AP Chemistry Unit 2
Acids and Bases
Arrhenius definitions: when dissolved in water...
Acids produces H+ HNO3
NaOH
­
Bases produce OH
Limited!!!
Bronsted­Lowry definitions: in a proton­transfer reaction...
Acids donates the H+ Bases accepts the H+
Better!!!
HNO3
HNO3 + H20
H3O+ + NO3­
NH3
NH3 + H20
NH4+ + OH­
"Strong" vs. "Weak"
Strong­ acid/base that ionizes completely: strong electrolyte!
HCl (aq) + H2O (l)
NaOH (s)
H 2O
H3O1+ (aq) + Cl1­ (aq)
Na1+ (aq) + OH1­ (aq)
Know the 6 Strong Acids
and 6 Strong Bases!
Assume others are weak!
Acids and Bases
AP Chemistry Unit 2
Weak­ acid/base that ionizes partially: weak electrolyte!
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)
reverse!
HF (aq) + H2O (l)
reverse!
Acids and Bases
NH41+ (aq) + OH1­ (aq)
H3O1+ (aq) + F1­ (aq)
AP Chemistry Unit 2
Neutralization
Acid + Base
Ionic Salt + Water
Base cation / Acid anion
2 HCl (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)
CaCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
STRONG
Net Ionic:
H+ (aq) + OH­ (aq)
HCN (aq) + KOH (aq)
H2O (l)
KCN (aq) + H2O (l)
WEAK
Net Ionic:
HCN (aq) + OH­ (aq)
CN­ (aq) + H2O (l)
Ammonia Exception!
H2SO4 (aq) + 2 NH3 (aq)
(NH4)2SO4 (aq)
Net Ionic:
H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq)
Acids and Bases
NH4+ (aq)
AP Chemistry Unit 2
Monoprotic vs. Polyprotic
HCl,HNO3, HBr, HI, HF, HClO4, HClO3
H2SO4, H2CO3, H3PO4 Monoprotic
Polyprotic
Acid Salts
Acid­Base Reactions with Gas Formation
Na2CO3 (aq) + 2 HCl (aq)
2 NaCl (aq) + H
+ CO2 (g)
H22O CO
(l) 3 (aq)
Net Ionic:
CO32­ (aq) + 2 H1+ (aq)
Acids and Bases
H2O (l) + CO2 (g)