International Journal of Livestock Research eISSN : 2277-1964
Vol 6 (12) Dec’16
Prevalence and Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs Presented at
Small Animal Clinic of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan,
Ibadan, Nigeria Between 2001 And 2005
Abayomi Kayode Olaifa
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NIGERIA
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Rec. Date:
Oct 12, 2016 15:17
Accept Date:
Dec 05, 2016 03:30
Published Online:
December 20, 2016
DOI
10.5455/ijlr.20161205033033
Abstract
A retrospective study of data from clinical records at veterinary teaching hospital, university of Ibadan
was undertaken to determine the prevalence and seasonal variation of parasitic diseases diagnosed in
dogs, between 2001 and 2005. The data generated were analyzed demographically using descriptive
statistics. Out of the 753 cases examined within the study period, helminthosis had the highest occurrence
of 470 (62.4%) followed by piroplasmosis, Ticks, mange, myiasis, Erhlichiosis, intestinal protozoa,
Trypanosomiasis and Dermatomycosis with 100(13.3%), 99(13.1%), 49(6.5%), 15(2%), 11(1.5%),
4(0.5%), 4(0.5%) and 1(0.1%) number of cases respectively. Based on seasons, late dry season had the
highest occurrence of 213 (28.3%) followed by early dry season with 203 (27%), late rainy season with
175 (23.2%) and early rainy season with 162 (21.5%).Based on years, 2005 had the highest occurrence
of 267 (35.5%) followed by 2004 with 165 (21.9%) and 2003 with 130 (17.3%). The year 2001 and 2002
had the lowest occurrence of 97 (12.9%) and 94 (12.5%) respectively. The higher prevalence during dry
season could be due to the environmental stress experienced during the period which might exert a
negative influence on the immune system of the host, thereby increasing the likelihood for infection.
Sensitization and Education of dog owners on preventive measures is vital in curbing some of these
parasitic health problems.
Key words: Parasitic Diseases, Season, Dog, Prevalence
How to cite: Abayomi Kayode Olaifa (2016) Prevalence and Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases in
Dogs Presented at Small Animal Clinic of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Nigeria Between 2001 And 2005. International Journal of Livestock Research, 6 (12), 3945. doi:10.5455/ijlr.20161205033033
Introduction
Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris L) are the most successful canids, adapted to human habitation worldwide
source of animal protein among some ethnic groups (Aiyedun and Olugasa, 2012; Hambolu et al.,
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DOI 10.5455/ijlr.20161205033033
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(Dohoo et al., 1998). In Nigeria, people keep them as pets, guard dogs, for hunting, breeding, as well as a
39
and have contributed to physical, social and emotional wellbeing of their owners, particular children
International Journal of Livestock Research eISSN : 2277-1964
Vol 6 (12) Dec’16
2014).However, in spite of their beneficial effects, close bonds of dogs and man (in combination with
inappropriate human practices and behaviour) remain a major threat to public health, with dogs
harbouring a bewildering number of infective stages of parasites transmissible to man and other domestic
animals (Molyneux, 2004).A myriad of diseases or clinical conditions especially parasitic diseases such
as gastrointestinal helminthes and protozoan parasites are major known health challenges to dogs globally
(Smith, 1991).Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats cause ocular larvamigrans (Schantz et al., 1980),
neurologic (Marmor et al., 1987), dermatologic (Malgor et al., 1996), respiratory (Buijs et al., 1997), and
enteric disorders (Khoshoo et al.,1994) in man. Reports on the epidemiology of diseases from various
regions of Nigeria suggest that parasitic diseases are the most prevalent diseases reported (Ugochukwu
and Ephraim, 1985; Williams et al., 2000; Salihu et al., 2005). Nwosu et al. (1990) and Mbaya et al.,
(2008) also analyzed the prevalence of parasitic diseases of dogs in Maiduguri. Karshima et al., (2010)
reported a high occurrence of parasitic diseases in Jalingo, North-Easthern Nigeria between 1998 and
2008in dogs and cats.
It is therefore important to understand not only the interactions between different diseases occurring in the
same environment, but also the modulating influence of the climatic factors driving the seasonal
variations of the diseases. A good knowledge of epidemiology seasonal variation of parasitic diseases of
dog is important for their prevention or control as well as their zoonotic implication and public awareness
to the community which necessitated this study.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted by collecting clinical records of all diagnosed and confirmed cases of parasitic
diseases of dogs presented to the Veterinary Teaching hospital, university of Ibadan, Nigeria between
2001 – 2005. Diagnosis of each disease was carried out in the clinic in the conventional way by the use of
case history and clinical signs (Genchi et al., 2007)while, cases were confirmed in the laboratory by
collecting blood and faecal samples and examining them with the help of a light microscope (Genchi et
al., 2007) for the presence of different parasites. The data generated were analyzed demographically using
descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).In Nigeria, the two
major seasons are rainy and dry. This study thereby divides it into late dry, early rainy, late rainy and
early dry seasons.
Results
Trypanosomiasis and Dermatomycosis with 100(13.3%), 99(13.1%), 49(6.5%), 15(2%), 11(1.5%),
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DOI 10.5455/ijlr.20161205033033
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(62.4%) followed by piroplasmosis, ticks, mange, myiasis, erhlichiosis, intestinal protozoa,
40
Of the 753 cases encountered within the study period, helminthosis had the highest occurrence of 470
Vol 6 (12) Dec’16
International Journal of Livestock Research eISSN : 2277-1964
4(0.5%), 4(0.5%) and 1(0.1%) number of cases respectively (Table 1). Based on seasons, late dry season
had the highest occurrence of 213 (28.3%) followed by early dry season with 203 (27%), late rainy season
with 175 (23.2%) and early rainy season with 162 (21.5%). Based on years, 2005 had the highest
occurrence of 267 (35.5%) followed by 2004 with 165 (21.9%) and 2003 with 130 (17.3%). The year
2001 and 2002 had the lowest occurrence of 97 (12.9%) and 94 (12.5%) respectively.
Table 1: Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases among Dogs Brought To the Vth, University Of Ibadan
(2001)
Season
LDS
Helmin
(%)
Dermat
(%)
15(38.1)
Mange
(%)
Tryps
(%)
Myiasis
(%)
Ticks
(%)
Piroplasma
(%)
Intest.
Protoz
(%)
Erhlich
(%)
Total
(%)
-
2(5.1)
-
3(7.7)
10(25.6)
7(17.9)
2(5.1)
-
39(40.2)
ERS
19(67.9)
-
1(3.6)
1(3.6)
1(3.6)
3(10.7)
3(10.7)
-
-
28(28.9)
LRS
14(63.6)
-
3(13.6)
-
-
3(13.6)
1(4.5)
-
1(4.5)
22(22.7)
EDS
7(87.5)
-
1(12,5)
-
-
-
-
-
-
8(8.2)
Total
55(56.7)
-
7(7.2)
1(1)
4(4.1)
16(16.5)
11(11.3)
2(2.1)
1(1)
97(12.9)
Table 2: Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases among Dogs Brought To the Vth, University Of Ibadan
(2002)
Season
Helmin
(%)
Dermat
(%)
Mange
(%)
Tryps
(%)
Myiasis
(%)
Ticks
(%)
Piroplasm
(%)
LDS
ERS
LRS
EDS
Total
24(72.7)
6(46.2)
10(50)
15(53.6)
55(58.5)
-
2(6.1)
2(10)
4(14.3)
8(8.5)
1(3.6)
1(1.1)
1(7.7)
1(3.6)
2(2.1)
3(9.1)
3(23.1)
5(25)
6(21.4)
17(18.1)
4(12.1)
3(23.1)
3(15)
193.6)
11(11.7)
Intest.
Protoz
(%)
-
Erhlich
(%)
Total
(%)
-
33(35.1)
13(13.8)
20(21.3)
28(29.8)
94(12.5)
Table 3: Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases among Dogs Brought To the Vth, University Of Ibadan
(2003)
Season
Helmin
(%)
Dermat
(%)
Mange
(%)
Tryps
(%)
Myiasis
(%)
Ticks
(%)
Piroplasm
(%)
LDS
ERS
LRS
EDS
Total
33(76.7)
12(60)
14(51.9)
23(57.5)
82(63.1)
-
2(4.7)
2(7.4)
2(5)
6(4.6)
-
1(2.3)
1(3.7)
2(1.5)
3(7)
5(25)
9(33.3)
10(25)
27(20.8)
4(9.3)
3(15)
1(3.7)
4(10)
12(9.2)
Intest.
Protoz
(%)
-
Erhlich
(%)
Total
(%)
1(2.5)
1(0.8)
43(33.1)
20(15.4)
27(20.8)
40(30.8)
130(17.3)
Table 4: Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases among Dogs Brought To the Vth, University Of Ibadan
Helmin
(%)
Dermat
(%)
Mange
(%)
Tryps
(%)
Myiasis
(%)
Ticks
(%)
Piroplasm
(%)
LDS
ERS
LRS
EDS
Total
25(58.1)
18(46.2)
26(59.1)
21(53.8)
90(54.5)
-
4(9.3)
6(15.4)
3(6.8)
5(12.8)
18(10.9)
1(2.3)
1(2.3)
2(1.2)
1(2.6)
1(0.6)
6(14)
8(20.5)
5(11.4)
5(12.8)
24(14.5)
7(16.50
4(10.3)
8918.2)
5912.8)
24(14.5)
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Intest.
Protoz
(%)
-
Erhlich
(%)
Total
(%)
2(5.1)
192.3)
3(7.7)
6(3.6)
43(26.1)
39(23.6)
44(26.7)
39(23.6)
165(21.9)
DOI 10.5455/ijlr.20161205033033
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Season
41
(2004)
International Journal of Livestock Research eISSN : 2277-1964
Vol 6 (12) Dec’16
Table 5: Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases among Dogs Brought To the Vth, University Of Ibadan
(2005)
Season
Helmin (%)
Dermat
(%)
Mange
(%)
Tryps
(%)
Myiasis
(%)
Ticks
(%)
Piroplasm
(%)
LDS
ERS
LRS
EDS
Total
36(67.9)
42(67.7)
47(75.8)
63(70)
188(70.4)
1(1.1)
1(0.4)
1(1.9)
4(6.50
3(3.3)
8(3)
-
2(3.8)
3(4.8)
1(1.1)
6(2.2)
3(5.7)
2(3.2)
5(8.1)
5(5.6)
15(5.6)
9917)
13(21)
6(9.7)
16(17.8)
44(16.5)
Intest.
Protoz
(%)
1(1.6)
1(1.1)
2(0.7)
Erhlich
(%)
Total
(%)
2(3.8)
1(1.6)
3(1.1)
53(19.9)
62(23.2)
62(23.2)
90(33.7)
267(35.5)
Table 6: Overall Seasonal Variation of Parasitic Diseases among Dogs Brought To the Vth, University of
Ibadan (2001 – 2005)
Season
Helmin (%)
Dermat
(%)
Mange
(%)
Tryps
(%)
Myiasis
(%)
Ticks
(%)
Piroplasma
(%)
LDS
ERS
LRS
EDS
Total
133(62.4)
97(59.9)
111(63.4)
129(63.5)
470(62.4)
1(0.5)
1(0.1)
13(6.1)
11(6.8)
10(5.7)
15(7.4)
49(6.5)
1(0.5)
1(0.6)
1(0.6)
1(0.5)
4(0.5)
6(2.8)
3(1.9)
4(2.3)
2(1)
15(2)
25(11.7)
21(13)
27(15.4)
26(12.8)
99(13.1)
31(14.6)
26(16)
19(10.9)
24(11.8)
100(13.3)
Intest.
Protoz
(%)
2(0.9)
1(0.6)
1(0.5)
4(0.5)
Erhlich
(%)
Total
(%)
2(0.9)
3(1.9)
2(1.1)
4(2)
11(1.5)
213(28.3)
162(21.5)
175(23.2)
203(27)
753
Legends: Helmin– Helminthosis, Dermato – Dermatomycosis, Tryps – Trypanosomiasis, Piroplasm, Piroplasmosis, Intest. Protoz. – Intestinal Protozoa, Erhlich. - Erhlichiosis
LDS – Late Dry Season (January-March; Average temperature 33.3°C)
ERS - Early Rainy Season (April-June; Average temperature 31.1°C)
LRS – Late Rainy Season (July-September; Average temperature 27.8°C)
EDS – Early Dry Season (October-December; Average temperature 30.9°C)
Discussion
Pet dogs and cats have been associated with more than 60 zoonotic diseases of which helminthosis, takes
on significant public health and veterinary importance globally (Eguìa-Aguilar et al., 2005; Sager et al.,
2006). The high prevalence of helminthosis among other parasitic diseases recorded in this study is
similar to earlier reports about the disease in dogs in Maiduguri (Nwosu et al., 1990), Nsukka (Anene et
al., 1996) and in Jalingo (Karshima et al., 2010).The pattern of the disease increased from 55 (56.7%) in
2001 to 180 (70.4%) in 2005. This clearly shows that there is an upsurge in morbidity and gives a grave
concern especially when looking at zoonosis. In the light of this, it is important to create more awareness
and alert so as to forestall unsavoury consequences. Though economic reasons could be adduced partly as
been responsible. This could also be as a result of the lack of proper care for the dogs by the owners,
thereby allowing them to drink contaminated water, raw or undercooked meat and stray around, thereby
increasing rate of transmission. It was observed however that the prevalence was higher during the dry
season (early and late) than rainy season. During the dry season, we presume this is the period some of
might exert a negative influence on the immune system of the host, thereby increasing the likelihood for
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DOI 10.5455/ijlr.20161205033033
Page
nematodes multiplication and spread. Besides, the environmental stress experienced during the dry season
42
the climatic factors are optimal for the proliferation of the etiology agent; hence favouring helminth
International Journal of Livestock Research eISSN : 2277-1964
Vol 6 (12) Dec’16
infection to occur. Following helminthosis prevalence is piroplasmosis also known as canine
babesiosis of 100 (13.3%) occurring more during the late dry season. This finding is similar to
report of Karshima et al., 2010 of 18.48% between 1998 and 2008 in Jalingo, 8.9% prevalence of
Babesiacanis in dogs in Gwagwalada Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria by
Jegede et al., (2014).Canine babesiosis is a parasitic disease induced by haemoprotozoa of the
genus Babesia (Apicomplexa : Piroplasmida) and transmitted by hard ticks (Ixodidae),mainly
belonging to the genus Dermacentor, Haemaphysalisand Rhipicephalus (Cassini et al., 2009).
Ticks, regarded as the largest non-microscopic ectoparasites, are the most important vectors that infest
animals, transmit a wide range of pathogens from infected to non-infected hosts (Konto et al., 2014).
Tick-borne haemopathogens such as Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Borrelia and Hepatozoon are of
major health concern to dogs and cause severe economic damage to dog owners, some of which are of
zoonotic significance (Okubanjo et al., 2013). In this study, tick prevalence was more during the late
rainy season of 27 (15.4%). During dry seasons, some parasites and their eggs are possibly dehydrated
and desiccated owing to harsh weather conditions which make rainy season favorable for their
multiplication and infestation. It has been documented that, most ticks, for instance, cannot tolerate direct
sunlight, dryness, or excessive rainfall; tick activity usually decreases during the cold months and
increases during spring, summer, and fall in the temperate regions (Ballweber, 2001).
Mange is a highly contagious, intensely pruritic and potentially zoonotic skin condition of animals. It is
caused by infestation of the skin by a mite, Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis (Anita and Peter, 2008) which
burrows into its hosts` epidermis. Mange accounts for 49 cases (6.5%) within the study period which is
similar to reports from other part of Nigeria (William et al., 2002; Onyenwe and Ikpegbu, 2004; Shima et
al., 2015) . Sarcoptic mange is an economically important parasitic disease in mammals (Curtis, 2004)
with the life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei completed within 10 – 14 days usually (Voyvoda et al., 2005).
Lack of balanced diet, lack of deworming, direct contact with other mangy dogs, lack of grooming and
bathing and even dirty environment might be the possible reason for high prevalence of the mite in dogs.
Mange is known to be most active in the rainy season but improves slightly during the dry season
(Olubunmi, 1995; Soulsby, 1998). This is in agreement with the findings from this study.
In conclusion, the result of the present study has shown that the prevalence of parasitic diseases especially
helminthosis, piroplasmosis and other tick-borne diseases is relatively high in the environs of the
hospitals during the study period. It is recommended that there should be proper sensitization and public
dangers associated with their indiscriminate roaming. Dog owners should also imbibe the culture of
43
proper control and prevention measures to ticks and tick borne diseases through regular tick bath,
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awareness on the need for proper health care for dogs, considering the public health implications and
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International Journal of Livestock Research eISSN : 2277-1964
Vol 6 (12) Dec’16
monitoring and grooming of dogs, fumigation of kennels and houses and regular patronage to standard
veterinary services.
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