Dugout Sunken Pond with Catchment
Treatment
India - Bandha/ Pokhari (Oriya)
Dugout sunken pond with catchment treatment.
(1) Total size of the project area = 4.75 Ha. (2) Different structures taken up in the
project area are (i) Brushwood check dam- 6 Nos. (ii) Drop structure- 8 Nos. (iii) Dugout
sunken pond - 1 No. (3) All the above structures were positioned to ridge to valley
treatment (Ref.QT-6/2.1.2/a)
1) Storage of runoff for cattle and human use. 2) Construction of structures to check
soil erosion and sand casting. 3) Pisciculture.
Establishment :- 1) SWC specialist selected sites for dugout sunken pond, layout the
design. 2) SWC specialist also selected sites for drop structures, brushwood check dams
in gullied portion of project area with reference to vertical interval of slope gradient and
space between structures. 3) The execution of work were done by concerned villagers
on payment basis. 4) During execution, 20% of the total cost of the dugout sunken
pond was contributed by the villagers in shape of labour. 5) Training on technical know
how imparted to the villagrs during execution of pond, bund, drop structure and brush
wood check dam. Maintenance:- 1) The dugout sunken pond requires (a) Desiltation
once in two years (b) Repair of earthern bund around inlet and outlet every year. 2) The
drop structure & brushwood check dams requires little maintenance when ever requires.
3) One management group has formed in the same village & funds has been raised by
doing pisciculture in the pond. 4) The management group is taking major reponsibility
for its maintenance.
(1) Drainage line stablilized (2) Adjuscant area cultivated (3) Users group formed and
pisciculture taken up for the Ist time in the village.
left: Dugout sunken pond showing
inlet system (Photo: Majhi Gajedra,
Malkangiri, Ori)
right: Overview of dugout sunken
pond (Photo: Majhi Gajendra,
Malkangiri, Or)
Location: Orissa
Region: Orissa/ Malkangiri
Technology area: 0.0475 km2
Conservation measure: structural
Stage of intervention: mitigation /
reduction of land degradation
Origin: Developed externally /
introduced through project, recent
(<10 years ago)
Land use type:
Cropland: Annual cropping
Grazing land: Extensive grazing land
Climate: subhumid
WOCAT database reference:
T_IND012en
Related approach: Participatory
Appraoch of IDCWDP (IND11)
Compiled by: KISHORE CHANDRA
PATNAIK,
Date: 2004-08-20
Contact person: R.K PANDA, Central
Soil & Water Conservation Reasearch
& Training Institute, Semiliguda,
Koraput, Orissa, India
Classification
Land use problems:
- 1) A fellow, undulating, gullied piece of land. 2) Acute sand casting at the down stream cropland. 3) About 40% of the project
area were practicing local paddy which suffers from erratic rainfall. (expert's point of view)
A piece of land which depends upon the mercy of the Rain God for annual production. (land user's point of view)
Land use
Climate
Degradation
Conservation measure
Annual cropping
Extensive grazing land
rainfed
subhumid
Soil erosion by water: loss of topsoil /
surface erosion
Structural
Stage of intervention
Origin
Prevention
Mitigation / Reduction
Rehabilitation
Level of technical knowledge
Land users initiative
Experiments / Research
Externally introduced: recent (<10 years ago)
Agricultural advisor
Land user
Main causes of land degradation:
Direct causes - Human induced: other human induced causes, agricultural causes - Coordination of traditional method of
agricultural practices like along the slope, use of long term local varieity of seeds etc.
Indirect causes: poverty / wealth
Main technical functions:
- control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap
Secondary technical functions:
- water harvesting / increase water supply
- Control of sand casting
Environment
Natural Environment
Average annual rainfall
(mm)
> 4000 mm
3000-4000 mm
2000-3000 mm
1500-2000 mm
1000-1500 mm
750-1000 mm
500-750 mm
250-500 mm
< 250 mm
Soil depth (cm)
0-20
20-50
50-80
80-120
>120
Altitude (m a.s.l.)
Landform
> 4000
3000-4000
2500-3000
2000-2500
1500-2000
1000-1500
500-1000
100-500
<100
Slope (%)
plateau / plains
ridges
mountain slopes
hill slopes
footslopes
valley floors
Growing season(s): 150 days(Jul - Nov)
Soil texture: medium (loam)
Soil fertility: medium
Topsoil organic matter: medium (1-3%)
Soil drainage/infiltration: good
flat
gentle
moderate
rolling
hilly
steep
very steep
Soil water storage capacity: medium
Human Environment
Cropland per
household (ha)
<0.5
0.5-1
1-2
2-5
5-15
15-50
50-100
100-500
500-1,000
1,000-10,000
>10,000
Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
Land ownership: communal / village
Land use rights: open access (unorganised)
Relative level of wealth: poor, which
represents 70% of the land users; 40% of the
total area is owned by poor land users
Importance of off-farm income: 10-50% of
all income: Land users from SWC technology
area proctise contour plough, line sowing and
using HYV paddy have increased their income
significantly.
Access to service and infrastructure:
Market orientation: Pisciculture
Technical drawing
Aerial view of dugout sunken pond (Patnaik K.C,
Malkangiri, Oriss)
Implementation activities, inputs and costs
Establishment activities
- Collection grass sods and vertivera slips
- Transporting grass sods on established banks
- Watering
- Dugout sunken pond-Surveying
- Brushwood check dam- surveying
- Dugout sunken pond- turfing the bund slopes and
planting of vertiver slips in rows at up stream and down
steam side of inlet and outlet
- Dugout sunken pond- soil excavated from pondage
area used in trapizodical bund around leaving inlet &
outlet portion.
- Dugout sunken pond- Collection and transporting
stone to inlet & outlet site
- Brushwood check dam- collection of wooden poles and
brush wood
- Dugout sunken pond- collection of local grass sods &
vertiver slops
- Brushwood check dam- collection of picked up stones
- Brushwood check dam- fixing of wooden pole, weiving
with brush wood, filling up the gaps with picked up
stones
- Dugout sunken pond- construction of inlet & outlet
with stone
Establishment inputs and costs per ha
Inputs
Labour
Costs (US$) % met by land
user
225.00
14%
49.00
%
- tools
4.00
%
- Royalty charges for stones
6.00
%
9.00
%
73.00
100%
6.00
100%
Equipment
- animal traction
Agricultural
- Fishery and feed
Other
- Field bunding
- Water way
TOTAL
%
Maintenance/recurrent activities
- Collecting vertiver slips & grass sods for gap filling
- Collection of grass sods and gap fillling to bund layers
- Desiltation
Maintenance/recurrent inputs and costs per ha per year
Inputs
Costs (US$) % met by land
user
Labour
18.00
100%
- Field bunding
2.00
100%
- Water way
1.00
100%
Other
TOTAL
%
Remarks:
Availability of stone affects the cost from implementing SWC
The above calculation is based on the total establishment/ recurring cost both born by the project and land users is devided by
the total project area i.e 4.75 ha. To get average hect. cost.
Assessment
Impacts of the Technology
Production and socio-economic benefits
Production and socio-economic disadvantages
Linkage with other institution
increased crop yield
Pisciculture support to live stock
Socio-cultural benefits
Socio-cultural disadvantages
community institution strengthening
improved conservation / erosion knowledge
Ecological benefits
Ecological disadvantages
increased soil moisture
improved excess water drainage
reduced soil loss
biodiversity enhancement
Off-site benefits
Off-site disadvantages
Increased Soil moisture regime
reduced sediment yields
Contribution to human well-being / livelihoods
Benefits /costs according to land user
Benefits compared with costs
short-term:
long-term:
Establishment
slightly positive
positive
Maintenance / recurrent
neutral / balanced
neutral / balanced
Acceptance / adoption:
100% of land user families (19 families; 90% of area) have implemented the technology voluntary. survey results
There is moderate trend towards (growing) spontaneous adoption of the technology. If the community find the technology is
low cost to teke up and gets eye catching benefits, then the treand of adoption is good.
Concluding statements
Strengths and
how to sustain/improve
Water scarcity of the area partly solved
shound be done.
Regular desilting
Heavy sand casting and soil loss controled
cover required for catchement area
More vegetative
Crop production increased in the project area
replicated by the people.
Sediment deposit in down stream area decreased
can be over come by increasing crop yield.
Hybrid
Regular
Damage of crops reduced by construction of series of
structures
More field bunding, vegetative cover should be
imparted.
Users group brings villagers closure
reorganised annuly
how to overcome
Sand casting could not be checked fully
By full vegetative
cover and more structural measures it can be checked.
Should be
Pisciculture added extra income to the villagers
fingerlings to be adopted
Water problem for human and cattle solved
maintenance of pond needed
Weaknesses and
Manageent group to be
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