Challenge Volume 15 Issue 2 Fall 2009 Article 4 2009 Suicide and African Americans: An Overview Kenneth Osiezagha Meharry Medical College Amandeep Kaur Meharry Medical College Narviar C. Barker Meharry Medical College Rahn Kennedy Bailey Meharry Medical College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Osiezagha, Kenneth; Kaur, Amandeep; Barker, Narviar C.; and Bailey, Rahn Kennedy (2009) "Suicide and African Americans: An Overview," Challenge: Vol. 15 : Iss. 2 , Article 4. Available at: http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol15/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Morehouse College at DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Challenge by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center. 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