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Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers
Graduate School
1974
Plant taxonomy of the Salish and Kootenai Indians
of western Montana
Jeffrey Arthur Hart
The University of Montana
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Papers. Paper 6833.
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PLANT TAXONOMY OF THE SALISH AN D KOOTENAI
INDIANS OF WESTERN MONTANA
by
Jeff Hart
B. A., University of Montana, 1971
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of
Master of Arts
UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA
1974
Approved by;
Chairman,
Date ^
Board of Examiners
/
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UMI Number: EP37634
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Appreciation for guidance is extended to the members
of my graduate committee*
Mrs,
Henrietta Whiteman;
Behan; and Dr.
Dr. Sherman Preece,
Dr. Anthony Mattina;
Carling Malouf.
Chairman;
Dr.
Mark
Special acknowledgement
given to Dr. Mattina and to his colleague Dr.
is
Barry Carlson,
Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, for
their linguistic help.
I wish to extend my sincere a ppreciation to the
following members of the Confederated Salish^ and Kootenai
tribes who generously contributed
their information and
time which has made this study possible*
Adams
(Salish), Camas Prairie;
(Kootenai),
Pierre
Elmo;
Prairie;
Joe and Mary An tis te
Pete Beaverhead
(Salish), St.
(Salish), H o n a n ; Annie
Ignatius; John Pilko
Mitch Small Salmon
Woodcock
(Salish), St.
(Salish), Camas
(Salish), Perma; Pete Stasso
(Kootenai), Elmo; Agnes and Mose Auld
Agnes and Jerome Vanderburg
Bob and Sophie
(Kootenai),
Elmo;
(Salish), Arlee; and Christine
Ignatius,
I am particularly indebted to Larry Parker of Honan.
He is a native Salish speaker and a self-taught linguist.
His assistance as interpreter and in helping to analyze the
^Though often called Flathead Indians, the author is
using the locally preferred "Salish" (often "Montana Salish").
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11
Salish names for plants has been indispensable.
Additional gratitude is extended to Bud Barnaby an d
Clarence Woodcock of the Community Action Program in Dixon
and to Joe McDonald of Ronan High School.
They have
generously contributed guidance and financial assistance
to this study.
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T A B L E OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I.
II.
III.
Page
I N T R O D U C T I O N ...................
1
............................... 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
............
PLANT TAXONOMY
Nomenclature.
7
. .....................
. . . . .
7
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ...................................
IV.
ETYMOLOGIES OF SALISH WORDS FOR PLANTS
............
M o r p h o l o g y . ...........
General Botanical Terms
Terms
V.
32
. . . . .... ...........
for Individual Species of Plants.
Domesticated Plants
TE NTATIVE LIST OF KOOTENAI BO TANICAL
TERMS . . . .
..............
Terms for Individual Species of Plants.
Do mesticated Plants
VI.
. . .
..............
General Botanical Terms
.
32
33
39
67
71
. . . .
71
. . .
71
......................... 74
S U M M A R Y .............................................. 75
A PP E ND I X I.
Foods
PLANTS USED BY THE MONTANA S A L I S H ...........77
.
................................................ 77
Roots,
Bulbs,
and Underground S t e m s ........ 77
Edible Fruits.
.
Potherbs and G r e e n s
Edible Seeds
................................ 81
....................
.....................................
ill
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85
86
IV
Chapter
Page
Teas and Beverages
Gums,
Saps,
. , .
. 87
and Barks « .
. 87
M i s h r o o m s . . ............
. 88
Miscellaneous Foods.
. 89
Condiments
Medicines
.
.
..............
.
.
.
Plants Used for Smoking
Incense,
Scents,
Hair Washes,
. .
.
.
. 90
. . . . . . .
Perfumes,
Oils,
. 89
Tonics,
105
and Other Toiletries
106
and Shampoos
107
. . . .
Poisonous P l a n t s ...................................
109
Bug R e p e l l e n t s .
109
Horse Medicines
110
Plants Used in îfenufacture
111
Plants Used
for Tanning and Smoking Hides
Dye P l a n t s . . . . . . . . . .
AP PEN DIX II.
. . .
..............
. .
PLANTS USED BY THE KOOTENAI INDIANS.
.
113
113
114
AP PENDIX III.
COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS USED BY T H E
MONTANA SALISH A N D KOOTENAI INDIANS . . . . . .
119
AP PENDIX IV.
SOME A N I M A L AND MINERAL PRODUCTS OF TH E
MO NTANA S A L I S H .................. ..
125
LITERATURE CITATION.
127
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Although the big game animals such as buffalo,
elk,
and deer constituted the Indian's primary sustenance,
it was
the plant kingdbm that added variety and spice to his diet.
And from these plants also came the medicines that healed
the sick and the injured;
lodges and sweathouses;
the scents which perfumed their
the leaves they smoked in their pipes;
the shampoos and tonics for their hair;
the aromatic
properties which warded off unwanted insects;
ailing horses;
remedies for
dyestuffs; and the materials used in
manufacture such as for bows, arrow shafts, tepee poles, etc.
And for all of these plants known to them, there was a
taxonomy which named and often described them.
The study of
this Important but neglected relatlonshlo between early
peoples and their surrounding vegetation Is ethnobotany.
Ethnobotany is an important study,
one which helps
in
gaining a better understanding and a more complete
representstion of a people's material and mental culture,
illuminating evidence of the ethnic psychology and rationale
of the tribal rites and religious ceremonies, and serves as
a measure of the scope of their "science**
(Gilmore, 1932).
Furthermore, ethnobotanical studies have been used, as cited
1
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2
by Turner ^nd Bell
(1971)»
in tracing human migrations
(Barrau, I 963 ) » in discovering medicines
1967 ), in linguistic
analyses
in archaeological wor k
(Schultes, 1962 ,
(Elmendorf & Suttles,
196O ),
(Dimbleby, 1967)1 and in horticulture
(Schwanitz, I 966 ; Smith, 1968 ),
An ethnobotanical study of the Salish an d Kootenai
Indians of western Montana is especially timely, as there is
a diminishing number of older men and women of these tribes
who are knowledgeable of the Indian names and uses of plants.
The information they possess will be lost to the world if an
effort is not made to record, analyze, and preserve it.
To date there has been very little thorough ethno­
botanical work done
Stubbs, 1966 ),
in western Montana
(Diettert, 1955»
N ow we need to go beyond these incomplete
surveys in scope and purpose.
There is an awakening interest among the Indians and
other people to record this information regarding the plant
life known and used by the Salish and Kootenai people.
In
this regard this study will serve as a contribution to assist
in meeting that end.
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CHATTER II
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During the summer of 1973, an ethnobotanical study of
the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes was initiated on
the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana.
First
the leaders of the Indian community were consultated to
as cer t a i n whether a need existed for a study and to learn
from them which of the elderly members of their community
might be willing to contribute their time and knowledge to
an ethnobotanical study of their respective tribes.
After acquaintance with these elderly members of the
Indian community was made, sessions were arranged in which
the plants known to them would be discussed.
Using herbarium
specimens and photographs of representative plants of the
a r e a ’s flora,
recorded.
the interviews with these consultants were tape
This proved to be a very successful technique,
though limited in scope.
The consultants seemed to have
little difficulty in identifying these dried and mounted
plants if they had used them or possessed knowledge of their
use.
The use of the tape recorder also allowed for a
relaxed atmosphere in which the consultants could freely and
easily discuss the names and uses of the plants.
Later in the field season a somewhat different type of
3
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4
interview was conducted.
In place of dried plants and
photographs, questions concerning particular uses of plants
such as "what was used for colds,
fevers, etc." were asked.
This method often proved to be quite productive.
Also, their
answers correlated with what had been said previously in the
earlier interviews.
New information of plant and even
animal uses not mentioned previously was recalled, making for
a more comprehensive study of plant use.
The interpreter and self-taught linguist,Larry Parker,
assisted in many of the interviews and transcribed most of
the names of plants in his own phonetic orthography.
At the end of the field season, the consultants were
paid at a rate of five dollars per hour.
This helped to
facilitate subsequent interviews with them.
Dr. Anthony Mattina assisted in transcribing Salish and
Kootenai plant names from a tape recording made by Larry
Parker.
The orthography used is the standard one for
Salishan languages as found in recent literature.
The linguists Barry Carlson, Anthony Mattina, and Larry
Parker assisted in determining the morphemes and etymologies
for the plant names.
From the tape recordings of the interviews, the names
for the plants as given by other consultants were cross­
checked for accuracy.
The usages of the plants were also
transcribed from the tapes
appendices.
and are presented in the
Throughout the paper, the author refers to the
usage of plants in the past tense.
It is recognized, however.
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5
that some plants are still In use today.
u s e d for the sake of consistency,
The past tense is
though It Inaccurately
Implies that the plants are no longer used.
The scientific nomenclature used f or plants follows
that of Hitchcock and Cronqulst
(1973)•
Abbreviations us ed In this text Indicate the Sallsn a n d
Kootenai c o n s u l t a n t s , as well as other pertinent sources.
They are as followsj
Ad
Adams,
Bob an d Sophie (Salish).
1973»
Flathead
Indian Reservation, Camas Prairie, Montana.
Personal Communication.
An
Antlste,
Au
Auld, Agnes and Mose (Kootenai),
Indian Reservation, Elmo,
Communication.
PB
Beaverhead, P e t e . (Salish).
1973*
Flathead Indian
Reservation, Ronan, Montana.
Personal
Communication.
RD
Diettert, Reuben,
1955.
Unpublished manuscript.
University of Montana.
AP
Pelrre,
JP
Pilko, John (Salish).
1973.
Fl athead Indian
Reservation, Camas Prairie, Montana.
Personal
Communication.
MSS
Small Salmon, Mitch (Salish).
1973.
Reservation, Perma, Montana.
Communication.
PS
Stasso,
Joe and Mary (Kootenai).
1973»
Indian Reservation, E l m o , Montana.
Communication.
Annie (Salish).
Reservation, St.
Communication.
Flathead
Personal
1973.
Flathead
Montana.
Personal
1973.
Flath ead Indian
Ignatius, Montana,
Personal
Fl ath ead Indian
Personal
Pete (Kootenai).
1973.
Fla thead Indian
Reservation, &lmo, Montana.
Personal
Communication.
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RS
Stubbs, R.D.
1966 ,
^
Investigation of the Edible
end Medicinal Plants Used by the p'lathead
I nd i a n s . M.A. thesis. University of Montana,
Missoula,
T-H
Turney-High, H.H.
1937.
The Flathead Indians of
Montana.
Memoirs of the American
Anthropological Associât i o n . No. 48.
T -H
Turney-High, H.H.
1941.
Ethnography of the Kutenai
Memoirs of the A m e r 1can Anthropological
A s s o c i at i on . Nol 3'6'1
AV
Vanderburg, Agnes (Salish).
1973.
Flathead Indian
Reservation, Arlee, Montana.
Personal
Communication.
CW
W o o d c o c K , Christine (Salish).
1973.
Flathead
Indian Reservation, St. Ignatius, Montana.
Personal Communication.
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CH AP TER III
PLANT TAXONOMY
Taxono my is comprised of nomencl ature and c l a s s i ­
fication.
A c co rding to the Webster dictionary (1970),
nomenclature is "the act or process or an instance of
naming";
classification is defined as "the systematic
arrangement
criteria"
in groups or categories according to established
(1970).
A plant name w hich does not place it into a specified
catego ry but only names it is thus a type of nomenclature,
while one which puts the plant into some category or group
for whatever the reason is bo th a noraenclatural as well as
a classification scheme.
No menclature
The names that people give to plants perhaps can be
likened to geographical names
first describe a new place,
it a name;
(Mattina,
1973).
When people
they are unconsciously giving
this description,
often lengthy,
become shortened through repeated use,
eventually can
and may eventually
in time be clipped and slurred to the point that it becomes
a meaningless phonetic symbol
Similarly,
(Stewart,
1958).
a particular plant might be disco vered in
7
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8
the high mountains by a particular people and found to be a
good plant for coughs,
sore throats,
etc.
It could c o n c e i v ­
ably acquire the name "h i gh - mo u n t a i n - c o u g h - p l a n t " .
repeated usage,
meaning,
With
this wo r d might lose part or all of its
and in the latter case, would become nothing more
than a phonetic symbol identifying a particular kind of
plant.
In the Salishan tribes of the Pacific Northwest,
for
example, many instances of plant names having no apparent
meaning occur.
The Thompson, Coastal Salish,
and Mo n ta n a
Salish call the elderberry, or Sambucus s p ., /cik"uk"/
(Turner,
1973),
/ciwaq/
/ c k ” ik'^/ respectively.
(Turner and Bell,
1971),
and
These words are apparently cognates
and through long usage, have seemed to have lost whatever
descriptive meaning they might origin ally have had.
examples include the M on t an a Salish,
Thompson,
the Spokane,
Other
the
and the Colville w o rd for Juniperus scopulorum
(Rocky M o un t a i n juniper),
1973; Teit and Steedman,
/punlp/
(Carlson,
1973; Mattina,
1973; Turner and Bell,
1973),
the M o ntana Salish and Thompson (Turner and Bell,
/q^liwye?®/
and
1973)
for a species of A l l i u m (onion).
Interestingly, many of the names of plants whose
etymologies seem analyzable appear to convey no meaning to
the people who use them.
It might seem that many of the
words for plants are then phonetic symbols only,
and do not
currently convey descriptive meaning of the plant.
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9
Plants are commonly named for outstanding or peculiar
features of their morphology,
habit,
for the habitats in w h i c h they grow;
values and other uses;
taste,
smell,
etc.;
for their medicinal
for their relationship to beliefs and
religious values;
for the roles they play in aspects of a
p e o p l e ’s culture;
for resemblances to other plants ; for
resemblance to animals or parts of animals,
tion,
etc.
In a d d i ­
the significance of borrowing will be discussed.
Descriptive names for a plant's morphological
habitat,
type.
taste,
smell,
features,
e t c . appear to be the most common
The Thomps on name for Geum triflorum is / p a c p u c q o n / ,
’shaggy h e a d ’, in reference to the plumose styles of the
fruit
(Teit and Steedman,
1973).
Salish have for Cirsium sp.
The name that the M o nt a na
(thistle)
is /caqciq/,
'prickly',
in reference to its sharp, prickly leaves and stem.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
(kinnikinnick)
is called by the
Montana Salish /sk'^ulis/ and contains the morpheme / k “u l / ,
'red', in probable reference to the fruit.
A tree's behavior or habit in the w in d can be the basis
for its name.
Populus tremuloides or quaking aspen is
named by the Saanich,
a coastal Salishan tribe, /q'^oilixap/,
'd a n c i n g ' (Turner and Bell,
1971),
and the Mo ntana Salish
call it /m l m l t e / , 'flowing', both for the shimmering or
quaking behavior of the leaves in the wind.
Other habits of plants are often manifested in its
name,
such as vines.
The Thompson Indians have named
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10
Clematis columbiana /qacqac-usnius xawimex/
or crossing the upper country or hills'
1973).
(?),
'entwining
(Teit and Steedman,
The M o ntana Salish name them / c i l y a l a l k " / , 'wrapping
or entwining around a tree'.
Taste and smell are often conveyed in the names of
plants.
Rhamnus pursh iana or cascara sagrada is named by
the Tho mpson Indians / t a x t a x y u k / , 'bitterwood'
Steedman,
sagebrush,
1973).
(Teit and
The M ontana Salish have named the big
or Artemisia t r i d e n t a t a , / p u p u n e l p / , 'smelly
p l a n t '.
The habitat in which a plant grows serves as a useful
feature in the naming of plants.
Kalmia p o l i f o l i a , or
swamp laurel,
is named by the Tho mpson Indians /pacpcokle
q ^ u ^ u y o m x ”/,
'leaves of w at e ry or wet ground',
for its
preference to swampy or wet ground (Teit and Steedman,
1973) .
The A lg o nq i an Indians have named the tamarack / m u c k i g w a ' t i g / ,
'swamp wood',
(Densmore,
for its preference for boggy environments
1928).
The Mo ntana Salish have named Ledum
g l a n d u l o s u m , or Labrador tea, /sctx'^e l i t i / , 'mountain tea',
and watercress or Ro rippa n asturtium-aquaticum has been
named /sonk'^a7letk'^/, 'water growth'.
And the Thompson
Indians have given Artemisia tridentata
name /kewk'^u/, 'far from water'
-
(big sagebrush)
(Turner,
the
1973).
The uses of plants, par ticularly their medicinal uses,
are frequently ma nifested in their names.
Antenna r ia or pussy-toes
A species of
is called / y o l y a l i ’t u n l p / , 'cough
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11
plant', by the Thompson Indians, while a species of
Euphorbia
(spurge)
medicine'
(Teit and Steedman,
(fleabane)
is called / m l a m o n ? e s c a ? t @ n / , 'rattl esnake
1973), and Erigeron compositus
is called /pax'^mln/,
spitting-on-to-make-a-poultice'
Salish call Mentha arvensis
'the-means-of-chewing-and(Turner,
1973).
(mint) /xonxanelp/,
The M o nt a na
'cool plant',
po ssibly for its cooling effect on fever-striken patients.
Also,
the Montana Salish have the name / s c x a l x a l p u / , 'eye-
b r i g h t e n e r ' , for the p r i n c e 's - p i n e , Chimaph ila u m b e l l a t a ,
w h i c h is used medicinally for sore eyes.
The utility uses of plants can be indicated in the
name.
The Cowichan and Montana Salish names for Taxus
b r e v i f o l i a , or yew,
(Turner and Bell,
are /tax'^acolp/ and /ck'^nca/,
1971)
'bow-wood'
and 'bow and arrow', respectively.
The w oo d of this evergreen shrub,
incidentally, was one of
the favorites in the northwest for the making of bows.
Similarity to animals or parts of animals often is a
basis for naming some plants.
The Thompson Indians have
named Achillea m i l l e f o l i u m , or yarrow, / q " u q " o m x a n u n p e 7 / ,
'chipmunk's t a i l ' (Teit and Steedman,
Chaenectis douglasii
(false yarrow)
1973), while
has been given the name
/ s c a T t n u pe ? /, 'rattlesnake t a i l ' (Turner,
1973).
The
Mon t an a Salish have given the shooting star, or Dodocatheon
con 3u g e n s , the name /xawit x o w u / , after the American
bittern,
a bird of the marshes.
A species of hawthorn,
C r a t a e g u s . the Montana Salish call / s a n c a ip a (l k “)/,
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or
12
'coyote’s wood'.
The M ak a h (Wakashan)
of Washington call
Maianthemun dilatum (false lily-of-the-valley)
/ t 1 1' i k i b u p t / , ’snake p l a n t ' (Gunther,
1945).
The names of plants can reflect the importance of a
plant to the culture of the people.
Before the Dakota
(Siouan) were displaced by the Algo nqian from the lake
country to the plains,
/psi^/.
their name for the wild rice was
When they came to the plains,
another plant came
to occupy primary importance in their lives,
e s c u l e n t a , or the wild turnip.
Psorealea
This plant came to be called
/ t i p s i ^ n a / , 'little prairie wi ld r i c e ’ (Gilmore,
1919).
Plants were given names based on certain beliefs held
about them.
The Kwakiutl
(Wakashan)
Indians of British
Columbia name a particular species of fungus / k e n k e n k e s / ,
’e c h o e ', because it is believed to cause echoes in the
woods,
and Nuphar polysepalum or pond lily is called
/ Ihiwayi setsawi/,
'beaver’s mat', as it is believed that
the beaver sleeps on the floating leaves of this plant
(Turner and Bell,
1973).
The Montana Salish call the wild
rose, Rosa s p . , ’C o y o t e ’s b e r r y ’ , because it is believed that
Coyote,
a legendary figure in Salish mythology,
once ate the
fruit
(hip) of this plant and as a result, his anus began to
itch.
Coyote scratched and scratched so m u ch that he died!
The names that the Indians have for plants often seem
to illustrate a lively sense of imagination, perhaps a
linking of relationships or criteria that seems somewhat
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13
far removed.
The Siouan Indians of the northern plains,
for instance, named the pasque flower. An emone
'twin flower'.
spring,
n u t t a l li a na ,
As it is the first plant to bloom in the
it is regarded by the Siouan Indians wi th particular
affection.
This feeling of affection is likened wi t h that
felt by a new family experiencing its first young.
thus the name
'twin flower'
comes from this likening of the
first newborn with the first flowers of the spring
1932).
And
[Gilmore,
The Montana Salish name the tomatoes /sx'^ya/,
'ants', because of the similarity of appearance of the white
colored ant eggs as seen when one breaks open an ant hill to
the white colored seeds of the tomatol
/■
The Onondaga Indians have named the pine tree
/o-neh'tah/,
[Beauchamp,
'like porcupines holding to a s t i c k ’
1902), apparently for the long clustered pine
needles which resemble porcupine quills.
The Onondaga
people name the white trillium / o - j e - g en - st a h/ , 'wrinkles
on the f o r e h e a d ' , for the strongly veined flowers
[Beauchamp,
1902).
Dr. Mattina
[1973),
in studying the language of the
Colville Indians of Washington, believes that phra se-length
metaphorical expressions seem to be lacking in the language ;
however, he suggests that many of the words themselves in
the language are metaphorical in nature.
in som-e instances,
This may explain,
the nature of the figurative names w hi c h
the Indians use for plants.
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14
Different names can be used for the different stages
of a plant's growth.
The Thompson Indians call the first
year's basal growth of the thistle /ckolospu/, while the
second year plant is called / jlaqiaqt/.
In a somewhat
different' manner the young ponderosa pine is called
/ s a ? e t u t q " l p / , while the older tree is called /s?etq"lp/
(Turner,
1973).
The Kwakiutl
(Wakashan)
Indians of British
Co lumbia call a sapling Thuj a p l i c a t a , or western red cedar,
/gwelxmes/,
one suitable for collecting bark /dxesekw/,
a full grown tree is called /wilkw/
(Turner and Bell,
and
1973),
Plants wh i ch are extensively used often have many names.
Turner and Bell
(1973)
stated that the Kwakiutl
(Wakashan)
Indians of British Columbia have some 40 names for the
western red cedar, a tree extensively used by these people.
The M on t an a Salish have at least two names for it, /astk'^/
for the wood and /mselp/ for the boughs.
The c a m a s ,
Camassia q u a m a s h , goes by the names /sx"e?li/
for the
uncooked camas and /^itx'^e'?®/ for the cooked camas.
A black
species of A l e c t o r i a , or tree lichen, which is cooked with
the camas also goes by two names, /sawtomqan/
in the u n ­
cooked state and / sq"uXa/ in the cooked state.
Some names of plants have been borrowed from other
languages.
The Tewa (Athapaskan)
Indians of New Mexico
have some 30 words for plants which were borrowed from
Spanish.
The alfalfa, for example,
and coffee is called /kap'e/
is called / alp'alp'a/
(Robbins,
1916).
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15
The Montana Salish have at least 4 names of plants
w h i c h are borrowed from French and one from English.
Part
of the name for Labrador tea, Ledum gl a n d u l o s u m , /liti/,
'tea*, comes from French, as also do the following : potato,
/pataq/;
Campanula rotundifolia or harebell /lieiepute/,
'little bottles';
and oats /lewen/.
This certainly points
out the influence of the French fur trappers in this area.
In addition,
the one word borrowed from English is /apals/,
for apples.
It seems,
then, that borrowing is more common with
introduced plants than with native plants.
Furthermore,
bo rrowing may come from their own language.
For example,
the domestic cherry has been named after the chokecherry,
and rhubarb has been named in the Montana Salish language
after the cow-parsnip which it resembles superficially.
Hopefully,
additional research will indicate the influence
of borrowing from other tribes.
Sometimes there seems to be a reluctance to name new
species,
such as introduced species for w hi c h people have
no use (Chestnut,
1902).
Neither the Mont ana Salish nor
the Kootenai have bothered to name the common dandelion,
Taraxicum o f f i c i n a l e .
we ed plantain,
a poultice,
Yet on the other hand,
the introduced
Plantago m a j o r , which is used medicinally as
is named / ni o ml a mq e ’e n e ? ® / , 'bear's e a r s ’ .
Even native plants having no use seem to have no names.
Pete Beaverhead (1973), a Mo nt ana Salish Indian of c o n s i d e r ­
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16
able botanical knowledge, was very familiar with some of
the plants which were shown to him that apparently had no
use.
In fact some of them he had, as a youngster,
to his elders in hope that they would have a name,
ly without any success.
shown
apparent­
Other Indian people also recognized
but had no names for some plants shown to them.
It may
also be that these familiar plants at one time had names,
but have long since been forgotten.
Classification
When the names that man gives to plants arrange them
into groups or categories based on certain criteria, he is
using a classification system.
One of the most fundamental types of classification
systems is the binomial nomenclature scheme.
Contrary to
popular belief,
it was not Linneaus who first implemented
it, but rather,
as Bartlett (1940) believed,
is a concept
as old as folk science.
We commonly use the binomial nomenclature scheme,
though many do not realize it.
When we refer to red, white
and black oak trees, we are using the binomial nomenclature
system no differently than when botanists refer to them as
Quercus r u b r a ,
. a l b a , and
nigra.
Inherent in the binomial nomenclature scheme is the
concept of the genus.
It is a generic name which is a p p l i ­
cable to several of a kind;
the varieties of the genus may
or may not be specified.
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17
Bartlett
(1940)
stated that whatever the people or
language', there is a naming and classification of the plants
and us ua lly a well defined concept of the genus.
out the beginnings of the concept:
experience,
He points
(A) "With enlarging
people make finer distinctions, and need d i f f e r ­
ent names for newly distinguished entities which have p r e ­
v io usly been called by the same original name.
The original
name becomes generic in its application ; variously q u a l i ­
fied,
it provides the basis for specific names.
(B) As a
language becomes cumbersomely rich in separate names for
closely similar things,
there is a tendency toward grouping
or classification under the same name on the basis of newly
perceived similarities."
As Bartlett
(1940) adds, grouping
of similar kinds into genera is a linguistic necessity if
there is to be flexibility and precision in the nomenclature
of the biotic world.
Working in the very rich floras of M a laysia and Sumatra,
Bartlett (1940)
found numerous instances of the binomial
nomenclature system used by the native peoples.
climbing palms of Malaysia,
binomials:
For the
the natives used the following
/hotang djorling/, /hotang s u m a m b u / , /hotang
a b o n i r / , /hotang taritting/,
/hotang p a h o e / , e t c .
The natives of the floristically rich Hawaiian Islands
furnish additional examples of the binomial nomenclature.
A ca c ia koa and A. koaia are called /koa/ and /koaia/.
And
Oxalis corniculata and 0. martiana are called /'ihi-*ai/
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18
and /'ihi-pehu/
(Nagata,
1971).
Additional support comes from the A y m a r a Indians of
Bolivia.
potato
Since substantial subsistence came from the
in that region, perhaps it is not too surprising
that hundreds of terms are used to designate the various
kinds of potatoes.
The fundamentals of their taxonomic
system for the potato is built on a binomial nomenclature
scheme.
The second term designates the variety and the
first the subvariety.
/hangho
For example,
the /larom imilla/ and
imilla/ designates the '’blue" and "white" types of
"girl" potatoes, while the / chchiar surimama/
and /chchiar
sutumari/ designates the "ostrich-mother" and "slippery
thing" types of "black" potatoes
The Navaho
(Athapaskan)
(La Barre,
1947).
Indians of the desert floras
of the American Southwest display a tendency to use the
binomial nomenclature scheme.
The ir names for the junipers
Juniperus c o m m u n i s , J. virginiana and J. pachyphloea are
/kat/, /kat-nee-ay-li/,
and / k a t - d i l - t a h - l i / .
In addition,
their names for the pigweeds Chenopodium fremontii and C^.
album are / tlotahi/ and / tlotahitso/
Wyman and Harris
(1941)
(Matthews,
1886).
found further substantiating
evidence of the Navaho tendency to classify plants.
It was
found that they have names for a number of botanical species;
these Wyman and Harris
(1941) called form g e n e r a .
Those
names given to a single botanical species were called
Navaho s p e c i e s .
The generic names and the specific names
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19
were found to be variously modified by additional qualifying
terms to designate species or varieties.
names for plants,
each genus,
Of the 243 stem
44 seemed to be form genera names.
Within
there were seldom more than three or four kinds.
In a surprising number of instances,
the species in the
Navaho genus are actually members of the modern recognized
botanical genus
The Navaho
(Wyman and Harris,
(Athapaskan)
1941).
tend to classify insects with
the binomial nomencl ature also.
The Navaho genus for i n ­
sects includes those which belong to the same modern b i o l o ­
gical category (genus,
family or order)
as well as those
organisms w hi c h only grossly resemble one another.
These
categories they dis tinguish on the basis of structure,
habits,
or habitat.
Furthermore,
it is suggested that it
is not too unlike ly that biolobical species only distantly
related would be put in the Navaho g e n u s .
The Navaho
"pot-carrier" is used to name members of different modern
orders of insects, but which have structural similarities
related to incidents of their my thology (Wyman and Bailey,
1964) .
The Navaho species of insects are then qualified by
modifying the generic names.
Subspecies are further d i s t i n ­
guished by qualifying the specific name with additional
adjectives
(Wyman and Bailey,
1964).
The extent to which the Navaho genus has species
associated with it depends partially upon the degree to
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20
w h i c h superficial differentiation of the genus occurs.
Thus while there is only one species of the bedbug from both
the modern scientific as well as Navaho (Athapaskan)
point,
nized.
view­
there are many Navaho modern species of moths r e c o g ­
The Navaho r e c o g n i z e , in the latter instance,
some
21 species of moths and 13 subspecies based upon color,
size, patterns,
As
etc.
(Wyman and Bailey,
1964).
is suggested in some of the previous examples,
the
instances of usage of the binomial nomenclature scheme
appear to be well developed in regions having rich biotic
diversity or in those occasions wh erein extensive usage of
a particular kind or kinds occurs.
indicated,
As Bartlett
(1940)
the binomial nomenclature system becomes a l i n ­
guistic necess ity as it enables people to name a far greater
number of species w it h fewer words.
With the Indian tribes of northwestern America, h o w ­
ever , it appears that the binomial nomenclature system is
poorly developed.
It may be that the relative paucity of
flora in this region compared with some of the previous
examples does not lend itself to the need for the native
peoples to develop this type of classification system.
The
tribes of the northwest no doubt could satisfactorily name
all the useful and common species w it h individual names.
In those situations where more than one species is
found wi th in a modern recognized genus, the binomial is
seldom utilized.
The Montana Salish,
for example, call
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21
Betula occidentalis
(western birch)
Betula papyrifera (paper birch)
gus Columbiana
A n d Abies
lasiocarpa
Abies grandis
(alpine fir)
Cratae­
is called /stamoq/,
(black hawthorn)
(grand fir)
The Kwakiutl
Columbia,
is called /q'^lna/.
(Columbia hawthorn)
Crataegus douglasii
/ s i c a q s n e l p / , while
and
is called / s x " e ? n e / .
is called / m a n i n l p / , while
is called / q " i l c a n / .
(Wakashan)
Indians of coastal British
a different linguistic affiliation, have given
entirely different names to the four species of Rubus or
raspberries and to six species of Va ccinium or huckleberries
(Turner and Bell,
1973).
The Snohomish (Salishan)
of western Washington call
Berberis aquifolium and Berberis nervosa (two species of
Oregon grape) /qu'bqubitc/
Similarly,
and /swaixats/,
respectively.
the Cowlitz of west ern Washington call the r a s p ­
be rry species Rubus p a r v i f l o r u s , R. s p e c t a b l i s , R. l eu c od e r m i s , and R. macropetalus / k ^ k u * 'c n a s / , /e'twan/, /ca'xat/,
and /wisi'k/,
respectively (Gunther,
1945).
Further examples
could be cited.
Examples of the generic concept do exist,
such as the
Montana Salish /caq^ols/ and /sctx'^e caq^sls/ for the
western larch, Larix o c c i d e n t a l i s , and for the alpine larch,
Larix ly a ll i i.
These, however,
are not very common.
It must be pointed out that not having a binomial
nomenclature system for closely related plants does not mean
that the northwest Indians did not believe plants to be
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22
related to one another.
On two separate occasions when a
picture was shown of the white or paper birch,
rif era to Christine Woodcock and Annie Pierre
Betula p a p y ­
(1973)
and to
Pete Beaverhead (1973), reference was made to a kind of
birch having reddish-brown bark, most probably Betula
o c c i d e n t a l i s , the western birch.
ate names,
Thus,
though having s e p a r ­
they are recognized to be related.
On another occasion, Pete Beaverhead
(1973) told of
another type of Amelanchier or serviceberry with reddishcolored fruit called / s iy e ye ? /.
The more common one wi th
better tasting fruit is called /slaq/.
Additionally, Mitch Small Salmon (1973) once made
reference to the similarity of grand fir or Abies grandis
and alpine fir or Abies lasioca r pa , even though they have
different names /q'^ilcan/ and /manilp/,
On the other hand,
generic.
respectively.
the names of some plants seem
The M ontana Salish name the huckleberry, V a cc inium
globulare, /stsa/.
As Pete Beaverhead (1973)
indicated,
different kinds of huckleberries are believed to exist,
some are noted to be too mushy,
some bigger,
etc.
as
Apparent­
ly no specific names are given to these various kinds ; the
differences are specified by short descriptions and not oneword names.
Teit and Steedman (1973)
also pointed this out for the
Thompson Indians of British Columbia.
(pussy-toes)
The genus Antennaria
is called / y a l y a l i ^ t - u n l p / .
Different species
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23
...Antennaria m i c r o p h y l l a , A. r o s e a , and A.
luzuloides are
distinguished through brief descriptions.
Regarding the paucity of binomial nomenclature for
plants by the Northwest
Indians,
it also seems possible
addition to the relative paucity of flora)
(in
that they are
using different criteria of nomenclature than some peoples
who tend to use this system.
It may be that their lively
sense of imagination and their common use of metaphors,
p ointed out earlier,
as
are more significant features for n a m ­
ing than believed relationships among plants.
Wider relationships among plants are commonly r e c o g ­
nized by various peoples.
Bartlett (1940)
found that the
Batak of Sumatra called any slender species of Carex
(sedge)
or
/si m a r t i h e - t i h e / , 'the one who passes for t i h e ’ ,
'the tihe-like one'
Carex) .
(tihe is a species of sedge or
He suggested that this is an 'inkling of the family
concept and a name which is linguistically a reflection of
the same kind of thinking that gave us the botanical family
names in current scientific u s e ' (Bartlett,
1940).
Teit and Steedman (1973) also found that names given
to plants by the Thompson Indians indicated a believed r e l a ­
tionship among them.
Plants having certain physical c h a r ­
acteristics in common are designated as / snuk'^e?s/, 'friends'
Thus two or three species of Artemisia are considered
related to A. c a n a d e n s i s , and were therefore called
/snuk'^e^s a swelelp/
(?) , 'friends of Artemisia c a n a d e n s i s .'
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24
Gailardia a r i s t i d a , or b rown-eyed Susan,
is called by
the Thompson Indians / sax'^smîçeksn/, 'little Balsamorhiza
f l o w e r ' (Teit and Steedman,
1973).
Both are members of the
modern family Compositae or Asteraceae.
Clintonia u n i f l o r a , or queen-up bead l i l y , is called
by the Tho mpson Indians / s ^ e m e c - u p e ? / , 'Erythronium- r o o t '
(Turner,
1973).
Both Clintonia and Erythronium are members
of the modern Liliaceae family.
o re g o n u m (fairy-bell)
In addition, Disporum
is called / snuk"e?s e k a l w e t / ,
'relative of S m i l a c i n a ' (Turner,
1973).
Both again are
members of the modern Liliaceae family.
Chimaph ila u m b e l l a t a , or prince's pine,
is called by
the Thompson Indians /snu^'^ e7 s e7 i k- e lp / , 'relative of
kinnikinnick*
(Turner,
1973).
Both are members of the
mode rn heath family.
Believed family or generic relationships for plants
and animals are not always accurate,
rent scientific viewpoint.
at least from the c u r ­
Organisms can be placed in the
same category for reasons w hich might be viewed from the
scientific community as "superficial".
The Batak of Sumatra sometimes place plants of very
diverse phylogeny in the same category.
Usually physical
attributes common to the species in question are reason for
their being grouped together (Bartlett,
The Delaware (Algonqian)
1940).
Indians similarly place bats
and birds in the same category because of similarities of
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25
function (Speck,
1946).
Of course this is no different
from early Europeans who placed fish and whales in the same
category.
It seems that many different criteria for c l a s s i f i c a ­
tion of organisms are possible than what modern science
uses.
The Navaho (Athapaskan),
for instance, have a t e n ­
dency to classify members of the animal kingdom on the
basis of types of motion,
as the following illustrates:
(1)
/ n a ' a t 'i'i/
'which moves here and t h e r e ’ ,
(2)
/na*alAosi/,
(3)
/ n a ' t 'a ' i / , ’which fly a r o u n d ’ , and
(4)
/na*na n ag i *d i ne * e/ , ’crawling and creeping
’which moves on all f o u r s ’,
a n i m a l s '.
In fact, one third of the generic names describe mot ion
(Wyman and Bailey,
Speck (1946)
1964).
stated that the Delaware (Algonqian)
Indians have designated rough classification systems based
on criteria of form and habit.
then,
It is not too surprising,
that they have collective terms for owls, hawks,
ducks, woodpeckers,
swallows,
etc., groups of birds which
have similar form and function.
Schaeffer (1950)
also
believed that the Blackfeet classified birds on similarities
due to function.
More inclusive and wider classes of plants are f r e ­
quently recognized.
Just as we have named and classified
plants as trees, bushes, grasses, weeds,
algae, mushrooms.
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26
ferns,
etc.,
so too have many other peoples,
including the
Montana Salish.
Cronquist (1968)
further elaborated on the folk
taxonomy of the higher categories of plants and animals.
He stated that wi th the higher vertebrates there is a g e n e r ­
al correlation of structure,
and taxonomic affinity.
continued,
appearance,
écologie niche,
Ma ny of these categories,
he
are reflected in true folk classifications.
This is exemplified by such common names as fish,
shark,
reptile,
squirrel,
snake,
lizard, bird, hawk, owl, penguin,
kangaroo, monkey,
etc.
The folk classification of v e r t e ­
brates does not conform in all respects to that of formal
taxonomy, but as he suggested,
in a great many of cases it
does.
The situation among the flowering plants
1968)
is far different.
(Cronquist,
The structural differences which
mark the higher taxa of vertebrates have no real parallel
among the higher taxa of the flowering plants.
Difference
of growth habit, which among the vertebrates may delineate
different taxa, can be found within the same taxa of
flowering plants.
It is the minute structure of the flower
and fruit which delineates the higher taxa of plants,
and
thus it is no wonder that early plant taxonomic systems,
such as those that recognized trees,
shrubs, herbs, vines,
etc., cut squarely across natural taxonomic arrangements.
To peoples whose existence is directly dependent upon
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Il
the natural world,
ly occurs.
Arber
classification of plants by use frequent
(1970) believed that classification of
plants by
their uses and medicinal properties is
obviously
the first
suggestion that arises when nature isregarded
from the anthropocentric viewpoint.
The Gosiute of Utah,
for example, classified medicinal
plants according to disease and ailments in which they were
used to cure as the following illustrates:
(1)
/ i - a - n a - t s u / , 'wounds and cuts',
(2)
/b a i - g w i - n a - t s u / , 'bruises and swellings',
(3)
/ wa i - a - n a - t s u / , 'burns',
(4)
/ 6 - n i - n a - t s u / ,'coughs and colds',
(5)
/ k o i - n a - t s u / , 'bowel t r o u b l e s ',
(6)
/ w u - i - n a - t s u / ,'worms',
(7)
/ tlin-bai-na-tsu/, 'venereal diseases',
(8)
/ ts 6 -n i - n a - t s u / , 'rheumatism',
(9)
/ b u - i - n a - t s u / ,'blood*, and
(10)
/ s i - n a - t s u / , 'bladder and kidney t r o u b l e s '
(Chamberlin,
1911).
The Navaho (Athapaskan)
believe that plants fall into
large medicinal categories according to:
(1) ceremony in which the plant was used,
(2) etiological factors held responsible for the
disease,
(3) the disease itself,
(4) the pharmacological effect of the herbs.
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28
(5) the method
of preparation,
and
(6) the method
of administration.
If a plant's name can not be recalled,
then the Navaho will
place it in one of the above categories
(Wyman and Harris,
1941) .
Cl assif ication of plants by use was prevalent among
early European herbalists too.
John Parkinson,
in The atrum
b o t a n i c u m , 1640, classified some plants as "Venemous,
Sleepy,
w it h the
and Hurtfull", while others were placed in categories
'strange and outlandish plants"
The concept of
classification.
As
(Arber,
1970).
sex in plants can be a basis
for
La Barre (1947)
some plants
stated,
that
are considered to be dioecious is not uncommon among Indian
tribes of North and South America.
The Athapaskan,
for
instance, visualized large individuals as the males and the
smaller individuals as the females.
Often these are a c t u ­
ally larger and smaller species within a modern genus
and Harris,
1941).
(Wyman
Occasionally specific parts of plants
were viewed as female or male.
The Thompson Indians viewed
individuals of Goodyera oblongifolia having flowering stalks
as the female, while the males were thought to lack f l o w e r ­
ing stalks (Turner,
1973).
The Kootenai believe that the
flowering stalk of the balsamroot,
Balsamorhiza s a g i t t a t a ,
to be the female p a r t , while the stalk supporting the leaf,
the petiole,
to be the male part.
No concept of sex in
plants has been discovered wi th the Mon tana Salish.
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29
Occasionally habitat serves as a basis for c l a s s i f i c a ­
tion.
The Gosiute,
for example,
classify water plants as
/ p a - b u - i p / , the plants growing on rocks as / t i m - b o - i p / , the
shrubs growing in the mountains or canyons as /toi-ya-dat s l p / , and plants growing submerged under the water as
/pun-idi-sip/
A rber
(Chamberlin,
(1970)
1911).
stated that some early European herbalists
classified plants by habitat.
Also,
this is not that much
different than modern descriptive plant ecologists who
classi fy plant communities.
M an y tribes of the Northwest have what might be called
a morpho logical classification of particular plants,
especially those having edible fruits.
A systematic means
of distinguishing the fruit from the plant is u t i l i z e d .
W it h the Montana Salish,
for example,
Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry)
the fruit of
is called /pulpalqan/,
while the plant is called /pu lp a l q a n e l p / .
The lexical s u f ­
fix /-elp/ occurs throughout the Salishan languages ; e.g.
in the Spokane
(Carlson,
the Thompson (Turner,
1973), the Colville
'leaves'
1973) ,
1973), as well as the Mont ana Salish,
and has the meaning of ’plant'
and sometimes
(Mattina,
(Parker,
In other instances,
(Carlson,
1973; Parker,
1973)
1973).
the Montana Salish designate the
plant of species having edible fruits wi th the lexical
suff ix / - a l k “/, as seen in the word for Shepherdia canadensis
(buffalo-berry) /sx'^usamnalk"/.
This suffix means
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'wood'
or
30
'tree'
(Parker,
1973)
and seems to be used more frequently
in the more wo o dy plant species.
W it h some species of plants an irregular pattern is
used by the M on t an a Salish to designate the bush or plant
from the fruit.
One name is used for the fruit,
pletely different name is used for the plant.
the w i l d strawberry,
for example,
and a c o m ­
The fruit of
is called /qitqam/, while
the plant is called / sancas e ^s t is / .
The Coastal Salish of Vancouver Island uses suffixes
to indicate the plant or bush of the fruit yielding plants
too.
The Cowichan use the suffix /-Ip/ and the Comox use
the suffix /âi/
(Turner and Bell,
1971).
The Wakashan Indians of British Columbia (the southern
Kwakiutl)
use the suffix / -mes/ or /-Aems/ to indicate the
bush or plant of the economic species (Turner and Bell,
1973).
The tribes of western Washington have similar types of
suffixes to indicate the plant or bush.
The Cowlitz use
the suffixes / -ac/ or /-as/*, the Klallam use the suffix
/-(i)Itc/;
the M a ka h / -a b up t /; the Snohomish /-wads/;
the
Swinomish / - a t s / ; the Squaxin / - a t s / ; the Chehalis /-nl/;
the Quileute / - (a )put/; the Skagit /-(wa)ts/;
River /-a'ts/;
and the Skykomish / -adts/
the Green
(Guqther,
1945).
The Gosiute of Utah use the suffix / -ump/ for some
plants'.
pose,
It conveys the idea of material used for some p u r ­
especially food.
Thus the entire rose plant
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
is called
31
/tsi-o-pi/, while the edible fruit is called /tsi-ump/.
This same system can be seen for currants,
Oregon grape (Chamberlin,
sumac,
and
1911).
The Blackfeet similarly call the fruit of Amelanchier
alnifolia / o k - k u n - o k i n / , while the plant is called /oko-nok/
(Johnston,
1970).
The Comanche (Uto-Aztecan)
also have
different names for the fruits and plants in some instances
(Carlson and Jones,
1940).
The Kootenai have an apparently somewhat different
method of making this distinction.
indicating the plant,
'b u s h ' .
In place of a suffix
,?
they use the term /a k ^k a "i s /, meaning
This term is not used by itself but only for
distinguishing the plant from the fruit of economic
species
(Antise,
1970; Stasso,
1973).
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CHAPTER IV
ETYMOLOGY OF SALISH WORDS FOR PLANTS
Morphology
The following Salish words for plants are comprised
of roots and affixes.
The affixes are of two types*
gr ammatical and lexical.
Both will be glossed, but only
the lexical affixes add pertinent lexical information.
Affixes are marked by hyphens which either precede or
foll ow them, depending on their position relative to the
root.
Roots may be modified by partial or full reduplication
(repeating some or all of the root) which signal,
respectively, a diminutive notion
or distributive
(* s m a l l '), or a plural
(collective) notion.
Other modifications
of roots and affixes include vowel reduction
(a,i,u,o,e
become a under certain conditions of no stress) and
consonant loss
(a consonant becomes lost) neither of which
need further comment.
32
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33
General Botanical Terms
1.
algae
/sanupulex'^e/
(Ad)
/s-(a)n-up-ulex'^e/:
'nom,')
'hair'
(Carlson,
1973);
(henceforth,
'in'
(Carlson,
/-ulex'^e/
'?',
bush
/7estemp/
(Ad, LP, LP, CW)
/?es-tem-p/:
(Parker);
Parker);
3.
'it's'
(Carlson, 1972); /n-/ locative
1972); /up/
2.
/s-/ Nominal
/?es-/ actual
'it's bunched'
(Carlson,
/torn/ 'gathered, bunched'
/ -p/
1972)
or
'it's'
(Carlson,
'non-co ntrol' (cf. 66)
1973;
(Carlson,
1972).
cone
/sccice*?®/
(Ad, LP, A P , CW)
/ s - c- c ic - e ?® / :
/s-/
'nom.'
'a long object'
(Carlson,
'it's a long object'
(Carlson,
1973);
1972);
/cic/
/ c - / , /-e?®/ both
elements are unclear.
4.
ferns
/cx^xtlp/
(AP, AV, CW)
/c-x.'^it-lp/:
/x"it/
'plant,
(Carlson,
leaf
'sharp, pointed l e a f
'sharp'
1973;
(Carlson,
Parker);
1973) ;
/-(e) Ip/
/c-/
Parker suggests that the name of this plant describes
the toothed nature of the leaves.
5.
ferns
/toxtoxelp/
(PB)
/ ta x - t o x - e l p / :
'cushion l e a f
/tax/ redupl.
'to spread, cushion'
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34
(Parker);
/-elp/
’p l a n t ’ (Carlson,
1973; Parker).
This apparently was the name for the fern used in
cooking of the camas;
it was spread over the hot
rocks to protect or cushion the camas from being
b urned as well as keeping it moist.
6.
f l o w e r s , blossom
/ sce?e&"/
(Ad, L P , AP, AV, CW)
/s-ce-?-eic'^/:
/s-/
’nom. ’ (Carlson,
’begins t o ’ (Mattina);
(Carlson,
7.
/ce^"/
1972) ;
(Parker)
/-?-/
’shiny, b r i g h t ’
1973).
fruit
/spiqalq/
(Ad, L P , A P , CW)
/s-piq-alq/:
/s-/
’r i p e ’ (Carlson,
(Carlson,
8.
’to light up'
'nom.'
’ripe s m e l l ’
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
1973; Parker)
1972);
/-alq/
/piq/
’f r u i t ’
or ’s m e l l ’ (Parker).
grass
/ s u p u ’l e x”/
(LP, AV)
/ s - u p - u ?l e x" / :
’h a i r ’ (Carlson,
/s-/
’hair on the e a r t h ’
’n o m . ’ (Carlson,
1972);
1973; Parker); /-u?lex"/
/ -up/
’ground,
e a r t h ’.
9.
leaves
/piccl/
(Ad, LP, AV)
Apparently u n a n a l y z a b l e .
10,
leaves
(evergreen n e e d l e s )
/ceme?®/
(Ad, LP)
Larry Parker suggests that this w o r d m a y mean
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
'of the
35
e x t r e m i t i e s ’.
This may be indicative of the position
of the needles on the ’’extremities'* of the plant.
11.
moss
/sonk^ospu/
(PB)
/-pu/
(Carlson, 1973);
’anus'
this is in reference to
the use of a particular kind of moss as an absorbent
to keep babies clean.
The remainder of the w o rd seems
unanalyzable.
12.
mushroom
/paAoqlne/
(PB, LP, JP, AP, AV, CW)
/ pa i a - q i n - e / :
/ p @A ( a) -/ ’s m o o t h ’ (Pa rker);
’h e a d ’ (Carlson,
13.
’smooth h e a d ’
1973; Parker);
/-e/
/-qin/
'?’.
mushroom (possibly Lycoperdon sp.)
/s?its/
(AV)
’to sleep*
(Parker)
This is in reference to its use as a sleep inducer.
14.
plants
/sk'^a7lu?lex”/
(Ad, LP, AV)
/ s - k " a ?l - u7 l ex " /:
/s-/
/ -k'^a7(i) -/ ’to grow'
’n o m . ’ (Carlson,
1973);
(Carlson, 1972; Parker) ;
/-u?lex”/ ’g r o u n d , earth'
15.
’i t ’s growing on the e a r t h ’
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
roots
/ s o ’x^ip/
(Ad, LP, AV)
The etymology of this word is unclear.
Mattina suggests
that the suffix /-ip/ is a cognate of the Colville
■/-ip/, meaning
’the other s i d e ’ or the ’lower end':
this meaning is apparently acceptable to Parker,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
36
Parker also thought that / s o * x “/ meant
'long, attached
pieces hanging down, or dangling'.
16.
seeds
/sonqocti/
CAP, CW)
A pp a re n t l y unanalyzable.
17.
tree
/7essit/
(Parker)
/7es-/ actual
'to stand'
18.
19.
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
/cey-e/:
/cey/
/-e(lp)/
'plant'
'it's'
(Parker);
/sit/
1973; Parker).
'dry'
(Carlson, 1973; Parker);
(?).
tree (fork of tree)
(Parker)
/ 7e s - n - q e y - u s / :
(Parker);
'forked'
'it's forked in the middle'
/?es-/ actual
/n-/ locative
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
'in'
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
1972),
1972);
/-us/
'it's'
/qey/
'middle'
1973; Parker).
tree bark
/ci?lelx"/
(Ad, LP, AP, CW)
/ci'?l-elx'^/:
Parker);
21.
1972),
t r e e , dead and standing
/ ?esnqeyus/
20.
'it's standing'
/-elx'*/
/ci^l/
'skin, hide'
1973;
'?'.
tree branches
(on the g r ou n d)
/scGlsalsme/
(LP, AP, CW)
/s-c-ls-ls-me/:
(Carlson,
/ s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
1972);
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
unanaly-
37
zable beyond this element.
22.
tree branches
/sccalcale/
(still on the t r e e )
(Ad, LP)
/s-c-col-cal-e/:
redupl. plural
out'
23.
*they're sticking out*
/s-/
'nom.'
'to stand'
(Parker);
/c-/
'?';
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
/-e/
1972);
1973)
/col/
or 'to stick
'?'.
tree stump
/nx'^cu/
(LP, AP, CW)
'to cut',
especially
'close to
the ground'
/n -x”c-u/:
/n-/
locative
'in*
(Carlson,
1972);
/x"c/
this appears to be a cognate of the Spokane / x"ec(i)/
(Carlson,
1973)
and the Colville /x"ic/
meaning 'to cut',
(M a tt i na ) ,
especially close to the ground.
Larry Parker believes that this is a good definition.
24.
trees
/?esc8lcil/
(Parker)
/ 7e s - c @ l - c i l / :
(Parker);
'they are standing'
/?es-/ actual
(Carlson,
/ cil/ redupl. plural
1972),
'to stand'
'it's'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
25.
vines
/ciiyaialkV
(Ad, PB, LP, JP, AP, AV, CW)
twining around a tree'
(Parker)
/ ci l -y a i - a l k " / :
'to hang down'
/cil/
'wrapping,
(Carlson,
1973);
/ ( - )yal/ this may be a cognate wi th the Spokane / y i r / ,
meaning
'round'
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
1973);
/-aik'*/ 'wood, t r e e '
1973; Parker).
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38
26.
weeds
/c3s'upû'?lex'"/
(Ad, LP, AP, CW)
/cas •-up-u'?lex'^/:
Parker); /^up/
/cas*-/
'hair'
Parker); / -u?lex"/
'bad'
or 'fuzz'
'ground,
'bad hair on the earth'
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
earth'
1973;
1973;
(Carlson,
1973;
Parker).
27.
wood (d r y )
/ xa^malq"/
/xa?m/
(Parker)
'dry'
'dry long cylindrical object'
(Carlson,
cylindrical object'
1973; Parker);
(Carlson,
/-alq"/
1973; Parker).
'long
This
terra applies to dry logs on the ground.
2 8.
wood (d ry )
/ixa?raluk"/
/ixa?ra/
29.
(LP, AP, CW)
'a n h y d r o u s ' (Parker);
/-luk"/
'wood'
(Parker).
wood (green)
/qalalq"/
(LP, AP, CW)
/qal-alq"/:
/q@l/
cylindrical object'
30.
'anhydrous wood'
'raw'
'raw long cylindrical object'
(Parker); /-alq"/
'a long
(Carlson, 1973; Parker).
woods
/nk"e/
/çL-k"ê/;
(Ad, LP, AP, CW)
/n-/ locative
'in'
(Carlson,
1972) ;
this may be a form of / k " a ? / ,'to grow'.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
/k"e/
39
Terms for Individual Species of Plants
31.
Abies grandis
/q^ilcon/
( Dougl.) Forbes
(PB, MSS)
/q'^il-can/:
/-can/
/q"il/
'mouth'
'song, to talk'
(Mattina, Parker).
used for Palm Sunday.
boughs,
(Mattina, Parker);
This name is also
As the Grand fir has flat
it (as well as Thuja p l i c a t a ) was used in
place of the palm, and hence was called /q'^ilcan/.
32.
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.
/maninlp/
( A d , PE, AP, MSS, CW)
/manin-lp/:
son (1973)
/manin/
this morpheme is unclear.
Carl­
suggests that it is a form of /mar(i)m/
'to
heal', possibly in reference to its use as a baby
powder.
Another suggestion is that it is a form
similar to the Colville /ma?min/
/-(e)lp/
33.
'plant'
(Carlson,
'to r u b ' (Mattina).
1973; Parker).
Acer glabrum Torr.
/sx"uAula/
(PB, LP, AP, CW)
/s-x" uA - ul a /;
/s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
'?', but compare Colville /x"iA/
'to break'
/ -ula/ may be a variant of /-u?lex'^/
34.
1972);
'land,
/x'^uA/
(Mattina);
earth'.
Achillea millefolium L.
/nk^ic^a/
(Ad, PB, JP, AP, MSS, AV, CW)
•/n-/ locative
'in*
(Carlson,
1972) ;
/k'^ic^'a/ »?'.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
40
35.
Achill ea m i llefolium L.
/neposoncux'^/
(JP)
'anus w i p e '
The leaves of this plant apparently are a good s ub ­
stitute for toilet paper.
36.
Alectoria sp.
/ sawtamqon/
/-qan/
(uncooked)
(PB, AP, CW)
'head'
(Carlson,
1973)
is the only part
identifiable.
37.
Alectoria sp.
/sq'^uAa/
(cooked)
(PB)
Parker suggests that this word means
38.
'baked*,
Allium cernuum Roth
/q'^liwye?®/
(PB, AP, MSS, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable.
39.
A llium sp.
/sehc/
(Ad)
This word seems unanalyzable.
Carlson (1973)
suggests
that this might be a borrowing since /h/ is not very
common in Salish.
40.
Alnus incana ( L .) Moench
/cicitane/
(PB, MSS, AV)
Parker suggests that this may be a shortened form for
/ c i c i t an e lp / .
41.
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.
•/slaq/:
/s-/
(fruit)
'nom.' (Carlson,
1972); /laq/
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
'?'.
41
42.
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.
/slqê/
(PB, LP, AP, AV, CW)
/s-lq-ê/:
/s-/
'nom.*
/-e/ short for /-elp/
43.
(plant)
(Carlson,
1972); /i(a)q/
'plant' (?).
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.
/siyeye?/
(PB)
This is a name for a variety of the serviceberry wh ich
has redder fruit.
Parker suggests that its meaning is
'to become discouraged'.
44.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
/sk"ulis/
(PB, LP, AP, AV, CW)
/s -k”ul-îs/:
'red'
45.
/s-/
(Carlson,
/sk"lselp/
'plant'
'red'
(fruit)
'it’s red'
(Carlson,
1972);
1973; Parker); /-is/
( L .) Spreng.
(PB, JP, AP, AV, CW)
/ s - k “l- s- e lp / ;
46.
'nom.'
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
/k'^(u) 1/
( L.) Spreng.
/s-/
(Carlson,
'?'.
(plant)
'it's red plant'
'nom.' (Carlson,
(Carlson,
/k'^(u) 1/
1973; Parker);
1973; Parker);
1973; Parker);
/ -s/
/ -elp/
'?',
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.
/qapqapte/
(Ad, PB, AV)
/qa p -qap-t e / :
/qop/ r e d u p l ., its meaning is not clear;
Mattina suggests that an apparently related Colville
form means
'soft'
or 'hair'; /-te/
’?'.
Parker
suggests that this name conveys a meaning of
• alleviate pain, heartbreak, or s a d n e s s '.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
'to
42
47.
Artemisia tridentata Nutt.
»
»
/pupuneip/
(PB, LP, AP, AV, CW)
/pu-pu-n-elp/:
Parker);
/-n-
48.
/pu/ redupl.
/-elp/
'plant'
'stink plant'
'stink'
(Carlson,
(Carlson, 1973;
1973;
Parker);
'?'.
Asclepias speciosa Torr.
/sonolqew/
(Ad)
Apparently unanalyzable.
49.
Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt,
/ t æ q"u/
(root)
(PB, AV)
Apparently unanalyzable.
50.
Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt,
/mtcuwe/
(plant)
(Ad, PB, JP, AP, MSS, AV, CW)
This word appears unanalyzable;
however, Parker and
Ma ttina suggest a relationship wi th /m(u)t/
51.
Berberis repens Lindl.
/scâls/
'to sit'.
(fruit)
(Ad, PB, JP, AP, AV, CW)
/s-cal-s/:
/s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
cognate with Colville /car/
1972); /cal/ may
'pain, diarrhea'; /-s/
Parker suggests that this word may have the meaning
of 'cold'
or 'pain'.
Thompson /scol-se?/
The word is cognate w it h the
'because it has sour berries'
( Turner).
52.
Berberis repens Lindl.
/scoselp/
(plant)
(PB)
/s-cas-elp/:
fs-f
'nom.' (Carlson, 1972);
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
/-elp/
'?'
43
'plant'
53.
(Carlson,
1973; Parker); /cas/
Besseya rubra (Dougl.) Rydb.
/cecelu/
(AV)
Parker believes that this word means
54.
Betula occidentalis Hook.
/sicaqaneip/
(AP, AV, CW)
/ s- i -c a q- e n- e lp / :
'prickly'
'round'
(Carlson,
1972);
/ caq/
1973; Parker);
1973, Parker); / i-/
/q"l/
(Carlson,
/-elp/
/-@n/
'?'.
'dusty, dirty'
(Pa rker); / - a l q ”/
1973; Parker).
Brodiaea douglasii Wats.
/siius/
(PB)
/sii-us/:
/ -us/
'eye, face, fire,
1973; P a r k e r ) ; / sil/
surface'
(Carlson,
'?'.
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes
/sctassan/
(LP)
/s- c - t a s - s a n / :
'hard'
(Carlson,
(Parker);
58.
(Carlson,
(AP, AV, CW)
/q"l-n-alq"/:
57.
'nom.'
Betula papyrifera Marsh.
/q^lAalq'"/
56.
/s-/
or 'bristly'
'pla nt' (Carlson,
55.
'three round ones',
/c-/
'hard shoe*
/s-/
'nom.' (Carlson,
1973; Parker);
1972); /tas/
/-san/
'foot, shoe'
'?' .
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes
/sama7emqe7sis/
(PB)
• /samam7em-qe7-sis/;
P a r k e r ) ; /-qe?/
'woman's s h o e '
/samam^em/
'woman'
'pinched, squeezed,
(Carlson,
shoe'
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1973;
(Mattina,
44
Parker);
59.
/-sis/ related
to / -sin/ 'foot'(?)
Camassia quamash (Pursh)
Greene (cooked)
/?itx'^e?®/
AV, CW)
(Ad, JP, AP,
Apparently unanalyzable.
(Mattina).
May be a shortened form
of
the archaic /sx'^e'^litx'^e?®/ (Giorda).
60.
Camassia quamash (Pursh)
/sx"e?li/
Greene
(uncooked)
(Ad, LP, JP, AP, AV, CW)
A pparently unanalyzable.
See above for suggested
earlier form.
61.
Campanula rotundifolia L.
/lieiepute/
(PB)
'little bottles'
This is a borrowing from French, cf. /lepute/
(Parker).
'bottles'
The reduplication of the first syllable and
the glottalization mark a diminutive.
62.
Carex s p .
/stapowe/
(PB)
Parker suggests
'rustling sound'
as the meaning
con­
veyed in this word, apparently due to the sound made
when one attempts to walk through a dense stand of
this plant.
63.
Castillej a sp.
/sccmeit sce?eic'^ si?lis/
/s-ccm-eit/:
'children'
/s-/
(PB)
'children's flower food'
'nom.',(Carlson,
(Carlson,
' (Ad, LP, AP, AV, CW);
1973; Parker);
/ s i ’lis/
1972);
/e-cm/
/ s c e ‘?ek“/ 'flower '
'their food'
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
(Parker).
45
64.
C a s tilleja sp.
/ stGltala sce'?eic'^s/
(AP)
/s-tal-tal-a/:
'nom.'
redupl.
/s-/
(Carlson-, 1972); /toi/
'thunder ' (Pierre);
(Ad, LP, AP, AV, C W ) .
65.
'thunder flower'
/-a/
/sce'^ek'^s/ 'flower '
'?’.
Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.
/(:'^alitciyelp/
(Ad, PB, AP, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable.
66.
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart.
/scxolxalpu(s)/
(Ad, PB, JP)
/ s- c -x al-xal-p-u(s)/:
/xal/ redupl.
Parker);
'eye'
67.
'nom.' (Carlson,
to brighten'
(AP, AV, CW)
/ -u(s)/
and Rose
'p o i s o n o u s '
/ n i x ”/ 'poisonous ' (Carlson,
1973; Parker);
'?’.
Cirsium sp.
/coqciq/
(inedible)
(PB, MSS, AV)
/ciq/ redupl.
'prickly'
Cirsium sp.
/sqoitomx”a/
• /qoitam/,
'prickly'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
(edible)
(Ad, AV)
/ s-qoitom-x”a / :
1973;
1973; Parker).
Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult.
/?i-/
1972);
(Carlson,
'n o n - c o n t r o l ' (M a tt i na ) ;
(Carlson,
/?i-nix'^/ :
69.
'to light,
/ -p/
/7i n ix ”/
68.
/s-/
'eye brightener*
/ s-/
'it's a kind of man'
'nom.'
'man'
(Carlson,
'species, kind'
(Parker).
(Carlson,
1972);
1973; Parker);
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
/ - x ”a/
46
70.
Claytonia lanceolata Pursh
/ 5 k “a n k “i/
(PB, AV)
/ s-k'^an-k"i/ :
'green'
71.
/s-/
(Carlson,
’nom.*
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
Cornus stolonifera Michx.
/steccx'"/
1972);
/-k"i/
/k"@n-/
'?'.
(fruit)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable.
72.
Cornus stolonifera Michx.
/sctx"e/
(plant)
(AP, AV, CW)
This word seems to be a shortened form for / scctx^'alk”/ ,
/-alk'^/
'wood'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker), but is otherwise
unclear.
73.
Crataegus columbiana Howell
/staraoq'^/
(PB)
Is-I
/s - t am o q " / :
74.
'nom.' (Carlson,
Crataegus columbiana Howell
/stamq'^palq'^/
(PB)
/ s-tamq " -p - al q "/ :
1973; Parker);
/s-/
/tamq'^/
(PB, AB)
/ s - x “e?-ne/:
/-alq'^/ 'round'
1972); /-p/
(Carlson,
'?'.
(fruit)
'it's sharp'
Unanalyzable beyond /s-/
' 1972) and /x^e?/
/tamoq"/
(plant)
'nom.' (Carlson,
Crataegus douglasii Lindl.
/ sx'^e^ne/
1972);
'it's round'
'non-control ' (Mattina);
75.
(fruit)
'sharp'
'nom.' (Carlson,
(Parker).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
47
76.
Crataegus douglasii Lindl.
/sx"9?x"3?ncelp/
(PB, AV)
/ s-x'^a?-x'^9?-n-c-elp/:
/x'^e'?/ redupl.
(Carlson,
77.
(plant)
'it’s sharp p l a n t ’
/s-/
’nom. ’ (Carlson,
’s h a r p ’ (Parker);
1973; Parker);
/-n/
/-elp/
’? ’ ;
1972);
’plant*
/-c/
Crataegus sp.
/ sancelpa/
(PB)
/sancsip-a/:
'coyote woo d or tree'
/sancaîp/
'c o y o t e ' (Parker);
/-a/ may
be a shortened form for / -a l k”/ 'wood, t r e e ’ .
78.
Delphinium bicolor Nutt.
/ n q “ iq“aya/
(PB, AP, CW)
/n-q"i-q''ay-a/ :
/q"ay/ redupl,
/n-/ locative
’in'
(Carlson,
'blue' ( Ca rlson, 1973);
1972);
unanalyzable
beyond these elements.
79.
Dodecatheon conjugens Greene
/xawit
xawu/
(PB)
This is an onomatopoetic wo rd for the Bittern (Parker).
80.
Dodecatheon conjugens Greene
/nccaio/
(AV)
/n-c-cai-o/:
/caî/
'hooked, nodding'
/n-/ locative
'hooked, nodding'
’in'
Elymus cinereus Scribn.
/pspsnewl/
1972);
probably in reference to the
nodding condition of the flowers;
81.
(Carlson,
/ c - / , /-o/
'?’ .
and Merr.
(PB)
The meaning of this w or d is not clear.
It is not
commonly used currently, but apparently is an archaic
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48
w o r d used in reference to the stems used with hawthorn
thorns as spears to condition the young boys to pai n in
preparation for warfare later in life (Beaverhead).
The reduplicated plural /ps-ps/ may be related to a
form meaning
*scarred'
another meaning
(Carlson,
1973), or perhaps
'young, immature'
( P el k oe ) , or, as
Parker believes with another meaning
'too eager or
excited'.
82.
Elymus cinereus Scribn.
and Merr.
/pa7-po7-a/:
/pa?/ redupl.
color, faded'
(Parker);
'grey, silver,
/-a/
'?';
light in
this name applies
to the fading of this plant in the fall from green
to golden.
83.
Epilobium angustifolium L.
/ q ”u q ”ulqonelp/
(PB)
/q'^u-q”u l - q o n - e l p / :
/ -qan/
'head'
1973; Parker).
'dusty head plant'
/ q ”ul/ redupl.
(Carlson,
1973);
'dusty'
/-elp/
(Parker) ;
'plant'
(Carlson,
This name may describe the plumed fruit
giving a "dusty" appearance to the top or "head" of
the plant in the fall.
It could also describe the
leaves.
84.
Equisetum arvense L,
/tux"an/
(Ad, PB, AP, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable, but it appears to be cognate
wit h Thompson /^ax'^an/ wi t h the meaning
'bushy growth'
(Tu rner).
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49
85.
Erythronium g ra ndi florum Pursh
/ m a x e ’ e/
(PB, AP, CW)
A ppa ren tly unanalyzable.
86.
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne
/qitqam/
(fruit)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable.
87.
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne
/sancase^stis/
(plant)
(PB)
Apparently unanalyzable.
88.
Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng.
/qawxe?e/
(PB, JP, AP, AV, CW)
/qaw-xe^e/:
t w o ';
89.
Parker suggests /qaw/ means
/xe?e/
'break in
'?'.
Geranium viscosissimum F. and M.
/tataqanelp/
(PB)
/ ta-ta-qan-elp/:
(Parker);
/ -qan/
'p l a n t ' (Carlson,
/ta/ redupl.
'head'
'f l a t t e n e d , crushed*
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
1973);
/-elp/
Reference may be to
the flattened appearance of the leaves.
90.
Goodyera oblongifolia R a f .
/nce?ews/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/n-ce-7-ews/:
/-?-/
/n-/ locative
'begins to ' (Mattina);
'in'
(Carlson, 1972);
/-ews/
'middle, half,
c e n t e r ' (Carlson,
1973; P a r k e r ) ; /ce/
'?'.
•Beaverhead states
that this name means
'to pry open
apart.
Pete
This is in reference to the peculiar nature
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or
50
of the leaf;
the epidermal layer is easily removed
from the rest of the leaf.
wounds, burns,
91.
The leaf is then applied to
e t c . as a poultice.
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
/talsisqa/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
'it sticks to horse's
hooves'
/t sl - s i - s q a / :
/toi/
'sticky*
/ -si/
'foot'
(Mattina);
(/-son/)
'h o r s e ' (Mattina).
(Carlson,
/-sqa/
1973; P a r k e r ) ;
(/-sqaxe?/)
Reference is to the oily residues
of this plant which might stick to the hooves of
horses
92.
(Parker).
Heracleum lanatum Michx.
/x"te/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
Parker suggests the meaning
93.
(PB)
/cup/ redupl.
23).
'sticky'
's t i c k y ' (Pa rke r).
Hierochloe odorata ( L .) Beauv.
/sxosestiye?e/
(Ad, PB, AP. AV, CW)
/s -xo s-e sti ye? ®/:
'good'
95.
(cf.
Heuchera cylindrica Dougl.
/copcup/
94.
'to c u t '
(Carlson,
/s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
1972);
1973; Parker); /estiye?®/
/xos/
'7'.
Juniperus communis L.
/ciqcoqonip/
(PB)
/ c iq- c o q - o n - l p / :
• (Carlson,
'pricky p l a n t '
/ciq/ redupl.
'prickly, bristly'
1973; P a r k e r ) ; /-(e)lp/
1973; Parker);
/-on/
'?',
'plant'
(Carlson
Probably in.reference to
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51
the prickly or sharp-pointed leaves,
96.
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.
/punlp/
/-Ip/
97.
(Ad, PB, LP, AP, AV, CW)
'plant’;
/pun/
Larix lyallii Pari.
/ sctx^e
caq^als/
/sctx^e/
CPB)
'mountain'
'mountain larch'
(Parker);
/caq^'als/
cognate with Thompson /caq'^elx/
possibly
'red' , possibly in
reference to its reddish cones.
98.
Larix occidentalis
/caq"als/
Nutt.
(tree)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
See Larix lyallii for etymology.
99.
Larix occidentalis
/ccq'^alselp/
100.
/-elp/
/sancemcem/
101.
/cq'^els/ see Larix lyallii for
Larix occidentalis
/ cam/
(boughs)
(PB)
/c-cq'^als-eip/:
etymology;
Nutt.
'plant,
Nutt.
leaf
(Parker).
(hardened sap)
(PB)
'? *.
Ledum glandulosum Nutt.
/sctx'^e
lit!/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/sctx"e/
'mountain'
(Parker);
'mountain tea'
/liti/
'tea*, borrowed
from French (Parke r).
102.
Letharia sp.
/sk"alyo/
CPB, AV)
/s-k^'al-yo/;
/s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
1972);
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/ k ”al/
52
'yellow'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
/ -yo/
'?'.
This
lichen is named for its yellow-green color,
103.
Lewisia rediviva Pursh
/speAom/
(Ad, PB, LP, JP, AP, AV, CW)
This word is apparently unanalyzable.
104.
Ligusticum verticillatum (Geyer) Coult.
/xasxos/
(Ad, PB, LP, MSS, AV)
/xas/ redupl.
105.
(Carlson,
'good'
1973; Parker).
Lithospermum ruderale Dougl.
/si7icqan/
(PB)
/s i ? i c - q @ n / :
' ?'
106.
'good'
and Rose
/-qan/
'head*
(Carlson,
1973); /si?ic-/
.
Lomatium cous (Wats.) Coult.
/pcaiû/
and Rose
(PB, JP, AP, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable.
107.
Lomatium sp.
f^ ^ ^ m È
/c e c i/
The name of this plant has been confirmed by
Vanderburg and Beaverhead;
Carlson (1973)
states that
it is a species of L o m a t i u m .
ids.
Lupinus sp.
/nqanaqate/
(JP, AV)
/n qa- n a q - a t - e / :
(Carlson,
' 'plant'
'stink p l a n t '
/naq/ redupl.
1973; Parker);
(7);
/-St/
'to stink or smell'
/-e/ short for /-elp/
*?'.
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53
109.
Lupinus sp.
/tataqanelp/
(PB)
/ t a - t a-q an- elp /:
flattened,
/ta/ redupl.
c r u s h e d ’ (Parker);
1973; Parker);
/-elp/
’plant,
’spread apart,
/ -qan/
leaf
’h e a d ’ (Carlson,
(Carlson,
1973;
Parker).
110.
Lysichitum americanum H u I t en and St. John
/timu?u/
(AP, AV, CW)
Carlson (1973)
suggests that this word is related
to / ti?mu-le?x'^/
111.
’s p r i n g ’ , but Parker disagrees.
Matricaria matricarioides
/ricalcaltx^qin/
(Less.)
Porter
(Ad, PB, A P , AV, CW)
’clustered
heads’
/n-cal-c al- tx” - q i n / :
/n-/ locative
1972);
perhaps related to /calx''/
/cal/ redupl.
’c l u s t e r e d ’ (Carlson,
’i n ’ (Carlson,
1973); / -qin/
’h e a d ’ (Carlson,
1973; Parker).
112.
Mentha arvensis- L .
/xanxone/
(Ad, PB, AP, CW, AV)
/xan-xan-e/:
(Parker)
/xan/ redupl.
possibly meaning
or ’blow, d r a f t y ’ (Carlson,
1973);
’c o o l ’
the r e f e r ­
ence may be the cool feeling that a tea from this plant
imparts to fever-striken patients;
l e a f ’ (Parker).
/-e(lp)/
’plant,
The leaf is called /xanxaneip/
the stem is called /xanxanalk''/
(Beaverhead) .
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and
54
113.
114.
Monarda fistulosa L.
/tituwi/
(Ad, PB, JP, JP, AV, CW)
(Carlson,
1973; Parker)
'little boys'
Nuphar variegatum Engelni.
/k^anemlp/
(Ad, PB, MSS)
/k^on-em-lp/:
/k'^an/
1973; Parker);
Parker);
'to take or grab'
/-(e) Ip/
/-em/
'plant'
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
1973;
Reference may be to the d i f f i ­
culty of removing this plant from its water habitat.
115.
Opuntia polyacantha Haw.
/ s x ”ayene7®/
(PB, JP, AP, CW)
/s-x'^ay-ene?® / :
'sharp'
/s-/
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
'nom.'
'sharp e a r '
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
1972);
/-ene?®/
/ x “ay/
'ear'
1973; Parker), probably in reference to the
fleshy ear-like stems.
116.
Osmorhiza occidentalis
/x'^it/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
Probably means
117.
(Nutt.) Torr.
'cut'
Periderida gairdneri
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
(Cf.
(H. and A.) Math.
(Ad, PB, AP, AV, CW)
This word appears to be unanalyzable.
118.
Philadelphus lewisii Pursh
/waxelp/
(PB, JP, AP, AV, CW)
/wax-elp/:
/ -elp/
/wax/
This form appears to be cognate with
'?'.
Thompson /waxz-elp/
'plant'
(Carlson,
1973; P a r k e r ) ;
'separated', a reference to the
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23)
55
branches which are spaced apart (Turner).
119.
Phleum pratense L.
/ccastine?®/
(PB)
'insect eggs'
(Parker)
Apparently in reference to the closely crowded florets
wh ich might be likened to insect eggs.
120.
Picea engelmannii Parry
/tastese/
(PB)
/tas-tes-e/:
'hard l e a f
/tas/ redupl.
/ -e/ short for / -elp/
*hard'
'plant,
(Carlson,
leaf
(?).
1973);
This r e f e r ­
ence would be to the sharp needles of the spruce.
121.
Pinus contorta D o u g l .
/ q ”aq'"aiit/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/q'^a-q'^ai-it/
122.
The etymology is unclear. .
Pinus ponderosa Dougl.
/sa?atk"lp/
(Ad, PB, LP, JP, AP, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable beyond /-(e) Ip/
123.
'plant'.
Plantago major L.
/sclamlamqe^ene?®/
(PB)
'bear's ears'
/s -c- iam -ia m-q e^e ne^ e/;
/ lam/ redupl.
/ -?ene?®/
/s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
1972);
'b ear ' (Carlson, 1973; Parker);
’ear'
(Carlson,
elements are unclear.
1973; Parker);
the remaining
The reference is to the leaves
w h i c h can be likened to the ears of a bear.
124.
Plantago maj or L.
/nlamlamqe^ene?®/
(AP, AV, CW)
/n-lara-lam-qe?-ene7®/;
'bear's ears'
/n-/ locative
'in';
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see above
56
for etymology of the remaining elements.
125.
Populus
tremuloides Michx.
/inimité/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/mi-mi-te/:
shake'
/mi/ redupl.
(Carlson,
'shimmering leaves'
'to bleed,
1973; Parker),
Populus
trichocarpa T. and G.
/muls/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/mul-s/:
/mul-/
shimmer,
or
in reference to the
leaves which shimmer in the wind;
126.
flow,
/-te/
*?'.
(plant)
'to dip w a t e r ' (Carlson,
1973;
P a r k e r ) , perhaps in reference to the association
of this
127.
Populus
plant with waterways ; /-s/
trichocarpa T. and G.
/ce^'^ye/
'?'.
(cambium)
(PB)
/ce^"-ye/ :
/ce&'^/
'shiny, bright ' (Carlson,
1973),
possibly in reference to the lightness in color of the
cambium or inner bark.
128.
Prunus virginiana L.
/ l x ”l6/
(fruit)
(Ad, PB, LP, JP, AP, AV, CW)
This appears to be unanalyzable.
129.
Prunus virginiana L.
/lx"lx'"alk"/
130.
(PB, AP, AV)
/Ix'^lx'^-alk"/:
/IxV
tree'
1973; Parker).
(Carlson,
(see 128);
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel)
" /cqelp/
/ - a l k “/ 'wood,
Franco
(PB, AV)
/ c q - e l p / : /-elp/
'plant*;
/ cq/
'?', possibly cognate
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57
w i th Thompson,/cq-alp/
131.
'sticky tree'
Pterospora andromedea Nutt.
/sancalep tapamis/
(Ad, PB)
/sancaiep tapa-mi-s/:
1973; Parker);
Parker);
'coyote's arrow'
/sancaîêp/
'c o y o t e ' (Carlson,
/ tap(a)/ 'to shoot'
/ -mi(n)/
This plant,
(Carlson,
'i n s t r u m e n t '; / -s/
'his'
1973;
(Parker).
remaining an erect stalk throughout the
year in the pine woods,
132.
( Tur ner ).
suggests the arrow of Coyote.
Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook.
/sciniyaimn/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/s -c- i n i y a i m n / :
/s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
remaining elements are not clear.
suggests that
/yalmn/ means
making it c i r c u l a r '.
the
Parker, h o w e v e r ,
'for
the purpose of
Mattina suggests it may be
cognate with the Colville /yir/
(1973)
1972);
'round'.
Carlson
states that a cognate form is the name given
to the month of February by the Spokane.
be a connection here,
There may
as this species of buttercup is
the first plant to b loo m in this region,
sometimes
coming out in mid-February.
133.
Rhamnus purshiana DC.
/coq"iq"isa/
(Ad)
/ca-q''i-q“ i-s a / :
1973).
/q"i/ redupl.
'belch'
The cascara is apparently
(Carlson,
named for the
' pharmacological effect of the bark.
If peeled in an
upward fashion on the stem and made into a drink.
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58
one would throw up or
134.
'belch*.
Rhus radicans L.
/suiaqe*?®/
(LP)
/s-ui-aqe?®/;
'to burn'
/s-/
(Carlson,
'nom.'
(Carlson,
1972);
/ui/
1973; Parker), probably in
reference to the skin rash caused by the poison ivy.
135.
Ribes sp.
/nié/
(gooseberries)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
Parker claims that this word means
to the land from the water'.
'to beach,
to get
Probably to refer to
proximity of gooseberries to waterways.
136.
Ribes sp.
/stamtu/
(currants)
(AP, CW)
This is not clearly analyzable.
137.
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz and Thell
/sank'^a’l etk ”/
(AP, AV, CW)
'it's growing in the
water'
/s-9n-k'*a?l-etk"/ :
locative
(Carlson,
'in'
/s-/
(Carlson,
'nom. * (Carlson, 1972);
1972);
1973; Parker) ;
/ k " a ? (1)/
/-etk''/
'water'
/n-/
'to grow'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
138.
Rosa woodsii Lindl.
/x'^aye/
/x'^ay-e/;
(PB)
(entire plant)
'sharp'
/x'^ay/
'sharp'
(Carlson,
in reference to its spines;
1973), certainly
/ - e/ probably /-elp/
'plant'.
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59
139.
Rosa woodsii Lindl.
/x^ayelp/
(PB)
/x'^ay-elp/;
’leaf*
140.
/x'^ay/
(Carlson,
(woody part).
(PB, AP, AV)
/ x ”ay/
/ - (e)Ip/
leaf
’plant,
(Carlson,
’sharp wood*
’s h a r p ’ (Carlson,
(Carlson,
1973);
/spiqalq x"aye/
/ - a l k ”/
(fruit)
(AP, CW)
/spiqalq x"ay-e/:
/ spiqalq/
’f r u i t ’ (Carlson,
Parker);
see etymology for fruit;
(Carlson,
1973);
/-e(lp)/
Rosa woodsii Lindl.
(AV)
1973) P ,
1973; Parker).
Rosa woodsii Lindl.
/sanqapu/
1973); /-elp/
1973; Parker).
/x'^ay- Ip-alk"/ :
’wood"
142.
’s h a r p ’ (Carlson,
Rosa woodsii Lindl.
/ x “aylpalk'*/
141.
(leaves)
/x"ay/
1973;
’s h a r p ’
’p l a n t ’ (?).
(fruit)
’place of itching in the a n u s ’
(Parker)
/s-an-qa-pu/:
locative
/ -pu/
/s-/
’n o m . ’ (Carlson,
’i n ’ (Carlson,
’a n u s ’ (Mattina).
1972);
/qa/
1972);
/ (a)n-/
’to i t c h ’ (7);
The fruit or hips of the rose
is often referred to as ’C o y o t e ’s b e r r y ’.
According
to the story. Coyote ate the rose hip and as a result,
his anus began to itch.
He scratched and scratched
so much that he died ( V a n d eb urg ).
143.' Rubus idaeus L.
/llac/
(fruit)
(PB, AP, AV,
CW)
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60
This word is apparently unanalyzable.
144.
Rubus idaeus L.
/llaclaik'^/
(bush)
(PB)
/l l9 c l - a l k " / ;
/ilscl/
'?' ;
/-alk'^/
'wood'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
145.
Rubus leucodermis Dougl.
/mcuk"/
(fruit)
(AP, CW)
The etymology is not clear.
Parker suggests that it
has the meaning of 'pull, something liked or admired'.
Mattina suggests that it may be cognate with the
Colville /cuk'^/ 'puli'.
146.
Rubus parviflorus Nutt.
/pulpalqon/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/pul-pal-qan/:
/-qan/
(fruit)
'head'
/pul/ redupl.
(Carlson,
'easy'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
1973);
The reference
could be to the ease with which the fruits are removed
from the plant,
147.
Rubus parviflorus Nutt,
/pulpalqaneip/
(PB)
/ p u l - pal -qa n-e lp/ :
1973);
/-qan/
Salix sp.
/qawqawpul/
/qaw-qaw-pul/
/pul/ redupl.
'head'
'plant' (Carlson,
148.
(plant)
(Carlson,
'easy'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
/ -elp/
1973; Parker).
(tentative)
(AV)
'habitual mover*
(Parker).
This species
of willow is one which is easily bent (Vandeburg).
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61
149.
Salix sp.
/ppu/
(PB, LP, AV)
The root which underlied this word is uncertain.
150.
Salix sp.
(catkin)
/sltitici/
151.
(AP, AV, CW)
Salix sp.
(AV)
/spu-qaye/;
'multi-colored rope'
/spu/
'multicolored'
'rope, hemp'
(P arker).
to which it is p u t , i.e.
Sambucus racemosa L.
/ck'^ik'^/
(Parker)
(tentative)
/spuqoye/
152.
'bitch dog'
( Par ker );
/ -qaye/
The reference is to the use
in making rope.
(fruit)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
The root is / c i k ”/, with basic meaning uncertain.
153.
Sambucus racemosa L.
/ck"ik''alk"/
(bush)
(PB, AP, CW)
/ck''ik“-alk'^/:
/-alk''/ 'wood'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker) ;
see 152.
154.
Scirpus acutus Muhl.
/tk'^tin/
(PB)
Parker suggests that this word means
'close together',
possibly in reference to the dense growth habit of
these plants.
155.
Shepherdia canadensis
/sx'^usam/
(fruit)
(Ad, PB, LP, JP, AP, AV, CW)
7 s - x “us-am/;
'foam'
(L) Nutt.
/s-/
(Carlson,
'nom.'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
'foam berry'
1972);
/ -am/
'?*.
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/x'^us/
This
62
plant is named for the fruit which when vigorously
beaten,
foams.
This frothy food is eaten like ice
cream.
156.
Shepherdia canadensis
/sx'^usamnalk'^/
(L.) Nutt,
(bush)
(PB, AP, CW)
See above for etymology; /-alk'^/
1973; Parker);
157.
'in s t r u men tal ' (?).
(PB)
/tasiy-alp/:
/tasiy/
/-elp/
'plant' (Carlson,
1973; Parker);
'?'.
Sorbus scopulina Greene
/smxe skills/
(PB)
/s-mxe s 7 i l i s / :
'grizzly bear's food'
/s-/
'nom.' (Carlson,
'grizzly b e a r ' (Parker);
159.
(Carlson,
Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf,
/tasiyelp/
158.
/-smn/
'wood'
/skills/
1972); /mxe/
'food'
(Parker).
Sorbus scopulina Greene
/tx'^ax'^awe/
(AV, CW)
This word is not clearly analyzable.
160.
Symphoricarpos albus
/stamtamnya/
(L.) Blake (general name)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/s - t a m - t a m - n y a / :
/s-/
'nom.'
(Carlson,
1972);
/tarn/
r e d u p l . 'corpse', probably in reference to the white
fruit which might be thought of as ghostly or c o r p s e ­
like;
/-nya/
'?'.
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63
161.
Symphoricarpos albus
/stomtomnyâlq/
CL») Blake
(PB)
'c o r p s e b e r r y '
/s -ta m - t s m - n y - a l q / :
'fruit*
162.
(Carlson,
see above for etymology;
( L .) Blake
(PB)
163.
'wood'
see above for etymology;
(Carlson,
Symphoricarpos albus
/stamtamnyelp/
164.
leaf
1973; Parker).
(L.) Blake
(PB)
(leaves)
'corpse l e a f
/s -ta m-t am - n y - e l p / :
'plant,
(wood)
'corpsewood*
/s-tarn-tam-ny-alk'^/:
/ -alk"/
/-alq/
1973; Parker).
Symphoricarpos albus
/stamtomnyalk'^/
(fruit)
see above for etymology;
/ -elp/
(Parker).
Taxus brevifolia Nutt.
/ck^nca/
(PB, LP)
/ck"-nc-a/:
/ -nc/
/ck"/
'weapon, bow'
'wood'
(Carlson,
'bow-wood'
'drag, puli'
(Carlson,
1973;
(Carlson,
1973);
Parker).
1973);
/ - a ( l k “)/ (?)
This was one of the
favored plants for making bows.
165.
Thalictrum occidentale Gray
/px^cu/
/px'^-cu/:
166.
(AV)
/px'^/ 'to smell or give off an o d o r '
(Carlson,
1973), or 'to disseminate'
'o n e s e l f
(Parker).
Thuj a plicata Donn.
•/astkV
(Parker);
(wood)
CPB, AP, CW)
This word is not clearly analyzable.
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/ -cu/
64
167.
Thuja plicata Donn.
/mselp/
(PB, AP, CW)
/ms-elp/:
168.
/ms/
'plant,
'?'
(Parker).
/pi/
'thick'
(Carlson,
1973);
/-tine/
.
Typha latifolia L.
/pisIp/
(leaves)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/pis-lp/:
/ - (e)lp/
/pis-/
'to s c r a p e ' (Carlson,
'plant, l e a f
Typha latifolia L.
/sxastqe/
(PB)
/s-xos-t-qe/:
'good'
1973);
(Parker).
(spike)
'good head'
/ s-/
(Carlson,
' nom .' (Carlson,
1973; Parker);
/-qe/ possibly related to /-qin/
171.
leaf*
(PB)
/pl-tine/:
170.
/ -elp/
Tsuga mertensiana Bong. Carv
/pltine/
169.
(boughs)
/ -t/
1972);
/xos/
's t a t i v e ' ;
'head'
(Parker).
Urtica dioica L.
/ccaxelp/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/c-cax-elp/:
/ - elp/
/ cax/
'plant, l e a f
'sting l e a f
'to stick or sting'
(Parker);
/ c-/
(Parker);
'?'.
This name
is in reference to the leaves which impart a stinging
sensation.
172.
Vacci niu m globulare Rydb.
/stsa/
(fruit)
(PB, LP, AP, AV, CW)
/s-ts-a/:
(Carlson,
/s-/
'nom.' (Carlson,
1973; Parker),
1972);
/ts/
'sweet'
in reference to the sweet
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65
berries.
173.
Vaccinium globulare Rydb.
/staslqelp/
(PB, AP, CW)
/ s -t as- Iq- elp /:
'sweet'
(Carlson,
(Carlson,
174.
/s-/
(bush)
'sweet plant'
'nom.'
1973; Parker);
1973; Parker);
/-Iq/
Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg
/sipt/
(Carlson,
1972);
/ -elp/
/tas/
'plant'
'?'.
(fruit)
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
The root appears to be / s i p / .
175.
Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg
/siptk"alk"/
(bush)
(PB)
/siptk"-alk'^/:
/-alkV
'wood'
(Carlson,
1973; Parker);
/sip/ see above.
176.
Veratrum viride Ait.
/stas6?o/
(JP, JP, AV, CW)
/s-tas6?o/:
'sneeze'
/s-/
'nom.' (Carlson,
(Carlson,
1973; Parker).
1972);
/taso?o/
This plant is
named for the medicinal properties of the root;
in
powdered form it is capable of inducing sneezing and
thus clearing the nasal passages.
177.
Ve rba scu m thapsus L.
/cx"@l^"asaqis/
( P B , LP)
/c-x'^al&'^-asaqis/ :
(Carlson,
1973);
■suggests;
/d-/
'train's seeds'
/x'^al^”/ 'r a i l r o a d , train'
/ -asaqis/ m ay mean 'seed'
'?',
as Parker
This plant is named for the fact
that it was first observed b y the Montana Salish along
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66
railroad tracks,
and it is believed that its origin
was due to seeds falling out the train.
178.
Vio la sp.
/msomsa?/
(PB, AV)
This word is not clearly analyzable.
179.
Xanthium sp.
/ w u ’pupt/
(LP)
/ w u ’p-up-t/:
/wu*p/ redupl.
'hairy*
(Parker);
/ - t/
'stative *.
180.
Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.
/solcestiye?/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
/s-Gl-c es- t i y é ? / :
/ces/
/ s -/ 'nom.*
(Carlson,
1972);
'bad, to be sore'; as Pete Beaverhead explains,
this is one of the most worthless plants known
to the
Salish.
easily
He adds anecdotally that one can very
slip on this plant on the steep mountain slopes and
become very mad.
181.
Zigadenus elegans Pursh
/iweston/
(PB, AP, AV, CW)
Apparently unanalyzable.
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67
Domesticated Plants
182.
apples
/apals/
CLP)
This is a borrowed wor d from English.
183.
barley
/2x"ax"alix"u/
(LP)
/ c - x ”a-3c'^alix” - u / :
'fox'
(P arker);
'fox-tail'
(Parker)
/x'^alix"/ redupl.
/-u(ps)/
(?)
'tail'
diminutive for
(Mattina). This
name is apparently in reference to the inflorence
which resembles the tail of a fox. /c-/ '?'.
184.
beans (kidney)
/lamtorato/
(LP)
/1-mt-mto/:
'kidney'
'little kidneys'
/!-/
(Parker).
'subordinate'
(Parker);
/mto/
This name is in reference to the
shape of kidney beans, w h i c h look like little kidneys,
185.
beets (red)
/ AamAum/
(LP)
/Aurn/ redupl.
186.
'dark red ones'
'blood or dark red ones'
(Parker).
cantelope
/ctax?a/
(LP)
Parker states that this conveys the meaning that
'the
covering is all marked u p ' .
187.
carrot
./sAukW
(LP)
This form is not clearly analyzable.
It is the same
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68
name given to Perideridia g a i r d n e r i , the Y ampa or
wild carrot.
188.
celery
/xasxas/
or / x “te/
(LP)
See etymologies of Ligusticum vertici lla tum and
Heracleum l a n a t u m .
189.
cherries
/Ix^lo/
CLP)
This word,
also the same one used for Prunus
v i r g i n i a n a , seems to be unanalyzable.
190.
corn
/lk'^oik”aii/
(LP)
/l-k^al-k'^ai-i/:
redupl.
191.
'yellow'
/!-/
'subordinate'
(Carlson,
(Parker);
1973; P a r k e r ) ;
/-i/
/k"al/
'?'.
oats
/lewen/
(LP)
This is a borrowing from French.
192.
oranges
/cparapu/
(LP)
/c-pam-pu/:
/pam/
1973; Parker);
193.
'orange,
/c-/, / -pu/
tan colored*
(Carlson,
'?'.
pears
/ccamcamu/
(LP)
/c-cam-cam-u/:
/ cam/ r e d u p l . 'taper'
(Parker),
in
re ference to the tapering condition of the fruit;
/c-/, /-u/
*?».
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69
194.
peas
/lipwâ/
CLP)
This is a borrowed wo rd from French.
195.
pineapple
/s cci ce’e/
(LP)
See etymology of c o n e .
196.
potatoes
/pataq/
(LP)
This word is borrowed from French (Parker).
197.
rhubarb
/x"te/
See etymology of Heracleum l a n a t u m .
198.
rutabaga
/malmilic'^/
(LP)
/mal-mil^"/ :
'round o n e s ’
/milJ;”/ redupl. plural
'round ones'
CP arker).
199.
squash (and purakin)
/s qal ix”qan/
/s qal ix” -qa n/:
/ -qan/
200.
'head'
(LP)
'man's head'
/ sqalix'*/
(Carlson,
'man, people*
1973;
(Mattina);
Parker).
strawberry
/qitqam/
(LP)
This is not clearly analyzable.
201.
tomatoes
'/sx"ya/
(LP)
'ants'
(Parker)
The tomato is called 'ants' because of the similarity
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70
of appearence of the white colored ant eggs when an
ant hill is broken open to the white colored seeds
of the tomatoes.
202.
watermelon
/cq^'anq'"!/
(LP)
/ c - q ”9 n - q “i / :
203.
/q"in/
'green*
(Parker);
/c-/
'?*,
wheat
/spqi/
/sp-qi/:
1973);
(LP)
/sp/
'to beat, hit w ith a stick'
/-qi(n)/
(?)
'head'.
(Carlson,
This name seems to be in
reference to the method of harvest,
in which the heads
are thrashed or beaten.
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CHAPTER V
TENTATIVE LIST OF KOOTENAI BOTANICAL TERMS
General Botanical Terras
1.
algae
/ a q ”a q ”l9W3tiyal/
2.
bark
/akicqal/
3.
bush
/ a k ”ka.7is/
4.
cone
/aq'^upal/
5.
fern
/naicotnara/
6.
flowers
/aknuicyui^/
7.
fruit
/akili^^^W
8.
grass
/cabal/
9.
grass
(green)
/a6"xraali?it/
10.
grass
(lawn)
/aq''q”lu^li7it/
11.
leaves
12.
roots
/ak'^i'^pukam/
13.
tree (standing)
/nanqaki/
14.
trees (plural)
/aq^'q''lupin/
15.
tumbleweed
/ q a^:ma Xrauq a 7 /
16.
vine
/qa?lqa7aqawutis/
V ^ q ’^laqpik/
Terras for Individual Species of Plants
17.
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt,
/ tislulal/
18,
Acer glabrura Torr.
/ a k ”u k “la‘?wuk/
71
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72
19.
Achillea millefol ium L.
/ic'^ucacqatuna?/
20.
Alectoria sp.
/?ala/
21.
A llium cernuum Roth
/sxayu^:”/
22.
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.
/sic'^umu'?/
23.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
/saqawuk/
( L .)
Sprong.
24.
Artemesia tridentata Nutt.
/aq^q^'iu l i n t /
25.
Balsamorhiza sagittata
/xal/
(Pursh) Nutt.
26.
Berberis repens Lindl.
/nahuk/
27.
Betula sp.
/ak'^awalwuk/
28.
Calochortus sp.
/In&am/
Camassia quamash (Pursh)
30.
Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.
/kakliyaxapwuk/
31.
Cicuta douglasii
/namlasuk/
Coult.
Greene
/xapi?/
29.
(DC.)
& Rose
32.
Cirsium sp.
(edible)
/nulaqna/
33.
Cirsium sp.
(?)
/kcu^'^uka/
34.
Claytonia lancelata Pursh
/^"afc''iyaqa?wata/
35.
Cornus stolonifera Michx.
/ m i o k ”a k ”lîlna/
36.
Crataegus sp.
37.
Crataegus sp.
38.
39.
40.
41.
/kala/
/kala?wuk/
(bush)
Elymus cinereus Scribn.
& Merr.
Equisetum arvense L.
Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh
Fragaria Virginia na Duchesne
/akin&awalal/
/wasa/
/raaxa/
/ a ^”uk''u/
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73
42.
Fritillaria pudica
(Pursh)
/ink^'um/
Spreng.
43.
Heracleum lanatum Michx.
/wumal/
44.
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.
/ak"i"plulal/
45.
Larix occidentalie Nutt.
/^"astit/
46.
Ledum glandulosum Nutt.
/al^”wukli'?it/
47.
Lewisia rediviva Pursh
/naqamcu/
48.
Ligusticum verticillatum
/ayut/
(Geyer) Coult.
49.
Lomatium cous
Coult.
& Rose
/pk^inana/
( W a t s .)
& Rose
50.
M onarda fistulosa L.
/mata/
51.
Nuphar variegatum Engelm.
/inl^'^ui/
52.
Perideridia gairdneri (H. & A.)
/ic”s]^”ayqa?nicna/
Math.
53.
Pinus contorta Dougl.
/?iltit/
54.
Pinus m o n t icola Dougl,
/akila?it x ”umalcla?i/
55.
Pinus ponderosa Dougl.
/himu/
56.
Plantago m a j or L.
/ n u p k ”a a k “k “atis/
57.
58.
59.
Populus trichocarpa T. & G.
/akîimaic/
Prunus virginiana L.
Pseudotsuga menziesii
/ aklumak/
(Mirbel)
/lu/
Franco
60.
Rhus radicans L.
/aq'^uwuk/
61.
Ribes sp.
/kisyitin/
62.
Rosa sp.
/^''almawuk/
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74
65.
Rubus idaeus L.
/aèi'^Gk^u/
64.
Salix sp.
/ a i ”nâ.7wuk/
65.
Salix sp.
/aq'^lukpaq/
66.
Sambucus sp.
/yuk''/
67.
Scirpus acutus Muhl.
/ tnal/
68.
Shepherdia canadensis
69.
Sorbus scopulina Greene
/yaltilmal^/
70.
Symphoricarpos albus
/muk/
71.
Thuja plicata Donn,
/icnat/
72.
Typha latifolia L.
/amcilal/
73.
Urtica dioica L.
/cu^:'^k“una/
74.
Vaccinium globulare Rydb.
/lawiyal/
75.
Vaccinium scopariura Leiberg
/nupxamul/
76.
Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.
/nisnupai/
(L.) Nutt.
(L.) Blake
/ k “apatilwuk/
Domesticated Plants
77.
corn
/qaclalmai/
78.
mush melon
/qakltiia7mal/
79.
onion
/ ak'^uwai/
80.
peas
/aianana?/
81.
turnip
/q a^ o n k ”a k ”9watqan/
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CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY
The names given to plants are impressionistic.
That
is, they are named for outstanding features of a plant's
morphology, habit,
taste,
are generally named
etc.
Furthermore,
for their medicinal value;
relationship to a peoples'
roles in a peoples'
smell,
plants
for their
beliefs and religion ; for their
culture; and
for resemblance to other
plants and even to a n i m a l s .
In addition,
the names given to plants by North
American Indians often can illustrate an abstract sense
of imagination.
It appears also that there is a tendancy
not to name non-utilized species of plants, and new and
introduced plants which are utilized are usually either
named
for their likeness to plants already known or the
name is borrowed from another language.
And finally,
descriptive,
the original names,
though at first
eventually through long and repeated usage
lose the original descriptive meaning and become only
phonetic symbols identifying a particular species of plant
A common folk taxonomic system for plants and animals
includes the binomial nomenclature.
It appears, however,
75
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to be poorly developed in the Northwestern Indian tribes.
This may be a function of a different criteria in naming,
and it does not indicate a b e l i e f among the tribes of a
lack of relationship among plants.
More inclusive taxonomic categories are recognized.
With animals,
function,
the higher taxa are based on correlation of
structure,
appearance,
and écologie niche,
often parallel modern classification.
With plants,
higher taxa are infrequently represented.
such as trees,
shrubs,
grasses,
vines,
and
the
Broad categories
e t c . commonly occur;
these categories seldom parallel modern taxonomic c las s i f i ­
cations as widely varying growth forms frequently occur in
the same natural group.
Other classifications
for plants include:
systems
based upon usage; systems based upon believed concepts of
sex in plants; systems based upon habitats of plants ; and
systems that distinguish the fruit from the plant o f the
economic species.
76
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APPENDI X
I
PLANTS USED BY THE MONTANA SALISH
Foods
Roots, B u lb s ,
1.
and Underground Stems
A l l I urn ce rnuum Roth
The bulbs o f t h i s common s p e c ie s o f on ion were f r e q u e n t l y
eaten.
They were no t cooked as camas was, b u t r a t h e r were e a t e n
raw o r used f o r f l a v o r i n g soups and m e a ts .
not kep t f o r w i n t e r use
2.
They a p p a r e n t l y were
(Ad, RD ,A P, J P, R S, C W) .
A l l i u m douglas i i Hook
These m i l d and sweet onions a r e known t o be
Montana o n l y ne ar Hot S p r i n g s .
though the y d i d n ’ t
A lecto ria
3.
keep v e r y
found in
They were e a t e n f r e s h o r d r i e d ,
l o n g , and were sometimes e a t e n w i t h
(RD).
B al sam or hi za s a g i t t a t a
( Pu r s h) N u t t .
The t oug h, woody r o o t s c o u l d be made p a l a t a b l e by b e i n g
baked in a f i r e
4.
p it
for a t
l e a s t t h r e e days ( R S ) .
B ro d ia e a douqlas i Î Wats,
It
is n o t c l e a r t h a t t h i s
s p e c i e s was e a t e n .
th a t " i t may have been, w h i l e AV b e l i e v e s
i t t o be
PB b e l i e v e s
po iso no us .
77
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78
5,
Camass i a quamash ( Pu r s h)
Greene
A g r e a t q u a n t i t y o f t h e camas b u lb s were e a t e n by the
Montana S a l i s h .
RD claimed t h a t t h e Bigsams each consumed a bo u t
e i g h t g a l l o n s each y e a r .
The bulbs were n o r m a l l y g a t h e r e d j u s t a f t e r
bloomed (R S, A V) , which
is u s u a l l y
th e p l a n t had
in l a t e June t o e a r l y A u g u s t ,
depending upon th e e l e v a t i o n .
Camas P r a i r i e
B it t e r r o o t V alley
Potomac ( J P ) ,
( A P ,J P ,R S ,C W ) , Eva ro H i l l
(JP,RS),
(JP),
parts of
in t h e v i c i n i t y o f S e e l e y Lake
th e
(RS),
and lower Jocko Canyon (CM) were n o te d as p l a c e s
where t h e camas c o u ld be found in g r e a t e r abundance.
The bu lb s
found
though were
in Camas P r a i r i e were no ted f o r t h e i r s w e e tn e s s,
o f sm aller s ize
(R S).
Camas b u lb s were t y p i c a l l y baked in a f i r e
p it,
which
measured a p p r o x i m a t e l y one
and one h a l f f e e t deep by s e v e r a l
wide.
b u r n i n g wood were in t u r n
Rocks
p l a c e d on the
layers o f various
slough g r a s s ,
types o f
b i r c h branches w i t h
skunk cabbage l e a v e s ,
recently c lo th ,
thes e
If
le a fy vegetation,
in ta c t
feet
c ov e re d by
including fe rn s ,
leaves,
geranium t o p s ,
l u p i n e , A l e c t o r i a . w i l l o w , and b a r k .
c a n v as , o r b u r l a p bags have been u s e d.
More
W ithin
l a y e r s o f s u c c u l e n t v e g e t a t i o n were p l a c e d t h e camas b u l b s .
t h e A l e c t o r i a used was n o t w e t ,
lea v e s t o produce a st eam .
th e n w a t e r was poured on the
T h i s can be l a t e r done by p o u r i n g
w a t e r down a h o l e made by l e a v i n g a s t i c k
p i l e d on.
A f i r e was
then
in
the p i t
k i n d l e d on top o f t h i s ;
t h r e e days t h e camas was re ady t o e a t
when d i r t was
in about two t o
( A P ,J P ,R S ,A V ,C W ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
79
The cooked camas, d a r k
be e a t e n
imm ediately,
in c o l o r and sweet
in t a s t e ,
could
d r i e d and s t o r e d f o r f u t u r e use, ground up
w i t h a stone p e s t l e ,
o r more r e c e n t l y ground w i t h a meat g r i n d e r
and made i n t o
cakes.
little
Flour,
cream and sugar in r e c e n t
times have been added ( A P ,J P ,R S ,A V ,C W ) .
Camas in r e c e n t
w ith flo u r
6.
time s has been b o i l e d down t o make a gra vy
(R S ,A V ) , o r t o make a sweet t a s t i n g ho t bev era ge
C i rs ium sp.
The r o o t s were p e e l e d and baked in a f i r e
- t h r e e hour s;
7.
(RS) .
C laytonia
t h e y were no t d r i e d
lan ceo late
p it
for
two t o
(RS).
Pursh
The e n l a r g e d r o o t s o f the s p r i n g b e a u ty o r " I n d i a n p o t a t o "
were the f i r s t
av aila b le
r o o t c ro p g a t h e r e d by t h e Montana S a l i s h ,
in t h e m i d d le o f A p r i l
boiled a f t e r eating
8.
(RS).
b e in g
The r o o t s were washed and
(JP,RS,AV),
Er y t h r o n iu m g r a n d i f 1orum Pursh
The bulbs o f th e g l a c i e r
lily
a r e known t o be e d i b l e
(PB,
JP).
9.
F ritilla ria
pu dica
( Pur sh)
Spreng,
The corm o f th e y e l l o w b e l l
o f t h e y e a r as the b i t t e r r o o t .
w ith
10.
it
was c o l l e c t e d about the same t im e
They were washed and o f t e n e a t e n
(R D , A P , J P ,A V ,C W ) .
Lewi s ia r e d i v i v a
Pursh
In e a r l y May the S a l i s h women dug from t h e d r y f o o t h i l l s
-oot.
T h is was done j u s t b e f o r e
it
th e
began t o bloom, as th e
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
80
ep id erm a]
l a y e r o f the
a l r e a d y bloomed.
dried
r o o t s l i p p e d o f f more e a s i l y
Once dug, t h e
in t h e sun.
is b e l i e v e d t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
a c tu a lly prefer
the
larg er,
if
it
had
r o o t s were p e e l e d , washed, and
Sometimes t h e r e d d i s h
removed, bu t sometimes
than
i n n e r c o r e o r s t e l e which
im parting the b i t t e r
i t was l e f t
in tac t.
the s m a l l e r , more b i t t e r
In f a c t ,
t a s t e was
some p e o p le
tastin g b itte rro o ts
b l a n d e r v a r i e t i e s o c c u r i n g f a r t h e r west
than
(JP,RS,AV).
The common method o f c o ok in g b i t t e r r o o t was st eaming th e
r o o t s f o r a few minutes on a l a t t i c e work o f small
water
w ater,
in a k e t t l e
(AP,RS,CW).
tw ig s above
D r i e d b i t t e r r o o t s were b o i l e d
sometimes w i t h s e r v i c e b e r r i e s o r h u c k l e b e r r i e s
A l s o , a b r o t h was made from the b o i l e d b i t t e r r o o t s
in
(RS) .
(AP,CW).
B i t t e r r o o t s were a l s o once sweetened w i t h camas, b u t more
r e c e n t l y the y have been sweetened w i t h s u g a r
More b i t t e r r o o t was e a t e n th a n camas.
(RS).
RD s t a t e d t h e y each
a n n u a l l y consumed a p p r o x i m a t e l y e i g h t g a l l o n s o f camas.
1 1.
Lomatium cous
(Wats.)
Coult
&
Rose
B i s c u i t - r o o t was dug a f t e r
The r oo ts were p e e l e d and e a t e n
pounded i n t o l i t t l e
it
bloonedin the s p rin g
raw ( R S ,A V ) ,
bo iled
cakes o r b r i c k s and d r i e d
(R S).
(RS.AV) o r
in th e sun ( J P , R S ) .
The d r i e d b r i c k s o r " b i s c u i t s " c o u l d be s t o r e d f o r a long t i m e ,
and were c a r r i e d on long h i k e s and marches
12.
Lomatium macrocarpum ( N u t t . )
The young,
allowed to d ry,
(JP).
C o u l t , 6- Rose
fres h roots eaten
raw a r e b i t t e r - t a s t i n g ,
lo s e some o f t h e b i t t e r t a s t e .
g e n e r a l l y too f i b r o u s and s t r i n g y t o be e a t e n
but
Older roots are
(RD).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
if
81
13.
P e r i d e r i d i a gai r d n e r i
(H. & A . )
M a th .
Roots o f " I n d i a n c a r r o t " were g a t h e r e d
when the f l o w e r s were w e l l
washed and e a t e n f r e s h
made i n t o l i t t l e
use
14.
de v e lo p ed
in J u ly
(AP,AV,CW) ,
(AP,RS,CW)
They were
(RS.AV) o r c o u l d be b o i l e d , mashed and
round cakes and d r i e d
(RS) and s t o r e d f o r w i n t e r
(Ad, AV) .
Typha l a t i f o l i a
L.
PB remembers t h a t o l d t i m e r s once a t e
the o i l y
roots.
E d i b l e F r u i ts
1.
A m e l a n c h ie r a 1n i f o l i a
N utt.
The f r u i t o f t h i s
most
im p o r t a n t food
mid summer,
use
p l a n t c e r t a i n l y c o n s t i t u t e d one o f
items o f t h e Montana S a l i s h .
Ripening
the
in
t h e y were n o r m a l l y s u n - d r i e d and s t o r e d f o r f u t u r e
(Ad, R S. A V) .
S e r v i c e b e r r i e s were cooked w i t h f l o u r t o make a g r a v y
(AP.CW), o r mixed w i t h b i t t e r r o o t .
more t a s t y
(Ad, A V ) .
Some p e o p le p r e f e r r e d
into
little
cakes t o d r y
Monarda f i s t u l o s a
the f l i e s
2.
m i l k and sugar t o make them
away
t o mash t h e f r u i t s
in t h e sun;
powdered l e a v e s o f
and Mentha arve ns is s p r i n k l e d o v e r them k e pt
(RS).
A r c t o s t a p h y 1os u v a - u r s i
(L.)
The f r u i t was e a t e n
Spre ng.
raw ( R S ) . f r i e d and e a t e n
b o i l e d w i t h suga r and made i n t o a b r o t h
frie d
and form them
k in n ik in n ic k b erries
(AP.CW).
(R S .A V ), o r
RS c l a i m s
that
t a s t e sweet and can be g a t h e r e d from
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82
the bush a n y t im e d u r i n g th e w i n t e r ,
thus s t a v i n g o f f s t a r v a t i o n
in
hard t i m e s .
3.
Berberis
repens L i n d l .
RS c la im s
t h a t t h e f r u i t was n e v e r used f o r food u n t i l
was made a v a i l a b l e
in r e c e n t t i m e s .
were e a te n f r e s h when r i p e .
i n t o a jam
( R D ) , though much sug ar was added
w ith s e rv ic e b e rrie s .
serviceberry
(AV).
Dried,
th e
(RD) .
t h e f r u i t was e a t e n raw o r mixed
I t was p r e p a r e d
in a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n as th e
(RD,AP,AV,CW) .
C r a ta e qu s columb iana Howe 11
Crat ae gus d o u g l a s i i
The f r u i t s
L in d l.
o f t h e s e s p e c i e s were pounded o r ground as were
c h o k e c h e r r i e s , and e a t e n
small
round c a k e s .
chokecherries.
raw o r cooked, o r a l l o w e d t o s u n - d r y
O f t e n t h e y were mixed w i t h o t h e r f r u i t s ,
They c o n s t i t u t e d an e s p e c i a l l y
y e a r s when the s e r v i c e b e r r y cro p was po or;
in the w i n t e r months, as some f r u i t s
w inter
6.
t h a t they
Cornus s t o i o n i f e r a M ic h x .
Though a p p a r e n t l y b i t t e r ,
5.
however,
They c o u l d a l s o be pounded and cooked
f r u i t was saved f o r f u t u r e use
4.
RD r e p o r t s ,
sugar
in
t h e y c o u l d be g a t h e r e d
remain on t h e bush a l l
F r a g a r i a vi r g i n i a n a Duchesne
were o n l y e a t e n f r e s h
like
im p o r t a n t f r u i t
(RD,RS).
The f r u i t s
in
(A P,RS ,AV,C W).
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83
7.
Prunus vî r q î n iana L.
C h o k e c h e rr ie s were t h e
in f a c t ,
freezing
l a s t o f the f r u i t s
in e a r l y f a l l
and t o make them s w e e t e r
is b e l i e v e d t o
u s u a l l y pr e p a r ed f o r l a t e r u s e .
fo r eating
The i n d i v i d u a l
and p l a c e d
c h o k e c h e r r i e s were
Round cakes were made from
in t h e sun t o d r y .
These c o u l d be
in which case t h e y would be soaked in w a t e r
(Ad, J P , R S ) .
in r e c e n t t i m e s , meat g r i n d e r s have been
used t o p u l v e r i z e t h e c h o k e c h e r r i e s
( R S ,A V ) .
C h o k e c h e r r ie s were o f t e n mixed w i t h o t h e r f r u i t s ,
B e r b e r i s repens and C ra ta e qu s s p s .
8.
taste
( R S ) , c h o k e c h e r r i e s were
pounded and p u l v e r i z e d w i t h a p e s t l e .
saved f o r w i n t e r use,
improve t h e i r
(R S).
Though sometimes e a t e n f r e s h
the mashed f r u i t
t o be c o l l e c t e d ;
such as
(RD,RS).
Ribes spp.
The Montana S a l i s h d i f f e r e n t i a t e d between th e g o o s e b e r r i e s ,
th e Ribes ha v in g p r i c k l y stems, and the c u r r a n t s ,
those n o t h a v in g
p r i c k l y stems.
Both seemed t o have been used s i m i l a r l y ,
no t e x t e n s i v e l y
(AP,RS,CW).
O f t e n they were e a t e n f r e s h ,
f u t u r e use (PB ,R D,A P, RS, CW ),
collected
in r e c e n t t i m e s ,
cooked, o r sometimes d r i e d f o r
A p p a r e n t l y t h e y have no t been
as t h e f r u i t s
have been wormy
AV s t a t e d t h a t t h e g o o s e b e r r i e s a r e e a t e n when s t i l l
hiwre mature and d a r k e r f r u i t s
9.
though
red,
(RD) .
as th e
te n d t o be more wormy.
RoSa woods i i L i n d l .
The rose h i p s a p p a r e n t l y were n e v e r u t i l i z e d
Montana S a l i s h b e f o r e th e
too much by the
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f sug ar which l e d t o
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
its
84
use
in j e l l i e s
( R S ).
I t may be t h a t t h e h i p s were used d u r i n g
e s p e c i a l l y hard w i n t e r s ,
as the y remain on th e bush a l l
w i n t e r and
were e a s i l y o b t a i n e d .
10.
Rubus
idaeus L.
Wild
r a s p b e r r i e s were o f s m all economic importance and were
norm ally eaten f r e s h .
The f r u i t s were seldom d r i e d f o r
la te r
use ( r s ) .
11.
Rubus leuco de rmis Dougl .
These f r u i t s were c e r t a i n l y e a t e n ,
sm all economic importance as
12.
idaeus.
Rubus p a r v i f l o r a N u t t .
The f r u i t s were e a t e n f r e s h o n l y
were n e v e r p l e n t i f u l
1 3.
bu t p r o b a b l y were o f
enough t o g a t h e r
(RD,AP,RS,CW) and p r o b a b l y
in q u a n t i t y .
Sambucus c e r u l e a R a f .
Sambucus racemosa L.
RD r e p o r t e d from t h e Bigsams t h a t t h e use o f e l d e r b e r r y came
o n ly r e c e n t l y when sug ar became a v a i l a b l e
t o make t h e f r u i t more
palatab le.
For immediate consumption t h e y were b o i l e d and e a t e n
for
l a t e r use t h e y were b o i l e d and s u n - d r i e d
(RS) ;
( R S ,A V ) , o r canned
o r jammed ( A V ) ,
14.
Sh ep h erd ia canade nsis
(L .)
" I c e cream b e r r i e s " ,
placed
N utt.
gathered
in the m i d d l e o f A u g u s t , were
in a bowl w i t h w a t e r and b e a te n u n t i l
foamy, and th en t h i s
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85
f r o t h was e a t e n
(Ad, A P ,J P ,C W ) .
b itte r-ta stin g ,
b u t can be made b e t t e r t a s t i n g by a dd in g su gar
(AV).
The f r u i t
Î 5.
is
c o u l d be d r i e d and saved f o r w i n t e r use
(Ad, R S, A P, J P, A V, C W ).
freezers
T h i s f r o t h y " i c e cream"
In r e c e n t y e a r s t h e women have used
to preserve the f r u i t
f o r w i n t e r use
(AP,CW).
Vacc in Ium g l o b u l a r e Rydb.
The h u c k l e b e r r y was t h e most
RD suggests t h a t
important f r u i t
t h e y were m o s t l y e a t e n
s u n - d r i e d and saved f o r w i n t e r use
gathered
(RS).
in season, but some were
(RS).
In w i n t e r t h e d r i e d
h u c k l e b e r r i e s were b o i l e d and e a t e n w i t h v a r i o u s s p e c i e s o f r o o t s
They were n o t mixed w i t h pemmican o r meat
16.
(RS),
Va c ci n i um scoparium L e ig b e rg
Alt ho u gh e a t e n when f ou n d,
seldom pi c k e d and s t o r e d f o r
th e s e v e r y small
l a t e r use
fru its
were
(AP,RS,AV,CW) .
Potherbs and Greens
1.
Ba ls am or hi z a s a g i t t a t a
( Pur sh)
N utt.
The f l o w e r i n g stems were p e e l e d and e a t e n
(Ad, AP,JP.MSS,RS,CW) o r cooked as a green
2.
Chenopodium sp.
(Ad ) .
L.
Young p l a n t s were cooked as po th e rb s
3.
lik e celery
(R S).
C Î rs ium sp. M i l l .
The young t h i s t l e
celery
which
(Ad , RO,AV).
stems were p e e l e d and e a t e n raw l i k e
Two s p e c ie s o f t h i s t l e
a r e r e c o g n i z e d , one
is c o n s i d e r e d t o be e d i b l e and one w h ic h is no t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
(AV).
86
Years ago t h e r e <was a t a bo o a g a i n s t p i c k i n g to o much t h i s t l e ,
as
k.
i t was b e l i e v e d
that
i t m ig h t become e x t e r m i n a t e d
(PB ).
Heracleum lanatum M ic h x .
The young s t a l k s were p e e l e d and e a t e n raw (RD, AP, RS, AV, CW ).
5,
R o r r i p p a n a s t u r t i u m - a qu a tic um
(L.)
S c h in z & T h e l l .
The w a t e r c r e s s was cooked as a p o th e r b
was o c c a s i o n a l l y e a t e n
raw l i k e c e l e r y
(R S, A V) ;
the s t a l k
(RS),
E d i b l e Seeds
1.
Galium b o r e a l e L.
These seeds a r e c o n s i d e r e d e d i b l e by th e Montana S a l i s h ,
b u t were seldom e a t e n
2.
(RS).
Pi nus a lb i c a u l i s Engelm.
The seeds were e a t e n
( R D ) ; presumably t h e y wer e p r e p a r e d as
were th e seeds o f Pi nus mont i col a .
3.
Pi nus monti c o l a
Doug 1.
Green cones were p u t
in to a f i r e ,
c r ac k e d open, and then t h e p a r t i a l l y
removed a f t e r t h e y had
r o a s t e d seeds were e a t e n
(R S ) .
4.
Pinus ponderosa D o u g l .
The seeds were e a t e n
(RD,RS);
t h e seeds o f Pi nus m on ti c o l a
t h e y were p r e p a r e d as were
(RS).
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87
Teas and Beverages
1.
B e t u l a o c c i d e n t a 1 î s Hook.
The sap from th e b i r c h was drunk as a bev erage
2.
I t was c o l l e c t e d
from ho llo w e d o u t c a v i t i e s
Camass ia quamash
(Pursh)
(PB ,R D) .
in t h e t r u n k s
(PB).
Greene
A s w e e t - t a s t i n g hot bev e ra ge was made from b o i l e d camas
bulbs
3.
(rs) .
Mentha arvens is L.
A t e a was made from th e f o i 1age
4.
(PB).
Monarda f i s t u l o s a L.
A t e a was made from t h e l e a v e s ;
it
s u g a r was added t o sweeten
(AP.CW).
Gums, Saps and Barks
1.
A s c l e p i a s s p e c i osa T o r r .
The m i l k y sap was d r i e d and used l i k e a chewing gum (Ad ) .
2.
L a r i x o c c i d e n t a l is N u t t ,
The hardened sap was c o l l e c t e d from t h e
pine t r e e s .
l a r c h as w e l l
as
I t was chewed as a gum (A P ,R S ,A V ) .
A sweet syrup was made from t h e sap;
h o ll o w e d ou t p o r t i o n s o f th e t r u n k .
I t was then a l l o w e d t o
remain t h e r e f o r some tim e so t h a t n a t u r a l
c o n c e n t r a t e t h e sugars
i t was c o l l e c t e d
e v a p o r a t i o n would
(AP,RS,CW).
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from
88
3.
Pinus c o n t o r t a D o u g l .
The p i t c h c o l l e c t e d
sap
from th e b a r k was chewed
and cambiumfrom t h e p e e l e d b a r k was s p a r i n g l y
much was t h o u g h t t o cause a b e l l y - a c h e )
4.
l i k e gum.
eaten
The
(too
(RS).
Pi nus ponderosa D o u g l .
The sap from th e ponderosa p i n e was p r e f e r r e d more t han any
other c o n ife r.
The b a r k was p e e l e d
when t h e sap was r u n n i n g .
as
la te A p ril
o r e a r l y May
An i n c i s i o n made w i t h a k n i f e o r axe
p r i o r t o p e e l i n g was made t o t e s t
sap.
in
t h e f l o w and sweetness o f
The r i b bone o f a b u f f a l o o r e l k was used t o peel
its
natural
fle x ib ility
worked under t h e b a r k .
and c u r v a t u r e
Once removed,
fa c ilita te d
the
the b ark ,
its
being
th e b a r k was s c ra pe d on t h e
i n s i d e to remove t h e e d i b l e cambium and sap ( R S ) .
5.
Populus
t r i c h o c a r p a T . 6 G.
The sap f r « n th e cottonwood was v a l u e d more than t h a t o f
any
other tr e e .
Only th e young t r e e s were p e e l e d ,
from t h e o l d e r t r e e s was d i f f i c u l t
t o remove.
as t h e b a r k
The t h i n ,
t r a n s p a r e n t s t r i p s o f cambium were removed in a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n
as was th e cambium o f ponderosa p i n e ,
and were chewed f o r
sap ( r s ) .
Mushrooms
1.
ArmÎ 11 a r i a me 11ea
(F r.)
2.
Col lb ia
sp.
Kummer
3.
Russ i l a
sp.
P e r s . ex S.
Karst.
F. Gray
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
its
89
The p î l e u s o f t h e s e mushrooms were removed;
then b o i l e d
in a r i c h meat b r o t h
the caps were
(J P,RS,AV) o r f r i e d
(JP ).
M i s c e l l a n e o u s Foods
1.
A le c to ria
sp .
T h is common s p e c i e s o f b l a c k t r e e
l i c h e n was soaked
w a t e r and baked w i t h camas o r s e p a r a t e l y .
then
i t was l e f t
black,
in th e f i r e
g e l a t i n o u s mass
s u n - d r i e d and powdered
camas.
With w a t e r added,
abou t 25 pounds o f t h i s
Cast i 1l e j a
The r e s u l t i n g
was e i t h e r e a t e n w i t h camas,
( R S ).
l i c h e n each y e a r
sp. Mut i s ex L.
o r i t was
the sweet powder
the r e s u l t i n g
as a l u x u r y food than as a s t a p l e
2.
I f baked s e p a r a t e l y ,
p i t only over n i g h t .
and mixed w i t h
in
made from
t h i c k p a s t e was e a t e n more
Each f a m i l y consumed
(T-H ).
F.
The c h i l d r e n were fond o f s uc k in g t h e n e c t a r from th e
I n d ia n p a i n t b r u s h f l o w e r
(PB,RO,JP).
Cond iments
1.
AI 1 ium cernuum
Roth
The bu lb s were used f o r f l a v o r i n g soups and meats
2.
Arctostaphylos
u v a - u r s 1 ( L . ) Spre ng.
The d r i e d and powdered f r u i t
c o n d im e n t .
It
(RS).
was s p r i n k l e d on l i v e r
c o u l d a l s o be mixed w i t h
T h i s may have been a r e c e n t
lard
and e a t e n ( R S ) .
innovation .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
as a
90
3.
Mentha arve ns i s L.
The crumbled and powdered lea v e s were used as a f l a v o r i n g
age nt
in the absence o f s a l t and pepper
(RS).
Medic i nes
1.
Abies g r a n d i s
(Dougl.)
Forbes
PB c l a i m s t h a t t h e r e s i n from the p u n c t u r e d b l i s t e r was
sweetened and drunk f o r whooping cough.
rubbed on th e t h r o a t and c h e s t f o r c o l d s .
by b o i l i n g
2.
Ab ies
th e b r u i s e d ne e d le s
las I oca rpa
(H oo k .)
in fec te d skin ; i f
An eyewash was made
(RS).
N utt.
The ne ed les were d r i e d ,
w i t h grease o r marrow;
The r e s i n c o u l d a l s o be
pounded i n t o a powder, and mixed
t h i s was then rubbed on d i s e a s e d o r
the s k i n d i s e a s e was open and r unn y,
then t h e
f i n e l y powdered n e e d le s were s p r i n k l e d d i r e c t l y on the
f e s t e r i n g s or e
For c u t s ,
warmed l a r d ,
3.
(PB),
t h e hardened r e s i n was p u l v e r i z e d , mixed w i t h
and then a p p l i e d t o th e wound (MSS),
Ach111ea mi 1l e f o l i u m L.
The le a v e s were mashed by chewing them o r were mashed in
w a t e r and then wound around c u t s , bad b r u i s e s , and open wounds
t o s t o p b l e e d i n g and t o a c t as a d i s i n f e c t a n t
PB,RD,AP,
MSS,RS,AV,CW).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
91
The lea v e s and stems we re a l s o b o i l e d t o make a b i t t e r
f o r c o ld s
(RD,RS).
For t o o t h a c h e ,
the
t o o t h c a u s in g t h e p a i n
l e a v e s wer e compressed on t h e p a r t i c u l a r
(AP,CW).
A s o l u t i o n made from t h e boI l e d
backs and legs
4.
te a
le a v e s was used f o r a c h in g
(Ad ) .
Arctostaphylos uva-u rsI
(L .)
S pr e ng .
The d r i e d and powdered lea v e s have been used on burns t o
h e l p promote r a p i d h e a l i n g
(AP,RS,CW).
lea ve s was drunk f o r c o l d s and coughs
A t e a made from th e
(AP,CW).
Fo r e a r a c h e s ,
smoke from t h e lea v e s was i n h a l e d from a p i p e and then blown
th e ac hi ng e a r w i t h
5.
A rm i 11 a r i a me 11 ea
the removed p i p e s t e m
(RS).
(Fr. ) Karst.
The cottonwood mushroom as w e l l
as one growing on L a r i x
o c c i d e n t a l e was p l a c e d on a c h i n g t e e t h
6.
into
(P8),
A r t e m is ia dra cunculus L.
Swoolen f e e t and le g s were t r e a t e d by p l a c i n g them i n t o the
d e c o c t i o n made from t h i s p l a n t and by r u b b in g the b o i l e d p l a n t
over the a f f e c t e d areas
7.
A rtem isia
(Ad ) .
1u d o v i c i a n a N u t t .
Several
uses were made o f t h i s p l a n t .
f o i 1age was used e x t e r n a l l y
fo r bruises
A d e c o c t i o n from th e
(P B ), placed
w a t e r a lo n g w i t h a s i m i l a r d e c o c t i o n from Rosa f o r
in b a t h
itchiness
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
(Ad ) ,
92
o r was drunk as a b i t t e r ,
s t r o n g t a s t i n g t e a f o r c o ld s
A d e c o d t i o n was used t o wash a r e a s a f f e c t e d w i t h pois on
8.
(RS).
iv y
(Ad ) .
A r t e m is ia t r i d e n t a t a N u t t .
A te a made from t h e sagebrush was dr u n k as a remedy f o r c o ld s
and pneumonia
9.
(RS).
A s c l e p i a s s p e d osa T o r r .
The r o o t s were e i t h e r e a t e n f r e s h o r were d r i e d ,
and made i n t o a t e a ;
10 .
t h i s was t a k en f o r stomach ache
pu lverized ,
(RD).
A s t e r conspicuus L i n d l .
A te a made from t h e r o o t s was used in t h e t r e a t m e n t o f
gonorrhea
11.
(PB).
B al sam or hi za s a g i t t a t a
( Pu r s h)
N utt.
The lea v e s were used as a p o u l t i c e f o r s w e l l i n g s
burns
(AP,CW).
tuberculosis
A t e a made from t h e r o o t s was drunk f o r
( A V ) , whooping cough
(AV), o r as a p h y s i c
12.
Berberis
(MSS) o r
(AV),
to
increase u r in a r y flo w
(JP) .
repens L i n d l .
Several m edicinal
uses were r e p o r t e d .
The r o o t s wer e c l e a n e d ,
chewed or c r u s h e d , and p l a c e d on c u t s w i t h a cTean c l o t h ;
was changed t h r e e times a d a y .
healed
this
In abo ut t h r e e days the c u t was
(PB).
A d e c o c t i o n made from t h e r o o t s had s e v e r a l
drun k as a t e a t o a l l e v i a t e coughing
(AP,CW),
uses.
I t was
to f a c i l i t a t e
th e
d e l i v e r y o f the p l a c e n t a o f p r e g n a n t women ( R S ) , f o r v e n e r e a l
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
93
d i se a s e s
(R S ) , as a c o n t r a c e p t i v e
(AP,CW).
(R S ) , and f o r rheumatism too
A s o l u t i o n from t h e b o i l e d
r o o t s was a l s o used as an
eyewash ( R D ) .
13.
Besseya r ubr a
(Dougl.)
Rydb,
A s t r o n g t a s t i n g t e a made from e i t h e r th e f r e s h o r d r i e d
r o o t s was drunk f o r c o ld s
( R S ) ; i t was a l s o t a k e n as a p h y s ic
(RS,AV) .
14.
Ceanothus v e 1u t i n u s D o u g l .
A s a l v e was made by m i x i n g t h e d r i e d and powdered le a v e s
with
Also,
15.
l a r d o r g r e a se ; t h i s was a p p l i e d t o burns and sores
the le a v e s were used d i r e c t l y as a p o u l t i c e
Ch im a ph Il a umbel l a t a
(L.)
(RD,RS).
(AP,CW).
B art.
A d e c o c t i o n from t h e l e a v e s was used as an eyewash f o r s o r e
eyes,
16.
e s p e c i a l l y due t o h e a t ,
C 1emat i s col umb iana
From t h i s
(N u tt.)
smoke, o r p e r s p i r a t i o n
(Ad,
PB ,JP).
T . £• G.
s p e c i e s and £ ,
m e di c in e used f o r a t y p e o f
1 i g u s t i c i f o l i a was d e r i v e d a
i t c h and s o r e s , e s p e c i a l l y around t h e
neck (RD) .
17.
C1emat is h i r s u t iss ima Pursh
The e n t i r e p l a n t was b o i l e d t o make a s o l u t i o n used as an
i t c h m edicine;
t h e a f f e c t e d a r e a s were washed w i t h
\
and rubbed w i t h th e b o i l e d p l a n t
18.
the s o l u t i o n
.
(R S ,A V ) .
C1e m a t Î s 1 i g u s t i c i f o l i a N u t t .
The stems and lea v e s were b o i l e d t o make an eyewash,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
though
94
i t a p p a r e n t l y d i d n ' t work v e r y w e l l
i t c h i n e s s and sores
19 .
(Ad ) ,
i t was a l s o used f o r
(see a b o v e ) .
Equ isetum a r v e n s e L .
A te a made fr om the whole p l a n t was used as a d i u r e t i c
(Ad,
20.
PB).
Ge r a n Î um v i s c o s is s imum F . & M.
Th ere seems t o be some c o n f u s i o n as t o t h e c o r r e c t
V
o f what is c a l l e d c e c i .
RS c l a i m s
Geranium. w h i l e B a r r y Carlson^
it
claims
t o be t h i s
it
id e n tity
s p e c ie s o f
t o be a s p e c ie s o f
Lomat ium.
The baked r o o t s were used as a p o u l t i c e on wounds, c u t s ,
swellings
( P B ) , o r a s o l u t i o n from the b o i l e d
swellings
(Ad ) .
used e x t e r n a l l y
a p p l i e d from a f r e s h p l a n t
in cases o f m i l k f e v e r
Geum t r i f l o r u m
A mashed r o o t p l a c e d
bound around p a i n f u l
inside
breasts or
(RS),
Pursh
Fresh o r d r i e d
roots o f th i s
t e a which was drunk f o r c h i l l s
22.
the r o o t s was
o r th e m i l k y sap was d i r e c t l y
( R S ,A V ) ,
a bu ck s k in o r c l o t h was t i g h t l y
21.
r o o t s was used on
The scum r e s u l t i n g from b o i l i n g
fo r wart treatm ent,
or
p l a n t were b o i l e d t o make a
(RD),
Goodyera o b l o n g i f o l i a R a f ,
The e p i d e r m a l
la y e r o f the
l e a f was p e e l e d o f f ; t h e
was then p l a s t e r e d on b u r n s , c u t s ,
pus was drawn o u t
le a f
b o i l s and sores from which th e
(P B ,R D , A P , R S , T - H ,A V ,C W ).
:-D3 rtment o f L i n g u i s t i c s ,
U n iversity o f V ic to ria ,
unpublished
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
95
23.
G r i n d e l îa squ a rr os a
(Purs h)
Dunal
A t e a made from th e b o i l e d stem and l e a v e s was drunk f o r
colds,
pneumonia,
f e v e r , whooping cough,
tuberculo sis,
or ju s t
to
p e r k one up (Ad, PB,AP ,RS,CW){
24.
Heracleum 1anaturn Michx
The d r i e d o r f r e s h
was used on s w e l l i n g s ,
25.
Heuchera c y l i n d r i c a
r o o t s were made I n t o a p o u l t i c e which
e s p e c i a l l y o f the f e e t
(RD).
Dougl.
The r o o t was b o i l e d t o make a t e a which was used f o r stomach
ache and d i a r r h e a ; o r the r o o t c o u l d be chewed d i r e c t l y
immediate r e s u l t s .
diarrhea,
26.
Of a l l
the p la n ts
for
f o r stomach ache and
t h i s was t h e most s u c c e s s f u l m e d ic in e known ( P B , R S , T - H ) ,
H ierochloe odorata
(L .)
Beauv.
A t e a made from swe e tg ra s s was drunk f o r c o l d s ,
( A d , AV) and t o a l l e v i a t e sharp p a in s
inside
(PB).
fevers
I t was a l s o
mixed w i t h the seeds o f T h a l i c t r u m o c c i d e n t a l e and made i n t o a
t e a f o r co ld s a l s o
27.
(RS) .
J u n i p e r u s scopulorum S a r g .
A t e a made from t h e boughs was drunk f o r c o l d s ,
and f e v e r s
(Ad, AP,MSS,CW):
it
is b e l i e v e d by some t h a t th e
t e a made from boughs h a v i n g t h e f l e s h y cones i n t a c t
(Ad ) .
The te a was a l s o dr un k as a g e n e r a l
rheumatism and a r t h r i t i s
tonic
is s t r o n g e r
(RD).
a decoction a p p lie d e x t e r n a l l y
a f f e c t e d a r e a s suppo sed ly a l l e v i a t e s
cure
pneumonia,
the p a in ,
For
t o the
b u t does n o t
i L (PB),
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
^
96
28.
Ledum qlandulosum N u t t .
A d e c o c t i o n made by b o i l i n g t h e le a v e s and tw i g s was used
as an eyewash
29.
(Ad } .
L e t h a r i a sp.
A c h i l d b i r t h m e d ic in e was made from a s p e c ie s o f "moss",
very possible L e t h a r i a .
rubbed w i t h
it
The e x p e c t a n t m o t h e r ' s body was
( R S ,A V ) .
A y e l l o w l i c h e n found on th e Douglas f i r ,
very possibly
L e t h a r i a a l s o , was used as a t o o t h a c h e m e d i c i n e .
I t was soaked
in hot w a t e r f o r te n t o f i f t e e n m in u te s and t hen p l a c e d
a r e a o f the c a v i t y o r t o o t h a c h e .
is poisono us,
s a liv a .
is b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s
plant
so t h e p a t i e n t was warned abo ut no t s w a l l o w i n g th e
In a s h o r t w h i l e ,
a lle v ia te d .
It
in the
th e p a i n o f th e t o o t h would be
In a few days t h e t o o t h would b r e a k a p a r t
in p i e c e s
(PB).
Sores and scabs were f i r s t washed and then t h i s
was p l a c e d on th e a f f e c t e d a r e a as a p o u l t i c e
30.
lichen
(AP,CW),
Lewis ia r e d Î v i v a Pursh
Tea made from t h e r o o t s was dr unk f o r h e a r t t r o u b l e
I t can a l s o be ta k en f o r p l e u r i s y
women t o
31 .
increase the flo w o f m ilk
L i q u s t i c u m v e r t i c i l latum (G e y e r)
This popular medicine
(RS) as w e l l
6
Rose
In w i d e s p r e a d us age .
f a v o r i t e use seems t o be f o r c o l d s and sor e t h r o a t s ;
.
la c ta tin g
(P 8,T-H ,A V ).
C oult.
is s t i l l
as f o r
(RS,AV)
Its
th e d r i e d
an be chewed ( J P , R S , T - H ) , and an i n f u s i o n can be made
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
97
from t h e
r o o t s and d r u n k
smoked w i t h
to ba cc o f o r
(JP ,R S ,T-H ,A V ,),
re lie f
r o o t s has been used f o r f e v e r s
o r the
(JP,R S,A V).
too
lea v e s c o u l d be
The t e a from the
(M S S ).
The r o o t was chewed and rubbed on th e p e r s o n ' s body f o r
s e izu re s .
this
32.
C i g a r e t t e s mixed w i t h t h i s p l a n t were t hen smoked;
s upp ose dl y calms t h e per son
(Ad ) ,
Li thospermum r u d e r a l e Dougl
A t e a made from e i t h e r
the f r e s h o r d r ie d
f o r pleurisy and s i m i l a r a i l m e n t s
f o i l age was drun k f o r d i a r r h e a
33.
Lonicera
in vo lu c ra ta
(R ich .)
(R D ) , w h i l e a t e a made fr om th e
(RS).
Banks
The f r u i t were e a t e n t o e x p e l worms
laxative
34.
Lycoperdon
sp.
and cheeks o f
M a tric aria
(Ad ) o r as a p o w e r f u l
(RS).
The powdery sp ores o f
35.
r o o t s was drun k
the
p u f f b a l l s we re rubbed on e y e l i d s
i n f a n t s t o induce s l e e p
m atricario d es (Less.)
(RS,AV),
Porter
A te a made from t h e p i n e a p p l e weed was dr u n k f o r c o l d s
(Ad,
AP,AV,CW),
diarrhea
b irth
(AP,CW),
( P B ) , u p se t stomach
in clu d in g p e r s p ir a tio n
(Ad,
th e p l a c e n t a
Letharia fo r
(RS).
( R D ) , and
The t e a was a l s o b l en de d
the preceding m edication
from t h i s p l a n t was g i v e n t o young g i r l s
cramps
(AV),
P B ) : and f o r women a t c h i l d ­
t o g i v e them e n e r g y and t o b u i l d up t h e i r b l o o d
to help d e l i v e r
w ith
fevers
(RS).
A tea made
having menstrual
(RS) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
98
36.
Mentha a r v e n s i s
L.
A t e a made from t h e p e p p e r m i n t was dru n k f o r c o l d s
coughs
(T“ H ) , and when mixe d w i t h J u n i p e r u s s c o p u l o r u m , f o r
fevers
(Ad ) .
teeth
37.
(RS,T-H ),
The gr ee n
l e a v e s were a l s o packed around a c h i n g
(R ^ .
Monarda f i s t u i osa L,
A t e a from t h i s p l a n t was made f o r c o l d s
fevers
flow
( A d, PB ,AP,R S,AV ,CW), coughs
in n u r s i n g mothers
(Ad ) ,
(Ad, J P ,R S ,A V ),
(AP,RS,CW),
and as a g e n e r a l
to
increase m i l k
tonic
(T-H ).
The le a v e s w e re packed aroun d a c h i n g t e e t h t o b r i n g
(AP ,CW).
its
D r i e d bundles o f p l a n t s were hung
p l e a s a n t odor b r o u g h t
cloth
soaked
in rooms, pre sumably
t o those having colds
(R D ) .
Nepeta c a t a r i a
(PB).
L.
A t e a made from the stems and l e a v e s was t a k e n t o
p resp iratio n
39.
A
in a t e a made from t h i s p l a n t was p l a c e d on eyes t o
r e l i e v e sor eness
38.
re lie f
re lie f
to break fe v e r
induce
(RS).
Nuphar v a r i e q a t u m Engelm.
T h e r e were v a r i o u s m e d i c i n a l
uses o f
t e a made from t h e r o o t s was dr un k f o r VD,
s up p os ed ly opens t h e u r i n a r y d u c t s ;
applied d i r e c t ly
the b o ile d
t h e pond l i l y .
in wh ich case
(PB).
r o o t s was mixed w i t h b a t h w a t e r f o r
(PB).
it
t h e crushed r o o t s were a l s o
t o th e a f f e c t e d p a r t s
was a p p l i e d t o b r u i s e s
The
The d e c o c t i o n from
rheumatism
(Ad ) o r
A p o u l t i c e made from th e p e e l e d ,
washed and baked r o o t s was a p p l i e d t o
i n f e c t e d sores
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
(RS).
99
40.
Op unt ia p o l y a c a n t h a Haw
I
The stems wer e burn ed t o
b o ile d ;
the r e s u l t i n g
remove t h e s p i n e s ,
tea drunk f o r d ia r r h e a
stems were p l a c e d d i r e c t l y on backaches
th e n washed and
(Ad ) .
The cr us he d
(AP,CW), pr es um abl y a f t e r
t he s p in e s were removed.
41.
Osmorhiza o c c i d e n t a l i s
(N u tt.)
Torr.
A te a made from t h e r o o t s was dru n k f o r c o l d s
f o r coughs and s o r e t h r o a t s
tasteless
42.
( Pu r s h)
A tea made from t h e
43.
( P B ) , o r t h e r o o t was chewed u n t i l
fo r s im ila r resu lts
Pach i s t i m a myrs i n i t e s
(AP,RS,CW) and
(PB),
Raf.
r o o t s was dr un k f o r s y p h i l i s
(PB ).
Pinus c o n t o r t a D o u g l .
A m e d ic in e f o r burns was made from t h e
r e s i n from t h e t r e e was c o l l e c t e d and h e a t e d
turned b la c k .
lodgepole p i n e .
in a can u n t i l
The
it
One p a r t o f bone marrow was added t o f o u r p a r t s o f
t h e h e a t e d r e s i n and mixed w i t h o n e ' s hands u n t i l
T h i s was molded
For b o i l s ,
in to f l a t
no l o n g e r s t i c k y ,
cakes wh ich we re p l a c e d on burns
a m ixture o f a x le grease.
(PB).
C l i m a x Chewing
Tobacco and r e s i n was a p p l i e d .
44.
Pinus ponderosa D o u g l .
M ed icin ally,
t h e ponderosa p i n e had s e v e r a l
warmed r e s i n was p l a c e d on b o i l s ;
placed over t h is
u n til
For d a n d r u f f ,
jabbed
it
br ok e
uses.
a l e a f o f Berberis
The
repens was
(A d ),
t h e p o i n t e d ends o f t h e g r e e n ne e d le s wer e
in to the scalp
(MSS).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
100
Pla c e d on t h e abdomen o f mothers g i v i n g b i r t h ,
n e e d le s he lp ed t o d e l i v e r t h e p l a c e n t a
The p i t c h ,
1+5.
(T-H ).
h e a t e d and mixed w i t h m e l t e d a ni m a l
a p p l i e d w i t h a p i e c e o f canvas f o r
th e he a te d
t a l l o w , was
rheumatism and backache
(RS),
P l a n t a q o m a jo r L.
The le a v e s were v a r i o u s l y used as a p o u l t i c e f o r c u t s and
sores
(A d , PB,RD,AP,RS,AV,CW) .
w a t e r and pu t on s ore s
cu ts
The l e a v e s were s o f t e n e d
( R S , A V ) , c ru s he d and p l a c e d on i n f e c t e d
( P B ) , cr ushed and mixed w i t h s ug a r and p l a c e d on c u t s
o r powdered and mixed w i t h g r e a s e and p l a c e d on c u t s
b e l i e v e d t h a t th e pus w i l l
this
46.
leaf
be drawn o u t w i t h
It
is
the a p p l i c a t i o n o f
P l a n t a q o p a t a q o n i c a J a cq .
around t h e t o o t h and in t h e c a r i e
r i b e g r a s s was packed
t o deaden t h e p a i n
(RS).
Populus t r e m u l o i d e s M i c h x .
A t e a made from th e b a r k was dr un k f o r
48.
(Ad ) .
(AP,CW),
(AP,RS,CW).
For t o o t h a c h e s , e i t h e r f r e s h o r d r i e d
47.
in h o t
Popu1us t r i c h o c a r p a T .
ruptures
( R S ,A V ) .
& G.
The l e a v e s wer e used e i t h e r f r e s h o r d r i e d as a p o u l t i c e
draw pus o u t o f a wound
branches,
(AV) o r f o r b o i l s
r o o t s o f Rosa and P o t e n t i l i a
make a t e a dr u n k f o r s y p h i l i s
(RS).
to
Young cott onw ood
g l a n d u l o s a wer e b o i l e d t o
(RD),
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
101
49.
Prunus v î r q in îana L.
A te a made from th e b a r k and branches was drunk f o r
diarrhea
(PB,AP,CW),
Or f o r
in tes tin al
worms, a t e a made from t h e
b a r k which was p e e l e d downward was dru n k
upward,
it
is b e l i e v e d
regurgitated)
that
(if
t h e stomach c o n t e n t s would be
(R S).
The r e s i n from c h o k e c h e r r y was warmed,
cool,
50.
th e b a r k was p e e l e d
used as e y ed rop s f o r
Pseudotsuqa m e n z i e s i t
sor e eyes
(M irb el)
strained,
( P B ,R S ) .
Fr a nc o
A t e a from t h e n e e d l e s was made f o r c o l d s
51.
and when
(RS),
P t e r o s p o r a andromedea N u t t .
A w h i t i s h c o l o r e d gr ow th found on t h e r o o t s was used f o r
toothache.
pain
52.
I t was p u t
in th e a r e a o f
the c a v i t y
to a lle v ia t e
the
( P B ).
Ranunculus q l a b e r r i m u s Hook.
The p l a n t was c r u s h e d , and w i t h a p i e c e o f canvas o r
b u c k s k i n , a p p l i e d as a p o u l t i c e
sor es
( R S ,A V ) .
However,
and warned n o t t o p l a c e
53.
t o burn b l i s t e r s and open r u n n in g
PB r e c o g n i z e d
it
on s or e s as
i t as a poisonous
plant
i t would worsen them,
Rhamnus p u r s h i a n a DC.
The t e a made from t h e b a r k was dr u n k as a l a x a t i v e
A V ).
If
t h e b a r k was w h i t t l e d upward t o make t h e t e a ,
stomach c o n t e n t s would be r e g u r g i t a t e d ;
w h ittle d
downward,
then i t
ho w e ve r,
if
(Ad,
PB,
then o n e ' s
t h e b a r k was
is b e l i e v e d t h a t o n e ' s stomach c o n t e n t s
would l e a v e th r o u g h t h e anus
(Ad, A V ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
102
54.
Rhus g l a b r a
L.
A t e a made from th e
tu b e rc u lo sis .
In t h i s
o r su gar as
is b e l i e v e d
it
Eating several
55.
Rosa w o o d s ii
l e a v e s and br an che s was dr unk f o r
treatm ent,
that
t h e p a t i e n t c o u l d n o t use s a l t
t h i s would make him cough
o f the f r u i t s
a c t e d as a l a x a t i v e
(RS),
L in d l.
An eyewash was made f o r s o r e e y e s ,
exposure t o t h e sun
from th e p e t a l s
56.
(RS),
(RD,
(P B ,R D ,A P, R S, C W ).
the bark
caused by e x c e s s i v e
The d e c o c t i o n was made
(P B ), o r the
roots
(RS).
Rubus idaeus L.
A t e a made fr om t h e stems and l e a v e s was t a k e n f o r
diarrhea
57.
(RS).
S a l i x spp.
The b a r k was used f o r t h e t r e a t m e n t o f c u t s
one m e d i c i n a l
(PB,RS,AV).
p r e p a r a t i o n h o t w a t e r was poured o v e r t h e b a r k ;
In
this
s o l u t i o n was used t o wash t h e wound; a powder fr om th e f i n e l y
c ru she d b a r k was p l a c e d on t h e c u t w i t h a c l e a n c l o t h .
The
bandage needed t o be changed o n l y once a d a y , and in two,
o r f o u r days t h e c u t was h e a l e d
(PB).
and pu t on c u t s and a b r a s i o n s d i r e c t l y
three,
The b a r k was a l s o chewed
(RS.AV).
An eyewash was used which was made fr o m a s p e c i e s h a v i n g
greenish
l e a v e s found n e a r A r l e e .
The b a r k ,
stem t i p s were used t o make t h e eyewash
leaves,
( R O ,A V) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
o r young
103
The b a r k o f a d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s was used f o r d i a r r h e a ,
d y s e n t e r y and summer f l u
s ilv e ry
58.
leaves;
(RD,AV),
RD s t a t e s
t h e b a r k was chewed f o r
that
it
is one h a v in g
re lie f,
Sambucus c e r u l e a R a f .
Sambucus racemosa L ,
A t e a made from t h e b a r k was dr un k t o h e l p d e l i v e r t h e
placenta
59.
(PB).
She ph er di a c a n a d e n s i s
(1_.)
N utt.
T h i s p l a n t was a s ou r c e o f an eyewash
was made by b o i l i n g
60.
t h e de b a r k e d br anc hes
(P B ,A P ,A V ,C W ).
(PB,AP,CW).
Sorbus s c o p u l i n a Greene
A t e a made from t h e
t u b e r c u l o s i s and coughs
l e a v e s and t w i g s was dr un k f o r
(PB ,RD ,A P, CW ).
A t e a made from t h e f r u i t
was drunk f o r a i l m e n t s such as v o m i t i n g o f b l o o d
the f r u i t
d i r e c t l y was r e p o r t e d t o a l l e v i a t e
t h i r s t and f a t i g u e
61.
It
in a b o u t te n m in u t e s
Symphoricarpos a l b u s
sor es
(L .)
(RD).
tire d n e s s ,
Eating
hu n g e r ,
(PB).
B la k e
The f r u i t o r t h e
l e a v e s was cr us he d and a p p l i e d t o wet
( A V ) , chapped o r
in ju re d skin
( R O ) , o r t o scabs o f c u t s
and burns t o promote h e a l i n g w i t h no s c a r r i n g
was made from t h i s
(RS).
s p e c i e s and Rosa mixed t o g e t h e r
An eyewash
(PB).
poked h i s eye when h u n t i n g ,
f o r example,
sno wb erry p l a n t was chewed;
t h e r e s u l t i n g j u i c e was p l a c e d
eye.
b etter
At f i r s t
I f one
the f r u i t o f the
t h e eye muscles t i g h t e n up,
in t h e
b u t soon would f e e l
(PB).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
104
62.
Tanacetum vu 1gar e L.
The crushed
63.
l e a v e s wer e p l a c e d on burns
(RS).
The 1 i c t r u m o c c i d e n t a l e Gray
The d r i e d seeds were b o i l e d t o make a t e a f o r c o l d s ,
and f e v e r s
(RS,AV).
Sometimes H i e r o c h l o e o d o r a t a was b o i l e d w i t h
t h e seeds t o make a more e f f e c t i v e m e d i c a t i o n
64.
U rtica
c h ills ,
( R S ).
spp.
A t e a was made fr om t h e
(apparently e p il e p s y ) ,
rheumatism,
in sa n ity ,
f e e t were soaked
U r t i c a g r a c i 1 is
leaves o f U r t i c a
dioica
o r temper t a n t r u m s .
in a d e c o c t i o n o f t h e
for f it s
For
leaves o f
(RS),
In t h e swe a th ou s e ,
t h e n e t t l e s w e re used f o r backaches
(AP,
CW).
65.
V a c c i n iu m g l o b u l a r e Rydb.
A t e a made from t h e r o o t s o r t h e stem was d r u n k f o r h e a r t
trouble
(PB,AV):
stem was drunk
f o r k id n e y t r o u b l e ,
(AP,CW).
rheumatism and a r t h r i t i s
66.
a t e a from th e
l e a v e s and th e
A d e c o c t i o n from t h e r o o t s was used f o r
(AV).
V e r a t rum v i r i d e A i t .
T h i s p l a n t was used as a d e c o n g e s t a n t .
r o o t s was s n i f f e d up t h e n o s e .
Powder from th e d r i e d
The r e s u l t a n t s n e e z i n g c l e a r e d up
t h e na sa l
passages
(A P ,R S ,A V ,C W ).
As t h i s m e d i c i n e has a p o w e r f u l
reactio n ,
i t was n o t g i v e n t o c h i l d r e n
(AV).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
105
67.
V io la
s p . L.
The r o o t s f o r a s p e c i e s o f v i o l e t were made
was dru n k f o r c o l d s ,
flu ,
c h ills ,
te a was g i v e n p a r t i c u l a r l y
p o u ltice
and f e v e r
to c h ild re n ,
f o r mumps was made from th e
as
roots
i n t o a t e a and
(P B ,T-H ,R S ,A V ).
it
is m i l d
Th is
(RS,AV).
A
(PB ),
P l a n t s Used f o r Smoking
1.
A r c t o s t a p h y l o s uva- u r s i
(L.)
S pr e ng .
The lea v e s o f k i n n i k i n n i c k were d r i e d
sweathouse
tobacco,
(JP) and mixed w i t h a more f la m m ab le m a t e r i a l ,
and smoked ( A d , PB,RD,AP,JP,RS,AV,CW) .
smoked w i t h t h e d r i e d b a r k o f
s to lo n i f e r a ) , o r the d r ie d
occidentale
2.
red w i l l o w
Ch im a p h i 1a umbel l a t a
Cornus s t o l o n i f e r a
(L .)
r o o t s o f V e r a t r u m v i r i d e o r Osmorh i za
B art.
in t h e swe atho use ,
t h e l e a v e s w e re smoked (PB),
Michx,
Osmorhiza o c c i d e n t a l is
The d r i e d
5.
I t was a l s o
( p r o b a b l y Cornus
The b a r k was d r i e d and smoked w i t h to b a c c o
4.
such as
(R S ) .
A f t e r drying
3.
in e i t h e r an oven o r
(N u tt.)
(AP,AV,CW).
Torr.
r o o t was smoked as m e nt io n ed above
(RS).
Veratrum v i r i d e A i t .
A small
amount o f t h e d r i e d
as m en t io n ed above
r o o t was smoked w i t h
(RS).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
tobacco,
106
In ce n s e .
1.
Scents.
A b ie s g r a n d i s
P e r fu m es , and O t h e r T o i l e t r i e s
(D ougl.)
Forbes
The n e e d le s were d r i e d ,
baby powder
2.
A bi e s
f in e l y p u lverized ,
and used as a
(RS).
Iasiocarpa
(Hook.)
N utt,
From th e d r i e d and powdered n e e d l e s a baby powder was made
(PB,RD,AV);
u rin atio n
incense
i t was used on baby rash es caused by e x c e s s i v e
(PB).
(Ad,
PB,AV) o r hung on t h e w a l l s
p l e a s a n t aroma
s e n t shawls
3.
The n e e d l e s were p l a c e d on t h e s t o v e as an
(AV).
to give
The p u l v e r i z e d n e e d l e s were a l s o used t o
(AP,CW) o r used as a body s c e n t
Ach i l l e a mi 1l e f o l i u m
t h e room a
(PB).
L.
The f l o w e r heads we re rubbed
in t h e a r m p i t s as a d e o d o r a n t
(RS.AV) .
4.
A rtem isia
lu doviciana N u tt.
The f o l i a g e o f t h e p l a n t and t h a t o f t h e Douglas f i r
placed
5.
in th e sweathouse as an
in cen se
were
(Ad ) ,
C1aopodium c r i s p i f o l i u m
T h i s a b s o r b e n t moss was used t o
p a dd in g
lin in g
again
i n s i d e baby d i a p e r s .
lasted a f u l l
l i n e c r a d l e boards and as a
P la c e d b o t h f o r e and a f t ,
twelve hours,
t h e moss
and t h e n was washed and reused
(PB).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
107
6.
G i l îa a g g r e g a t e
( Pu r s h)
Spr eng .
The d r i e d p l a n t s w i t h
Lotna t i um s i m p l e x we re p l a c e d
in
perfume bags and were t h o u g h t t o g i v e o f f a p l e a s a n t aroma
7.
H ierochloe odorata
(L.)
Beauv.
The a r o m a t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f s w e e t g r as s were w e l l
Montana S a l i s h .
placed
(RD).
The b l a d e s wer e b r a i d e d
in s u i t c a s e s w i t h c l o t h e s
known t o t h e
into three p ly
ropes and
(AP,RS,CW); o r th e aroma was
impa rted t o th e c l o t h e s by b u r n i n g t h e s w e e tg r as s b e n e a th them
(R S) .
It
is b e l i e v e d t h a t
t h i s would keep bugs away (A P,C W) ,
Sweetgrass was burned on s t o v e t o p s as
8.
incen se
(Ad, R S ).
Jun ip eru s scopulorum L.
Boughs o f j u n i p e r were burned on s t o v e t o p s as
( A d , PB,RS,AV) o r used as a body s c e n t
9.
p l e a s a n t aroma
sweathouse
(P B ,R D ).
in t h e c o r n e r s o f houses f o r
its
I t was a l s o p l a c e d on t h e f l o o r s o f
the
(RO).
T h a 1 ic t r u m o c c i d e n t a l e Gray
The d r i e d seeds wer e chewed u n t i l
t h e h a i r and body as a perfume
H a i r Washes,
1.
(PB).
Mentha arvens is L.
The p e p p e r m in t was p l a c e d
TO.
incense
Abies
lasio carpa
O ils .
( H o o k .)
p u l v e r i z e d and rubbed on
(RS).
Tonics,
and Shampoos
N utt.
The f i n e l y powdered n e e d le s wer e mixed
w ith
l a r d and a p p l i e d t o t h e h a i r as an o i l ;
in equal
it
proportions
Im pa rt s a f r a g r a n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
108
e v e r g r e e n s c en t and a g r e e n i s h c o l o r t o th e h a i r
m i x t u r e was used t o make a h a i r
restorer
stems o f Ab i es las i o c a r p a . A r t e m i s ia
(Ad ) ,
(Ad, PB) .
A
o f the f o l i a g e or
l u d o v i c i a n a , Ceanothus
v e l u t i n u s . Li gu st i cum v e r t i c i l l a t u m and P t e r o s p o r a andromeda.
2.
C1ema t i s columb iana
(N u tt.)
T.
& G.
The stems and l e a v e s were b o i l e d t o make a s o l u t i o n used as
a h a ir restorer
3.
(RD,AV) o r a shampoo (RS) .
C1ema t i s 1 i g u s t i c i f o l i a
N utt.
The young lea v e s and stems w e re b o i l e d
used as a h a i r r e s t o r e r
4.
(R D ).
L a r i x o c c i d e n t a l is N u t t .
The gummy sap was used t o p l a s t e r h a i r
5.
t o make a s o l u t i o n
Lon i c e r a c i 1 losa
( Pur sh)
in p l a c e
(RS).
DC.
T h i s v i n e was b o i l e d t o make a shampoo and t o make t h e h a i r
grow l o n g e r .
A p p a r e n t l y no d i s t i n c t i o n was made between t h i s
and C1emat i s columb iana
6.
vine
(RS).
P t e r o s p o r a andromedea N u t t ,
T h i s p l a n t was mixed w i t h s e v e r a l
a h a i r r e s t o r e r as m e n t io n ed a b o v e .
o t h e r s p e c i e s and used as
I t was a l s o b o i l e d w i t h
C1emat Î s columb iana t o make a shampoo ( R S ) .
7.
Verbascum b l a t t a r i a
L.
T h i s p l a n t was b o i l e d
s oa p.
t o make a shampoo which
I t was t h o u g h t t o t u r n t h e h a i r d a r k e r .
a t any t im e o f t h e y e a r
lathers
lik e
I t was c o l l e c t e d
(RS).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
109
8.
X e r o p h y 1 1um t e n a x
(Purs h)
N utt.
The r o o t s were b o i l e d
to the scalp;
t o make a s o l u t i o n which was a p p l i e d
i t was t h o u g h t t o a c t as a h a i r
restorer
(RO).
Poisonous P l a n t s
1.
Cicuta do uqlasii
(D C.) C o u l t .
£• Rose
The w a t e r hemlock is r e c o g n i z e d t o be poisonous
2.
Lup inus sp.
L.
PB b e l i e v e s
this
b e l i e v e s t h a t ho rses
3.
p l a n t t o be poisonous t o she ep, w h i l e JP
lik e
to eat
it,
Ranunculus q l a b e r r i m u s Hook,
T h is
4.
(AP,AV,CW),
is r e c o g n i z e d by some t o be poisonous
(A P,AV ,CW).
Ziqadenus e l e g a n s Pursh
The b u lb
i s r e c o g n i z e d t o be poisonous and is a v o i d e d
( P B ,R D, AV ).
Bug Repel 1a n ts
1.
M atricaria m atricarioides
2.
Mentha a r v e n s I s
3.
Monarda f i s t u l o s a
(Less.)
Porter
L.
L.
These t h r e e s p e c ie s were used t o keep bugs o f f meat and
b e rrie s.
The le a v e s were d r i e d , powdered, and s p r i n k l e d o v e r
f r e s h meat o r f r u i t .
Or e n t i r e p l a n t s o f M a t r i c a r i a
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
110
m a t r i c a r i o i d e s were p u t
meat o r b e r r i e s
in a l t e r n a t e
layers
in p a r f l e c h e s w i t h
( P B ,R S ) .
Mentha a r v e n s i s was a l s o used
in s u i t c a s e s o r
in houses t o
keep bugs away ( A d , PB) .
Horse M e d ic in e s
1.
A m e l a n c h ie r a 1n i f o l i a
N utt.
T h i s p l a n t was used f o r
i t was s t u c k d e e p l y
other
lame h o r s e s ,
i n t o t h e s w o l l e n a n k l e , w h e r e a f t e r bl ood and
1 iquous m a t t e r d r a i n e d o u t .
p l a n t was then used f o r m e d i c a t i o n
2,
A sharpened s t i c k from
The r o o t o f a y e t u n i d e n t i f i e d
(PB ).
Geranium vi scos i ssImum F . & M,
A d e c o c t i o n from th e r o o t s was rubbed on s o r e s ,
cuts,
b u r n s , and was a p p a r e n t l y good f o r k e e p i n g wood t i c k s o f f .
ap plicatio n of this
s o l u t i o n around t h e nose k e p t f l i e s
rope
An
away
(A d ,A V ,R S ).
Shavings from th e d r i e d
r o o t mixed w i t h c h a r c o a l were b u rn e d ,
o v e r which the h o r s e ' s nose was h e l d ;
distemper,
3,
pneumonia,
G r i n d e l i a s qu a r r o s a
c o u g h in g ,
(P ur s h)
t h i s helped to a l l e v i a t e
and r u n n in g nose
( R S ,A V ) ,
Dunal
T h i s s t i c k y p l a n t was rubbed on s o r e h o r s e s '
hooves, and
is b e l i e v e d t o toughen them ( R S ,A V ) ,
4.
J u n i p e r u s scopulorum S a r g .
The boughs were burned w i t h c h a r c o a l
t h e s i c k h o r s e ' s nose
in a can h e l d b e n e a t h
(PB),
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Ill
5,
Nuphar v a r i e q a t u m Engeim.
The b o i l e d and c ru she d r o o t s were p l a c e d on deep c u t s
(PB),
P l a n t s Used in M a n u f a c t u r e
1,
A cer qlabrum T o r r .
stems
2.
The branches wer e used
in t h e making o f a r r o w s h a f t s ,
pipe­
(P B ) , and as framework
in t h e b u i l d i n g o f sweathouses
(R D ).
A m e l a n c h ie r a l n i f o l i a
N utt.
The stems o f t h i s
arrowshafts,
3.
p l a n t were used
in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f
though stems from A ce r were p r e f e r r e d
(PB),
Cornus s t o l o n i f e r a M i c h x .
The branches were used in t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f sweathouses
(RD).
4.
El ymus c i ne reus S c r i b n .
The young
In d ia n boys once p l a c e d hawthorne p o i n t s on th e
shoots o f r y e g r a s s .
one a n o t h e r
5.
&■ M e r r .
These wer e used as spe a rs
in p r e p a r a t i o n f o r w a r f a r e
to
in flic t
p a i n on
(PB).
Heracleum lanatum M i c h x .
The d r i e d and ma tur ed h o l l o w stems wer e used t o make e l k
w h istles
6.
(P B,R D,AP ,AV, CW ).
Ph i l a d e l p h u s
le w is ii
Pipestems
Pursh
(R D,AV ),
bows
(jP ),
combs
( A V ) , and a r r o w s h a f t s
(AV) we re made from t h e b r a n c h e s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
112
7,
Pînus c o n t o r t a D o u g l .
Tepee pole s were s e l e c t e d from t h i s
8,
S a l i x sp .
(AP,RS,CW).
L,
The branches were used
s p e c ie s o f w i l l o w was used
(R S ,A V ) ,
t r e e s p e c ie s
AV s t a t e s
in t h e making o f
that this
V a l l e y and stands f i v e
in making sweathouses
species
to s ix f e e t
A
ropes, b a s k e ts ,
is found
ta ll;
(AV).
etc.
in t h e B l a c k f o o t
t h e rope was made from
t h e b a r k and was used f o r h o r s e s .
9,
Sambucus c e r u l e a R a f .
Sambucus racemosa L.
A f l u t e o r w h i s t l e was made from t h e h o l l o w stems
10.
PB).
Sci rpus a c u t u s Muh1.
The b u l r i s h was used f o r t y i n g t e n t s
b r a i d i n g mats o r rugs
11.
(Ad,
Taxus b r e v i f o l i a
together or fo r
(R D ).
N utt.
The wood o f t h i s c o n i f e r was used t o make bows
(P B ,R D ).
B o i l e d sinew o r muscle was used t o v a r n i s h t h e we 11- s e as o n ed
wood t o w a t e r p r o o f
12 .
Thu ja p i i c a t a
i t and t o p r e v e n t
it
from w a r p i n g
Donn.
Baskets o r bags were made from t h e b a r k
The s t r i p s
a s in g le ,
(PB).
(PB ,A P, A V, C W) ,
o f b a r k were woven i n t o d i f f e r e n t l y
l a r g e p i e c e o f b a r k was shaped
in to a bag.
wer e used p r i m a r i l y f o r b e r r y p i c k i n g , w h i l e
used f o r s t o r a g e
shaped b a s k e t s ;
th e
The f o r m e r
l a t t e r were
(PB ).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
113
13.
Typha l a t i f o l î a
L.
The leav es were used f o r wea vin g b a s k e t s f o r meat and f i s h
(A V ) , and f o r making mats f o r
Plants
1.
A rtem isia
the sweathouse
(AP,CW).
f o r Tann ing and Smoking Hides
ludovidiana N u t t,
H id e s were rubbed w i t h t h e f o l i a g e o f t h i s
t h e y were soaked;
p la n t before
t h i s a p p a r e n t l y p r e v e n t e d them from s o u r i n g
(R S) .
2,
Pseudotsuqa m e n z i e s i i
(M irbel)
The r o o te d wood o f t h i s
Franco
t r e e was used t o smoke hi d e s
(AV).
Dye P l a n t s
1,
A lnus
incana
(L.)
Moench
The b a r k was b o i l e d and t h e r e s u l t i n g s o l u t i o n was used t o
g i v e moccasins a y e l l o w c o l o r
c olor
2.
(MSS,AV),
( P B ) , and human h a i r a f l a m i n g
f e a t h e r s a r e d d i s h brown
red c o l o r
(RS).
L e t h a r i a sp.
This
l i c h e n was once used t o dye f e a t h e r s
(PB).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX
II:
PLANTS USED BY THE KOOTENAI
1.
Ach i 1lea mi 1lefol îum L.
T h i s p l a n t was used f o r
the a c h in g t o o t h ;
soothe t h e p a in
A lecto ria
toothache;
t h e “j u i c e s " from t h e
(An ) ,
legs f o r rheumatism
2.
INDIANS
the
le a v e s were p l a c e d on
le a f are believed to
The l e a v e s wer e chewed and rubbed on a c h i n g
(Au ) .
sp.
T h i s was p r e p a r e d w i t h camas and o n io ns
eaten
3.
p i t and
(T-H ).
A l l i u m cernuum Roth
The bu lb was r e a d i l y e a t e n .
T-H ).
4.
in t h e f i r e
Only t h e f r u i t s
Vacc inium g 1o b u 1a re
s erviceberry f r u i t s
sun-dried fo r
(PS),
N utt,
of this
plant,
w e re o f economic
were e a t e n f r e s h
l a t e r use
prepared w ith f l o u r ,
cakes
(PS,
In more r e c e n t tim e s sugar and m i l k have been added
A m e l a n c h ie r a 1n i f o l i a
fru its
I t was baked w i t h camas
(An, P S , T - H ) ,
sugar, m ilk ,
Prunus v i r q i n i a n a . and
impo rtan ce
(T-H ),
(An )» b o i l e d
(An ) ,
The
or
Dry t h e y c o u ld be
and camas
o f Symphoricarpos a l b u s and f l o u r
( P S ) , mixed w i t h
(An ) ,
o r made i n t o
(T-H ),
114
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115
5.
A r c t o s t a p h y l o s uva- u r s ! ( L . )
Sp re ng .
K i n n i k i n n l k b e r r i e s were n e v e r s y s t e m a t i c a l l y g a t h e r e d and
s t o r e d b u t were c o n s i d e r e d an emergency food o n l y .
on the shrub and used as nee ded.
They were l e f t
They were p r e p a r e d by b o i l i n g
(T-H ).
The d r i e d
from the
6.
lea v e s were smoked in a p i p e
leaves was used as an eyewash
Ba1samorh iz a sag i t t a t a
(Pu rs h)
The s t a l k s u p p o r t i n g t h e
(A u, PS).
(An ) .
N utt.
leaf
is c o n s i d e r e d t o be th e "boy "
o r "man" p a r t w h i l e t h e s t a l k s u p p o r t i n g t h e f l o w e r
t o be the " g i r l " o r "woman" p a r t
e a t e n raw,
A decoction
(An ) .
The f o r m e r ,
is be 1 ieved t o be b e t t e r t a s t i n g
t han t h e
is c o n s i d e r e d
p e e l e d and
la tte r
(A n , PS) .
7.
Be rb e r is repens L i n d l .
in r e c e n t tim es t h e s e f r u i t s
m i l k and s u g a r , and e a t e n
8.
Camassia quamash
(Pur sh)
The c o l l e c t i o n ,
in Kootenai
Salish
9.
(A u, PS) .
Greene
manner o f p r e p a r a t i o n ,
c u l t u r e was v e r y s i m i l a r
and r o l e o f t h e camas
to th a t o f
the Montana
(T-H ).
Ceanothus v e l u t i n u s
Dougl.
A d e c o c t i o n from t h i s
10.
have been p u l v e r i z e d , mixed w i t h
C laytonia
p l a n t was used as a h a i r grower
1a n c e o l a t a Pursh
The e n l a r g e d
r o o t s were b o i l e d and e a t e n
(PS).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
(PS).
116
11 .
E 1aeagnus commutata B e r n h .
The o i l y b a r k o f
this
p l a n t was used to make f i b e r f o r
Three s t r a n d s o f p e e l e d b a r k were f i r s t
then p l a i t e d
12.
together
F r a q a r i a v i r q i n iana Duchesne
Goodyera ob lo n g i f o l i a
(PS).
Raf.
The l e a f was removed o f
its
as a p o u l t i c e t o c u t s and sores
14.
e p id e r m a l
l a y e r and then a p p l i e d
(An ) .
Heracleum lanatum M ic h x .
The young stems were e a t e n
15.
t h i g h - t w i n e d s e p a r a t e l y and
(T-H ).
The f r u i t was e a t e n
13.
(PS),
Jun i perus scopulorum S a r g .
The boughs were burned on s t o v e tops as
to a l l e v i a t e colds
coles
16.
(PS),
(An),
incens e
(An,
PS)
A t e a made from t h e l e a v e s was d r u n k f o r
though some t h o u gh t
it
t o be too s t r o n g t a s t i n g
(An ) .
Ledum qlandulosum N u t t .
A r e f r e s h i n g t e a was made from t h i s
17.
rope.
Lewis ia red i v i v a
plant
(PS).
Pursh
The manner o f c o l l e c t i o n and p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e b i t t e r r o o t
was s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f
that
the Montana S a l i s h
(An ) .
they were n e v e r pounded d r i e d o r cooked
shaped
i n t o cakes as d i d some o f
by themsel ves o r pu t
T-H r e p o r t e d
i n t o a meal and
t h e i r n e i g h b o r s , b u t were b o i l e d
i n t o a stew w i t h m e a t .
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117
18 .
Lî gust i cum v e r t î c î 1 latum
(G e y e r)
C oult.
& Rose
The r o o t was smoked f o r s o r e t h r o a t s
on sor e arms
(Au ) ,
( P S ) , mashed and rubbed
o r made i n t o a t e a t a k e n f o r h e a r t problems
(An ) .
19 .
Monarda f i s t u i osa L.
A t e a made from t h i s p l a n t was ta k e n f o r k i d n e y problems
(An ) .
Placed
on
rocks
in t h e swe atho use , i t
a c t e d as a perfume
(PS).
20.
P erid erld ia
(H. 6 A . )
-
of
this
depending upon
if
i t were c o l l e c t e d b e f o r e o r d u r i n g f l o w e r i n g .
is
plant
in the l a t t e r c o n d i t i o n
is
M a th .
The r o o t
It
21.
qa i r d n e r i
r e c o g n i z e d t o have two t a s t e s ,
t h a t the roo t
(PS).
PopuI us t r i c h o c a r p a T . & G.
The lea v e s were used as a p o u l t i c e
22.
is p r e f e r r e d
Prunus v i r q i n i a n a
From t h i s
(An ) ,
L.
p l a n t , A m e l a n c h i e r a In i f o l i a , and V a c c i n iu m
g l o b u l a r e came t h e t h r e e main economic f r u i t s
o f Prunus v i r g i n ! a n a w e re p u l v e r i z e d
(T-H ),
( A n , Au ) ,
o r pa dd ie s and s u n - d r i e d f o r f u t u r e use
The f r u i t s
formed
i n t o cakes
(An, A u , T - H ) .
Sometimes
s ug a r was added (Au ) ,
The branches w i t h
tea;
23.
the b a r k
t h i s was drun k f o r d i a r r h e a
Rib es sp.
i n t a c t were b o i l e d
to y ie ld a
(An ) o r stomach ache
(PS).
L.
The f r u i t s
are
r e c o g n i z e d t o be e d i b l e
(PS),
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
118
24.
Rosa sp.
L.
The f r u i t s
or "hips" are
r e c o g n i z e d t o be e d i b l e
(An,
PS).
A d e c o c t i o n made from t h e stems and f l o w e r s was used t o wash
on eself;
i t was t h o u g h t t o p u r i f y one who has l o s t a member o f t h e
f a m i l y thr ough d e a t h .
This
in flu e n c e o f the C a th o lic
25.
She ph erd ia c a na de ns is
The f r o t h
(L.)
re lig io n
(PS),
N utt.
from th e b e a t e n f r u i t was e a t e n
Special
p r e c a u t i o n was t a k e n
froth.
Grease
in
its
preparation
in t h e bowl o r on t h e spoon
o f tobacco smoke (PS)
26.
usage a p p a r e n t l y stems from t h e
Symphoricarpos a l b u s
is b e l i e v e d
(L.)
(Au )
Typha l a t i f o l i a
to
P S ),
i n s u r e a good
or too
much od o r
t o p r e v e n t a d e q u a t e f o a m in g .
B la k e
The b a r k was chewed and p l a c e d on c u t s
27.
(An, Au,
(An ) .
L.
The l e a v e s were used as f l o o r i n g m a t e r i a l
in the sweathouse
(PS).
28.
Vacc inium q 1o b u 1a r e Rydb.
The f r u i t o f t h i s
p l a n t , A m e l a n c h i e r a l n i f o l i a . and Prunus
v i r q i n iana were the t h r e e main economic f r u i t
the Kootenai.
cakes
29.
The f r u i t s
species u t i l i z e d
by
were s u n - d r i e d and f r e q u e n t l y made i n t o
(T-H ).
V a c ci n iu m s c o p a r i um L e i g b e r g
The f r u i t s
plan t,
then
of this
p l a n t were e a t e n
i t was e x p e c t e d
(PS).
I f one saw t h i s
t h a t Vacc inium g 1o b u l a re would be
found in th e v i c i n i t y .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX
I I 1:
COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS USED BY THE SALISH AND KOOTENAI
1
.
A bie s g r a n d i s
(Dougl.)
lasiocarpa
gra nd f i r
Forbes
alp in e
Abies
3.
A cer glabrum T o r r .
4.
A ch illea m ille fo liu m
5.
A l e c t o r i a sp.
1 i chen
6.
A l l i u m cernuum Roth
nodding o n io n
7.
A llium douglasii
D o u g la s'
8.
Alnus
9.
A m e l a n c h ie r a l n i f o l i a
(L.)
N utt.
fir
2.
incana
( H o o k .)
INDIANS
Rocky M ou n ta in maple
y a rr o w
L.
Hook.
onion
moun tain a l d e r
Moench
serv i c e b e r r y ,
Juneberry
N utt.
k in n ik in n ic k ,
bearberry
10.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
(L .)
11 .
A r m i l l a r i a m ellea
K arst.
12.
A r t e m i s i a dr a c u n c u l u s L.
t a r r a g o n , sa ge,
dragon sag ewo rt
13.
A rtem isia
lu dovician a N u t t .
s a g e b r u s h , mugwort,
wormwood
14.
A rtem isia
trid e n ta ta
b i g sagebrush
15.
A s c l e p i a s s p e c io s a T o r r .
mi 1kweed
16.
A s t e r conspicuus L i n d l .
showy a s t e r
17 .
Balsamorhiza s a g i t t a t e
18 .
B erberis
(F r.)
S pr e ng .
cottonwood mushroom
N utt.
(Purs h)
repens L i n d l .
N utt.
b a 1samroot
Orego ng rap e,
mahon i a
119
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120
19 .
Besseya ru b r a
(Dougl.)
20.
B e t u l a o c c î d e n t a 1 is Hook.
w e s t e r n burch
21 .
B e t u l a p a p y r i f e r a Mars h.
pa pe r b i r c h
22.
B ro d ia e a douglas i i Wats.
brodiaea
23.
Cal yp so bu lbos a
fa i r y -s lip p e r
24.
Camass i a quamash (Purs h)
25.
Campanula r o t u n d i f o l i a
26.
Carex sp.
sedge
27.
Cast i l i e la sp.
Indian-pa in tbrush
28.
Ceanothus v e l u t i n u s D o u g l .
bu ck br us h,
29.
Chenopod i um sp .
pi gwe ed,
lamb' s - q u a r t e r s
30.
C h im a p h i la umbel l a t a
31 .
C i c u t a douglas i i
32.
C i r s lu m sp.
33.
CIaopodium c r l s p i f o l i u m
34.
CI a y t o n i a
35.
C I ema 1 1s columbiana
36.
Clemat is h 1r s u t I s s i m a
37.
C1ema t i s I i gu st i c I f o l I a N u t t .
38.
C o llyb la
39.
Cornus s t o l o n If e r a M ic h x .
r e d - o s h i e r dogwood
40.
C r a t a e q u s columb i ana Howe I I
Columbia hawthorn
41.
C ra t a e g u s d o u g l a s l l
b l a c k hawthorn
42.
Delphinium
(L .)
Rydb.
red bess eya ,
ki t t e n - t a 11s
Oakes
Greene
camas
L.
(L.)
(D C. )
ha r e b e l I
B art.
ceanothus
p rin c e 's -p in e ,
p i p s issewa
C o u l t . S- Rose
water-hemlock
th is tle
Ian ceo lata
Pursh
(N u tt.)
springbeauty
T.
Pursh
6- G.
c 1ema t i s ,
v ir g in 's-b ow er
sugarbowls
cIema t i s ,
vi rg in 's-b o w e r
sp.
Lindl.
bI c o l o r N u t t .
larkspur
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
121
43.
Dodecatheon con j ugens Greene
shooting s t a r
44.
Elaeaqnus commutata B er nh .
s iIv e rb e rry ,
ela e a gn us
45.
E1ymus c i n e r e u s S c r i b n .
46.
E p i 1ob tum angust i f o l i u m L .
f i rewood
47.
EquÎ setum a r ve n s e L.
h o r s e t a i 1,
scouring-rush
48.
E r y th r on iu m g r a n d i f T o r u m Pursh
g la c ie r-lily
49.
F r a g a r i a v i rg in Iana Duchesne
w ild
50.
F r i t i 1l a r i a
pudï ca
&
gian t w iIdrye
Merr.
( Pur sh)
strawberry
ye 1 low b e l l
Sp re ng .
bedstraw
51 .
Ga1 ium b o r e a ] e L.
52.
Geran ium v is c os t ss imum F .
53.
Geum t r i f l o r u m
54.
G i l la a g g r e g a t e
55.
Goodyera o b lo n q i f o l i a
56.
G r i n d e l i a s qu a r r os a
57.
Heracleum lanatum Mic hx .
cow- pa rs n ip
58.
Heuchera c y l i n d r i c a
a 1umroot
59.
H ierochloe odorata
60.
J u n I p e ru s communis L.
common j u n i p e r
61.
J u n i p e r u s scopulorum S a r g .
Rocky Mountain
ju n i per
62.
Larix
alp in e
63.
L a r i x o c c i d e n t a l is N u t t .
western
64.
Ledum g 1andulosum N u t t .
La br a do r te a
65.
L e t h a r i a sp.
66.
Lewisia
67.
&
s t ic k y purple
geran ium
M.
avens,
Pursh
(Purs h)
r a t t l e s n a k e - p l a n t a in
R af.
gumweed
Dunal
Dougl.
(L.)
swe et gra ss
Beauv.
l y a 1n i P a r i .
redivîva
larch
larch
b i tterroot
Pursh
Liousticum v e r t i c i l l a t u m
smoke
g i 1 ia
Spreng
( Pur sh)
p ra irie
(G e y e r) C o u l t .
& Rose
1ico r ic e -ro o t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
122
68.
Lithospermum r u d e r a l e D o u q l .
69.
Lomatîum cous
70.
Lomatium macrocarpum ( N u t t . )
71.
L o n ic e r a c i l i o s a
72.
L o n ic e r a
73 .
Lupinus sp.
lupine
74 .
Lycoperdon s p .
p u ffb a l1
75 .
L y s i c h i t u m amerîcanum H u l t e n 6- S t .
76 .
M a t r i c a r i a m a t r l c a r i o i des
77 .
Mentha a r v e n s i s
78 .
Monarda f i s t u l o s a
79 .
Nepeta c a t a r i a
80.
Nuphar v a r i e q a t u m Enqelm.
81.
(Wats.)
C oult.
( Pu r s h)
in vo lucrata
groomwel1, pucoon
& Rose
b isc u it-ro o t
C o u l t , 6 Rose
lomat ium,
desert parsley
DC.
(R ich .)
orange hon eys uck le
bearberry,
black tw inberry
Banks
(Less.)
John
Porter
skunk cabbage
p i n e a p p l e weed
m int,
L.
p e p p e r m in t
horsemi n t ,
w i l d bergamot
L.
catnip
L.
pond l i l y
p r i c k l y - p e a r cactus
- O p u n t i a p o l y a c a n t h a Haw.
sweet-c ic e l y
82.
Osmorhiza o c c i d e n t a l is
83.
Pa c h is t im a m y r s i n i t e s
( Pu r s h)
84.
P e rîd e rîd îa qairdn eri
(H, & A . )
85.
Philadelphus
86.
Phleum p r a t e n s e L,
87.
Pic ea e n q e lm a n n ii
88.
Pinus a l b i c a u l t s
89.
Pinus c o n t o r t a D o u g l .
lodgepole pine
90.
Pinus mont i c o l a D o u g l .
w h ite pine
91 .
Pinus ponderosa D o u g l .
ponderosa p i n e ,
y e llo w pine
92,
PI an ta qo m a j o r L.
plan tain
lew isîî
(N utt. ) T o rr.
Pursh
Raf.
Math.
m oun tai n
lo ver
yampah
mockorange
Ti m o th y grass
Parry
Engelm.
Engelmann s p r u c e
w h ite bark pine
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
123
93.
P l a n t a q o pataquna J a c q .
ribegrass
94.
Populus t r e m u l o i d e s M i c h x .
qu aki ng -a sp en
95.
Potent!11a qiandulosa
96.
Prunus v i r q i n i a n a
97.
Pseudotsuqa m e n z î e s i î
98.
P t e r o s p o r a andromedea N u t t .
p i n e drops
99.
Ranunculus q l a b e r r i m u s Hook.
sagebrush b u t t e r c u p
100.
Rhamnus p u r s h i a n a DC,
c a s c a r a sagrada
101.
Rhus g l a b r a L.
smooth sumac
1 02.
Rhus r a d ic a n s
103.
Ribes sp.
104.
Ro rip p a n a s t u r t i u m - a q u a t i c u m
10 5.
Rosa wo ods ii
10 6.
Rubus
107.
Rubus luec od erm is Do uq l.
blackcap,
b lac k raspberry
108.
Rubus p a r v i f l o r u s N u t t .
thim bleberry
109.
Rumex o c c i d e n t a l is Wats.
dock, s o r r e l
1 1 0.
Russula s p ,
.
L.
chokecherry
(M irbel)
Franco
Douglas f i r
poison
L.
iv y
gooseberry,
(L.)
Sc hi n z 6 The 11.
watercress
w ild
L in d l.
currant
rose
red r a s p b e r r y
idaeus L.
P e r s . ex S . F .
Gray
S a l i x sp.
w illo w
1 1 2.
Sambucus c e r u l e a R a f .
blue e ld e r b e r r y
11 3.
Sambucus racemosa L.
black e ld e rb e rry
11 4.
S c l r p u s acu tus Muh l.
b u 1 rush
1 1 5.
S h e p h e r d i a c a n a d e n s is
116.
Sm ilacina s t e l l a t a
11 7.
Sorbus s c o p u l i n a Greene
118.
Symphoricarpos a l b u s
Ill
(L .)
(l.)
N utt.
Desf,
(L.)
b u ffa lo berry
f a l s e Solomon's seal
m oun tai n ash
B la k e
snowberry
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
124
119.
Tanacetum v u l q a r e L.
ta nsy
12 0.
Taxus b r e v î f o l i a
w e s t e r n yew
121 .
T h a i i c t r u m o c c i d e n t a l e Gray
meadowrue
122.
Th uj a p l i c a t a
western
12 3.
Tsuqa m e r t e n s i a n a
124.
Typha l a t Î f o l i a
12 5.
U rtica
12 6.
U rtica g ra c ilis
127.
V a c c i n ium q l o b u l a r e Rydb.
huckleberry
12 8.
V a c c i n ium scoparium Lei be r g
grouseberry,
w h ortleberry
129.
Ve r a t rum vi. r i d e A i t .
f a l s e he 11ebor e
130.
Verbascum b l a t t a r i a
131 .
Verbascum thapsus L.
flann el
13 2.
V io la sp.
w iId v io le t
133.
Xanthium sp.
cocklebur
134.
X e r op hy ll um te n a x
135.
Ziqadenus e le g a n s Pursh
Nutt.
Donn.
(B o n g . )
Carr.
red c e d a r
mountain hemlock
c a t-ta i 1
L.
sting ing n e ttle s
d i o i c a L,
(A it.)
Seland.
moth m u l l i e n
L.
( Pur sh)
sting ing n e ttle s
N utt.
m ullien
beargrass
death-camas
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX
IV:
SOME ANIMAL AND MINERAL PRODUCTS OF THE MONTANA SALISH
A m e d ic in e from th e g a l l
o f t h e b e a r was used f o r h e a r t p r o b le m s .
The g a l l was hung f o r a b o u t t h r e e weeks and a l l o w e d t o become ha rd and
green;
h o t w a t e r was poured o v e r s c r a p p in g s from t h e d r i e d g a l l ;
r e s u l t i n g y e l l o w t e a was then dru n k ( A d, P B ) .
h e a r t prob lem s,
but a f t e r
tro u b le fo r three y e ars .
if
the p a t i e n t " i s
c loth ;
cut
in to the e a r
( A d , P B ).
help
gland o f
i n t o smalt
it.
t h e b e a v e r was used f o r
p i e c e s , and wrapped in a
The l i q u i d was squeezed o u t
T h i s g l a n d was a l s o used as a
(PB).
Another m edicine f o r earache
o il,
it w ill
no t t o o f a r go ne "; bo th have used t h i s m e d i c a t i o n .
ho t w a t e r was then poured o v e r
perfume
he has no t had h e a r t
Bob and Sophia Adams c l a i m t h a t
The g l a n d was d r i e d ,
and dropped
Pete Beaverhead once had
takin g th is m edication,
A m e d ic in e from th e c a s t o r o i l
earache.
th e
in which case
(and sor es t o o ) was made from skunk
i t was a l s o dropped
For t o o t h a c h e s ,
i n t o t h e a c h in g t o o t h
(AV).
t h e tongue o f t h e p i l e a t e d woodpecker was poked
(AV).
R a t t l e s n a k e b i t e s were o f t e n
But a common method o f
in to the aching e a r
treatm ent
if
t r e a t e d by o n l y th e m e d i c i n e man (PB)
a m e d i c i n e man was n o t a v a i l a b l e was
t o wrap smoked b u c k s k in on t h e snake b i t e
(Ad, A V ) .
125
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
126
S p i d e r webs were p l a c e d on c u t s and were t h o u g h t to s t o p
b 1eed Î ng
(RS ,AV) .
P a r t o f a skunk h i d e was p l a c e d
s 1eep
in c r a d l e s t o
(mss) .
The Montana S a l i s h had a s p e c i a l
po iso n f o r persons whom the y
d i s l i k e d and d e s i r e d t o g i v e a slow d e a t h .
hind
induce b a b i e s t o
legs and a l l o w e d t o s l o w l y d i e .
mouth was c o l l e c t e d
A liv e
toad was hung by
its
The l i q u i d t h a t dropped from i t s
in a cup and t hen mixed w i t h some k in d o f f o o d .
person who would e a t t h i s
The
food would n o t be a b l e t o d e t e c t t h e pre sen ce
o f t h e p o i s o n , and in a few weeks would have begun t o have d i e d a slow
death
(PB)!
Y e l l o w and red dye was o b t a i n e d from p u l v e r i z e d
found n e a r Drummond.
rocks
rocks o f some k in d
The d e s ig n s on I n d i a n s u i t c a s e s came from t h e s e
(Ad ) .
V a r i o u s k in d s o f
rocks were used t o make bowls o f p i p e s .
Yellow
and red rocks found e a s t o f M i s s o u l a were found t o be more s u i t a b l e
m ost.
F a r t h e r e a s t on t h e p l a i n s a n o t h e r r o c k , wh ich
was t h o u g h t t o be t h e b e s t
is d a r k
(PB).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
than
in c o l o r ,
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E l m e n d o r f , W. W. S W. P. S u t t l e s .
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19 73 .
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