SBI3U–DiversityofLivingThings Date:_________________________________
KingdomFungi
Updated October 2016
GeneralCharacteristicsofFungi
1.Mostlymulti-cellular
KeyTerm
Definition
•
Theindividualhyphaeinamyceliumare___________________toaspecifictask,beit
_______________thefungustoitsfoodsource,________________and
_________________thefoodsource,or__________________reproductivestructures.
2.Insidethehyphae
• Insomevarietiesoffungi,wallscalled____________dividethehyphaeintoindividualmultinucleated
cells.Septaareusually__________________,lettingmaterialflowbetweenthecellsunobstructed.
•
Otherfungihavenosepta,andconsistofasingle______________________cell.
3. Fungalcellsconsistof___________________________.
•
Thecellwalldonotcontain_______________________________,butinstead,__________________,
acomplex_________________________________.(alsofoundinsome_____________________)
4. Heterotrophic(alsoincommonwith______________________________)
•
Fungimustobtainfoodfromtheirenvironmentby_________________________________________.
•
Specializedhyphaegrowintothefoodsource,andrelease____________________________designed
tobreakdownthecomplex__________________moleculesintosmaller,easiertomanipulatemolecules.
Thesmallmolecules________________intothehyphaeandarecarriedthroughthecytoplasmto
wheretheyareneeded.
•
5.Storeenergyas____________________________(alsoincommonwith______________________)
6.Differentfeedingrelationships—Fungiobtainfoodthroughdifferentrelationshipswiththeirecosystems
•
_____________________decomposewastes
•
Mutualistsform__________________________relationshipswithotherlivingthings
KeyTerm
•
Definition
_____________________fungiattackanddigestlivingcells—parasiticfungihaveauniquetypeof
hyphae,whichisusedtopenetrateandgrowinsidehostcells.
7. AsexualReproductioninFungi
• Fragmentation—Whenpiecesofa__________________arebrokenfromthestructure,moreoften
thannot,thepieceswilleach___________________anewmycelium.
• Budding—_______________________________________useaprocesscalledbudding,whichis
similartomitosis.
8.Reproducingbyspores
• Whensporesarelocatedinanenvironmentfeaturing__________________growingconditions,they
begintoformnew_______________________.
• Insomefungi,specializedhyphaegrowawayfromthemyceliumandformaspecializedstructure
calleda__________________________.Thisstructureiscreatedforthesolepurposeof
________________and__________________sporesbeforetheyareletloose.
• Mostfungiproducetwokindsofspores—onebymeiosis,andonebymitosis.Thelifecyclesoffungi
areintegraltotheirclassification
Theadaptiveadvantagesofspores
•
Mostsporangiaprotecttheirsporesfromdryingoutbeforetheirrelease.
•
Almostallfungiproducesporesinhugenumbers.Thesehugequantitiesofsporesaredesignedto
overcometheincredible_______________________________________.
Fungalsporesareoftentinyandlightweight.Theseattributesallowthemtobecarriedeffectivelyby
thewind,orhitcharideonsome________________________host.
•
Life Cycle of a Mushroom (a Basidiomycote)
OriginsofFungi
Biologistshypothesizethatbasidiomycotesand
ascomycotesevolvedfromacommonancestor
andthatzygomycotesevolvedearlier.Fossilfungi
havebeenshowntoexsistover450and500million
yearsago.
TheDiversityofFungi
Type
CommonName
Example
Zygomycotes
Case-likeFungi
Rhizopusonstrawberries
Ascomycotes
Sac-likefungi
Morels,truffles,yeasts,lichens
Basidiomycotes
Club-LikeFungi
Whitebuttonmushrooms
Deuteromycotes
ImperfectFungi
Penicillin
Products:blueveinedcheese,soysauce
Nosexualstageintheirlife-cycle
Chytridomycotes
Chytrids
potatowarts(foundinPEIin2007),mostareaquatic
–onlyfungiw/swimmingspores(flagellumattached)
Mutualism:MycorrhizaeandLichens
1.Mycorrhizae
• Theresultofbasidiomycotesorzygomycotesthatform___________relationshipswithplantsare
calledmycorrhizae.Thehyphaefromthefungusprovidetheplantswith___________mineraland
waterabsorption.Thefungus,inturn,receivesaportionoftheplant’scarbohydrates.
2.Lichens
• Lichensaretheproductofamutualisticrelationshipbetweenfungiand______________.
• Thefungusportionofthelichenprovideswaterandminerals,whilethealgaedotheactual
________________________________.
• Needingonlywater,minerals,andlight,lichenaresomeofthemostrobustorganismsontheplanet.
Theyoftenpioneernew_________________,tooharshforplantsorfungitolivealone.
SBI3U–DiversityofLivingThingsUnit Name:________________________________________
KingdomFungiWorksheet
Reference: pg.80-85
1.Listthreecharacteristicsoftypicalfungi.
2.a)Whataremycelium?
b)Whataretwofunctionsofmycelium?
3.Analyzethecladisticsdiagramattopright.
a) Whoarefungimostcloselyrelatedto?___________________
b) Indicatethemostrecentcommonancestorbetweenfungiandanimalsonthediagramattopright.
c)Whatevidencesupportsyouranswerin(a)?
Fillintheblanksbelowwiththemostcorrectanswer.
4.a)Fungiobtaintheirfoodfromtheirenvironmentthrough_____________________digestion.
b)Thebasicfunctionalunitoffungalstructureiscalleda(n)___________________________.
c)__________________________havenosexualstageintheirlife-cycle.
d)Fungireproduceasexuallyby________________________and_______________________.
5.Whatdoessymbioticmean?
Textbook HWK: pg. 85 #1, 5, 8
MushroomDissectionLab
Purpose:Thepurposeofthislabistoacquaintstudentswithvariouspartsofatypicalfunguswhilepracticing
observationskills.
CAUTION:Althoughthemushroomsusedinthislabareintendedforfood,
DONOTEATORTASTETHEMUSHROOMSUSEDINTHELAB.
Background:Fungiarecriticalpartsofmostecosystemsandanimportantpartofthedietofmanystudents
(andteachers).MushroomsinthegenusAgaricusareraisedcommerciallyandsoldinmostgrocerystores.The
mushroomisactuallythefruitingbodyorreproductivestructureofa
fungus.Inthislabactivitystudentswilllocateandidentifythe
principlepartsofthetypicalmushroomandstudythemwithboth
dissectingandcompoundlightmicroscopes.
Materials:Mushroom,Forceps,slide,Water,Papertowel,
CompoundLightMicroscope,DissectingMicroscope,Coverslip,
Procedure:
1. Obtainamushroomfromthefrontlabbenchandplaceitona
papertowelinfrontofyou.Examineitclosely.Drawadiagramof
yourmushroom,labelingthecap,stemandgills(seebackofhandout).Makeobservationsofitsphysical
appearance(colour,texture,appearance,shape)Note:Ifthegillsarenotvisible,removethetissue(it's
calledaveil)protectingthemgentlywithyourforceps.Becarefulnottotouchthegillswiththeforceps.
2. Graspthecapfirmlywithonehandandthestalkwiththeotherhand.Gentlywiggleand/ortwistthestalk
untilitbreaksawayfromthecap.
3. Pinchthestalkbetweenyourfingersuntilitbreaksintotwoormorelongpieces.Gentlypullthepieces
apart.Thethin,hairlikefilamentsyouwillseewhereyousplitthestemarethehyphae.Placethestem
sectionunderthedissectingmicroscopeandexaminethehyphae.Whatdotheylooklike?Drawand
describethemonyouranswersheet.
4. Lookattheundersideofthecaptostudythegills.Each
gillislinedwiththousandsofsmallstructurescalled
basidia.Usingyourforceps,gentlyremoveonegillfrom
thecap.YouwillgetbetterresultsifyouGENTLYgrasp
thegillnearwhereitattachestothecap.Trytoavoid
touchingthefreeedge,theonealongthebottomofthe
gill,withyourforceps.Thebasidiayouwanttoseeunder
themicroscopearefragileandeasilydamagedifyou
aren'tcareful.
5. Placethegillonamicroscopeslideandusethestandard
procedureforpreparingawetmount.
6. Placetheslideonthemicroscopeandexaminethegillunderlowpower.Lookattheedgeofthegillthat
wasnotattachedtothemushroomandlookforthelittlefinger-likeprojections.Switchthemicroscopeto
highpower.Lookatthefinger-likeprojectionsunderhighpower.Thesearethebasidia.Ifyourmushroom
ismaturethebasidiamayhavesporesattachedtothem.Noticehowtinythebasidiaandthesporesare.
7. Aftercompletingyourobservations,cleananddryoffyourslideandcoverslipandplacethemneatlyatthe
frontlabbench.Wrapthemushroompiecesinyourpapertowelanddisposeoftheminthetrash.
Observations:
DiagramofMushroom
PhysicalAppearance
Cap
Gills
Stalk
Drawanddescribeeachofthefollowing:
Hyphae
Gills
QuestionsandConclusions:
1.Themushroomyouexaminedcontainedbasidia.TowhatmajorgroupoffungidoesAgaricusbelong?
2.Isasporeasexualorsexual?__________________________
3.Howaresporesdispersed?_________________________________________________________________
4.Isamushroomautotrophicorheterotrophic?Explainhowyouknow.
5.Whenwelookatamushroomwearenotlookingatthemainbodyofthefungi,onlyatthereproductive
fruitingbody.Whereisthemainpartoftheorganism?
6.Whydomushroomscontinuetopopuponagolfcourseeventhoughthecapsaredestroyedbyalawn
mowereveryweek?