulent; instead of
first
register-
ing the contents of the chests and boxes on deck^ the goods
in the hold of the ship
were unloaded
;
and those on
dteck suf-
ered to disappear during the night. Meanj miserable dependents,
they often went on shore leaving the owners to act as
j
home and no duty
they pleased; the cargo was sent
viceroy menaced, that those
who
paid.
A
ventured to disembark any
thing without satisfying the duty, should pay double the
>-
amountj and be sent as prisoners, from Macao
there to be secluded for six years
tlate practical
knaves?
with weights,
five
The
;
to a fortressj
but what threats can intimi-
procurator received the duties
per cent, better than those he sold by. Per-
40
Hiitted to clear his
go-downs* by public
sales, at
which none
of the senators were to be present, he improved his situation
with so
debts,
had
scruple of conscience, that he paid off
little
and remained a
in his
hands
rich
man.
As
all
his
treasurer, he besides
for three years, the deposit of the cash, with
liberty to take sea-risks in
strong, staunch ships,
respondentia to able and substantial people.
Of
M-^
and grant
these his
individual transactions he afterwards had to lay a statement of
The city
particulars before the senate.
bore any loss happen-
ing to a vessel, and for private debtors to the public cash, the
treasurer stood security.
two per cent, premium
The
effect
He
charged by consent of the senate,
own emolument.
for loans as his
of such sweeping peculations of public property
began to be seriously
felt in
1636.
The
expulsion from Japan,
the loss of Malacca, the exclusion from the Manila market,
Kang-he*s prohibition
^in 1662),
and
to sail
from Macao towards the south
his public declaration (in 1685), that all
com-
mercial nations should be welcome to China, brought on the
necessity of borrowing
So
money
to relieve pressing exigencies.
early as 1630, the natural subjects refused to advance a
small sum, and the senate got
period, (1660,) the king of
©f silver.
and
from Spaniards.
it
Siam
lent to
Macao 605
later
catties t
Then, the percentages claimed by the Misericordia
St. Clare
were kept back.
phans and public deposits, 7 per
For money belonging
cent,
A go-down is the basement
to or-
was allowed, and some
raised at as high a rate as 10 per cent,
*
At a
on bonds signed by
story of houses,
where goods
are stored, servants live, &c.
catty is equal to 1^ lb. avoirdupois.
t
A
/
i^^4
41
members of
all the
the senate.
At
was so
the revenue
last,
reduced and penurious, that to encounter the annual neces-
was im-
sary disbursements, a tax, nominated by arbitrators,
M-^,
posed by the senate, at one time on the population, including
and
citizens, friars
The
priests, at
another on houses and shops.
were suspended in 1706, for the customs had
subsidies
rendered 5756 taels; in 1718 they amounted to 150,000 xe-
raphins* In 1725 the trade had so fallen
wanted
to
borrow again, and in 1735
amount of 25,000
it
that the city
off,
was indebted
to the
taels.
commands
Notwithstanding the
of king John V- that the
procurator should lay a yearly account of the returns of cus-
toms
before
continued
the
magistrate, ouvidor^
inyeterate
the viceroy, count de San^ra^l,
till
knavery
who
resign-
ed in 1741, resolved upon separating the occupation of procurator from that of treasurer.
those of
Dom
His rules were superseded by
John Joze de Mello, governor general
and these finally
set aside
by the regulations of March 29, 1784
From
concerning the custom-house of Macao.
the office of treasurer became distinct from
electors,
select
proposing every third year municipal
from among
countrymen,
y^
a year in
their
at
the time that
all others,
officers,
the
had to
most respectable and substantial
three individuals, who,
supreme government
in 1768,
if
confirmed by the
Goa, could serve as treasurers, each
turn.
* A xeraphin
Portuguese rees
is
estimated, in Vieira's dictionary, at
300
;
42
Expenditure. The
the rest to a
civil
fifth
fund
senate from 1714.
;
of all customs belonged to the king;
both under the regulations of the
In that year Vasco Fernandes Cezar de
Monezes, viceroy, gave order, that the procurator should
lect the king's fifth hitherto
and he
Jaid the senate
amount
in
)^
^,
gathered by the king's factor
under the obligation to employ
its
payingthe governor, repairing the fortifications,and
keeping the
had
col-
artillery
to present to the governor of
ment, and to Goa a summary that
The
approved.
The
and arms in good order.
senators
Macao annually a
it
state-
might be examined and
share in the customs, surrendered by the
king's munificence to the city, served to clear the yearly ground
rent to the Chinese
;
to discharge to the clergy, to the
mem-
bers of the senate, and inferior servants of government their
salaries
;
to
bestow on Misericordia and the monastry of St,
Clare, on the convents, churches, and hospitals, assistance,
lief and
alms; in one word, to pay
place.
Under the head of extraordinary charges
all
the
civil
at
is
well
to themselves
from $100 to $120, which
they divided, that they might have a
the procession of Corpus Christi.
ransacked
;
new
the
suit
of clothes at
Later, the public chest
one hundred dollars were appropriated
that the senators might appear neat
last,
it
voyage to Timor a privilege of one hundred peculs
sandalwood, sold to adventurers
rel,
Te->
expenses of the
worth remarking, that the senators had adjudged
in the
to
was
appa-^
and well dressed.
At
income being so reduced that the garrison could
hardly be paid, the senators did not scruple to apportion
^
r'-^
>^
T
43
among them 500
tion in
mands
Fees were yet, contrary
to the prohibi-
1734 of count de Sandam^, distributed in 1742.*
Having
>..-<
taels.
sum
apart a certain
set
to
meet unexpected de-
against the royal chest, the senate distributed (1761) the
remaining cash
at
sea-risks,
and
in
1764
at local interest.
Count da Ega commanded, (1765) that one half of the* remaining fund should constitute a permanent stock, and the other
His successor
half be given at respondentia and on interest.
confirmed
this resolution
ney on security
and encouraged
at the current rate
to place
more mo-
To this distri-
of interest.
bution, ancient citizens had started objections in
1764 ; and ex-
money unThe truth is,
perience soon taught, that lending and borrowing
der that rule would finally destroy the revenue.
the grand debt, which in 1791
r--r
chest, originated mostly
to sea-risks.
was 450,000
taels to the royal
from claims, having no relations
In 1720 the senate gave leave to the treasurer
to allow to ship-owners of
good
credit
2000
taels: in the sub-
sequent years citizens, inhabitants, bachelors, married and un-
married
tia at
men and widowers
20 per
cent.
also,
had a share
in the responden-
Tn 1761, sea-risks were taken as already
mentioned. In 1797, (having reserved 12,000
taels,)
a
sum of
80,000, and in 1809 that of 159,400 taels were distributed by
the constituted administration at from 20 to
mium
>^-T
:
in
1817 no more than 40,400
taels
25 per
cent, pre-
went on bottomry
and respondentia.t
* Besides those arbitrary unlawful gratuities, actually abolished, the senators were and are rewarded by light fees, sel-.
dom exceeding 600 taels per annum.
f The royal chest having against it, in
a claim of no less than 150,000
he spared for sea-risks,
the beginning of 1832
or no money coulc^
taels, little
44
II.
JaPAN.
i
i
FOREIGN RELATIONS.
— Of the ancient and
empire of China we have
briefly treated in Contribution to
is still
an
V><f,
historical sketch, principally
tion
modern connections with the
of Macao
:
their relative situa-
In the same essay, notice was produced
unaltered.
of the commercial intercourse, which began soon after the discovery of Japan in 1542, to be pursued by the Portuguese,
who had
settled
on the eastern coast of China. Their wicked,
lawless and haughty
demeanor
provoked vengeance.
tired at last the
Chinese and
Driven from their temporary establish-
ments, adventurers procured a residence at Macao, and continued, for at last sixty years, under greater or less molestation,
to participate in the trade with
had been retained three years
who were
at
Macao
The
Nagasaki.
Spaniards,
This wanton attack was resent-
Portuguese and Spaniards being vassals of the same
ed.
sovereign the justice of Japan thought
on the Portuguese shipping
should be indemnified.
Payva proceeded
and
fair
till
To
in 1631,
fit
to.
lay
an embargo
the loss of Japanese property
give satisfaction
Simao Vaz de
from Macao as envoy with presents
excuses to sooth the provoked and legitimate anger
of the emperor.
However
at the expiration of a further period
of seven years only the Portuguese were forbidden
naunication with Japan.
The Dutch
all
com-
Different reasons for such a treat-
jnent have been produced.
.-^s
ships
ejected in 1625 from Japan, plundered in the roads
Siam a Japanese junk.
of
Japan. In 1630,
^~^
traded (1611) with Japan at the island^^rando.
merchants, they aspired at an exclusive commerce and were
-V
^Y-
\
45
Rumor
jealous of the Portuguese.
do not know) has circulated, that having captured a
tion I
bound
vessel
V-^<1
(on what solid founda-
for Portugal, in
it
Dutch found a document
the
drawn up by Moro^ a catholic neophite captain, diplomatist
or consul of the Portuguese trade at Nangasaki, addressed to
the king of Portugal and Spain.
It
pretended, that by a
succor of European troops and a naval force, Japan might be
yoke of idolatry, acknowledge the supre-
delivered from the
macy
of the pope and
New
Christians,
its
allegiance to the sovereign of Spain.
who were
very numerous would, the
man
thought, render the execution of his project an easy matter,
because they would
rise
under the direction of their
spiritual
guides, the missionaries, not only for the sake of protecting
their faith, but for extending the
>rr^
The
whole population.
sway of the gospel over the
author of the plan had forgot taking
into consideration, that the Christian
over
many
islands
community, thinly spread
and parts of the empire, could never be
brought to act in concert on any point, since the then existing government of Japan was aware of a partial disaffection
among the
subjects.
some important
that
arillfe
^^ifSt
thfeir
Dutch not only
sionsi
-V
<T
that
in
Besides, the
ought to have known,
parts of the Spanish
sovereign,
was so weakened by an
no adequsite forces
monarchy were
and that Spain, anrioyed by
Europe, but in
spared from Europe.
man
all
the-
her ultramarine posses-
obstinately protracted warfare,-
for revolutionizing
Some
in
Japan could be
of the Spanish authors I have
had
occasion to consult upon the affairs of Japan would surely~
have given
ia
detailed account of so vast a political
tion » particularly as
it is
concep-
said to have originated with a persoa
:
46
who
reputes himself a Portuguese
;
but they are silent on this
Juan de Concepcion mentions a cunning renegade Diogo da Acosta,* who aspired to the expulsion of
subject*
Fr.
foreigners and religion
of
;
Moro he does
not say a word. It
X
,fei
is
thought, that Spanish haughtiness and Portuguese cove^
tousness, that the contempt public officers bore for the dealers
in a
new exotic doctrine
ly in
denying strangers
anil for
all
merchants, operated conjoint-
intercourse with the empire*
What=
ever might have been the real motives for secluding this people from
all
the world, neither the repeated efforts of
Macao
(1640 and 1685), nor the embassador of John IV. from Portugal (1644) could alter the resolution, which
was published
in 1638*
CocHiprcHiNA.
Roman
catholic missionaries have set the
protestant reforming apostles the example of spreading them^
r-i
among people
They had in view
selves over all the world, settling nolens volens,
they designate by the epithet of heathen.
the propagation of an
the soul, that
it
unknown
doctrine, tending to purify
might inherit heavenly blessings;
'^
to boast of
the supremacy of Europeans in civilization, arts and sciences,
and of the
intercourse
benefit that
;
might be reaped by a mutual friendly
a free open trade was the
way
of cementing
it*
The neighborhood of Cochinchina offered to the merchants
of Macao great facilities for exploring the resources, which
that couatry possessed to encourage commercial undertakings.
*
They proved
>-u
lucrative
Ayudado a todo su
and of such an importance,
astuto renegado Diogo de Acosta
[presumo,] por las trazas que era Portuguez." Hist, gen de
Phihpin as
V. p. 21.
Tom
47
a general assembly (1685)
that in
it
Was
detel*iiiined t6 Setid^
Na* Sra. de Monsarrat, Frutuoso Gomes Leite oil
an embassy to Cochinehina " for the sake of pleasing th6
in the ship
sovereign of Portugal, and for the conservation of the
X
fe^.
Notwithstanding
I
do not know
But I
this anxiety, the
for
connexion was interrupted^
what reason, nor
find, that in 1712, the
through his envoy a
Jesuit,
city.^"
for
what length of time*
king of Cochinehina proposed
John Anthony Arnedo,
to the Por-
tuguese the renewal of their commerce with his subjectsi
The
ter,
by the prime
credentials of the envoy wei'e giveii
while the presents Were from the king.
ta:inis-
In their answer
(April 13th, 1713,) the senators informed his majesty, that
Arnedo was authorized not only
his royal gift
had been
respect accepted
^-
;
to assure his majesty, that
and with becoming high
gratefully
he was also commissioned to
solicit
such a
(
written
document of concessions, that might induce merchants
to venture
presents,
upon the proposed
which were offered
china cost the
mercantilfe estabhshmentt
in return to the king of Cbchin-'
Further
city sixty taels*
were exchanged in 1715 and 1719.
senate laments, that
china
sion,
Be
till
were
it
nio
r
disposition
.
last,
the
still
thwarted the final conclu-
had the
liberty ,-as
it
from a
a foreign^^ freely
total
suspension of
can traee no features of an amicably continued
between the two parties
meat of Coeliinchina,
to^lay
offerings
^
to use the publicJ reedfds* or be
intercottrse, I
and
In reply to thi&
removed*
fof not having
letters
ship can be licensed to go to Coehin-
the difficulties, that
all
The
like
many
till
others,
heavy and increased taxes on
its
1786.
The
gOvern-
had permitted
subjects j
itself
whose gjbo^d
w
48
vVere either
unknown
regarded.
Ambitious
to the reigning dynasty, or cruelly dis-*
men blew
the flame of an incipient
discontent and formed a plot, by which the whole royal family
was nearly extinguished Tunking conquered; the title of king
;
of
Tunking and Cochinchina given
to
The
an usurper.
\<
pre-
sumptive lawful heir, Kaou-chung fled to the court of Siam;
left it,
and secreted himself on a small island called Palavay
In his company was Adran, a French
in the gulf of Siam.
This
missionary, the tutor of his son.
many
industry ascertained that
coasts of Cochinchina were
priest,
having by his
of the subjects on the southern
still
attached to their ancient
sovereign, proposed to proceed with his pupil to Paris
sohcit the protection of Louis
XVI.
and
The prince assented, and
the travellers set out for France in 1787
:
they were back in
1790. That the dethroned monarch might be willing to grant
considerable privileges to any power, which had
it
within
its
Hf^
reach to reinstate him on the throne of his ancestors, must
have been familiar to those, who composed the government
of Macao.
In consequence, one of the principal
Anthony Vicente Rosa was empowered
chung.
In his
letter
(December
Goa
the governor general of
citizens,
to treat with
^
Kaou-
18th, 1786) the king entreats
to send
him
thirty
armed
ships,
embarcai^oens de guerra, 10,000 men, not including the crews,
and provisions
for a year
targets for his people.
;
likewise 10,000 muskets
and 10,000
In return, the king bound himself to
-•-J
treat the
his
own
Portuguese as the most favored nation, or rather as
vassals.
liberty to erect
a
They were
fortress
to possess a tract of land with
and have
their national colors fly-
ingi^^Accompanied by one of the king's ministers, by a gen-
^>
49
eral
and sixteen
Goa.
The
A. V. Roza, brought tliem (1787) t»
soldiers
preliminary articles were submitted to the consid-
eration of the governor general Francis
The
da Cunha
e
Menezes.
succor Kaou-chung's delegates were authorized to ne-
gociate, could, at that time, neither be raised nor collected
by
the government of Portuguese India: materials for a treaty,
by which the reciprocal
rights of the contracting parties
to be fixed, could not be found.
Roza and
were
his companions
took leave of Goa, and landed (1788) at Dounai, a place the
king had made himself master of during the absence of his
embassadors.
Kaou-chung rewarded A. V. Roza by honor-
ing him with the dignity of mandarin, the distinctive gar-
ments with embroidered emblems the ci*devant Portuguese
used to wear on court days,
if
queen of Portugal
ral subjects
:
i.
on the birthday of the king or
e.
an occasion on which the principal natu-
and respectable foreigners residing in the place,
call at the governor's
house to congratulate, as
it
were^ in his
presence, their royal master or mistress.
SiAM.
The Portuguese
having seized on Malacca, merchants
from Arabia, Guzeratj Persia,
&.Cv,
habit of trading at that place, bore
annoyed by the Portuguese^)
of Siam ; a
•r^
new mart
to
to
who had been
away
(for fear
in the
of being
Patane, a port in the kingdom
which resorted also the commerce of
China, of the Lew-chew islands, of Java, &c. That
this inci-
pient market might not draw an important mercantile inter-
course from Malacca, Manoel Falcao,
commanding a
had orders (1516)
coming from Bengal,
to chase all vessels
Coromandel, Persia, Guzerat, &c., into Malacca^
galley,
Propo«»
50
9als that the
acceded
much to
to.
Portuguese might have a factory in Sia«n, were-
The
and
director
his
dependents behaved so
the satisfaction of government, that, by their influence
among the
the Dutch were refused for sometime from settling
^i^mese. Mutiial affection grew to a
full
confidence, for the
4"^.
king of Siam did not hesitate in lending (1660) to Macao the
^um of six hwndred and
five catties
growth of
This loan ^as reimbursed by degrees.
An
his country.
of silver, besides goods, the
account being past in 1717, the balance due by the city
proved to be 71
catties,
8
and a few
taels
fractions, a
sum the
minister of foreign affairs invited the senate to pay to the
captain and to the factor of the vessel, that was sent from
Siam
Howeyer
to ]>|apao,
pothing
in
;
tjie
senate could at that time pay
17^0 a remittance pf somewhat more than twelve
peculs of white silk of the
taels per pecul,
first
crop, de primeiro bicho^ at 179
and a few pieces of yellow damask were de^
Jivered by captain Francis Correa Liger : the remaining, being
:21 catties
8 taels, was discharged (1722) by the
Manoel Queiras
who had
factors of father
Pereira, capitular treasurer of the cathedral,
that yeaf dispatched
one of his vessels
to
Siam.
The
king's cashkeeper passed a formal declaration that the whole
debt b^d been canceled
gaye notipe
besides,
by order of
to the senate, that the ship
ivas fayored in
reasons
:
the
^ame manner
tJie
his master,
he
of the present season
three of the preceding
h^been.
^-'
This amicabje communicatiQU was interrupted by invasions
with whiph the enemies of the country, principally the Bur>.
mese, used to harrass Siam.
To
relieve a friend
from ever
repurring vexations, the government of Portugal, bearin^g jq
(
:
51
mind ancient commercial and
political
through the medium of Goa, to
conclusion
is fairly
"The
highly grateful to queen
of good
will
Mary
which
I.
letter,
dated
king expresses himself
generous tender; a
for her
shall never be forgotten to the
Having already
of the world.
This
Siamese.
assist the
drawn from the contents of a
Siam, December 28th 1786.
signal
connexions, offered,
end
in a variety of encounters
worsted his enemy, the king entertains no doubt, but that he
shall
compel the Burmese
to sue for peace
;
the king there-
fore will not put her majesty lo the inconvenience
and
ex-?
pense of sending troops and ammunitions to him, but he
requests that orders might
Goa
be given to the government of
to forward, in the course of the year 1786,
3,000 muskets.
Should the subjects of her majesty wish to establish a factory,
ff
the king
is
ready to grant for that purpose a piece of ground
may build within its precincts a church, that the Christians, who have been many years without spiritual guides,
may be comforted by the priest her majesty may choose to
they
send out."
At the time when Macao was swayed by the influence of a
civil dictator,
a civilian,whose capacious imagination
made him
1/
conceive, that he might raise the settlement to an eminent
rank among the trading communities in Asia, Siam, was selected to be the point
-A
should turn.
A
on which the future prosperity of Macao
Christian, a Portuguese born in Siam,
the bearer of presents,
course.
A
and the
initiator
became
of a renewing
inter-,
correspondence was opened, the contents of which
»vefe submitted to the
government of Goa.
On paper the pro*
ir'*''''^*^'lip^i^ife^ffgTiflTijiY4^ijtJB^
J^i^^H^'^a^ .
r^wmi'^^j^^-iiupt^-iiit'..,',-
52
ject
The Count de Rio Pardo,
appeared promising.
appointed in 1820 a consul general.
credentials to the court of
and private instructions
ly at the period the preliminaries,
ing of twenty
basis
of a
articles,
treaty of
provided with
Bankok, with numerous presents for
the king, queen, prince^, and the
ostensible
He was
viceroy,
were
to
first
minister; also with
to be consulted particular-
drawn up
at
Goa, consist-
made
be discussed and
mutual amity, alliance and commerce be*
tween the king of Siam, and the Count de Rio Pardo,
name
the
in the
of his master, the sovereign of Portugal* Twelve years
this consul resided in
Siam, successful in nothing worth men-
tioning, but in obtaining permissions to build houses for his
own accommodation, and
future artificers.
A
for his
companion, assistants and
Portuguese guard of a quarter-master
and four sepoys were assigned
for the
protection of the
consulate and factory, and they were suffered to parade at
Bankok.
good
Had
credit,
a gentleman of respectability, of property,
diplomatic and
the bearer of such an
mercantile intelligence, been
honorable
mission, the convention
would have become a matter of course*
The
factor, director
or consul general^ would have proved himself very useful to
Siam, by building ships on his owri account,
them with the
ulation
rich
and loading
produce of the country.
would have met
in
encouragement, and induced
bark in the same sphere of
This spec*
Asia and Europe with great
many
of his countrymen to em-
activity: they
would have formed
a body of respectable Portuguese merchants, able to divide
among themselves a
trade,
which has now become a matter
paw -t aw
f
'-JJ
»>^*;to^^
\
53
of competitioh
among
What was
other nations.
to be expect-
ed from the residence of a man, bankrupt in mind, honor and
fortune but that he should be dismissed?
So he was
in 1833.
Considering that the senate co-operated merely, by order
from the supreme authority of Goa,
to attain the object
the two English auxiliary expeditions to
weigh
in this
Macao aimed
which
at, to
place the merit exhibited on that conjuncture
by the government of Macao, would be,
the preceding disquisition
:
it
it
seems, foreign to
was canvassed
at
some length
in a former publication.
:-M\
m
THE END.
]
--W-.*-, ,ai*.; ^%*»i.-Jv*-_
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