Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism

Wesleyan University
WesScholar
Division II Faculty Publications
Social Sciences
11-2012
Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism:
Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti
Earthquake
Elizabeth McAlister
Wesleyan University, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div2facpubs
Part of the Anthropology Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, Other Race, Ethnicity and
post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Television Commons
Recommended Citation
McAlister, Elizabeth. "Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake,”
Small Axe: A Caribbean Platform for Criticism 39 (Nov 2012): 22-38.
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social Sciences at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division II Faculty
Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].
Soundscapes of Disaster
and Humanitarianism:
Survival Singing, Relief Telethons,
and the Haiti Earthquake
Elizabeth McAlister
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41 1VOU(]HSVU¸;^LU[`-PYZ[*LU[\Y`:[H[LZTHU!*LSLIYP[`+PWSVTH[.LVYNL*SVVUL`¹Newsweek, 28 February 2011, 18.
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