APPENDIX
Select Proto-Bantu vocabulary
The reconstructed Proto-Bantu items below derive from BLR3 (Bantu lexical
reconstructions 3), a database that can be accessed via the internet at:
linguistics.africamuseum.be/BLR3.html
This database contains some 10 000
suggested Proto-Bantu reconstructions,
which constitutes the collected efforts of
several Bantu scholars whose work
stretch over more than a century.
The items listed below were extracted
during March/April 2005, and they
represent so-called main entries (“basic
reconstructed etymons”). Currently, the
BLR3 databse recognizes a total of some
1 400 main entries.
In selecting items I have followed two
main principles:
a)
b)
A
B
C
J
D
F
H
L
E
G
M
R
K
N
P
S
Fig. [xxx] Bantu zones
all main entries which are claimed to have modern reflexes distributed
in zones A and S (= 375 in toto) 1
all main entries which have modern reflexes with a claimed total
zone-spread covering at least 14 zones (= 231 in toto)
The above two criteria produce a core collection of 407 Proto-Bantu items.2
Adding more items from BLR3 would entail including items that display more
restricted geographical distributions of modern reflexes, some of which are cery
restricted indeed. I have drawn the line as described above. Others may chose
1
If we add zone E as a third zone requirement, the total drops to 326. This slightly more
restricted collection is distinguished in the list below by not having “-E” appear in the rightmost
column.
2
That is, 375 plus 231 minus some overlap.
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
3
otherwise. The list below should be a safe core collection. (Note that some of the
examples used in the main text utilizes starred items not conforming to the strict
criteria used here.)
I have added rough indications regarding geographical spread in the right-most
column below, as well as in the running text above, by amending the starred forms
with a superscript numeral. For this I have used the three geographical cornerstones of the Bantu area (zones A, E, and S) as my main reference points. Thus in
“*-b d- ‘to break, smash, kill’ (8)”, the numeral means that modern reflexes of that
particular root can be found in a total of 8 zones, including A, E and S. If modern
reflexes are lacking in any of these three zones, the numeral is amended with a
letter, as in “*-badim- ‘to twinkle, shine’ (5/-A)”, which means that modern reflexes
of this particular root can be found in a total of 5 zones, including E and S, but not
A.
PROTO-BANTU EXTRACT FROM BLR3
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-ba
to dwell, to be, to become
(16)
*-bab-
to be bitter, to be smart, to itch, to be sharp, to sting, to hurt
(16)
*-bac-
to look for
*-bad-
to count
*-bad-
to begin [TR]
*-bada
spot, speckle, colour, wound, scar
(14)
*-bad
two
(16)
*-badim-
to twinkle, to shine
*-badu
side of body, rib, side
(12)
*-bad k-
to be split, to burt open [INTR]
(13)
*-bamba
fish-scale, cowry
*-bamba
poisonuos snake sp.
*-ban -
to bind
(7/-E)
*-bat-
to lie flat, to walk flatfooted
(8/-E)
*-beede
breast, udder
*-bende
rat sp.
*-b ad-
to bear (child), to give birth to
(4/-E)
(16)
(8/-E)
(5/-E)
(3/-E)
(11)
(16)
(8/-E)
(14)
4
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
*-b
excreta
(14)
*-b mb-
to swell
(16)
*-b n-
to dance, to sing
(14)
*-b
to belch
(5/-E)
*-b ad-
to plant, to sow (put seeds into the ground)
(7/-E)
*-b c
unripe, uncooked, fresh
*-b d-
to call, to announce, to tell
(13)
*-b d-
to be cooked, to boil
(14)
*-b a
pot
(12/-E)
*-b
bad
(16)
*-b n -
to chase, to chase away, to go after
*-bod-
to be rotten
(16)
*-boko
arm, hand, front paw
(14)
*-boma
python
*-bomb-
to be soft, to be wet
*-bombo
forehead, bridge of nose, nose
*-bon-
to see, to find, to acquire, to undergo
*-bu
soil, ashes, dust
*-buan -
to mix
*-buda
rain
(16)
*-bud
hair on body
(10)
*-bu
white hair
*-bun-
to break, to snap [TR]
*-bund-
to seize, to hold
*-b a
dog
(16)
*-b d-
to break, to smash, to kill
(13)
*-b b
spider
(12)
*-b d
goat
(13)
*-b d
reptile, monitor lizard, lizard
*-b
*-b
a
open space, threshing-floor, village, path
d-
to open
ZONE-SPREAD
(15/-A)
(14/-S)
(9/-E)
(11)
(9/-E)
(15/-A)
(13)
(13/-E)
(15/-A)
(13)
(11/-E)
(14/-AE)
(13/-E)
(7)
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
5
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-b mb-
to mould pottery, to heap up, to close (mouth, hand)
*-b n
waist
*-cak-
to desire, to wish, to search for
(13)
*-cana
day, daylight
(13)
*-can -
to meet, to find, to mix, to assemble
(15)
*-ce
his father
(15)
*-ced-
to slip
(14)
*-cek-
to laugh, to joke
(14/-A)
*-ceke
sand, grains, dregs, chaff
(12/-E)
*-cen -
to cut spp. (?)
*-cen -
to sift, to strain, to clean
*-cen a
sand, sandy ground
*-c d-
to grind
*-c mba
wild-cat, civel, genet, lion, leopard
(15)
*-c n -
to rub, to smear
(13)
*-c n a
string, hair (on body)
*-c t
hair
*-c
ground, country, underneath
*-c nd
squirrel (funisciurus lemniscatus (isabella))
*-co
to set (sun)
*-coc-
to search for
(13)
*-cok-
to poke in, to put in, to prick with a point, to hide
(16)
*-coko
monkey (cercopithecus spp.)
(8/-E)
*-com-
to pierce, to insert, to poke in
(14)
*-con -
to sharpen to a point
(16)
*-con
shame
(15)
*-cud-
to fart
(7)
*-cuna
flesh
*-c
face, forehead
(14)
*-c a
termite, winged insect
(14)
*-c k-
to wash, to cleanse
(13)
(14/-A)
(8)
(11)
(8/-E)
(16)
(7)
(10/-E)
(7/-E)
(16)
(9/-E)
(15/-A)
(8/-E)
6
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-c n -
to suffer
*-c pa
jar, calabash
*-da
louse
(16)
*-da
abdomen, intestines, pregnancy, inside
(14)
*-daad-
to lie down, to sleep, to spend night, to be fallow (field)
(15)
*-da -
to promise, to foretell, to say farewell, to make testament
(15)
*-da o
house
*-da
long
*-deb-
to speak
*-ded-
to bring up, to caress, to hold on knees, to bear (child)
*-dedu
beard, chin
*-de -
to avoid, to get out of the way
*-dem-
to be heavy, to be honoured
(15)
*-dema
invalid, physical disability
(16)
*-dend-
to be sticky
(11)
*-den -
to dangle
*-d
root, fibre
(16)
*-d b-
to shut, to shut eyes
(13)
*-d ba
pool, pond, deep water, well
(16)
*-d m-
to be extinguished, to extinguish, to get lost
(16)
*-d n -
to turn around [TR/INTR], to wind around, to wrap up
(13)
*-d
to eat
(16)
*-d
to be
(16)
*-d at-
to tread
*-d d-
to weep, to shout, to wail
*-d m-
to cultivate (esp. with hoe)
(14/-A)
*-d ma
bat sp.
(11/-E)
*-d m
tongue, language, flame
*-d n -
to search for, to desire, to watch for
*-do
to sleep
*-dob-
to fish with line
(7)
(11/-E)
(6/-E)
(16)
(4/-E)
(14/-A)
(16)
(8/-E)
(7/-E)
(13/-E)
(16)
(16)
(10/-E)
(16)
(13/-E)
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
7
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-do -
to bewitch, to curse
(15)
*-domb-
to ask for
(13)
*-don -
to heap up, to arrange, to pack up
(16)
*-don o
clay, clod, soil
(11)
*-doot-
to dream
(15)
*-du
to come (or go) out, to ooze, to bleed
(13)
*-duad-
to wear
(16)
*-dub-
to fish
(12)
*-dud
shadow
(8)
*-du -
to cook, to boil, to stir pap
(14)
*-du
knee
(11)
*-dum-
to roar, to rumble
(15)
*-dumb-
to smell [INTR]
(14)
*-dumb k- to bake in ashes
(10)
*-dut-
to pull, to drag
(13)
*-d
to fight
(14)
*-d d-
to be bitter, to be sharp
(15)
*-d k-
to vomit
(13)
*-d m-
to bite
(16)
*-d n *-d n -
to be straigth, to be right, to put straight, to put right,
to be fitting, to adjust
to join by tying
(12)
(11)
*- ab-
to divide, to give away, to make present
(15)
*- ad
oil-palm, nut of oil palm
*- amb-
to speak, to answer
(15)
*- an-
to tell a tale
(15)
*- an -
to tie up
(13)
*- an a
medicine-man
(16)
*- an a
palm of hand, main
*- ed-
to try
(16)
*- eda
iron, iron thing
(13)
*- e o
molar tooth, tooth
(12)
(14/-A)
(14/-E)
8
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*- end-
to walk, to travel, to go, to go away
(16)
*- en
stranger, visitor
(13)
*-
to fly
(13)
*- d-
to abstain from, to avoid, to refuse, to be taboo, to be punished
(15)
*-
village
(11)
*-
egg
(16)
*-
to go
(15)
*- d-
to act, to do, to say, to have
*- ob-
to bend, to crook
(13/-E)
*- od
string
(11/-E)
*- o
leopard
*- o
string
*- oma
drum, (dance)
(15)
*- ombe
cattle
(16)
*- on-
to snore, to sleep, to lie down
(14/-E)
*- on o
back, backbone
(15/-S)
*- uba
bellows
(12)
*- ub
hippopotamus
(14)
*- u m-
to hunt
(6)
*-
to fall
(15)
(9/-E)
(12)
(9)
*-
bo
skin
(12)
*-
do
evening, yesterday
(16)
*-
d
leg, hind leg
*-
d
sky, top
(16)
*-
d be
pig
(16)
*-
mba
barren woman
(12)
*-
nda
forest, garden, luxuriant vegetation
(13)
*-
n u
caterpillar sp.
(14/-S)
(8/-E)
*-
what?
(14)
*- ad-
to spread [TR]
(14)
*- ada
hunger, famine
(16)
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
9
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
*- ada
rubbish-heap
(12)
*- ada
finger-nail, toe-nail, claw
(16)
*- amb-
to spread (as disease or fire), to infect
(15)
*- an
speed, hurry
*- an -
to spread [TR]
*- an a
lake
*- aka
year, cultivation season, harvest
(16)
*- ana
child
(16)
*- an
leaf, grass
(12)
*- an k-
to spread to dry in the sun, to spread out
(16)
*- apa
armpit
(12)
*- at-
to split [TR], to separate
(11)
*- at
buffalo
(10)
*- ato
canoe
(16)
*- ed-
to shine, to be clear, to be ripe, to be favourable
(16)
*- ed d-
to float
*- e am-
to lean against
*- ene
self, same
(16)
*- en e
cricket
(11)
*- b-
to steal
(16)
*- bak-
to build
(10)
*- b
day, daytime
(15)
*- co
eye
(16)
*- d-
to get dark, to get black
(16)
*- -
to come
(15)
*- ad-
to be full
(16)
*-
water
(16)
to know
(15)
*- k-
to come (or go) down
(16)
*- k
smoke
(16)
*- k
bee
(16)
*-
b-
ZONE-SPREAD
(10/-E)
(15)
(10/-E)
(7/-E)
(13/-E)
10
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*- ko
fireplace, country
(15)
*- k t-
to be satiated
(16)
*- m-
to refuse to give, to be mean
(15)
*- n-
to dip
(11/-E)
*- na
name
(16)
*- n
many, much
(16)
*- n d-
to come (or go) in
(15)
*- no
tooth
(15)
*- pa -
to kill
(13)
*- p
short
(16)
*- p k-
to cook, to boil
(11)
*- da
path
(16)
*- m-
to stand, to stop [INTR]
(14)
*- mb-
to sing, to dance
(16)
*- na
mother
(14)
*- t-
to call
(15)
*- o -
to bathe, to wash, to swim
*- o a
fear
(16)
*- o u
elephant
(14)
*- oka
snake, intestinal worm
(16)
*- on-
to spoil [TR], to spoil cultures
*- on -
to add to
(10)
*- on o
brain
(13)
*- ot-
to warm oneself
(16)
*-
house
*- b-
to skin (fruit or animal)
(12)
*- ba
sun
(16)
*-
voice, word
(14)
*- m-
to be dry
(15)
*- ma
thing, bead, iron
(16)
*- man-
to quarrel
(10)
(15/-S)
(10/-E)
(8/-E)
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
11
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
*- ndo
hammer, anvil, axe, iron
(15)
*- n -
to sift
(16)
*- n
bird
(15)
*-kac-
to dry up [INTR], to coagulate, to be hard
*-kad-
to be bitter, to be sour, to be sharp, to be fierce
(15)
*-kad
woman, wife
(16)
*-kada
ember(s), charcoal
(16)
*-kada
crab
*-kadan - to fry, to roast
ZONE-SPREAD
(7/-E)
(11/-E)
(16)
*-kaka
ant-eater sp., pangolin (manis spp.)
(11/-E)
*-kam-
to squeeze, to wring
(15/-A)
*-kanda
skin, cloth
(15)
*-kan a
guinea-fowl
(16)
*-ka a
leaf, tobacco leaf, tobacco
*-kata
headpad, coil
(14)
*-ke
dawn
(16)
*-ken -
to deceive, to trick, to cheat
(12)
*-k da
tail
(16)
*-k ma
monkey sp.
(14)
*-k n -
to insert crosswise, to bar away, to protect by screening
(13)
*-k ndo
noise, footfall
*-k n o
neck, nape, voice
(16)
*-ko
to give bridewealth
(14)
*-koba
skin, strap, girdle
(15)
*-kobu
navel
*-koc-
to cough
*-kodo
grandparent, female ancestor, family
*-kod
bird of prey spp., hawk spp.
*-kok-
to pull, to drag
*-koko
chicken
(16)
*-komb-
to scrape, to dig, to lick (food) with finger
(16)
(9/-E)
(14/-A)
(6)
(9/-E)
(10)
(12/-E)
(8/-E)
12
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-kot-
to stoop, to be bent
(16)
*-kot
nape of neck, neck, occiput
(15)
*-ku
to die
(16)
*-kudu
tortoise
(13)
*-kum-
to be honoured, to be rich
(16)
*-kumb-
to bend
(16)
*-kupa
bone
(16)
*-kuta
fat, oil
(15)
*-k ad
francolin (bird)
(15)
*-k at-
to seize, to grasp
*-k b-
to hit
*-k d-
to scrape
*-k d-
to grow up
(16)
*-k mb-
to ask for
(13)
*-k m
ten
(16)
*-k n
firewood
(16)
*-k pa
tick (insect)
(16)
*-k t-
to be dry, (to be) hard
*-maa
my mother, mother
*-mad-
to finish [TR]
*-mat-
to daub
*-mat-
to run
*-med-
to grow, to sprout
*-m d-
to blow nose
(16)
*-m d-
to swallow
(16)
*-mo
to shave
*-mo
one
(15)
*-mum-
to close mouth, to be silent
(12)
*-m a -
to scatter, to spill
(13)
*-na
with, and
(16)
*-na
four
(15)
(15/-A)
(9/-E)
(14/-A)
(7/-E)
(15)
(14/-ES)
(10)
(4/-E)
(15/-A)
(9/-E)
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
13
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-nce
all
(16)
*-ne
to defecate
(15)
*-nene
big
*-n
to rain
*-nt
some (entity), any
(16)
*-n a
mouth, lip
(15)
*-n e
finger, toe
(10)
*- ama
animal, meat
(16)
*- o
to drink
(16)
*-oco
left arm, left side
(14)
*-pa
to give
(16)
*-pac-
to cross, to meet, to seek
(4/-E)
*-pac-
to split [TR], to separate
(11)
*-paca
twin
(16)
*-pad-
to scrape, to scratch
*-pad
polygamy
*-pak-
to be jammed
*-pand-
to split [TR]
*-pan k-
to hang up
*-pap-
to flap (wings), to flutter
(16)
*-pat-
to hold
(14)
*-peep-
to blow (as wind), to winnow, to smoke (tobacco), to breathe
(14)
*-pemb-
to shine, to be white
*-pend-
to bend sideways
*-pep-
to blow (as wind), to fly, to winnow
(16)
*-p c-
to hide, to cover
(13)
*-p da
pus
(14/-E)
*-p o
kidney
(15/-A)
*-p p-
to suck, to extract juice
*-p
palm of the hand, slap
(14)
*-p
to be burnt, to be hot, to be cooked, to be ripe,
to ferment (drink), to be red
(16)
(14/-S)
(5/-E)
(14/-A)
(8/-E)
(9)
(14)
(7/-E)
(10/-E)
(4/-E)
(9/-E)
14
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
*-p a d-
to sweep
*-p d
puff-adder (viperidae: bitis arietans)
*-p nd-
to fold, to hem, to plait
(15)
*-p n
fetish, charm, omen
(11)
*-p n
handle, pestle
(15)
*-p t-
to pass, to surpass, to go ahead, to go
(15)
*-po
to dry up
*-pod-
to be cold, to cool down, to be quiet
*-poku
blind person
(13/-E)
*-pot-
to twist
(13/-E)
*-pu
stomach
(10)
*-pu
to be fitting
(14)
*-pud-
to blow (with mouth)
*-pud-
to froth over
(16)
*-puk-
to dig up, to fling up (earth)
(13)
*-puk-
to be mature
*-pum-
to come (or go) out or away
(15)
*-put-
to bend [TR], to fold, to wrap up
(13)
*-p
to cease
(13/-E)
*-p k
rodent, rat, mouse
(14/-E)
*-p n
eagle, crow, bird of prey
*-p p-
to flow, to fall drop by drop
*-p ta
wound
*-p
p-
ZONE-SPREAD
(12)
(15/-S)
(9)
(16)
(9)
(5/-E)
(13)
(5/-E)
(14/-ES)
to blow
(13)
*-taa
to throw away, to throw, to lose, to put, to trap,
to play game, to do
bow
(15)
(16)
*-taano
five
(15)
*-taata
father, my father
(14)
*-tab
branch
*-tada
platform, rack, granary
*-tade
stone
*-ta
(14/-S)
(14)
(14/-E)
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
15
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-ta
spittle
(15)
*-tama
cheek
(15/-E)
*-tamb-
to set trap
*-tamb-
to take, to receive
(12/-E)
*-tand-
to spread [TR], to extend [TR]
(14/-A)
*-tanda
spider, spider’s web
*-tap-
to draw (water), to take out (honey), to take out
(12)
*-tat
three
(16)
*-ted d-
to slip
(13)
*-ted k-
to put (pot) on the fire, to stand something on end
*-teen-
to cut
(6/-E)
*-te -
to place, to put, to lay
(7/-E)
*-tek-
to be spineless, to be shaky
(5/-E)
*-tem-
to cut, to cut down
(15)
*-tende
heel, foot, leg
(11)
*-tetem-
to shake [INTR], to tremble
*-t -
to leave behind
(16)
*-t k
night
(15)
*-t m-
to dig
(15)
*-t na
root, base of tree trunk, banana plant
(14)
*-t nd-
to push, to push back
(14)
*-t n a
bow-string, tendon, vein
(13)
*-t
inside
(15)
*-t
to fear
(14/-AE)
*-t
tree, stick
*-t ma
heart, liver
*-t n-
to cut
(10)
*-to
ashes
(12/-E)
*-to
to stamp, to pound, to bite
*-tombo
breasts
*-tombo
germ
(11)
(7/-E)
(15/-E)
(14/-A)
(16)
(15/-S)
(16)
(5)
(3/-E)
16
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
PB FORM
ATTESTED AND/OR RECONSTRUCTED MEANINGS
ZONE-SPREAD
*-ton a
heavy stick, cudgel
(6/-E)
*-top-
to soak
(8/-E)
*-toto
part beneath the navel, navel
(7/-E)
*-tot-
to be wet, to sink
(9/-E)
*-tu
to spit, to fix the price, to cost, to be worth
(13)
*-tud-
to hammer, to forge
(16)
*-tud
shoulder
*-tu -
to rear, to possess animals, to tame, to domesticate
*-tumb-
to burn, to roast, to boil
*-tuub-
to pierce
(6/-E)
*-tuut-
to swell [INTR]
(5/-E)
*-t e
head
*-t
ear
*-t k-
to abuse
(15)
*-t m-
to send
(16)
*-tum-
to stab
(12)
*-t n -
to put through, to thread on string, to plait, to sew, to tie up,
to build, to close (in)
(16)
(10/-E)
(9)
(16)
(15/-S)
ENGLISH/PROTO-BANTU INDEX
abdomen *-da
abstain from *- dabuse *-t kacquire *-bonact *- dadd to *- on adjust *-d n all *-nce
ancestor (female) *-kodo
and *-na
animal *- ama
announce *-b d-
(6/-E)
answer *- ambant-eater sp. *-kaka
anvil *- ndo
any *-nt
arm *-boko
armpit *- apa
arrange *-don ashes *-bu, *-to
ask for *-domb-, *-k mbassemble *-can avoid *-de -, *- daxe *- ndo
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
back *- on o
backbone *- on o
bad *-b
bake in ashes *-dumb kbanana plant *-t na
bar away *-k n barren woman *- mba
base of tree trunk *-t na
bat sp. *-d ma
bathe *- o be *-ba, *-d
be bent *-kotbe bitter *-bab-, *-d d-, *-kadbe burnt *-p
be clear *- edbe cold *-podbe cooked *-b d-, *-p
be dry *-k t-, *- mbe extinguished *-d mbe fallow (field) *-daadbe favourable *- edbe fierce *-kadbe fitting *-d n -, *-pu
be full *- adbe hard *-kac-, *-k tbe heavy *-dembe honoured *-dem-, *-kumbe hot *-p
be jammed *-pakbe mature *-pukbe mean *- mbe punished *- dbe quiet *-podbe red *-p
be rich *-kumbe right *-d n be ripe *- ed-, *-p
be rotten *-bod-
be satiated *- k tbe shaky *-tekbe sharp *-bab-, *-d d-, *-kadbe silent *-mumbe smart *-babbe soft *-bombbe sour *-kadbe spineless *-tekbe split *-bad kbe sticky *-dendbe straigth *-d n be taboo *- dbe wet *-bomb-, *-totbe white *-pembbe worth *-tu
bead *- ma
bear (child) *-b ad-, *-dedbeard *-dedu
become *-ba
bee *- k
begin [TR] *-badbelch *-b
bellows *- uba
bend *- ob-, *-kumbbend [TR] *-putbend sideways *-pendbent *-kotbewitch *-do big *-nene
bind *-ban bird *- n
bird of prey *-p n
bird of prey spp. *-kod
bite *-d m-, *-to
bitter *-bab-, *-d d-, *-kadbleed *-du
blind person *-poku
blow *-p p-
17
18
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
blow (as wind) *-peep-, *-pepblow (with mouth) *-pudblow nose *-m dboil *-b d-, *-du -, *- p k-, *-tumbbone *-kupa
bow *-taa
bow-string *-t n a
brain *- on o
branch *-tab
break *-b d-, *-bunbreast(s) *-beede, *-tombo
breathe *-peepbridge of nose *-bombo
bring up *-dedbuffalo *- at
build *- bak-, *-t n burn *-tumbburnt *-p
burt open [INTR] *-bad kcalabash *-c pa
call *-b d-, *- tcanoe *- ato
caress *-dedcaterpillar sp. *- n u
cattle *- ombe
cease *-p
chaff *-ceke
charcoal *-kada
charm *-p n
chase *-b n chase away *-b n cheat *-ken cheek *-tama
chicken *-koko
child *- ana
chin *-dedu
civel *-c mba
claw *- ada
clay *-don o
clean *-cen cleanse *-c kclear *- edclod *-don o
close (in) *-t n close (mouth, hand) *-b mbclose mouth *-mumcloth *-kanda
coagulate *-kaccoil *-kata
cold *-podcolour *-bada
come *- come (or go) down *- kcome (or go) in *- n dcome (or go) out *-du, *-pumcome (or go) away *-pumcook *-du -, *- p kcooked *-b d-, *-p
cool down *-podcost *-tu
cough *-koccount *-badcountry *-c , *- ko
cover *-p ccowry *-bamba
crab *-kada
cricket *- en e
crook *- obcross *-paccrow *-p n
cudgel *-ton a
cultivate (esp. with hoe) *-d mcultivation season *- aka
curse *-do cut *-teen-, *-tem-, *-t ncut down *-tem-
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
cut spp. (?) *-cen dance *-b n-, *- mb-, *- oma
dangle *-den daub *-matdawn *-ke
day *-cana, *- b
daylight *-cana
daytime *- b
deceive *-ken deep water *-d ba
defecate *-ne
desire *-cak-, *-d n die *-ku
dig *-komb-, *-t mdig up *-pukdip *- ndivide *- abdo *- d-, *-ta
dog *-b a
domesticate *-tu drag *-dut-, *-kokdraw (water) *-tapdream *-dootdregs *-ceke
drink *- o
drum *- oma
dry *-k t-, *- mdry up *-po
dry up [INTR] *-kacdust *-bu
dwell *-ba
eagle *-p n
ear *-t
eat *-d
egg *elephant *- o u
ember(s) *-kada
evening *- do
excreta *-b
extend [TR] *-tandextinguish *-d mextinguished *-d mextract juice *-p peye *- co
face *-c
fall *fall drop by drop *-p pfallow (field) *-daadfamily *-kodo
famine *- ada
fart *-cudfat *-kuta
father *-taata
favourable *- edfear *- o a
fear *-t
female ancestor *-kodo
ferment (drink) *-p
fetish *-p n
fibre *-d
fierce *-kadfight *-d
find *-bon-, *-can finger *-n e
finger-nail *- ada
finish [TR] *-madfireplace *- ko
firewood *-k n
fish *-dubfish with line *-dobfish-scale *-bamba
fitting *-d n -, *-pu
five *-taano
fix the price *-tu
flame *-d m
flap (wings) *-pap-
19
20
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
flesh *-cuna
fling up (earth) *-pukfloat *- ed dflow *-p pflutter *-papfly *- , *-pepfold *-p nd-, *-putfoot *-tende
footfall *-k ndo
forehead *-bombo, *-c
forest *- nda
foretell *-da forge *-tudfour *-na
francolin (bird) *-k ad
fresh *-b c
front paw *-boko
froth over *-pudfry *-kadan full *- adgarden *- nda
genet *-c mba
germ *-tombo
get black *- dget dark *- dget lost *-d mget out of the way *-de girdle *-koba
give *-pa
give away *- abgive birth to *-b adgive bridewealth *-ko
go *- end-, *- , *-p tgo (or come) in *- n dgo (or come) out *-du, *-pumgo (or come) away *-pumgo after *-b n go ahead *-p t-
go away *- endgoat *-b d
grains *-ceke
granary *-tada
grandparent *-kodo
grasp *-k atgrass *- an
grind *-c dground *-c
grow *-medgrow up *-k dguinea-fowl *-kan a
hair *-c t
hair (on body) *-c n a
hair on body *-bud
hammer *- ndo, *-tudhand *-boko
handle *-p n
hang up *-pan khard *-kac-, *-k tharvest *- aka
have *- dhawk spp. *-kod
head *-t e
headpad *-kata
heap up *-b mb-, *-don heart *-t ma
heavy *-demheavy stick *-ton a
heel *-tende
hem *-p ndhide *-cok-, *-p chind leg *- d
hippopotamus *- ub
his father *-ce
hit *-k bhold *-bund-, *-pathold on knees *-ded-
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
honoured *-dem-, *-kumhot *-p
house *-da o, *hunger *- ada
hunt *- u mhurry *- an
hurt *-babinfect *- ambinsert *-cominsert crosswise *-k n inside *-da, *-t
intestinal worm *- oka
intestines *-da
invalid *-dema
iron *- eda, *- ndo, *- ma
iron thing *- eda
itch *-babjammed *-pakjar *-c pa
join by tying *-d n joke *-cekkidney *-p o
kill *-b d-, *- pa knee *-du
know *- blake *- an a
language *-d m
laugh *-ceklay *-te leaf *-ka a, *- an
lean against *- e amleave behind *-t left arm *-oco
left side *-oco
leg *- d , *-tende
leopard *-c mba, *- o
lick (food) with finger *-komblie down *-daad-, *- on-
lie flat *-batlion *-c mba
lip *-n a
liver *-t ma
lizard *-b d
long *-da
look for *-baclose *-ta
louse *-da
luxuriant vegetation *- nda
main *- an a
make present *- abmake testament *-da many *- n
mature *-pukmean *- mmeat *- ama
medicine-man *- an a
meet *-can -, *-pacmix *-buan -, *-can molar tooth *- e o
monitor lizard *-b d
monkey sp. *-coko, *-k ma
mother *-maa, *- na
mould pottery *-b mbmouse *-p k
mouth *-n a
much *- n
my father *-taata
my mother *-maa
name *- na
nape *-k n o
nape of neck *-kot
navel *-kobu, *-toto
neck *-k n o, *-kot
night *-t k
noise *-k ndo
nose *-bombo
21
22
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
nut of oil palm *- ad
occiput *-kot
oil *-kuta
oil-palm *- ad
omen *-p n
one *-mo
ooze *-du
open *-b
dopen space *-b a
pack up *-don palm of hand *- an a, *-p
pangolin (manis spp.) *-kaka
part beneath the navel *-toto
pass *-p tpath *-b a, *- da
pestle *-p n
physical disability *-dema
pierce *-compierce *-tuubpig *- d be
place *-te plait *-p nd-, *-t n plant *-b adplatform *-tada
play game *-ta
poisonuos snake sp. *-bamba
poke in *-cok-, *-compolygamy *-pad
pond *-d ba
pool *-d ba
possess animals *-tu pot *-b a
pound *-to
pregnancy *-da
prick with a point *-cokpromise *-da protect by screening *-k n puff-adder *-p d
pull *-dut-, *-kokpunished *- dpus *-p da
push *-t ndpush back *-t ndput *-ta, *-te put (pot) on the fire *-ted kput in *-cokput right *-d n put straight *-d n put through *-t n python *-boma
quarrel *- manquiet *-podrack *-tada
rain *-buda, *-n
rat *-p k
rat sp. *-bende
rear *-tu receive *-tambred *-p
refuse *- drefuse to give *- mreptile *-b d
rib *-badu
rich *-kumright *-d n ripe *- ed-, *-p
roar *-dumroast *-kadan -, *-tumbrodent *-p k
root *-d , *-t na
rotten *-bodrub *-c n rubbish-heap *- ada
rumble *-dumrun *-matsame *- ene
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
sand *-cen a, *-ceke
sandy ground *-cen a
satiated *- k tsay *- dsay farewell *-da scar *-bada
scatter *-m a scrape *-komb-, *-k d-, *-padscratch *-padsearch for *-cak-, *-coc-, *-d n see *-bonseek *-pacseize *-bund-, *-k atself *- ene
send *-t mseparate *- at-, *-pacset (sun) *-co
set trap *-tambsew *-t n shadow *-dud
shake [INTR] *-tetemshaky *-tekshame *-con
sharp *-bab-, *-d d-, *-kadsharpen to a point *-con shave *-mo
shine *-badim-, *- ed-, *-pembshort *- p
shoulder *-tud
shout *-d dshut *-d bshut eyes *-d bside *-badu
side of body *-badu
sift *-cen -, *- n silent *-mumsing *-b n-, *- mbsink *-tot-
23
skin (fruit or animal) *- bskin *- bo, *-kanda, *-koba
sky *- d
slap *-p
sleep *-daad-, *-do, *- onslip *-ced-, *-ted dsmart *-babsmash *-b dsmear *-c n smell [INTR] *-dumbsmoke *- k
smoke (tobacco) *-peepsnake *- oka
snap [TR] *-bunsnore *- onsoak *-topsoft *-bombsoil *-bu, *-don o
some (entity) *-nt
sour *-kadsow (put seeds into the ground) *-b adspeak *-deb-, *- ambspeckle *-bada
speed *- an
spend night *-daadspider *-b b , *-tanda
spider’s web *-tanda
spill *-m a spineless *-tekspit *-tu
spittle *-ta
split *-bad ksplit [TR] *- at-, *-pac-, *-pandspoil [TR] *- onspoil cultures *- onspot *-bada
spread [TR] *- ad-, *- an -, *-tandspread (as disease or fire) *- amb-
24
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
spread out *- an kspread to dry in the sun *- an ksprout *-medsqueeze *-kamsquirrel *-c nd
stab *-tumstamp *-to
stand *- mstand something on end *-ted ksteal *- bstick (heavy) *-ton a
stick *-t
sticky *-dendsting *-babstir pap *-du stomach *-pu
stone *-tade
stoop *-kotstop [ INTR] *- mstraigth *-d n strain *-cen stranger *- en
strap *-koba
string *-c n a, *- od , *- o
suck *-p psuffer *-c n sun *- ba
surpass *-p tswallow *-m dsweep *-p a dswell *-b mbswell [INTR] *-tuutswim *- o taboo *- dtail *-k da
take *-tambtake out (honey) *-taptake out *-tap-
tame *-tu tell *-b dtell a tale *- anten *-k m
tendon *-t n a
termite *-c a
thing *- ma
thread on string *-t n three *-tat
threshing-floor *-b a
throw *-ta
throw away *-ta
tick (insect) *-k pa
tie up *- an -, *-t n to abstain from *- dto abuse *-t kto acquire *-bonto act *- dto add to *- on to adjust *-d n to announce *-b dto answer *- ambto arrange *-don to ask for *-domb-, *-k mbto assemble *-can to avoid *-de -, *- dto bake in ashes *-dumb kto bar away *-k n to bathe *- o to be *-ba, *-d
to be bent *-kotto be bitter *-bab-, *-d d-, *-kadto be burnt *-p
to be clear *- edto be cold *-podto be cooked *-b d-, *-p
to be dry *-k t-, *- mto be extinguished *-d m-
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
to be fallow (field) *-daadto be favourable *- edto be fierce *-kadto be fitting *-d n -, *-pu
to be full *- adto be hard *-kac-, *-k tto be heavy *-demto be honoured *-dem-, *-kumto be hot *-p
to be jammed *-pakto be mature *-pukto be mean *- mto be punished *- dto be quiet *-podto be red *-p
to be rich *-kumto be right *-d n to be ripe *- ed-, *-p
to be rotten *-bodto be satiated *- k tto be shaky *-tekto be sharp *-bab-, *-d d-, *-kadto be silent *-mumto be smart *-babto be soft *-bombto be sour *-kadto be spineless *-tekto be split *-bad kto be sticky *-dendto be straigth *-d n to be taboo *- dto be wet *-bomb-, *-totto be white *-pembto be worth *-tu
to bear (child) *-b ad-, *-dedto become *-ba
to begin [TR] *-badto belch *-b
25
to bend *- ob-, *-kumbto bend [TR] *-putto bend sideways *-pendto bewitch *-do to bind *-ban to bite *-d m-, *-to
to bleed *-du
to blow *-p pto blow (as wind) *-peep-, *-pepto blow (with mouth) *-pudto blow nose *-m dto boil *-b d-, *-du -, *- p k-, *-tumbto break *-b d-, *-bunto breathe *-peepto bring up *-dedto build *- bak-, *-t n to burn *-tumbto burt open [INTR] *-bad kto call *-b d-, *- tto caress *-dedto cease *-p
to chase *-b n to chase away *-b n to cheat *-ken to clean *-cen to cleanse *-c kto close (in) *-t n to close (mouth, hand) *-b mbto close mouth *-mumto coagulate *-kacto come (or go) down *- kto come (or go) in *- n dto come (or go) out *-du, *-pumto come (or go) away *-pumto come *- to cook *-du -, *- p kto cool down *-podto cost *-tu
26
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
to cough *-kocto count *-badto cover *-p cto crook *- obto cross *-pacto cultivate (esp. with hoe) *-d mto curse *-do to cut *-teen-, *-tem-, *-t nto cut down *-temto cut spp. (?) *-cen to dance *-b n-, *- mbto dangle *-den to daub *-matto deceive *-ken to defecate *-ne
to desire *-cak-, *-d n to die *-ku
to dig *-komb-, *-t mto dig up *-pukto dip *- nto divide *- abto do *- d-, *-ta
to domesticate *-tu to drag *-dut-, *-kokto draw (water) *-tapto dream *-dootto drink *- o
to dry up *-po
to dry up [INTR] *-kacto dwell *-ba
to eat *-d
to extend [TR] *-tandto extinguish *-d mto extract juice *-p pto fall *to fall drop by drop *-p pto fart *-cudto fear *-t
to ferment (drink) *-p
to fight *-d
to find *-bon-, *-can to finish [TR] *-madto fish *-dubto fish with line *-dobto fix the price *-tu
to flap (wings) *-papto fling up (earth) *-pukto float *- ed dto flow *-p pto flutter *-papto fly *- , *-pepto fold *-p nd-, *-putto foretell *-da to forge *-tudto froth over *-pudto fry *-kadan to get black *- dto get dark *- dto get lost *-d mto get out of the way *-de to give *-pa
to give away *- abto give birth to *-b adto give bridewealth *-ko
to go *- end-, *- , *-p tto go (or come) in *- n dto go (or come) out *-du, *-pumto go (or come) away *-pumto go after *-b n to go ahead *-p tto go away *- endto grasp *-k atto grind *-c dto grow *-medto grow up *-k dto hammer *-tud-
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
to hang up *-pan kto have *- dto heap up *-b mb-, *-don to hem *-p ndto hide *-cok-, *-p cto hit *-k bto hold *-bund-, *-patto hold on knees *-dedto hunt *- u mto hurt *-babto infect *- ambto insert *-comto insert crosswise *-k n to itch *-babto join by tying *-d n to joke *-cekto kill *-b d-, *- pa to know *- bto laugh *-cekto lay *-te to lean against *- e amto leave behind *-t to lick (food) with finger *-kombto lie down *-daad-, *- onto lie flat *-batto look for *-bacto lose *-ta
to make present *- abto make testament *-da to meet *-can -, *-pacto mix *-buan -, *-can to mould pottery *-b mbto ooze *-du
to open *-b
dto pack up *-don to pass *-p tto pierce *-com-, *-tuubto place *-te -
to plait *-p nd-, *-t n to plant *-b adto play game *-ta
to poke in *-cok-, *-comto possess animals *-tu to pound *-to
to prick with a point *-cokto promise *-da to protect by screening *-k n to pull *-dut-, *-kokto push *-t ndto push back *-t ndto put *-ta, *-te to put in *-cokto put (pot) on the fire *-ted kto put right *-d n to put straight *-d n to put through *-t n to quarrel *- manto rain *-n
to rear *-tu to receive *-tambto refuse *- dto refuse to give *- mto roar *-dumto roast *-kadan -, *-tumbto rub *-c n to rumble *-dumto run *-matto say *- dto say farewell *-da to scatter *-m a to scrape *-komb-, *-k d-, *-padto scratch *-padto search for *-cak-, *-coc-, *-d n to see *-bonto seek *-pacto seize *-bund-, *-k at-
27
28
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROTO-BANTU STRUCTURES
to send *-t mto separate *- at-, *-pacto set (sun) *-co
to set trap *-tambto sew *-t n to shake [INTR] *-tetemto sharpen to a point *-con to shave *-mo
to shine *-badim-, *- ed-, *-pembto shout *-d dto shut *-d bto shut eyes *-d bto sift *-cen -, *- n to sing *-b n-, *- mbto sink *-totto skin (fruit or animal) *- bto sleep *-daad-, *-do, *- onto slip *-ced-, *-ted dto smash *-b dto smell [INTR] *-dumbto smoke (tobacco) *-peepto snap [TR ] *-bunto snore *- onto soak *-topto sow *-b adto speak *-deb-, *- ambto spend night *-daadto spill *-m a to spit *-tu
to split [TR] *- at-, *-pac-, *-pandto spoil [TR] *- onto spoil cultures *- onto spread [TR] *- ad-, *- an -, *-tandto spread (as disease or fire) *- ambto spread out *- an kto spread to dry in the sun *- an kto sprout *-medto squeeze *-kam-
to stab *-tumto stamp *-to
to stand *- mto stand something on end *-ted kto steal *- bto sting *-babto stir pap *-du to stoop *-kotto stop [INTR] *- mto strain *-cen to suck *-p pto suffer *-c n to surpass *-p tto swallow *-m dto sweep *-p a dto swell *-b mbto swell [INTR] *-tuutto swim *- o to take *-tambto take out *-tapto take out (honey) *-tapto tame *-tu to tell *-b dto tell a tale *- anto thread on string *-t n to throw *-ta
to throw away *-ta
to tie up *- an -, *-t n to trap *-ta
to travel *- endto tread *-d atto tremble *-tetemto trick *-ken to try *- edto turn around [TR/INTR] *-d n to twinkle *-badimto twist *-potto undergo *-bon-
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
to vomit *-d kto wail *-d dto walk *- endto walk flatfooted *-batto warm oneself *- otto wash *-c k-, *- o to watch for *-d n to wear *-duadto weep *-d dto wind around *-d n to winnow *-peep-, *-pepto wish *-cakto wrap up *-d n -, *-putto wring *-kamtobacco *-ka a
tobacco leaf *-ka a
toe *-n e
toe-nail *- ada
tongue *-d m
tooth *- e o, *- no
top *- d
tortoise *-kudu
trap *-ta
travel *- endtread *-d attree *-t
tree trunk (base of) *-t na
tremble *-tetemtrick *-ken try *- edturn around [TR/INTR] *-d n twin *-paca
twinkle *-badimtwist *-pottwo *-bad
udder *-beede
uncooked *-b c
undergo *-bon-
underneath *-c
unripe *-b c
vein *-t n a
village *-b a, *visitor *- en
voice *-k n o, *vomit *-d kwail *-d dwaist *-b n
walk *- endwalk flatfooted *-batwarm oneself *- otwash *-c k-, *- o watch for *-d n water *wear *-duadweep *-d dwell *-d ba
wet *-bomb-, *-totwhat? *white *-pembwhite hair *-bu
wife *-kad
wild-cat *-c mba
wind around *-d n winged insect *-c a
winnow *-peep-, *-pepwish *-cakwith *-na
woman *-kad
word *worm *- oka
worth *-tu
wound *-bada, *-p ta
wrap up *-d n -, *-putwring *-kamyear *- aka
yesterday *- do
29
Animals, insects
*-bamba ‘poisonuos snake sp.’ (11)
*-bende ‘rat sp.’ (8/-E)
*-boma ‘python’ (9/-E)
*-b a ‘dog’ (16)
*-b b ‘spider’ (12)
*-b d ‘goat’ (13)
*-b d ‘reptile, lizard’ (14/-AE)
*-c mba ‘wild cat, [...]’ (15)
*-c nd ‘squirrel’ (9/-E)
*-coko ‘monkey sp.’ (8/-E)
*-c a ‘termite, winged insect’ (14)
*-da ‘louse’ (16)
*-d ma ‘bat sp.’ (11/-E)
*- o ‘leopard’ (12)
*- ombe ‘cattle’ (16)
*- ub ‘hippopotamus’ (14)
*- d be ‘pig’ (16)
*- n u ‘caterpillar sp.’ (8/-E)
*- at ‘buffalo’ (10)
*- en e ‘cricket’ (11)
*- k ‘bee’ (16)
*- o u ‘elephant’ (14)
*- oka ‘snake, intestinal worm’ (16)
*- n ‘bird’ (15)
*-kada ‘crab’ (11/-E)
*-kaka ‘ant-eater sp., pangolin’ (11/-E)
*-kan a ‘guinea-fowl’ (16)
*-k ma ‘monkey sp.’ (14)
*-kod ‘bird of prey spp.’ (12/-E)
*-koko ‘chicken’ (16)
*-k ad ‘francolin’ (15)
*-kudu ‘tortoise’ (13)
*-k pa ‘tick (insect)’ (16)
*-p d ‘puff adder’ (15/-S)
*-p k ‘rodent, rat, mouse’ (14/-E)
*-p n ‘eagle, crow, bird of prey’ (13)
*-tanda ‘spider, spider’s web’ (7/-E)
Hunting, fishing
*-dob- ‘to fish with line’ (13/-E)
*-dub- ‘to fish’ (12)
*- u m- ‘to hunt’ (6)
*-taa ‘bow’ (16)
*-tamb- ‘to set trap’ (11)
Fig. [xxx]. Semantic categories in the Proto-Bantu vocabulary (cfr appendix)
JOUNI FILIP MAHO — draft date 29 maj 2005
Farming, cultivating, cattle-rearing
*-b ad- ‘to plant, to sow’ (7/-E)
*-c d- ‘to grind’ (7)
*-d m- ‘to cultivate’ (14/-A)
*- ombe ‘cattle’ (16)
*-tu - ‘to rear, [...]’ (6/-E)
Household activities, utilities
*-bamba ‘fish-sclae, cowry’ (3/-E)
*-b d- ‘to be cooked, boil’ (14)
*-b a ‘pot’ (12/-E)
*-b mb- ‘to mould pottery’ (14/-A)
*-cen - ‘to sift, strain, clean’ (8/-E)
*-c k- ‘to wash, cleanse (13)
*-c pa ‘jar, calabash’ (11/-E)
*-da o ‘house’ (6/-E)
*-du - ‘to cook, boil, stir pap’ (14)
*-dumb k- ‘to bake in ashes’ (10)
*- eda ‘iron, iron thing’ (13)
*- uba ‘bellows’ (12)
*- ada ‘rubbish-heap’ (12)
*- an k- ‘to spread to dry [...]’ (16)
*- ato ‘canoe’ (16)
*- p k- ‘to cook, boil’ (11)
*- o - ‘to bathe, wash, swim’ (15/-S)
*- ‘house’ (8/-E)
*- ndo ‘hammer, anvil, axe, iron’ (15)
*-kada ‘ember(s), charcoal’ (16)
*-kadan - ‘to fry, roast’ (16)
*-kata ‘headpad, coil’ (14)
*-k n ‘firewood’ (16)
*-tud- ‘to hammer, forge’ (16)
*-tumb- ‘to burn, roast, boil’ (9)
Miscellaneous cultural concepts
*-b n- ‘to dance, to sing’ (14)
*- an a ‘medicine-man’ (16)
*- oma ‘drum, (dance)’ (15)
*- mb- ‘to dance, to sing’ (16)
*-ko ‘to give bridewealth’ (14)
*-pad ‘polygamy’ (8/-E)
*-p n ‘fetisch, charm, omen’ (11)
31