Suicide and African Americans: An Overview

Challenge
Volume 15
Issue 2 Fall 2009
Article 4
2009
Suicide and African Americans: An Overview
Kenneth Osiezagha
Meharry Medical College
Amandeep Kaur
Meharry Medical College
Narviar C. Barker
Meharry Medical College
Rahn Kennedy Bailey
Meharry Medical College
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Recommended Citation
Osiezagha, Kenneth; Kaur, Amandeep; Barker, Narviar C.; and Bailey, Rahn Kennedy (2009) "Suicide and African Americans: An
Overview," Challenge: Vol. 15 : Iss. 2 , Article 4.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol15/iss2/4
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Morehouse College at DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University
Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Challenge by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University
Center. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Osiezagha
Osiezagha et al.: Suicide and African Americans: An Overview
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Please address all correspondence to Kenneth Osiezagha: [email protected]
Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2009
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Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2009
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