Chip Friction Tool Motion of workpiece Chip formation Chip Primary zone of deformation Tool Secondary zone of deformation Workpiece 41 2.2.2 Continuous Chip with Built-up Edge Chip Tool Fragment of BUE Built-up edge Workpiece Fig. 2.5 2.2.3 Discontinuous Chip Chips Tool Workpiece Tool Chip 90° Workpiece Chip tc D Tool - C t B A Workpiece Chip Tool Fh Motion of workpiece R Fv Chip Tool C Fh B Fv Fs A - Fp Workpiece 90°- R Fn D Ft Stress Strain Chip tc Tool C t B 45° R 45°- A Workpiece Normal and shear stresses Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools Normal stress Tangential (shear) stress Distance along rake face C max n E D K = n K A B Sticking F zone l1 Slipping zone l2 ln Tool The distribution function of normal stress = where, = constant = constant = distance from end of chip-tool contact. If is the normal stress on the rake face at a distance from the end of contact length. = max where, max = max. normal stress at the cutting edge = natural contact length between tool and chip. Chip Chip-tool interface Face Tool Flank Fc R Fp t Workpiece Fp Fc Cylindrical tool edge Work-tool interface 55 2.9 CHIP VELOCITY Vc C Chip Vc Vs C V t Tool tc (90° + – ) Vs A Workpiece 90° – B Velocity diagram V A Fig. 2.16 2.10 MACHINING WITH VARIABLE UNCUT CHIP THICKNESS E F Chip ip Ch c A Tool tc A Tool V B Workpiece (a) Positive slope B V Workpiece (b) Negative slope C e Vs Vc (90° – e + e) Tool tc C Vc Vs e B V e (90° – e) Velocity diagram V A A Workpiece 60 2.11.5 Shear Plane Angle 2.12 MECHANICS OF TURNING PROCESS e d T R s Tool feed Q B S C Chip flow direction A f R. H. Turning Tool P rs Fig. 2.20 Fa Fr Ft Cutter Cutter Workpiece Workpiece Table feed Table feed (a) Up-milling (b) Down-milling C C Rc – d B A D 90° – E d ft
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz