Glucagon (on liver, adipose cells); balance to insulin
Epinephrine (liver, muscle), flight or fight
Lipids phosporylated
glucose
by p13K
GLUT4
OUT
insulin
Cell membrane
P
insulin
Receptor P
Kinase P
P
Y 960
P
P
pI3K PDK1 Akt
IRS1
P
glucose
Kinase
P
Also activates
MAPK affecting
cell growth/diff.
Akt
?
kinase
P
?
Intracellular GLUT4
Translocates to
cell membrane
AMPK
PKA
GSK3
CASEIN K
O original
INACTIVE
2 ATP
M modified
2 ADP
T
2 Pi
2 H 2O
(phospho)protein
phosphatase I (PP1)
Glycogen synthase
kinase 3
active
ATP
P
S15
P
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
ATP
G6P
AMP
IMP
Glycogen synthase
kinase 3
inactive
ADP
phosphorylase
kinase
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
T
ATP
Glc
P
ATP
PP1
GL dock
prot
ACTIVE
GP
R
P
PP1
Ac
(less active,
allosterically activated)
GP
R
Glucagon
phosphorylase b
PP1
P
ADP
GS
P
Glc
Insulin
glucose
ADP
insulin
phosphorylase a
Ac
GP
T
P
GS
More active
(covalently
modified)
Glycogen
Synthase I
active
PP1
Pi
P
(one subunit shown)
H 2O
Glycogen
SynthaseD
less active
P