X-Ray Interaction with Matter: Absorption, Scattering, Refraction.

1936-7
Advanced School on Synchrotron and Free Electron Laser Sources
and their Multidisciplinary Applications
7 - 25 April 2008
X-Ray Interaction with Matter:
Absorption, Scattering, Refraction
David Attwood
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
CA94720 Berkely
CA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
X-Ray Interaction with Matter:
Absorption, Scattering, Refraction
David Attwood
Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group
University of California, Berkeley
and
Center for X-Ray Optics
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
ICTP1 Trieste April 8, 2008 / David Attwood / Lecture 2
Trieste April 2008.ppt
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