Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
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HUMAN BEHAVIOUR PART 1 UNIT 1
This unit focuses on helping you to understand yourself. What
kind of person are you? This is the fundamental question that all
humans should answer at some stage of their lives, but many people go
through life without ever answering this question. As a result they
don’t fully understand themselves, and consequently fail to understand
other people or the world around them. Have you come to grips with
the type of person that you are?
In this unit you will:
complete a quiz
take part in a dialogue
find out more about infinitives and gerunds
read, discuss and analyse texts
develop your vocabulary
write a variety of texts, including an e-mail.
7
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
Excerpt
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WORK ALONE
1 Listening and speaking Reading and viewing
WORK IN PAIRS
What kind of person are you? What are your likes and dislikes? Let’s
find out by looking at how true the statements below are for you.
a Complete the quiz by yourself. After you have completed the quiz
add some more statements about yourself (a minimum of three
items). Be as honest as possible.
Personality quiz
Statements
Definitely true
Generally true
Definitely not true
1 I always want my own way.
2 I have a short temper and get angry
very quickly.
3 I consider other people’s points of view
and feelings as important as mine.
4 I don’t like sharing.
5 I hide my feelings from others.
6 I cry very easily.
7 I like to take charge and organise
things.
8 I live for today and don’t worry
about the future.
9 I make friends very easily.
10 I will not hesitate to speak in front
of a large audience.
11 I like to spend most of my time
with my family and friends.
12 I am well organised and disciplined.
13 I can’t stand waiting in queues or
waiting for people.
14 I’m interested in visiting unusual
places.
15 I enjoy walking on the beach at
sunset.
16
17
18
b With a partner, discuss the meaning of any words that you do not
understand. Match each of the descriptions above with one of the
personality traits listed on the following page.
8
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978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
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Example:
A romantic person is the kind of person who enjoys walking
on the beach at sunset.
adventurous
ambitious
stubborn
selfish
domineering
c
kind-hearted
impatient
organised
shy
reserved
romantic
sociable
sympathetic
confident
talkative
Sometimes people are described as A-type, B-type or C-type
personalities.
Category A
This type of person is confident and independent but may dominate
others at times. A-type personalities are well-organised, disciplined, but
often impatient. They often hide their emotions.
Category B
This type of person is generally an introvert who lacks confidence and
may go into a ‘shell’ when in company. Type-B personalities are shy,
will not take many risks, and prefer a quiet life.
9
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
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Category C
This type of person has a carefree attitude towards life. C-type
personalities think that life is fun and are seldom very serious. Normally
an extrovert, they make friends easily. However, such people may find it
difficult to complete tasks on time and may be irresponsible at times.
By examining your partner’s answers to the quiz, decide whether he or
she fits into Category A, B or C.
WORK IN PAIRS
2 Listening and speaking
PEER ASSESSMENT
Working with a different partner, study each other’s responses to the
quiz. Into which personality category does your new partner fall?
Engage in a discussion with your new partner and find personality
traits that you have in common and traits that are different. Your
conversation may take the following format:
A: So, tell me about yourself.
B: Well, I’m very reserved and independent.
A: Really? I’m the exact opposite. I love being with people all the time.
B: Really? I can’t say the same for me.
Here are some expressions for agreeing and disagreeing that you can use.
Agreeing
Disagreeing
So am I.
I am too.
I’m exactly the same.
So do I.
I do too.
Neither can I.
I can’t either.
That’s not true for me.
I’m completely different.
I’m not at all like that.
Really? I don’t.
How different from me.
Oh, I can’t do that.
I’d never do that.
WORK ALONE
3 Language
WORK IN PAIRS
a How do you feel about the various things listed in the quiz, like
sharing or visiting unusual places? Why do you feel this way?
b Write sentences using the gerunds (with the ‘-ing’ form of the verb)
or infinitives (when you use the word ‘to’ in front of the root verb)
from the list on the following page.
10
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Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
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Gerunds
I enjoy meeting ...
I dislike spending ...
I avoid talking ...
I’m interested in meeting ...
I can’t stand staying ...
Infinitives
I like to go ...
I love to watch ...
I hate to wait ...
I hope to travel ...
I want to go ...
Example:
go/going to big parties
I love to go to big parties and dance with lots of people.
(infinitive)
OR
I hate going to big parties because I am shy. (gerund)
i eat/eating junk food
ii learn/learning about nature
iii meet/meeting people from different cultures
iv talk/talking about my family life with my friends
v speak/speaking in front of large groups
vi stay/staying home on weekends
vii watch/watching sport with my friends
viii talk/talking on the phone
c Compare and discuss your sentences with your partner.
d The infinitive is the basic form of the verb given in the dictionary
(smoke). An infinitive that is used in a sentence is preceded by the
word ‘to’ (to smoke). Infinitives can often be used in the same
positions in sentences as gerunds, but not always.
Examples:
To smoke is to commit suicide slowly.
Her favourite pastime before she died of lung cancer was
to smoke.
i Write your own sentence with the infinitive ‘to smoke’.
ii Write your own sentence with the infinitive ‘to sing’.
e Now write six more sentences about yourself. Your sentences must
contain infinitives or gerunds. Afterwards, compare your sentences
with your partner’s sentences.
11
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
Excerpt
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4 Language
WORK IN PAIRS
Verbs which end in ‘-ing’ (e.g. eating, cooking) are called by two
different names:
the present participle
the gerund.
If an ‘-ing’ word is used as a verb or an adjective, it is a present
participle.
Example:
I sat smoking and wondering what to do.
If an ‘-ing’ word is used as a noun, it is a gerund.
Example:
Smoking is bad for your health.
a Read the following sentences and decide whether they contain
present participles or gerunds.
i Swimming is the sport that I enjoy the most.
ii While I was swimming, I noticed a shark’s fin in the water.
iii The swimming penguin looked like a torpedo.
b A gerund is formed by adding ‘-ing’ to the root of the verb. A
gerund functions as a noun, and can be the subject or object of a
sentence, or it can come after a preposition.
Examples:
Kissing the right cheek first is important, otherwise people
bump their noses. (subject)
In some countries handshaking replaces kissing. (object)
You greet somebody by kissing him or her. (after preposition)
When you want to make negatives using a gerund, ‘not’ comes
before the gerund.
Example:
Not kissing someone of the opposite gender could cause
offence in some countries.
12
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978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
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Complete the following sentences, so that you use the gerund in
different ways.
i Going ... (as a subject)
ii ... going. (as an object)
iii ... by going to the party. (after a preposition)
iv Not going ... (after ‘not’)
WORK ALONE
5 Language
PEER ASSESSMENT
a To use a verb correctly, you must know what follows it. Complete
these sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
There may be more than one answer.
i I finished (paint) the picture yesterday.
ii I used (paint) wildlife scenes only.
iii I prefer (paint) on canvas.
iv I saw him (paint) a self portrait.
b Look at the following sentences and correct any mistakes:
i I enjoy to play soccer.
ii I went to school for learn English.
iii I would have helped her finding the right wedding dress.
iv We enjoyed to laugh at the clowns in the circus.
v My new glasses enable me to reading more easily.
vi I missed to talk to my father when I was away from home.
c Rewrite the following sentences by using the word or words in
brackets with a gerund or infinitive. Do not change the meaning
of the sentence.
Example:
I succeeded in passing my oral exams. (manage)
I managed to pass my oral exams.
i I don’t mind if you sleep over. (object)
ii Do they let you visit your friend over weekends? (allow)
iii My father told my brother not to mix with friends who smoked.
(forbid)
iv Eat healthy food and you won’t put on weight. (avoid)
v Ben said he hadn’t caused the accident. (deny)
13
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
Excerpt
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6 Listening and speaking
WORK IN GROUPS
GROUP ASSESSMENT
a In our quest to answer the question, ‘Who am I?’ we must come to
terms with issues such as race, gender and physical appearance. Do
you consider physical features such as skin complexion, hair type,
facial features or eye colour as very important? Are you proud of
what you look like or would you rather look like someone else?
b Unfortunately, our country has a long history of ‘judging a book by
its cover’. For years, people in South Africa were judged according to
the colour of their skin. Skin colour and general physical appearance
has therefore played a very important role in our country and in our
society. Has this situation changed today in the new democratic
South Africa?
c You are going to read an amusing and interesting article that
highlights the above issues and vividly portrays the dilemma that
millions of dark-skinned South Africans are still faced with. But
first, in your group, discuss and answer the following questions
orally:
i Do you consider your skin complexion or colour to be dark,
black, brown, olive, tan, pink, fair or white?
ii Are you proud or happy with your skin colour? Why?
iii What colour would you like to be?
iv What skin colour are the majority of people in our country?
v What skin colour are the majority of people in the world?
vi Why do you think certain nations or racial groups are fairskinned while others are dark-skinned?
14
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Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
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vii From which continent do the most fair-skinned people come
from, and from which continent do the most dark-skinned
people come? Why do you think this is so?
viii Does the society in which we live perpetuate the idea that one
colour is superior to the other? Take into account things like
advertisements, religion, films, etc.
ix Do many dark-skinned people still attempt to change their skin
colour? Why and how do they do this?
x Despite the negative image that dark skin has, doctors will tell
you that dark skin is superior to fair skin in many ways. Why do
you think this is so?
WORK IN PAIRS
7 Language
PEER ASSESSMENT
For the English people, black was the colour of night and they
associated it with the things that scared them. Look up the meanings
of the following words in the dictionary.
blackguard
black magic
black hole
black mark
blacklist
black market
blackmail
black sheep
a Do the words have positive or negative connotations?
b How do these words affect people’s attitudes to the colour black?
WORK IN GROUPS
8 Language
GROUP ASSESSMENT
The words or phrases below appear in the text that you are about
to read on page 17.
a Decide what part of speech the words are (noun, adjective, verb,
adverb).
b Look at the context (how it is used in the sentence and in the
paragraph) for clues to its meaning.
c Write down what you think the word means.
d Use a dictionary to check if your meaning makes sense.
Here are the words:
discriminate
ebony
savoured
previous era
shallow
nourishing
rejected
carapace
diminish
psychological damage
immature
ethnic cleansing
small-minded
alluring
perceive
perpetrated
rejuvenating
sub-human
15
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978-0-521-68256-5 - Study and Master English First Additional Language Learner’s Book Grade 11
Peter Lague and Mathevan Naidoo
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rationalise
prematurely
incur
imbued
cauldron
brainwashed
WORK IN PAIRS
9 Reading and viewing
SELF-ASSESSMENT
There are a variety of reading skills, such as:
skimming or skim reading
scanning or scan reading
inferring
detailed reading
critical reading.
irony
a Discuss what these terms mean. How are they different or similar?
b When would you be required to use certain reading skills as opposed
to others?
c Are you happy that you have mastered all the above reading skills
and that you know when to use them? If not, which reading skills
do you think you still need to practise and master?
In the article you are about to read you will get an opportunity to
practise all of the above reading skills.
WORK ALONE
10 Reading and viewing
WORK IN PAIRS
Skimming
Skimming means reading quickly through a text, ignoring certain parts
of it to get a general idea of the content. To skim well you need to
train your mind and your eyes to pick out main points or ideas in what
you are reading. When starting to skim, read the title of the passage or
book, as well as the introduction. When skimming, read the headings, if
there are any, and the first sentence of each paragraph. They usually
contain the key sentence and main idea of that paragraph.
PEER ASSESSMENT
a By yourself, skim read Document 1 (page 17–18).
b In your opinion, which of the following statements best sums up
the main idea in the text? (You have one minute to do this.)
Black is beautiful
Judging a book by its cover
White superiority
The curse of being born black
Dark skin – the superior skin!
Prejudice and discrimination
c Compare your choice with your partner’s choice. Is it the same or
different? Explain to your partner why you made your choice.
16
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