Wesleyan University WesScholar Division II Faculty Publications Social Sciences 11-2012 Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake Elizabeth McAlister Wesleyan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div2facpubs Part of the Anthropology Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, Other Race, Ethnicity and post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Television Commons Recommended Citation McAlister, Elizabeth. "Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake,” Small Axe: A Caribbean Platform for Criticism 39 (Nov 2012): 22-38. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social Sciences at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division II Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 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