Effectiveness of SOCSO`s
Accident Prevention Program in
Klang Valley, 2012
DR MOHD RAFEE BAHARUDIN
LIM CHEE SIANG
SAM WEI YENG
HAIRUL NAZMIN
Introduction
• Total accidents reported on the rise since 2008
100000
90000 85926
81810
80000
70000
73858
67163
69132
63423
60000
61182
58321
56249
56339
50000
43885
40617
40000
55186
54133
50803
38657
35092
59897
57639
34376
35603
30000
20000
17170
18387
17609
18329
17297
17704
17682
19041
20810
22036
35088
24809
10000
958
1224
1256
1218
1168
1219
1169
1174
1231
1194
1254
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
Total Accidents Reported
2005
2006
Industrial Accidents
2007
2008
Commuting Accidents
2009
Fatalities
2010
2011
• Total benefits paid on the rise (RM Million)
350
326.2
306.4
300
274.8
250
214.7
200
205.3
187.9
167.5
171.5
166.7
147.1
150
153.5
87.1
66.2
85.2
63.2
61.9
71.1
160.2
151
142
132.8
121.9
115.2
107.1
102.7
100
170.1
94
192.6
104
109.1
119.7
71.8
67.8
50
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
Temporary Disablement Benefit
2005
2006
2007
2008
Permanent Disablement benefit
2009
2010
Dependants' Benefit
2011
• Cost of prevention and promotion programs organized by
SOCSO
3500000
3,281,605
3000000
2,754,597
2500000
2,086,960
RM
2000000
1,557,140
1500000
1000000
1,341,866
1,241,697
1,144,500
956,606
889,557
604,870
500000
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
• Compensation paid due to industrial accidents, 2008-2012
2,500.00
2,000.00
RM Million
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,678.16
1,710.77
2010
2011
1,354.41
1,187.12
1,000.00
500.00
0.00
2008
2009
Year
2012
Accident Prevention Program by SOCSO 2012
OSH Talk
Safe Motorcycle Riding/ Safe Car Driving
Research
Event / Exhibition/ Carnival/ Award/ Campaign
Publicity
Video
Poster
Pocket Book
Bulletin Publication
Bil.
NGO
OSH
TALK
SAFE
MOTORCYCLE
RIDING/ SAFE
CAR DRIVING
1
1
2
3
MIHA
FMM
SOME-MMA
5
16
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
MSOHP
UM
PKP
NUNW
CICM
NUPW
MNKKP
2
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
MSOSH
MOSHPA
CWUM
NIOSH
AOEMM
MBAM
UKM
NRG-SHE
PPKKPP
MTUC
MONASH
MIROS
LPKPM
MEF
MPMA
JUMLAH
RESEARCH
EVENT
/EXHIBITION
/CARNIVAL
/AWARD
/CAMPAIGN
PUBLICITY
VIDEO
POSTER
1
1
POCKET
BOOK
BULETIN
PUBLICATION
2
6
4
1
8
3
7
7
4
112
3
3
40
4
3
15
10
1
1
1
20
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
206
71
7
5
1
1
Objectives
• General objective:
 to determine the effectiveness of SOCSO accident
prevention programs in Klang Valley, 2012
• Specific objectives
 To assess the effectiveness of accident prevention
programs as perceived by participants
 To compare the KAP towards occupational safety and
health among participants and non-participants
 To determine the relationship between effectiveness of
accident prevention program and KAP towards OSH
among participants.
Literature Review
• Annually average for occupational accidents was
estimated around 260 million accidents (Hamalainen, et al., 2006)
• A new approaches from time to time are needed as the
new method may better than the previous one (Doll, et al., 2003)
• Study done at construction sites showed reduction in the
occupational injuries by 16% after basic training and by
25% on the next specific module and led to 6% decrease
in injury rates (Bena, et al., 2009)
• As intervention became more engaging, workers
demonstrated greater knowledge acquisition, and reductions
were seen in accidents, illnesses, and injuries (Burke, et al., 2006)
• The incidence rate were decreased in intervention groups
after joined Preferential Action Plan (PAP), as well as the
comparison groups. However, the percentage of declined
was higher for those joined the PAP program (Lopez-Ruiz, et al.,
2013).
• Evaluation on designed safety education program modules
showed that the mean scores among the workers between
pre-test and post-test was 48.51 and 81.80 respectively
(Elangovan, et al., 2005)
• Road safety
 Human intervention has the highest effectiveness level to
promote road safety than video presentation and threedimensional kinetic model
 A study on road safety by using fixed-effect model found
that the campaigns contributed in 10% reduction of
accident with the mean effect were ranged between 9 to
11% (Philips, et al., 2011).
• Occupational diseases
 Engineering control programs would be cost-effective in
both developed and developing countries for reducing
occupational disease (Lahiri, et al., 2005).
• Ergonomics
 Elimination of exposure has the highest effectiveness
ranging from 60-100%. Reduction level of exposure and
reduction in time of exposure was range between 40-60%
and 20-40% respectively while behavior influence 0-20%
of the program effectiveness (Goggins, et al, 2008).
 Among 10 programs listed, the most effective intervention
program was comprehensive ergonomics with 49.5%
reduction in accident while the lowest was 3.8% for
personnel selection techniques (Guastello, S.J., 1993) .
• Hearing loss
 For now, intervention of hearing improvement program
was significantly increased use of hearing protection
devices (HPDs) but no evidence for future use (Lusk, et al.,
1999).
 Evidence has suggested that tailored, multimedia hearing
loss prevention programs can improve attitudes,
knowledge, and behavior concerning the prevention of
hearing loss (Fausti, et al., 2005).
Methodology
• Study Location:
 Klang Valley(Kuala Lumpur &
Selangor)
 Has highest number of accident
prevention programs and
accidents reported
• Study Design:
 Quasi-experimental study, with non-equivalent control
group and post-test only design
• Sample Size:
 Intervention group: 400 respondents
 Control group: 400 respondents
(Total respondents=800)
• Sampling Method
 Simple random sampling
Study Flow Chart
SOCSO list of
organizations which joined
accident prevention
programs in 2012
Random selection of
organization
Assign into intervention
and Control group
Questionnaires
Statistical analysis
Recommendation
Types of accident program:
a. commuting accident prevention programs
b. hearing loss prevention programs
c. skin diseases prevention programs
d. ergonomics programs
Inclusive criteria:
Accident prevention program conducted in Klang
Valley, 2012
Employees who did not joined any SOCSO accident
prevention program were recruited as control group.
4 sections:
a. Perceived effective score of SOCSO program
b. Roles of SOCSO
c. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards OSH
d. Commitments of employer towards OSH
Random Selection of Organizations
SOCSO programs
2012
Commuting
accident
prevention
Hearing loss
prevention
Ergonomics
Company A
Non-participants
(control)
Company B
Participants
(intervention)
Skin diseases
prevention
Results
1.Number of respondents according to
types of programs and industries
2. Socio demographic information
3. Effectiveness of SOCSO program as perceived by participants
4. Comparison of KAP level towards OSH among intervention and control
group
5. Relationship between perceived effective score and KAP level among
participants
6. Misconception of SOCSO`s roles and functions
7. Commitments of employer towards OSH
Number of respondents according to programs (N=800)
Type of group
Intervention Control
Type of program
• Commuting accident
prevention
• Ergonomics prevention
• Hearing loss prevention
• Skin diseases prevention
Total
Total
241
241
482
89
46
24
89
46
24
178
92
48
400
400
800
Number of respondents according to industries (N=800)
Type of industries
• Transportation and logistics
• Metal stamping industries
• Manufacturer of chemical products
• Banking
• Automotive
• Utility
Total
178
185
74
298
52
13
800
Results
1. Number of respondents according to types of programs and industries
2.Socio demographic information
3. Effectiveness of SOCSO program as perceived by participants
4. Comparison of KAP level towards OSH among intervention and control
group
5. Relationship between perceived effective score and KAP level among
participants
6. Misconception of SOCSO`s roles and functions
7. Commitments of employer towards OSH
Socio Demographic Information
Variables
Age (years)
Gender
Male
Female
Race
Malay
Chinese
Indian
Others
Frequency (%)
594 (74.3)
206 (25.8)
773 (96.6)
3 (0.4)
23 (2.9)
1 (0.1)
Mean (SD)
35.6 (9.2)
Median (IQR)
35 (16)
Age Groups
Distribution of Respondents in Different Age Groups
160
No. of respondents
140
120
100
80
60
137
146
126
146
110
40
90
45
20
0
≤25
26-30
31-35
36-40
Age groups
41-45
46-50
≥51
Education Level
Variables
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Highest education level
Primary School
Secondary School
Diploma
Degree
Master/ PhD
10
522
137
125
4
1.3
65.5
17.1
15.6
0.5
1.3
66.8
83.9
99.5
100.0
Total
800
100
Working Experience
Variables
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Working Experience
<1 Year
1-5 Years
6-10 Years
>10 Years
75
179
162
384
9.4
22.4
20.3
48.0
9.4
31.8
52.0
100.0
Total
800
100
Results
1. Number of respondents according to types of programs and industries
2. Socio demographic information
3.Effectiveness of SOCSO program
as perceived by participants
4. Comparison of KAP level towards OSH among intervention and control
group
5. Relationship between perceived effective score and KAP level among
participants
6. Misconception of SOCSO`s roles and functions
7. Commitments of employer towards OSH
Effectiveness of SOCSO program
• 12 questions to evaluate last SOCSO`s accident prevention
program attended.
• Examples of question:
No
Pernyataan
1
2
Isi kandungan program sangat sesuai
Cara penyampaian sangat sesuai
Program ini telah meningkatkan pengetahuan
saya terhadap keselamatan dan kesihatan
pekerjaan
Secara keseluruhan, program ini sangat berkesan
3
4
Sangat
tidak
setuju
Tidak
setuju
Tidak
pasti
Setuju
Sangat
setuju
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
• Mean scores of perceived effective score was compared
against cut off point of 3.5 using one sample t-test.
One sample t-test
One-Sample Statistics
N
perceived effective score
Mean
400
Std. Deviation
4.0410
Std. Error Mean
.44305
.02215
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 3.5
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Mean
t
perceived effective score
24.424
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
399
.000
Difference
.54104
Lower
.4975
Upper
.5846
• The mean score for perceived effective score is higher than
3.5 (M=4.04, SD=0.44).
• Participants perceived that SOCSO programs are effective to
prevent accident, t(399)=24.42, p=0.001 (p<0.05).
Results
1. Number of respondents according to types of programs and industries
2. Socio demographic information
3. Effectiveness of SOCSO program as perceived by participants
4.Comparison of KAP level towards OSH
among intervention and control group
5. Relationship between perceived effective score and KAP level among
participants
6. Misconception of SOCSO`s roles and functions
7. Commitments of employer towards OSH
KAP level among respondents
• KAP means Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices
• A series of questions covers people`s awareness
towards OSH, their attitudes to it, and their
behavior.
• 14 multiple choice questions
• 1 score given for correct answer
• 4 questions on general OSH knowledge, 10 specific
questions on program attended to determine KAP
levels among participants towards OSH
• The total scores are compared between intervention
and control group using independent samples t-test.
Independent samples t-test
Group Statistics
Type of group
KAP level
dime
nsion
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Intervention
400
8.1400
1.75588
.08779
Control
400
5.8375
2.71838
.13592
1
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of
t-test for Equality of Means
Variances
KAP level
Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
F
87.950
Sig.
t
.000 14.23
df
798
14.23 682.580
Mean Std. Error
Sig. (2- Differenc Differenc
tailed)
e
e
.000 2.30250
.16181
.000
2.30250
.16181
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
1.98488 2.62012
1.98480
2.62020
• The difference of KAP level between intervention and control groups is
statistically significant (p=0.001, 95% CI 1.98, 2.62)
• It can be concluded that the mean KAP level for participants, 8.14
(SD=1.76) is higher than non-participants, 5.84 (SD=2.72)
Results
1.
2.
3.
4.
Number of respondents according to types of programs and industries
Socio demographic information
Effectiveness of SOCSO program as perceived by participants
Comparison of KAP level towards OSH among intervention and control
group
5.Relationship between perceived effective
score and KAP level among participants
6. Misconception of SOCSO`s roles and functions
7. Commitments of employer towards OSH
Pearson Correlation
• Pearson correlation test was run to see the relationship
• There was a positive relationship between perceived
effective score and KAP level among participants, which was
statistically significant (r =0.139, p=0.005)
Results
1.
2.
3.
4.
Number of respondents according to types of programs and industries
Socio demographic information
Effectiveness of SOCSO program as perceived by participants
Comparison of KAP level towards OSH among intervention and control
group
5. Relationship between perceived effective score and KAP level among
participants
6.Misconception of SOCSO`s roles
and functions
7. Commitments of employer towards OSH
Roles of SOCSO
• Questions related to roles of SOCSO were asked.
• 1 score was given for correct answer, total scores of respondents were
shown in the histogram below.
Misconceptions on roles of SOCSO
Q1: Employees experiencing stress at work can
receive compensation from SOCSO
Correct answer
No
42%
Wrong answer
Yes
58%
Q2: SOCSO will help the organization to formulate
safety and health policy
900
800
Yes, 765
700
Correct answer
600
Wrong answer
500
400
300
200
100
No, 35
0
Yes
No
Q3: Foreigners are covered under SOCSO
compensation scheme
Correct answer
No
34%
Wrong answer
Yes
66%
Q4: Employees need to report occupational diseases
to SOCSO
800
700
Yes, 710
600
Correct answer
500
Wrong answer
400
300
200
100
No, 35
0
Yes
No
Results
1.
2.
3.
4.
Number of respondents according to types of programs and industries
Socio demographic information
Effectiveness of SOCSO program as perceived by participants
Comparison of KAP level towards OSH among intervention and control
group
5. Relationship between perceived effective score and KAP level among
participants
6. Misconception of SOCSO`s roles and functions
7.Commitments of employer towards
OSH
Commitments of employers towards OSH
Q1: Employer provide cheap and low quality PPE
350
39.6%
300
37.4%
250
200
23%
150
100
50
0
Yes
No
Not sure
Q2: The employer care about the quality of the PPE
700
600
73.6%
500
400
300
21.7%
200
100
4.6%
0
Yes
No
Not sure
Q3: The employer concerns about OSH at the
workplace
800
700
85.1%
600
500
400
300
200
100
5.5%
9.4%
0
Yes
No
Not sure
Conclusion
• Participants perceived that SOCSO accident prevention
programs are effective to prevent accident.
• Participants of SOCSO program have higher KAP level
towards OSH as compared to non-participants.
• There is a significant relationship between perceived
effective score and KAP level towards OSH among
participants.
• There were some misconceptions on the roles and functions
of SOCSO.
• Generally, employers of participating companies are
committed to OSH at the workplace.
Recommendations
• A systematic assessment need to be develop in assessing
all prevention program
• Prevention program should involved all level of
employees/employer
• A tools to monitor each levels of participations need to be
developed
• A need to have baseline information before the
commencement of any accident prevention program to
compare the KAP level of participants in future
• There is a need to continue and expand the accident
prevention program for the benefits of SOCSO contributors.
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